Education definition from the education law. Comparative analysis of the old and new laws on education (prepared by the experts of the company "Garant")

29.05.2020

Education is a single purposeful process of upbringing and training, which is a socially significant benefit and is carried out in the interests of a person, family, society and the state, as well as a set of acquired knowledge, abilities, skills, value attitudes, experience and competence of a certain volume and complexity for intellectual purposes, spiritual and moral, creative, physical and (or) professional development of a person, satisfaction of his educational needs and interests;

The level of education- a completed cycle of education, characterized by a certain unified set of requirements;

Qualification- the level of knowledge, abilities, skills and competence, characterizing the readiness to perform a certain type professional activity;

V Russian Federation the following levels of general education are established:

1) preschool education;

2) initial general education;

3) basic general education;

4) secondary general education.

The following levels are set in the Russian Federation vocational education:

1) secondary vocational education;

2) higher education - bachelor's degree;

3) higher education - specialty, magistracy;

4) higher education - training of highly qualified personnel.

Additional education includes such subspecies as additional education for children and adults and additional professional education.

The goals of education are deliberately defined, expected results that a given society, a country strives to achieve with the help of the existing education system. This is a specific description of the program for the development of a person by means of education, a description of the system of knowledge, abilities, skills and relationships that the student must master after graduation.

2. The following education models are distinguished:

State departmental model.

The traditional model (J. Magho, D. Ravich) is a model of systematic classical education as a way of passing on the universal elements of the culture of the past to the younger generation.

Rationalistic (P. Bloom, B. Skinner) presupposes such an organization of education that ensures the assimilation of knowledge, skills, and practical adaptation of the younger generation to the existing society, this is practice-oriented, (for example, technological education).

Phenomenological (A. Maslow, K. Rogers) translates the humanistic paradigm of education, takes into account the individual psychological characteristics of the individual, assumes the personal nature of learning. Rejects the view of school as an educational conveyor belt.

Non-institutional (P. Goodman, L. Bernard) is focused on the organization of education outside educational institutions using the Internet, distance learning.

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2 The level of education is a completed cycle of education, characterized by a certain unified set of requirements. Federal state educational standard - a set of mandatory requirements for education of a certain level and (or) for a profession, specialty and direction of training, approved by the federal executive body in charge of developing state policy and legal regulation in the field of education

3 Educational program - a set of basic characteristics of education (volume, content, planned results), organizational and pedagogical conditions and, in the cases provided for by this Federal Law, certification forms, which is presented in the form of a curriculum, a curriculum schedule, work programs academic subjects, courses, disciplines (modules), other components, as well as assessment and teaching materials... Approximate basic educational program - educational and methodological documentation (approximate academic plan, approximate calendar training schedule, approximate work programs of academic subjects, courses, disciplines (modules), other components), which determines the recommended volume and content of education of a certain level and (or) a certain focus, the planned results of mastering the educational program, approximate conditions of educational activities, including approximate calculations of the standard costs of provision state services for the implementation of the educational program.

4 Educational activities - activities for the implementation of educational programs. Educational organization - a non-profit organization that carries out on the basis of a license educational activities as the main activity in accordance with the goals for the achievement of which such an organization was created. An organization providing training is a legal entity that, on the basis of a license, along with its main activity, educational activity as an additional type of activity.

5 Organizations engaged in educational activities - educational organizations, as well as organizations providing training. For the purposes of this Federal Law, individual entrepreneurs carrying out educational activities are equated to organizations carrying out educational activities, unless otherwise provided by this Federal Law. Curriculum - a document that defines the list, labor intensity, sequence and distribution by periods of study of academic subjects, courses, disciplines (modules), practice, and other types learning activities and, unless otherwise established by this Federal Law, the forms intermediate certification students.

6 Individual curriculum - a curriculum that ensures the development of an educational program based on the individualization of its content, taking into account the characteristics and educational needs of a particular student. The focus (profile) of education is the orientation of the educational program to specific areas of knowledge and (or) types of activity, which determines its subject-specific content, the prevailing types of educational activities of the student and the requirements for the results of mastering the educational program.

7 Means of teaching and education - devices, equipment, including sports equipment and inventory, instruments (including musical), teaching aids, computers, information and telecommunication networks, hardware, software and audiovisual means, printed and electronic educational and information resources and other material objects necessary for the organization of educational activities. Inclusive education - ensuring equal access to education for all learners, taking into account the diversity of special educational needs and individual opportunities.

8 Adapted educational program is an educational program adapted for the training of persons with disabilities health, taking into account the characteristics of their psychophysical development, individual capabilities and, if necessary, providing the correction of developmental disorders and social adaptation of these persons. The quality of education is a complex characteristic of educational activities and training of a student, expressing the degree of their compliance with federal state educational standards, educational standards, federal state requirements and (or) the needs of an individual or legal entity in whose interests educational activities are carried out, including the degree of achievement of the planned results educational program.

9 Adapted educational program - an educational program adapted for training persons with disabilities, taking into account the characteristics of their psychophysical development, individual capabilities and, if necessary, providing correction of developmental disorders and social adaptation of these persons. The quality of education is a complex characteristic of educational activities and training of a student, expressing the degree of their compliance with federal state educational standards, educational standards, federal state requirements and (or) the needs of an individual or legal entity in whose interests educational activities are carried out, including the degree of achievement of the planned results educational program.

11 State accreditation of educational activities is carried out for basic educational programs implemented in accordance with federal state educational standards, with the exception of educational programs before school education, as well as for basic educational programs implemented in accordance with educational standards. The purpose state accreditation educational activities is confirmation of compliance with federal state educational standards of educational activities for basic educational programs and training of students in educational organizations, organizations providing training, as well as individual entrepreneurs, with the exception of individual entrepreneurs engaged in educational activities directly.

12 State accreditation of educational activities of educational organizations founded by religious organizations is carried out according to the submissions of the relevant religious organizations (if such religious organizations are part of the structure of centralized religious organizations, according to the submissions of the corresponding centralized religious organizations). When conducting state accreditation of educational activities for educational programs of primary general, basic general, secondary general education, the accreditation body decides on state accreditation or on refusal of state accreditation of educational activities for the specified educational programs in relation to each level of general education, which includes those declared for state accreditation basic general educational programs.

13 The application for state accreditation and the documents attached to it are submitted to the accreditation body directly or sent by registered mail with acknowledgment of receipt. The organization carrying out educational activities has the right to send the application for state accreditation and the documents attached to it to the accreditation body in the form of an electronic document signed with an electronic signature. The forms of the said application and the documents attached to it, as well as the requirements for their filling and execution, are approved by the federal executive body responsible for the development of state policy and legal regulation in the field of education.

14 State accreditation of educational activities is carried out based on the results of an accreditation examination, which is based on the principles of the objectivity of its conduct and the responsibility of experts for the quality of its conduct. The subject of the accreditation examination is to determine the compliance of the content and quality of training of students in an organization carrying out educational activities, according to the federal state educational standards declared for state accreditation of educational programs.

15 Experts with the necessary qualifications in the field of basic educational programs declared for state accreditation and (or) expert organizations that meet the established requirements participate in the accreditation examination. Experts and expert organizations cannot be in civil law relations (experts also in labor relations) with an organization carrying out educational activities when conducting an accreditation examination in relation to the educational activities of such an organization.

16 Qualification requirements for experts, requirements for expert organizations, the procedure for attracting, selecting experts and expert organizations for conducting an accreditation examination, the procedure for their accreditation (including the procedure for maintaining a register of experts and expert organizations) are established by the federal executive body in charge of developing the state education policy and regulation. Payment for the services of experts and expert organizations and reimbursement of expenses incurred by them in connection with the accreditation examination are made in the manner and in the amount established by the Government of the Russian Federation.

17 By the regulatory act of the accreditation body on the conduct of the accreditation examination, the composition of experts is determined and the head of the expert group is appointed. When conducting an accreditation examination, the expert group uses documents and materials posted by the organization on the official website on the Internet, and also requests documents and materials necessary for conducting an accreditation examination, the list of which is established by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation. An organization carrying out educational activities or its branch provides workplaces with access to the Internet for the work of the expert group.

18 Upon completion of the accreditation examination, the members of the expert group prepare reports on the accreditation examination in terms of the educational programs assigned to them. The head of the expert group prepares, on the basis of the reports on the accreditation examination, an opinion on the results of the accreditation examination.

19 Information on the conduct of the accreditation examination, including the conclusion drawn up based on the results of the accreditation examination, is posted by the accreditation body on its official website on the Internet. The accreditation body makes a decision on state accreditation of educational activities of an organization carrying out educational activities within a period not exceeding one hundred and five days from the date of receipt of the application for state accreditation and the documents attached to this application.

20 When making a decision on state accreditation of educational activities, the accreditation body issues a certificate of state accreditation, the validity of which is twelve years for an organization carrying out educational activities in basic general educational programs.

21 An organization carrying out educational activities that arose as a result of reorganization in the form of a merger, division or separation, or reorganized in the form of joining another organization carrying out educational activities, is issued a temporary certificate of state accreditation of educational activities for educational programs, the implementation of which was carried out by the reorganized organization or reorganized organizations and which had state accreditation. The temporary certificate of state accreditation is valid for one year.

22 The accreditation body refuses state accreditation of educational activities for educational programs declared for state accreditation related to the corresponding levels of education, if there is one of the following grounds: 1) identification of inaccurate information in documents submitted by an organization carrying out educational activities; 2) the presence of a negative opinion drawn up based on the results of the accreditation examination.

23 The accreditation body deprives an organization carrying out educational activities of state accreditation of educational activities for educational programs declared for state accreditation related to the corresponding levels of education or to enlarged groups of professions, specialties and areas of training, if there is one of the following grounds:

24 1) cancellation of the license to carry out educational activities in full or in relation to individual educational programs with state accreditation; 2) repeated violation of the legislation in the field of education by the organization carrying out educational activities during the period of validity of state accreditation, which entailed the illegal issuance of documents on education and (or) on qualifications of the established form; 3) expiration of the period for suspension of the state accreditation (in the absence of grounds for renewing the state accreditation).

25 An organization carrying out educational activities has the right to apply for state accreditation no earlier than one year after the refusal of state accreditation or its deprivation of state accreditation. For the issuance of a certificate of state accreditation, renewal of a certificate of state accreditation and the issuance of a temporary certificate of state accreditation, a state fee is paid in the amount and in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation on taxes and fees. The regulation on state accreditation of educational activities is approved by the Government of the Russian Federation.

26 Regulations on state accreditation of educational activities establish: 1) requirements for an application for state accreditation, a list of information included in it, requirements for documents necessary for conducting state accreditation and attached to an application for state accreditation, and their list; 2) the procedure for submitting an application for state accreditation and documents required for conducting state accreditation by an organization carrying out educational activities, the procedure for their acceptance by an accreditation body; 3) the procedure for conducting an accreditation examination, including the procedure for attracting experts and (or) expert organizations to conduct an accreditation examination;

27 4) the specifics of conducting an accreditation examination when conducting state accreditation of educational activities of educational organizations, the founders of which are religious organizations, in terms of confirming the educational qualification teaching staff such educational organizations, as well as educational activities of foreign institutions of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation; 5) the procedure for making a decision on state accreditation or on refusal of state accreditation;

6) the procedure for the provision by the accreditation body of a duplicate certificate of state accreditation; 7) the grounds and procedure for reissuing the certificate of state accreditation; 8) the procedure for suspension, renewal, termination and revocation of state accreditation; 9) the specifics of conducting an accreditation examination during state accreditation.

29 An organization carrying out educational activities shall attach to the application for state accreditation: - a power of attorney or other document confirming the right of an authorized person of the organization carrying out educational activities who sent the application and the attached documents to act on behalf of the organization; - information on the implementation of educational programs declared for state accreditation; - information on the presence (absence) of public accreditation in Russian, foreign and international organizations and (or) professional public accreditation; - an inventory of the submitted documents.

Article 92 State accreditation of educational activities (introduced by the Federal Law of December 29, 2012 N 273-FZ, as amended on December 31, 2014) 1. State accreditation of educational activities

Information sheet on the provision of the public service "State accreditation of educational activities" In connection with the entry into force of the Federal Law of December 29, 2012 273-FZ "On Education

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Educational organizations

One of the most striking innovations of Law 273-FZ is the rejection of the usual construction of "educational institution" and its replacement by the term "organization carrying out educational activities." The authors of the innovations indicate that such a wording is consistent with the civil legislation of the Russian Federation, which understands an institution as one of the organizational and legal forms, a type of non-profit organization (Civil Code of the Russian Federation). However, the 1992 Law in itself did not prohibit the creation of educational organizations in forms other than an institution, leaving this issue at the mercy of civil legislation (part 1 of Article 11.1), establishing that the effect of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of education applies to all educational institutions on the territory RF regardless of their organizational and legal forms.

In defense of the traditional formulation, one can also put forward the thesis about its greater consistency with the text of the Constitution of the Russian Federation (the Constitution, which guarantees the right to education, speaks of state or municipal educational institutions).

Types of educational organizations	Educational programs, the implementation of which is the main goal of the activity (basis of typing)	Educational programs for which an educational organization has the right to carry out activities in addition to its main goal
preschool educational organization	preschool education programs, childcare and supervision	additional general developmental programs
general education organization	educational programs of primary general, basic general and (or) secondary general education	educational programs of preschool education, additional general education programs, programs vocational training
professional educational organization	educational programs of secondary vocational education	basic general education programs, vocational training programs, additional general education programs, additional professional programs
educational institution of higher education	educational programs of higher education and scientific activities	basic general education programs, educational programs of secondary vocational education, vocational training programs, additional general education programs, additional professional programs
organization of additional education	additional general education programs	preschool education programs, vocational training programs
organization of additional professional education	additional professional programs	training programs for scientific and pedagogical personnel, residency programs, additional general education programs, vocational training programs

Thus, there are only six types of educational organizations (and, like the previous Law, non-standard ones provided for by part 5 of Art.77), and the names and charters of educational institutions must be brought into line with the new Law no later than January 1, 2016 (Part 5 of Art. . 108 of the Law) taking into account the following:

special (correctional) educational institutions for students, pupils with disabilities should be renamed into general educational organizations;

Educational institutions of NGOs and VET should be renamed into professional educational organizations;

Educational institutions of higher education should be renamed into educational institutions of higher education;

The educational institutions of additional education for children should be renamed in the organization of additional education, and the educational institutions for additional vocational education (advanced training) should be renamed in the organization of additional professional education;

special educational institutions for children and adolescents with deviant behavior implementing general educational programs or general educational and NGO programs, respectively, should be renamed, respectively, into general educational and professional educational organizations with the special name "special educational institutions for students with deviant (socially dangerous) behavior".

It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that the name of the educational organization must contain an indication of its organizational and legal form and type; when renaming educational organizations, their type is indicated taking into account their organizational and legal form (the norm of Law 273-FZ is already in force). The new Law does not contain special requirements for the organizational and legal form of organizations carrying out educational activities, and understands as such educational organizations and organizations providing training, as well as individual entrepreneurs carrying out educational activities. In this case, an educational organization can only be a non-profit organization (specially created in the form established for non-profit organizations), carrying out educational activities on the basis of a license as the main type of activity, while an organization providing training can be any legal entity carrying out on the basis of a license, along with the main activity, educational activity as an additional type of activity (these, in particular, include those carrying out educational activities scientific organizations, organizations for orphans and children left without parental care, organizations providing treatment, health improvement or recreation, organizations providing social services, and other legal entities; at the same time (Law 273-FZ):

training organizations	has the right to carry out educational activities under the programs:
scientific organizations	magistracy
	training of scientific and pedagogical personnel
	residency
	vocational training
	additional professional programs
organizations providing treatment, recovery or recreation
organizations providing treatment, recovery or recreation
social service organizations	basic and additional general education programs
social service organizations	major vocational training programs
foreign missions of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation	basic and additional general education programs
other legal entities	vocational training
	preschool education
	additional educational programs

To carry out educational activities by the organization carrying out training, a specialized structural educational unit is created in its structure (part 6 of article 31).

As for individual entrepreneurs, they have the right to carry out educational activities in basic and additional general education programs, and vocational training programs (part 3 of Article 32).

Both the previous and the new Law provide for the existence of state (that is, created by the Russian Federation or a subject of the Russian Federation), municipal (created by the Ministry of Defense, and Law 273-FZ specifically specifies that the founder can only be municipal district or city district; although the law of October 6, 2003 N 131-FZ "On the General Principles of Organization of LSG in the Russian Federation" rural settlement, a municipal district, an urban district or the inner-city territory of the city of federal significance) and private educational organizations (created by an individual or legal entity, or their associations, with the exception of foreign religious organizations - the exception is mentioned only by Law 273-FZ, and the previous Law formally allowed them to act as the founder of educational institutions (clause 3 of part 1 of article 11), however, in fact, this prohibition was introduced by the last paragraph of part 3 of article 27 of the Federal Law of September 26, 1997 N 125-FZ "On freedom of conscience and on religious associations").

Both compared laws provide that, in certain cases, the establishment of an educational organization may be exclusively the prerogative of the state: according to Law 273-FZ, educational organizations for students with deviant behavior (special educational institutions of an open and closed type) are created by the Russian Federation or by a constituent entity of the Russian Federation (a similar rule was established by part 2 of article 11 of Law 3266-1); educational organizations that implement educational programs of higher education in the field of defense and security of the state, ensuring the rule of law and law and order, can only be created by the Russian Federation (the previous Law established the monopoly of the Russian Federation on the creation of any educational institutions implementing military professional educational programs), the new Law is specifically devoted to the peculiarities of the implementation of professional educational programs and activities of educational organizations of federal state bodies that train personnel in the interests of the defense and security of the state, ensuring the rule of law and law and order.

1) the type of educational organization;

2) the founder of the educational organization;

1. types of educational programs being implemented, indicating the level of education and (or) focus;

2. the structure and competence of governing bodies of an educational organization, the procedure for their formation and terms of office.

The rest can be fixed in local acts of the organization; at least (as required by 273-FZ) local acts should be adopted regulating:

rules for admitting students,

the mode of training of students,

forms, frequency and procedure for monitoring progress and intermediate certification of students,

the procedure and grounds for the transfer, expulsion and restoration of students,

the procedure for formalizing the emergence, suspension and termination of relations between the educational organization and students and (or) parents (legal representatives) of minor students.

At the same time, when adopting local regulations affecting the rights of students and employees of an educational organization, the opinion of the councils and trade unions of students, and the advice of parents are taken into account.

Considering the issue of the institution's right to raise additional funds, it is also necessary to point out the following. Both compared laws allow educational organizations to conduct income-generating activities: the previous Law directly authorizes the activities of educational institutions provided for by its charter, insofar as this serves to achieve the goals for which they were created and corresponds to the specified goals (part 1 of Article 47 of the previous Law), the new Law mentions income-generating activities. In addition, Federal Law No. 7-FZ of January 12, 1996 "On Non-Commercial Organizations" establishes that a non-commercial organization can carry out entrepreneurial and other income-generating activities only insofar as it serves to achieve the goals for which it was created and corresponds to the specified goals. , provided that such activity is indicated in its constituent documents. Such activities are recognized as the profitable production of goods and services that meet the goals of creating a non-profit organization, as well as the purchase and sale of securities, property and non-property rights, participation in business companies and participation in limited partnerships as a contributor (Part 2 of Article 24). However, the previous Law provided for the founder's control over the implementation of these activities, which had the right to suspend the income-generating activities of an educational institution if it goes to the detriment of educational activities provided for by the charter, pending a court decision on this issue (part 3 of Article 47). The new Law does not contain a similar rule, nor does it exist in other laws. Thus, the independence of educational organizations, including from the founder, is strengthened by Law 273-FZ.

The law on education in the Russian Federation - FZ 273, adopted by the State Duma on December 21, 2012, completely regulates the education sector in our country. For leaders, this document is a reference book, a kind of Bible, which they must know and strictly abide by all the provisions. It is advisable that both parents and students of various educational institutions also become familiar with the main provisions of the Law.

Unfortunately, within the framework of one article, it is impossible to make out in detail the entire Law, each of its points. We will analyze the key, most important provisions that can help many consumers of educational services, since the Federal Law "On Education in the Russian Federation" is applied in kindergartens, schools, colleges, universities, etc.

Basic concepts

Education is a single purposeful process of upbringing and teaching a person, a set of acquired knowledge, skills, experience, moral values, attitudes. The goal is to form a comprehensively developed citizen with high intellectual, physical, cultural, spiritual and moral development.

It is a mistake to believe that education is only about obtaining information. Here we are using terms incorrectly.

Training is the purposeful acquisition of knowledge, skills, and abilities.

Education is a process aimed at the spiritual and moral development of a person, as a result of which the development of generally accepted rules and norms should occur.

Education includes training (acquisition of knowledge and skills), upbringing (mastering generally accepted norms), physical development.

education requirement

A pedagogical worker is a person who carries out the educational process. He is in an employment relationship with an educational organization, performs certain job duties, receiving wages for this. Before the Federal Law “On Education in the Russian Federation” was adopted, there were no legislative restrictions on the employment of a teacher at a school, an educator in kindergarten... At school, it was quite normal to see a person as a teacher who had hardly graduated from it at one time. In the absence of professional personnel, with low wages for teachers, few went to pedagogical universities. The problem is aggravated by the very low percentage of graduates who decided to connect their lives with educational institutions.

Today the situation is different: the law "On Education in the Russian Federation" prohibits persons who do not have the appropriate qualifications from engaging in teaching activities. In Art. 46 of the Law expressly stipulates that a person who graduated or a higher educational institution has the right to be an employee of education. Education alone is not enough. It will also be necessary to pass the additional specialization "Pedagogy" if the applicant's university or college is not pedagogical.

Education document

The Law "On Education in the Russian Federation" provides for the issuance of supporting documents (certificate, diploma) for passing the following levels of education:

Basic general.
General average.
Initial professional.
Average professional.
Higher education - bachelor's degree.
Higher education is a specialty.
Higher education - Master's degree.

Education system

The Law "On Education of the Russian Federation" (latest edition) contains a hierarchy of the main components in a unified education system:

and the instructions are regulations, for which schools, institutes, colleges, etc. are obliged to carry out educational activities. The status of an educational organization does not matter: commercial, budgetary, state-owned - if it has a license to issue the relevant documents, then it is obliged to carry out training on the basis of standards.
Direct implementation of training: educational organizations, teaching staff, students, legal representatives.
Federal state bodies, authorities of the subjects exercising control. the main role belongs to the Federal public service on supervision in the field of education (Rosobrnadzor). In the regions, this function is performed by the regional ministries of education. They monitor the implementation of state standards in educational institutions.
Organizations providing educational activities. In the districts, the district education committees are responsible for financing budget schools. They also conduct appraisal activities on the controlled territory of all schools.
Associations of physical or legal entities carrying out educational activities. The trade union of teachers is a prime example.

Objectives of Federal State Standards

The Federal Law "On Education in the Russian Federation" assigns a key place to federal state standards... They perform the following tasks:

Unity of education. This implies that throughout the country, students receive the same level of education, which means equality of opportunity.
Continuity. Despite the dynamic development and reform of the education system, the introduction of new standards and requirements, the key task is to maintain continuity. You cannot completely destroy the entire system every year for the sake of momentary political or economic gain.
Variability. Despite the unity of education as a whole, the law on education in the Russian Federation excludes the rigid totalitarian framework of unity in obtaining it. Depending on the abilities, desires, time, various options for achieving certain tasks are created.
Guarantee. It follows that the state controls the unity of education throughout the country.

You can study at home! Forms of education

It is difficult for a Soviet person to imagine this, but the Federal Law "On Education in the Russian Federation" provides for training not only in educational institutions. Article 17 lists the acceptable forms of study:

In the traditional form - in specialized educational institutions.
In an alternative form - outside specialized educational institutions.

The traditional form is subdivided into:

Full-time.
Correspondence.
Full-time and part-time.

Distance learning is gaining popularity nowadays. In the age of information technology, it has become a reality to visit museums, theaters, rare exhibitions on the other side of the planet without leaving home. Information and communication technologies have permeated education as well.

Law "On Education of the Russian Federation" - new law... However, it does not highlight distance education into a separate category. The student is at home, prepares according to an individual schedule, listens to lectures remotely, using communication channels. Consequently, distance education belongs to the category of distance learning.

Alternative form

The child does not have to be sent to school today to receive the Law "On Education in the Russian Federation" allows for such a possibility. In addition, the state allocates money for alternative forms of education for each child.

Kinds

Obtaining a certificate outside of school is divided into two types:

Family education.
Self-education.

Family education involves shifting the function of learning to the family. It is for this form that the state pays compensation. Of course, schools react very painfully to this. This is understandable: no one wants to be left without a salary. Judicial practice shows that the courts are completely on the side of the parents. The average compensation for a middle and senior pupil is about 10 thousand rubles.

The problem of attracting child labor as cleaners

School duty is a tradition that we inherited from the Soviet past. Many parents still do not see the problem of cleaning the floors with their children as part of their school duty. However, Article 34 of the Law directly provides for parental consent to such involvement of a child in work. Classes on technology and labor training... It is on them that students legally, in accordance with federal government programs are obliged to engage in labor: sewing, cooking, woodworking. Everything else - only at the request of the parents.

Outcomes

So, the main law that regulates the field of education is the Federal Law “On Education of the Russian Federation”. Its articles contain a description of the organization of the educational process, the competences of local authorities, forms and types of education, the rules for final attestations, etc. We have analyzed the most interesting points of this Law in the article.

Modern ways of getting education are somewhat different from the usual and formally prescribed ones. But it is those who use these methods and follow the trends who have an advantage over other people. And of course, it is important to note that trends in modern education, although not formally spelled out, nevertheless harmoniously and smoothly fit into standard training systems.

This is a fairly large material, so for those who are too lazy to read everything, we suggest going straight to the place of interest in the text:

Let's think together what is education ? What is the meaning of this word in itself?

We can isolate the root of this word (that is, partially determine what significant parts it consists of given word... This is called morphemic analysis) and, accordingly, a deeper understanding of its semantics (meaning).

So. The root of the word is "image". Actually, the word "image" in the understanding of many people is an idea of the external or internal state any object or group of objects. An object can be a person or a group of people (for example, a whole nation), an animal (bear), furniture (chair), country, real estate (luxury apartment), season (autumn) ... In general, anything.

Additionally, we can highlight in the word "education" the suffix ova and define its role. This is a verbal suffix, that is, it came to the word "education" from the verb "to form"

And it means the suffix -ova (t) - the implementation of something, being in some state or engaging in some activity (bargaining ova be, longing ova th, mountains Eve thief ova be, bliss ova be, outrages ova be, silence ova th). Including the image ova be.

It turns out that "Education" is the process of forming images, ideas about something or someone. In addition, this is the formation of not only images within oneself, but also the formation of one's own image for others.

Nobody, perhaps, wants to be branded as an "uneducated person", but it is very nice to feel "educated".

And now a little about the "terrible". Almost every sphere of society and human life is reflected in the laws of the country. The educational sphere is also affected by legislation.

Therefore, we can turn to the Federal Law "On Education", which tells us that:

Education is a single purposeful process of upbringing and education, which is a socially significant benefit and is carried out in the interests of a person, family, society and the state, as well as a set of acquired knowledge, skills, skills, value attitudes, experience and competence of a certain volume and complexity for intellectual purposes, spiritual and moral, creative, physical and (or) professional development of a person, satisfaction of his educational needs and interests.

It should also be borne in mind that in society as a whole, the level of general and special education is determined by the requirements of production, the state of science, technology and culture, as well as social relations.

Why does every person need education?

so as not to be branded as an ignoramus
to have something to talk about with friends, work colleagues, classmates, relatives
to understand the processes that occur in the world around (this applies to both weather events and fluctuations in oil prices)
so that other people cannot control you, because you do not know or understand something
to get a job on Good work or organize your own business
so that it would be nice to know that you are not the last person in this world ... and so on

Everyone has their own reasons for getting an education.

What kind of education can you get? To do this, consider the educational system in our country (RF) .

Firstly, Russia has relatively developed preschool education ... It usually affects children between the ages of 2 months and 7-8 years. Preschool education- these are nurseries and kindergartens. Besides, in large cities centers of early child development... Classes in them are built according to various methods and, as a rule, cost money.
After preschool, children go to school and receive general education, which is divided into 3 stages :
- primary education- that is elementary School from 1 to 3 or 4 class
- the second stage of school education from grades 5 to 9 is called basic general education. In most countries, after 9 years of study, students take tests. In Russia, this is the State Final Attestation (GIA)
- the third stage of general education (school) is grades 10-11. In fact, they are preparation for entering a higher educational institution (university, institute, academy). The possibility of admission to the university is determined by the passed final tests - Single State exam... This is where general education, which is provided free of charge in Russia, ends.
Professional education it is necessary for the training of specialists in various fields of activity. Professional education includes the following stages:
- initial vocational education - provided by state and non-state educational institutions. As a rule, they are recruited on the basis of 9 or 11 grades. They can be called PTU (vocational school), PTL (vocational and technical lyceum), college.
- the second level of vocational education is secondary vocational education. As a rule, institutions of primary and secondary vocational education are combined and provide a two-stage educational program. Often also called vocational schools, PTL, college. Common name for all institutions of secondary vocational education - secondary specialized educational institutions (SSUZ).
- the third level of vocational education is higher vocational education. In most developed countries, higher vocational education is not free and universal. Actually, in Russia we see a similar picture, but nevertheless in our country there is a crisis of higher professional education (there are too many universities, too many specialists with higher education, which, in fact, is not sufficient in comparison with classical higher education).
Postgraduate vocational education... From the name it is clear that it is the next step after receiving higher professional education. In Russia, it is divided into 2 components.
- postgraduate study is the preparation of a person for the competition (and, if successful, obtaining) the academic degree of Doctor of Science. The position of a candidate of sciences deepens the knowledge of a graduate student in the field studied by him, prepares him for a professional teaching or scientific activities
- doctoral studies are the next stage of professional postgraduate education. In doctoral studies, candidates of sciences are preparing to become doctors of sciences. Actually, a doctor of sciences is the highest academic degree, which speaks of the deep knowledge of the doctor of sciences himself in the chosen field.

All that we have just talked about is the official education system in the Russian Federation. However, it also includes additional education for children and adults ... Additional means optional, many will think and will be right. However, the previously mentioned the federal law“On Education” says that additional educational programs and additional educational services are implemented in order to fully meet the educational needs of citizens, society, and the state. That is, if you think that your educational needs are not met, as well as if you are a true patriot of your country, you can and simply must use all the opportunities for obtaining additional education.

In particular, there are additional pre-professional general education programs in the field of art. The development of these programs is completed, as in ordinary school, final certification with the issuance of a certificate. If you wish, you can continue your education in the field of art in higher education. educational institutions... In fact, institutions where you can get additional pre-professional education are, as a rule, children's art schools (DSHI).

It is also gratifying that in many art schools there are departments for adults, therefore, if there is a desire and time, each adult can receive, for example, a general music education.

Additional education includes refresher courses , which can be long-term or short-term, mandatory and optional. As a rule, continuing education courses are paid, but often their cost is fully or partially covered by your employer.

In addition to the previously listed methods of obtaining education, there is another one and is not written about it in any of the law, although a lot is said on television, in the press, in schools, universities ... This self-education ... It is one of the most productive, but only if you have enough motivation to practice systematically and move towards your goal. If you are not interested in what you are studying, the result will be much lower.

Perhaps, each of you has in the experience of studying at school, college or institute a certain unpleasant aftertaste from the fact that you do not want to study, but you really need to. Self-education is easier: if you don't like it, don't do it, don't teach, but then the result is completely on your shoulders.

The undoubted advantage of self-education is its relative availability. Why relative? Because whichever way you choose to acquire new knowledge, you will need to spend resources. This could be, for example, time, Internet payments or book purchases.

Self-education is, of course, good, but where can you get information that is interesting? Several options are possible here.

The classic way to gain new knowledge is from books or textbooks. You can find them at a bookstore, library, or on the Internet. Before buying a book, it is advisable to find out reviews about it from those who have already read it, so that it would not be offensive for wasted money. Libraries are, unfortunately, not fashionable at the moment, but relevant. Since in the library books, firstly, are given out free of charge (in order not to forget the main provisions and interesting thoughts that you have read, you need to take notes). In the library you can find, if not the newest, but proven books. This is especially true for scientific books (for example, those related to biology, physics, chemistry, mechanics - natural science and technical topics). Books on the Internet are also often free of charge, but you should remember that when downloading free book, You may violate the copyright of its creators or publisher.
To obtain up-to-date information about what is happening in the world (events, latest developments, theories), you must not forget about the press, that is, print media mass media... At the moment, there are a huge variety of them for every taste and their names, as a rule, reflect the content. For example, the most famous scientific magazines are Popular Mechanics, Around the World, Young Naturalist, Science and Life. There are also narrow-profile (practically professional magazines). For example, for PR-specialists - "Adviser", for accountants "Actual accounting", for IT-specialists "Chip". If you want to keep abreast of the current events and at the same time read quite interesting articles written in good language, pay attention to the Russian Reporter magazine, the Kommersant newspaper and its supplements, the Itogi magazine. And of course, for those who want to be aware of all the changes in the legislation of our country, it is simply necessary to know the "Rossiyskaya Gazeta".
Television can also be used as a source of information, but it should be borne in mind that television is more crowded with entertainment than educational programs. If you have the opportunity, it is better to watch the Kultura TV channel (performances, performances, ballet, classical music concerts, as well as TV lectures and teaching foreign languages), Discovery, as well as various BBC TV channels. And of course, news programs. However, it is better to watch them on different TV channels in order to see the difference in the presentation of the material and, accordingly, to perceive the information more objectively.
Another classic and even ordinary way to get information is to communicate with other people. These can be your friends, classmates, colleagues, teachers, relatives and just random travel companions. By the way, the use of tutoring is now becoming very popular not only in business education, but also at school. In fact, the meaning of the word "tutor" is closest to the word "mentor". He helps the student (be it a schoolboy, student, businessman or locksmith) to choose a learning goal, draw up a plan to achieve it and progressively implement it. However, considering communication with people as a source of information and, accordingly, the educational process, it is necessary to constantly weed out people who steal your time from those who can really give you useful information.
One of the ways to educate yourself is to attend various kinds of events. These can be lectures, master classes, professional (for example, IT) and art exhibitions. Within the framework of professional exhibitions, round tables, conferences, the previously mentioned lectures and master classes are often held. These can be meetings with different people (for example, book presentations) or meetings of hobby clubs. Very interesting from the point of education and acquisition interesting people in the form of new acquaintances are business events (for example, business breakfasts, business forums and business lectures, which are often organized by business schools and business incubators). As a cultural education, if possible, you can attend the reporting concerts of the Children's Art School or conservatories. Unfortunately, most of events are held in large cities (the capital, regional centers), however, for residents of small towns and rural areas there is an opportunity to be, or at least try to be “on the same wavelength” and “in trend”. This opportunity is provided by the Internet.

So, self-education using the Internet now it is popular and in demand not only in Russia, but all over the world. The Internet makes it possible to roughly equalize the opportunities for people to get an education.

It should be noted that, firstly, education via the Internet is primarily distance education which requires you to take your own responsibility for the learning process. Secondly, education on the Internet can be both paid (for example, distance learning programs for higher education or retraining), and free.

In what form can you "self-educate" using the Internet:

Many leading universities provide free online courses... V this list includes some of the best free courses available for those wishing to improve their knowledge or qualifications in their field. Perhaps the factor that can alienate many people who want to get acquainted with these online courses is the need for knowledge of a foreign language. However, if you have enough willpower and interest to pursue your own education via the Internet, even this will not be a problem for you.
in the Internet you can learn foreign languages for free... For example, there is an interesting site livemocha.com, which has gathered quite a lot of representatives different countries... These are native speakers, many of whom want to learn Russian. And you, for example, are German. It is enough to create a profile on the site, choose a course and start doing exercises (memorizing words, pronunciation, spelling, grammar). Your assignments will be evaluated by native speakers. You can chat with them. In addition, you can use the facebook.com social network to communicate with native speakers. Well, if at the same time do not forget that you can download textbooks, audiobooks and other interesting courses on the Internet foreign languages, then the matter remains small - to concentrate on the learning process.
The network contains a huge number of electronic libraries ... They can be both thematic and extremely generalized. For example, the website evartist.narod.ru has a library with books on journalism, advertising and PR. The site koob.ru contains a huge number of books on completely different topics - from religion to business. And depending on which book you are interested in, you can find interesting library for yourself. Therefore, advice: when looking for a book on the Internet, write down or bookmark the material you like.
Do not forget about the possibilities social networks - they have libraries, interest groups, invitations to events and much more that can help you in self-education.
If you have ever thought about creating your own business, have some interesting ideas, but do not know how to implement, where to start, how to manage the business further, the site bizmolodost.ru will be useful to you. It contains interesting articles, short video tutorials that will help you navigate and start your business. Of course, the site lives for a reason, and the information presented on it is only a small part of what its creators know. The main source of his income is conducting paid classes with beginners and already working businessmen. However, this site is a great opportunity to stimulate yourself to action.
For lovers of the IT sphere, we can recommend the resource intuit.ru, where are presented various courses, mainly related to the IT field(programming, system administration, management and law in the field of information technology). On the this resource you can sign up as a remote free course, and paid full-time. In any case, certificates and certificates of completion of a particular course are issued. However, when choosing online training, it should be borne in mind that you will receive only basic (basic) knowledge, it will need to be constantly kept up to date, to monitor changes (and in the IT sphere they occur very often). In addition, for those who are interested in programming, the php.su website will be very useful, where you can download textbooks on programming in PHP and others, learn how to set up your computer for subsequent work with code, get basic system administration skills and, of course , get answers to difficult questions from more experienced comrades on the forum.
Earlier it was mentioned in passing about business incubators... In the absence of the opportunity to attend the events organized by them, you can and should use the information posted on their web resources. Inc.hse.ru - website of the business incubator at High school economy. Here you can learn more about the activities of the business incubator, watch videos from past lectures and master classes, register for a paid (or free) webinar, and also learn about upcoming events. Incube-ane.ru - website of the business incubator at the Academy National economy under the Government of the Russian Federation. Information about past events (transcripts of lectures, videos, etc.) is practically, however, remembering this site or subscribing to the newsletter is still worth it, at least in order to keep abreast of the events. What if, sooner or later, you will be able to get there?
An interesting place in Moscow - Digital October - is notable for the fact that there you can get a lot of useful and interesting information about new technologies and technological entrepreneurship. For those who cannot get there in person, there are such great online cognitive opportunities, how:
- Digital October TV - many interesting videos on absolutely different topics,
- Knowledge Stream - recordings of lectures from leading laboratories and universities in the world that present the latest technological innovations and scientific achievements having practical use in business,
- Coursera - support of the Coursera project in Russia (education at world universities online)

In general, I think trends in modern ways of getting education understandable - the transition to online, accessibility, interesting forms of presentation of material, the opportunity to obtain a huge amount of high-quality knowledge (including professional), without leaving home and without paying a penny for it (only for connecting to the Internet and electricity).

Those who want to study, who are looking for an interesting and useful pastime, who want to develop and become better, will always find an opportunity for this.

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