" of Greek origin and is translated as "opposite".

Antonyms are words with the opposite meaning, expressing it with the help of paradigmatic connections.

Antonyms are a very interesting phenomenon of the language, because in the mind of a person are stored in the form of an antonymic pair.

Despite the fact that antonyms are opposed to each other by all their content, their semantic structure is extremely homogeneous. As a rule, antonyms differ in one differential feature.

For example, a pair of antonyms "-" has common semantic features (quality, mood) and only one differential (positive and negative mood).

Due to the homogeneity of the semantic structure, antonyms have almost completely matching compatibility.

Types of antonyms

There are 2 types of antonyms:

1) multi-rooted and single-rooted.

One-root antonyms usually form a non-prefixed and a prefixed word. Examples: friend - foe; bad - not bad; enter - exit; come - walk away.

Different root antonyms are completely different in their external appearance. Examples: stale - fresh; life death.

2) gradual, nongradual and vector antonyms.

Gradual antonyms express the opposite, which implies the existence of intermediate steps between the two extreme points. Examples: brilliant - talented - gifted - average abilities - mediocre - mediocre; - capable - sensible - not stupid - average abilities - stupid - limited - stupid - stupid.

Non-gradual antonyms are concepts between which there is not and cannot be an intermediate degree. Examples: true - false; alive - dead; free - busy; married - single.

Vector antonyms denote the opposite direction of actions, features, qualities and properties. Examples: forget - remember; increase - decrease; supporter - opponent.

Different in sound and spelling, having directly opposite lexical meanings, for example: “truth” - “false”, “good” - “evil”, “speak” - “silence”.

The lexical units of the vocabulary of a language turn out to be closely related not only on the basis of their associative connection by similarity or contiguity as lexico-semantic variants of a polysemantic word. Most of the words of the language do not contain a feature capable of opposition, therefore, antonymic relations are impossible for them, however, in a figurative sense, they can acquire an antonym. Thus, in contextual antonymy, antonymic relations of words with a direct meaning are possible, and then these pairs of words carry an emphatic load and perform a special stylistic function.

Antonyms are possible for such words, the meanings of which contain opposite qualitative shades, but the meanings are always based on a common feature (weight, height, feeling, time of day, etc.). Also, only words belonging to the same grammatical or stylistic category can be opposed. Consequently, words belonging to different parts of speech or lexical levels cannot become linguistic antonyms.

There are no proper names, pronouns, numeral antonyms.

Typology of antonymic relations

Antonyms according to the type of concepts expressed:

• contrastive correlates - such opposites that mutually complement each other to the whole, without transitional links; they are in relation to the privative opposition. Examples: bad - good, false - true, alive - dead.
• counter correlates - antonyms expressing polar opposites within one essence in the presence of transitional links - internal gradation; they are in relation to the gradual opposition. Examples: black (- gray -) white, old (- elderly - middle-aged -) young, large (- medium -) small.
• vector correlates are antonyms expressing different directions of actions, signs, social phenomena, etc. Examples: enter - exit, descend - rise, ignite - extinguish, revolution - counter-revolution.
• Converses are words that describe the same situation from the point of view of different participants. Examples: buy - sell, husband - wife, teach - learn, lose - win, lose - find, young - old.
• enantiosemy - the presence of opposite meanings in the structure of the word. Examples: to lend money to someone - to borrow money from someone, to surround with tea - to treat and not to treat.
• pragmatic - words that are regularly opposed in the practice of their use, in contexts (pragmatics - "action"). Examples: soul - body, mind - heart, earth - sky.

By structure, antonyms are:

• heterogeneous (forward - backward);
• single root - are formed with the help of prefixes that are opposite in meaning: enter - exit, or with the help of a prefix added to the original word (monopoly - antimonopoly).

From the point of view of language and speech, antonyms are divided into:

• linguistic (usual) - antonyms that exist in the language system (rich - poor);
• contextual (contextual, speech, occasional) - antonyms that occur in a certain context (to check for the presence of this type, you need to reduce them to a language pair) - (golden - copper half, that is, expensive - cheap). They often appear in proverbs.

From the point of view of action, antonyms are:

• proportionate - action and reaction: get up - go to bed, get rich - get poorer;
• disproportionate - action and lack of action (in the broad sense): ignite - extinguish, think - think over.

Antonyms in poetry

see also

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Notes

Synonyms. Antonyms.

Literature

• Lvov M. R. Dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language: More than 2000 antonyms. steam / Ed. L. A. Novikova. - 4th ed., stereotype. - M.: Rus. yaz., 1988. - 384 p. (mistaken.)

An excerpt characterizing Antonyms

“Well, well…” he said.
“I know that she loves ... she will love you,” Princess Mary corrected herself.
Before she had time to say these words, Pierre jumped up and, with a frightened face, grabbed Princess Mary by the hand.
- Why do you think? Do you think that I can hope? You think?!
“Yes, I think so,” said Princess Mary, smiling. - Write to your parents. And entrust me. I'll tell her when I can. I wish it. And my heart feels that it will be.
- No, it can't be! How happy I am! But it can't be... How happy I am! No, it can not be! - said Pierre, kissing the hands of Princess Mary.
- You go to St. Petersburg; it is better. I'll write to you, she said.
- To Petersburg? Drive? Okay, yes, let's go. But tomorrow I can come to you?
The next day, Pierre came to say goodbye. Natasha was less lively than in the old days; but on this day, sometimes looking into her eyes, Pierre felt that he was disappearing, that neither he nor she was anymore, but there was one feeling of happiness. “Really? No, it can’t be,” he said to himself at her every look, gesture, word that filled his soul with joy.
When, bidding her farewell, he took her thin, thin hand, he involuntarily held it a little longer in his.
“Is it possible that this hand, this face, these eyes, all this treasure of female charm, alien to me, will this all be forever mine, familiar, the same as I am for myself? No, It is Immpossible!.."
“Farewell, Count,” she said to him loudly. “I will be waiting for you very much,” she added in a whisper.
And these simple words, the look and facial expression that accompanied them, for two months, were the subject of Pierre's inexhaustible memories, explanations and happy dreams. “I will be waiting for you very much ... Yes, yes, as she said? Yes, I will be waiting for you. Ah, how happy I am! What is it, how happy I am!” Pierre said to himself.

In Pierre's soul now nothing similar happened to what happened in her in similar circumstances during his courtship with Helen.
He did not repeat, as then, with painful shame, the words he had spoken, he did not say to himself: “Ah, why didn’t I say this, and why, why did I say “je vous aime” then?” [I love you] Now, on the contrary, he repeated every word of hers, his own, in his imagination with all the details of her face, smile, and did not want to subtract or add anything: he only wanted to repeat. There was no doubt now whether what he had done was good or bad, there was no shadow now. Only one terrible doubt sometimes crossed his mind. Is it all in a dream? Was Princess Mary wrong? Am I too proud and arrogant? I believe; and suddenly, as it should happen, Princess Marya will tell her, and she will smile and answer: “How strange! He was right, wrong. Doesn't he know that he is a man, just a man, and I? .. I am completely different, higher.
Only this doubt often came to Pierre. He didn't make any plans either. It seemed to him so incredibly impending happiness that as soon as this happened, nothing could be further. Everything ended.
Joyful, unexpected madness, for which Pierre considered himself incapable, took possession of him. The whole meaning of life, not for him alone, but for the whole world, seemed to him to consist only in his love and in the possibility of her love for him. Sometimes all people seemed to him busy with only one thing - his future happiness. It sometimes seemed to him that they all rejoiced in the same way as he himself, and only tried to hide this joy, pretending to be occupied with other interests. In every word and movement he saw hints of his happiness. He often surprised people who met him with his significant, expressing secret consent, happy looks and smiles. But when he realized that people might not know about his happiness, he felt sorry for them with all his heart and felt a desire to somehow explain to them that everything they were doing was complete nonsense and trifles not worthy of attention.
When he was offered to serve, or when some general state affairs and war were discussed, assuming that the happiness of all people depended on such or such an outcome of such and such an event, he listened with a meek, condoling smile and surprised the people who spoke to him with his strange remarks. But both those people who seemed to Pierre to understand the real meaning of life, that is, his feeling, and those unfortunate people who obviously did not understand this - all people in this period of time seemed to him in such a bright light of the feeling shining in him that without the slightest effort, he immediately, meeting with any person, saw in him everything that was good and worthy of love.

Antonym is a word that has the opposite meaning of another word and creates a semantic contrast in a pair of lexical units.

Antonyms in Russian

Two words with contradictory meanings form an antonymous pair. A word can have more than one antonym, which is due to the ambiguity of lexical units in the Russian language. For example, the antonym of the word "light" (luggage) in the literal sense is "heavy"; in a figurative sense, its antonymic connection with other words is observed: light (wind) - strong (wind), easy (task) - difficult (task).

Antonyms are one part of speech; often refer to an adjective, since the antonymic relations of words are based on common qualitative features (good - bad). Bright contrasting concepts also express nouns (good - evil), adverbs (easy - difficult), etc. Not all words provide for the presence of antonyms, for example, some specific nouns (house, apple), colors do not imply contradictory words.

The opposite concept of an antonym is a synonym. Hot and cold are antonyms, while hot and hot are synonyms.

Types of antonyms

Depending on the nature of the connection between words that have opposite meanings, the following types are distinguished:

• linguistic, or dictionary, antonyms - antonyms built on the literal meaning of the word, for example: find - lose;
• additional, or complementary, antonyms - words whose opposite meanings are achieved by negating other words, for example: untruthful (meaning "false");
• contextual, or relational, antonyms are words that acquire antonymic meaning only within the context. The words "teacher" and "student" are not antonyms, but are contrasted in the context of their relationship.

According to the morphological structure, one-root (come - leave) and heterogeneous (deep - shallow) antonyms are distinguished.

Meaning of antonyms

Antonyms are common in folklore as a lexical antithesis, given their semantic binary position (Learning is light, and ignorance is darkness). Antonyms are widely used in oratory, fiction, journalistic literature as a tool to enhance the expressiveness and contrast of speech.

An example of the use of antonyms in literature

They agreed. Wave and stone
Poetry and prose, ice and fire
(A. S. Pushkin; "Eugene Onegin")

Antonyms are used by writers in the title to emphasize the antithetical nature of the structure of the work: “Poetry and Truth” by J. V. Goethe, “Cunning and Love” by F. Schiller, “Shine and Poverty of Courtesans” by O. de Balzac, “Red and Black” by Stendhal, “ Crime and Punishment” by F. M. Dostoevsky, “War and Peace” by L. N. Tolstoy, “Thick and Thin” by A. P. Chekhov, “The Prince and the Pauper” by M. Twain.

The use of antonyms in speech to express differences in qualities, objects, and phenomena that are homogeneous in nature is called antonymy. Antonymy underlies a number of stylistic figures built on the contrast of lexical meanings (oxymoron, chiasm).

The word antonym comes from Greek anti - against and onima, which in translation means a name, a word.

Cold and hot, shallow and deep, useful and harmful, independent and dependent, summer and winter, love and hate, joy and sadness, fly up and win...

Antonyms: examples of words, concept, exercises

By Masterweb

21.07.2018 11:00

Cold and hot, shallow and deep, useful and harmful, independent and dependent, summer and winter, love and hate, joy and sorrow, take off and land, begin and end, good and bad, serious and frivolous. What do you think these words are? Antonyms! Examples of such words, as well as the actual concept of "antonym" we will present in this article.

Antonyms: concept

So, in the vocabulary of the modern Russian language there is such a thing as "antonyms". Examples of words with opposite meanings can be given ad infinitum. Sweet - bitter; cute - nasty; rise - fall; vanity - peace. These words are called antonyms.

The examples of words given above prove that only words that are the same part of speech can be called antonyms. That is, the words "love" and "hate", "always" and "frequent", "lighten" and "dark" are not antonyms. Can the adjectives "low" and "happy" be called antonyms? No, because words can only be compared on one basis. And in our case there are two. In addition, if antonyms denote some quality, then they must possess or not possess this quality in equal measure. So, "frost" and "heat" are not full-fledged antonyms, since frost is a high degree of cold, and heat is an average degree of temperature above zero.

Noun antonyms: word examples

In Russian, antonyms-nouns are quite common. It should be noted that nouns that have antonyms have a connotation of quality in their meaning.

For example: adherence to principles - lack of principles; minus plus; income - losses; output - input; ascent - descent; day Night; light - darkness; the word is silence; dream - reality; dirt - purity; captivity - freedom; progress - regression; success - failure; youth - old age; purchase - sale; start - end.

Adjectives with the opposite meaning

Among adjectives, you can find the largest number of pairs of antonyms.

Examples of words: empty - full; day - night; fervent - dull, happy - unhappy; light heavy; simple - complex; cheap - expensive; paid - free; confident - uncertain; main - secondary; significant - trifling; real - virtual, native - someone else's; obstinate - complaisant; excited - calm; smooth - rough; artificial - natural; beloved - unloved; raw - dry.

Adverbs

Adverbs in this regard are not inferior to adjectives. There are also many antonyms among them.

Examples of words: easy - difficult; cheap - expensive; immediately - gradually; stupid - smart; corny - original; long - not for long; enough - not enough; intelligibly - indistinctly; right - wrong, cold - hot.

Verbs-antonyms: examples of words in Russian

There are also verbs in Russian that are opposite in meaning.

For example: scold - praise; take - give; work - idle; to hurt - to recover; get better - lose weight; refuse - agree; accustom - wean; notice - ignore; lose - find; increase - decrease; earn - spend; bury - dig out; leave - return; say goodbye - say hello; turn around - turn away; iron - knead; take off - put on; dress - undress.

Thus, almost all parts of speech are rich in antonyms. They can be found even among prepositions: in - from, on - under, etc.

Exercises

To reinforce the learned material, it is useful to perform several exercises.

1. Read a poem by a famous children's poet and find all the antonyms in it:

Here's a gibberish for the guys:

When they are silent, they do not speak.

When they sit in one place

They don't travel.

What is far, not close at all.

High, not very low.

And how to arrive without leaving.

And eat a nut, since there are no nuts.

Nobody wants to lie standing.

Pour from empty to empty.

Do not write on white chalk

And do not call idleness a thing.

2. Insert antonyms instead of dots:

1. ... feeds a person, but ... spoils.
2. ... ... does not understand.
3. ... body, yes ... deed.
4. ... for food, yes... for work.
5. ... saddled, but ... galloped.
6. Day to day strife: today ... and tomorrow ...
7. Prepare the cart ... and the sleigh ...
8. One brother... and the other...
9. Today the sea ... but yesterday it was quite ...
10. Alyosha has an easy character: he remembers... and forgets...
11. You're always like this... why is today...?
12. The root of the doctrine ... but the fruits ...

In meaning, but words belonging to the same part of speech. They have different spellings and sounds. It is very easy to determine the meaning of one antonym through another, it is enough to give it the form of negation. For example, a direct antonym for the word to speak - not to be silent, sad - not cheerful etc. In this article, we will consider the concept of "antonyms" in more detail and find out their types.

General information

Due to the richness of the Russian language, there are many nuances and subtleties in any part of speech. It is not for nothing that numerous textbooks on linguistics are studied in schools and some higher educational institutions.

1. It is noteworthy that, due to the ambiguity, the antonyms of the same word in different contexts differ. For instance: old boar - young boar, old car - new car, old cheese - fresh cheese etc.
2. Not every lexical unit has antonyms. They are not, for example, in words sew, institute, book etc.
3. The main feature is the opposition of words that can mean:

• attributes of the subject ( smart - stupid, evil - kind);
• social and natural phenomena ( talent - mediocrity, heat - cold);
• states and actions ( disassemble - collect, forget - remember).

Types of antonyms

They are different in structure.

• One-root antonyms are words that are opposite in meaning, but have the same root. For instance: love - dislike, progress - regression. They are formed by adding prefixes (non-, without / with-, re-, de-, and so on).
• Different-root antonyms are words that are polar in meaning and have different roots. For instance: big - small, black - white.

In turn, the first type is also divided into: antonyms-euphemisms (loyally express the opposite, difference, for example: significant - insignificant) and enantiosemes (express opposition with the same word, for example: view(in the sense of seeing) and view(meaning skip).

Another group is also distinguished: contextual antonyms are words that differ in meaning only in a particular case. For example, in the author's performance: she had not eyes- a eyes.

The meaning of antonyms are as follows.

• Opposite: they denote the polarity of actions, phenomena or signs. As a rule, between similar antonyms you can put a word with a neutral meaning: joy- apathy - sad, positive- indifference - negative.
• Vector: they denote multidirectional actions: put on - take off, open - close.
• Contradictory: indicate the polarity of objects, phenomena and signs, each of which excludes the other. It is impossible to put a neutral word between them: right left.

Functions of antonyms

In a sentence, antonyms play a stylistic role and are used to make speech more expressive. Often they are used as an antithesis (opposition, contrast). Example: "Who was nobody, he will become everything." Sometimes antonyms form an oxymoron (connection of the incompatible). Example: "Hot snow", "Living corpse".

Antonyms are widely used not only in the titles of works, but also in proverbs and sayings.