Clock history. The evolution of watches: the path from a stick stuck in the ground to electronics How the first watches appeared history
Marina Gerasimova
NOD "History of watches" preparatory group
GCD" History of watches" v preparatory group
Software tasks.
Educational:
Introduce children to the clock face hours. Consolidate and expand children's knowledge of different types hours, about the principles of their work, their role in human life. Activate vocabulary, improve verbal communication skills.
2.Educational:
Develop creative imagination and logical thinking, the ability to draw conclusions, express thoughts. Encourage the development of independent thinking.
Educational:
To cultivate interest in technology, dedication, mutual assistance and the ability to interact with peers.
Material for the lesson:
Laptop, projector, presentation « Watch History» ”, tape recorder, music recording, colored pencils, sheets of white paper, layout hours with moving arrows.
preliminary work: looking at illustrations, reading books, talking, guessing riddles, excursion to the library.
Lesson progress:
Children stand in a circle holding hands.
We are a big, friendly family, let's give our warmth to each other by embracing. Let's smile at each other.
Today we will go on an unusual journey, but where, you have to solve the riddle:
We walk at night, we walk during the day
And yet we will not leave the place.
We strike regularly every hour,
And you, friends, recognized us. (Clock)
What it is? (This is a clock)
That's right, it's a watch. Today we are going to the planet of time. Is everyone ready? Let's go. They stood in a circle, put their hands on each other's shoulders, closed their eyes. Imagine your flight, see how many stars, how many different planets, how flawlessly beautiful the sky is. (space music playing).
Here we are with you and got. Look what an unusual planet. This is the planet of time (slide1)
What do you think about what we will talk about (about hours)
Now I will introduce you to watch history.
A long time ago, when there was no hours people knew the time by the sun. The sun has risen - it's time to get up; it's getting dark - it's time to finish work, get ready for bed. (slide 2)
The oldest clock that people used to roughly know the time is the sundial. The dial of such hours placed in an open place brightly lit by the sun, and the arrow hours served rod casting a shadow on the dial (slide 3)
Guess what watch is this?
This clock importantly walks around the yard, flapping its wings and, flying up to the fence, shouting “ku-ka-re-ku”.
- Did you know who it is? (children's answers) (Slide 4)
The sun has not yet risen, and the rooster is already crowing, morning is coming soon! stop sleeping!
This is a rooster clock.
Look what an unusual clock - flowers. (slide 5). A long time ago, people noticed that some flowers open in the morning and close during the day, others open in the evening, and still others only at night, and are always closed during the day. Flowers open not when they please, but in "your own" time.
And this is a water clock. (slide 6)
Water was poured into a tall glass vessel with a hole near the bottom. Drop by drop it oozed out of the hole. Marks were made on the walls of the vessel, which showed how much time had passed since the moment when water was poured into the vessel. It was a water clock.
- (Slide 7)
People began to think about how to come up with a better clock so that they would equally accurately show the time day and night, in winter and summer, and in any weather. And they came up with. These the clock has no hands, no mug with numbers, no gear wheels inside. They are made of glass. Two glass vials are connected together. Sand inside. When the clock is running, the sand from the top bubble pours into the bottom one. Sand spilled out - it means a certain amount of time has passed. This clock was called an hourglass.
Life does not stand still, people began to value their time more and more, and watches have become a necessity for everyone. Watches have been constantly improved. There were electronic clocks, wrist, wall (slide 8)
Why do you think people need watches? (children's answers)
What would happen if people did not know the time? (children's answers)
Dynamic pause.
- Now let's rest.:
Tick-tock, tick-tock.
Who in the house can do that?
It's a pendulum in a clock
Beats every beat (tilts right - left)
And the cuckoo sits in the clock,
She has her own hut. (squats, showing a hut - hands above your head)
The bird crows time
Hiding behind the door again (squats)
The arrows move in a circle
They don't touch each other. (torso rotation to the right)
We will return with you
Against the arrow hourly. (torso rotation to the left)
And the clock goes, goes, (walking in place)
Sometimes they suddenly fall behind (slow walking pace)
And there are those who are in a hurry,
It's like they want to run away! (run in place)
If they are not led,
Then they stand up. (children stop
Come, please, to me.
Children come to the table on which are placed: case, dial with numbers; arrows; clockwork; clock.
caregiver (picks up the watch):
What are the parts of a watch?
(children's answers)
That's right, everyone watch has case, there is a dial. There are numbers on the dial.
- Educator: How are they located?
Children's answers: (in a circle, in order).
What happens if the numbers are mixed up? (children's answers).
The game "Collect the clock"
- Educator: Well done! All got the job done. And now I suggest that you come up with your own clock or draw the one that you liked the most. And someone can and will come up with their own clock of the future. And before we start, let's stretch our fingers.
Warm-up for hands.
We wrote, we wrote
Our fingers are tired
We'll get some rest
And let's start writing again.
Children draw (to the music)
Here our journey comes to an end. What new did you learn today (children's answers)
Let's take a look at your work (Analysis of children's work)
Tell me how we would live if it weren't for hours? (Children talk).
What was interesting to you on the planet of time? (children's answers)
What was difficult? (children's answers)
Next time we will go with you to another planet, where there are many interesting things.
Elena Krylova
Summary of the presentation lesson "History of watches" (for children of the middle group)
Watch History
Under the ticking of the clock, the teacher reads riddles.
Two girls, two friends
Walk together, one after another
Only the one that's real
Walks a little faster
And the other, shorter
Like it doesn't want to move.
And so they go round and round
Two girls, two friends
And every time we meet
They say what time it is. (hands on the clock)
Walks all century.
Not a person. (Clock)
They knock, they knock
Don't be bored.
They go, they go
And everything is right here. (clock)
Walking around
One after another. (arrows)
Modern life without watches is unimaginable. In the morning they wake us up for work, in the evening we set an alarm clock so as not to oversleep, and every New Year we meet to the sound of chimes.
A miracle of technology watch, or not, but it took mankind seven thousand years to create them. Over the millennia, a huge variety of different devices for measuring time have been invented.
Slides 4-5. The very first hours on earth are solar. Their device was simple: a pole was installed in the center of the circle, and the circle was divided into sectors. Time was determined by the shadow of the pole. Such clocks were installed in the city center on the squares.
But such watches had a number of shortcomings. What do you think? (children's answers)
The sundial had one significant drawback: it could only "walk" on the street, and even then on the sunlit side. In addition, they could not be taken with you, put in your pocket.
That's why the water clock was invented. (slide 6). Drop by drop, water flowed from one vessel to another, and by how much water flowed out, it was determined how much time had passed. Such watches served people for a long time. In China, for example, they were used 4.5 thousand years ago.
Water clocks were generally public. Fire clocks were used in houses, mainly candle clocks. (slide 7-8). Marks were applied to the candle, and thus time was measured by burning the candle. Painted marks could replace carnations. Falling on an iron tray, they announced the passage of time by ringing.
Unlike water and fire, the hourglass was used mainly as a timer. (pass 9). The first hourglass appeared around the 11th century AD and became widespread. Inexpensive and compact, they were used by scientists, cooks, priests, sailors and artisans.
(slide 10).At the end of the 16th century a new discovery was made. The young scientist Galileo Galilei, observing the movement of various lamps in the Pisa Cathedral during the service, found that neither the weight nor the shape of the lamps, but only the length of the chains on which they are suspended, determines the periods of their oscillations from the wind breaking through the windows. He owns the idea of creating clocks with a pendulum (slide 11).
Physical education minute (slide 12).
Tick tock, tick tock
All clocks go like this:
(Tilt your head to one or the other shoulder)
See what time it is:
Tick-tock, tick-tock, tick-tock.
(Swing to the beat of the pendulum)
Left - one, right - one.
We can do it too
(Legs together, hands on the belt. On the count of “times”, tilt your head to the right shoulder, then to the left, like a watch)
Pendulum clocks were generally bulky and heavy. (slide 13).After the flat spring was invented in the second half of the fifteenth century to replace weights, master Peter Henlein of Nuremberg made a watch that could be carried around. Flat pocket watches were widely used. (slide 14) for such watches, special pockets were sewn on clothes. Now we can find such pockets in jeans pockets. (The pocket on the children's jeans is shown).
By the end of the nineteenth century, watches began to be mass-produced. The first wristwatches were women's models. Richly decorated with precious stones, they looked like jewelry. Men fastened their walkers with a chain to a vest pocket, but by the 90s of the nineteenth century, officers of the Russian army began to wear chronometers with a ring through which they could be tied to their arm with a rope. Since then, the watch has not left the wrists and the strong half of humanity (slide 15).
Many inventors tried to improve watches, and at the end of the 19th century they became an ordinary and necessary thing.
Some watches are world famous, and even have names. What clock do you know?
Listen carefully when you and I hear this clock. ( chimes of the Spasskaya Tower of the Moscow Kremlin). On New Year's Eve at midnight, under the sound of these chimes, we celebrate the New Year.
The most famous clock (slides 16-18): Chimes of the Moscow Kremlin Big Ben Prague chimes Zimmer's Tower
Summarizing.
What types of watches are there?
What clock do you like?
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Short-term project "History of watches" Short term project
The history of watches may have deeper roots than is commonly believed today, when attempts to invent watches are associated with the birth of civilization in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, which led to the emergence of its constant companions - religion and bureaucracy. This led to the need for people to organize their time more efficiently, thanks to which the first clocks appeared on the banks of the Nile. But, probably, the history of clocks dates back to when primitive people somehow tried to mark the time, for example, by determining the clock for a successful hunt. And some still claim to be able to determine the time of day by watching flowers. Their daily opening indicates certain hours of the day, so the dandelion opens around 4:00 am, and the moonflower only at nightfall. But the main tools, before the invention of the first clock, with which a person estimated the passage of time, were the sun, moon and stars.
All clocks, regardless of their type, must have a regular or repetitive process (action) with which to mark equal intervals of time. The first examples of such processes that satisfied the necessary requirements were both natural phenomena, such as the movement of the sun across the sky, and artificial actions, such as the uniform burning of a lit candle or the pouring of sand from one tank to another. In addition, the clock must be able to keep track of time changes and thus be able to display the result. Therefore, the history of watches is the history of the search for more and more consistent actions or processes that regulate the pace of the clock.
The history of the sundial
One of the first who tried to formalize the division of their day into time intervals resembling hours were the ancient Egyptians. In 3500 BC, the first similarity of clocks appeared in Egypt - obelisks. They were slender, tapering at the top, four-sided structures, the falling shadow from which allowed the Egyptians to divide the day into two parts, clearly indicating noon. Such obelisks are considered to be the first sundial. They also showed the longest and shortest days of the year, and a little later, markings appeared around the obelisks, which made it possible to mark not only the time before and after noon, but also other periods of the day.
Further development of the design of the first sundial led to the invention of a more portable version. The first such clock appeared around 1500 BC. This device divided the solar day into 10 parts, plus two so-called "twilight" periods of time, in the morning and evening hours. The peculiarity of such hours was that they had to be rearranged at noon from the east direction to the opposite west direction.
The first sundial underwent further changes and improvements, becoming more and more complex designs, up to the use of a hemispherical dial in watches. So the famous Roman architect and mechanic, Mark Vitruvius Pollio, who lived in the first century BC, described the history of the appearance and construction of 13 different types of solar clocks used in Greece, Asia Minor and Italy.
The history of sundial continued until the late Middle Ages, when window clocks became widespread, and in China the first sundial equipped with a compass began to appear to set them correctly relative to the cardinal points. Today, the history of the appearance of watches using the movement of the sun is forever immortalized in one of the Egyptian obelisks that has survived to this day, a true witness to the history of watches. It has a height of 34 meters and is located in Rome, in one of its squares.
Clepsydra and others
The first hours, independent of the position of celestial bodies, were called by the Greeks clepsydra, from the Greek words: klepto - to hide and hydor - water. Such a water clock was based on the process of gradual outflow of water from a narrow hole, and the elapsed time was determined by its level. The first clock appeared approximately in 1500 BC, which is confirmed by one of the examples of water clocks found in the tomb of Amenhotep I. Later, around 325 BC, such devices began to be used by the Greeks.
The first water clocks were ceramic vessels with a small hole near the bottom, from which water could drip at a constant rate, slowly filling another marked vessel. When the water gradually reached different levels, time intervals were noted. Water clocks had an undeniable advantage over their solar counterparts, since they could also be used at night and such clocks did not depend on climatic conditions.
The history of the water clock has another version, used in some parts of North Africa up to the present day. This watch is a metal bowl with a hole in the bottom, which is placed in a container filled with water and begins to sink slowly and evenly, thereby measuring the time intervals until complete flooding. And although the first water clocks were rather primitive devices, their further development and improvement led to interesting results. So there was a water clock capable of opening and closing doors, showing small figures of people or moving pointers around the dial. Other clocks made bells and gongs ring.
The history of clocks has not preserved the names of the creators of the first water clocks, only Ctesibius of Alexandria is mentioned, who, 150 years BC. e. tried to apply in clepsydra mechanical principles based on the developments of Aristotle.
Hourglass
The well-known hourglass also works on the principle of a water clock. When such first watches appeared, history is not known for certain. It is only clear that not before people learned how to make glass - a necessary element for their production. There is an assumption that the history of the hourglass began in the Senate of ancient Rome, where they were used during performances, marking the same length of time for all speakers.
Liutprand, an 8th-century monk in Chartres, France, is credited with being the first inventor of the hourglass, although, as can be seen, earlier evidence for the clock's history is not taken into account in this case. Such watches reached wide distribution in Europe only by the 15th century, as evidenced by the written references to the hourglass found in the journals of ships of that time. The first mention of hourglasses speaks of the great popularity of their use on ships, since the movement of the ship could not affect the operation of the hourglass in any way.
The use of granular materials such as sand in watches greatly increased their accuracy and reliability compared to clepsydras (water clocks), aided, among other things, by the hourglass's resistance to temperature changes. Condensation did not form in them, as happened in water clocks. Hours of sand history was not limited to the Middle Ages.
As the demand for “time tracking” increased, the inexpensive to manufacture and therefore very affordable hourglasses continued to be used in various applications and have survived to this day. It is true that today hourglasses are made more for decorative purposes than for measuring time.
Mechanical watches
The Greek astronomer Andronicus oversaw the construction of the Tower of the Winds in Athens in the first century BC. This octagonal structure combined a sundial and a mechanical device, which consisted of a mechanized clepsydra (water clock) and wind indicators, hence the name of the tower. All this complex structure, in addition to time indicators, was able to display the seasons of the year and astrological dates. The Romans, around this time, also used mechanized water clocks, but the complexity of these combined devices, the forerunners of mechanical clocks, did not give them any advantage over the simpler clocks of the time.
As mentioned earlier, attempts to connect a water clock (clepsydra) with some kind of mechanism were successfully carried out in China in the period from 200 to 1300, resulting in a mechanized astronomical (astrological) clock. One of the most complex clock towers was built by the Chinese Su Sen in 1088. But all these inventions could not be called mechanical watches, but rather a symbiosis of a water or sundial with a mechanism. Nevertheless, all the developments and inventions made earlier led to the creation of mechanical watches, which we still use today.
The history of fully mechanical watches begins in the 10th century (according to other sources, earlier). In Europe, the use of a mechanical mechanism for measuring time begins in the 13th century. The first such watches functioned mainly with the help of a system of weights and counterweights. As a rule, clocks did not have hands familiar to us (or had only an hour), but produced sound signals caused by striking a bell or gong every hour or less. Thus, the first mechanical clock signaled the beginning of some event, such as a worship service.
The earliest inventors of clocks certainly had some scientific bent, many of them famous astronomers. But watch history also mentions jewelers, locksmiths, blacksmiths, carpenters and joiners who contributed to the production and improvement of watches. Among the hundreds, if not thousands, of people who contributed to the development of mechanical clocks, three were prominent: Christian Huygens, a Dutch scientist who was the first (1656) to use a pendulum to regulate the movement of clocks; Robert Hooke, an Englishman who invented the clock anchor in the 1670s; Peter Henlein, a simple locksmith from Germany, who at the turn of the 15th century developed and used a crucible, which made it possible to make watches of small sizes (the invention was called "Nuremberg eggs"). In addition, Huygens and Hooke are credited with inventing coil springs and the balance wheel for watches.
Back forward
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Target: development of temporal representations in children of senior preschool age.
Tasks:
- Introduce children to the history of clocks.
- To expand children's knowledge about different types of clocks, about the principle of their work and their role in our lives.
- Cultivate interest in technology, respect for devices.
- Cultivate curiosity, respect for time.
- Expand the horizons, enrich the vocabulary of children.
Lesson progress
- Guys, please imagine the following picture: in our city all the clocks have disappeared. What would happen then? (children's answers)
- But once upon a time, there were no clocks, people recognized the time by the sun.
SUN (slide 2)
The sun has risen - it's time for people to get up and get to work. The sun rose higher - it's time to have dinner, and the sun hid, set - it's time to return home, go to bed.
SUNDIAL (slide 3)
Once a man drew attention to the shadow that fell on the ground from a tree. He looked closely and noticed that the shadow does not stand still, but moves after the sun. The man looked like a shadow running in a circle and came up with a clock: he dug a pillar into the ground, and drew a circle around the pillar, divided it into parts. Each part was equal to one hour. The sun rose and the pillar's shadow moved slowly in a circle, marking hour after hour. They were called solar. (According to I. Melnikov).
The sundial was invented by the ancient Egyptians.
Listen to the poem:
There is also a sundial - the ancestors of all hours!
Now they are rare.
The dial lies on the ground, and the sun runs across the sky!
They are on the squares, on the lawn, in the garden - in full view of the sun!
(Elmira Kotlyar)
But people could not always use a sundial.
– Why do you think?
- On a cloudy, rainy, gloomy day, it is difficult to determine the time, because there is no sun.
- Do you know what kind of clock is called alive?
– Have you heard about the living clock?
CLOCK-ROOSTER (slide 4)
- This clock importantly walks around the yard, flapping its wings and, flying up to the fence, shouting “ku-ka-re-ku”.
- Did you know who it is? The sun has not yet risen, and the rooster is already crowing, tearing its throat ...
Soon morning! Pretty sleep!
The peasants noticed that the first time the rooster began to scream, when the sun had not yet appeared, but only released the first ray. It was with the first crow of the rooster that the housewives got up to milk the cows and drive them out to pasture. The cockerel helped to arrange a meeting. For example, they said this: “Tomorrow we will go to the forest to pick mushrooms for berries. And we will meet outside the outskirts after the third roosters.
Listen to the poem "Cock"
Crow crow!
The cockerel sings loudly.
The sun lit up the river
A cloud floats in the sky.
Wake up, animals, birds!
Get down to business.
Dew sparkles on the grass
July night has passed.
Like a real alarm clock
The cockerel woke us up.
He fluffed his shiny tail
And straightened the comb.
But it is difficult to determine the exact time by the crowing of a rooster. Either a rooster falls off the perch in a dream - it will raise a cry ahead of time, then the fox will be frightened and start screaming, then the fox will carry away the rooster and eat it.
Have you heard of the flower clock?
CLOCK-FLOWERS (slide 5)
A long time ago, people noticed that some flowers open in the morning and close during the day, others open in the evening, and still others only at night, and are always closed during the day. Flowers do not open when they please, but at "their own" time. In the morning on a sunny meadow where dandelions grow, you can find out the time even without a wristwatch. Dandelions unanimously open at five in the morning, and by two or three in the afternoon they put out their golden lanterns and fall asleep.
Listen to a poem about dandelions.
By the river - a green meadow,
Dandelions all around
Washed with dews
Opened up friendly.
How the lanterns burn
We are told to you:
"It's exactly five o'clock,
You can still sleep!"
Dandelions are meadow clocks. But water lilies are river clocks. No wonder they are called "hours of tourists." At seven o'clock in the morning, they open their snow-white petals towards the sun's rays and turn after the sun throughout the day.
This is how the flower clock appeared. They were invented by the Swedish scientist Carl Linnaeus. For many years he observed plants and found out when the flowers of different plants open and close. Carl Linnaeus planted a flower clock in his garden. Chicory and wild rose, dandelion and potatoes, marigolds and many others grew in a round flower bed. Carl Linnaeus could tell the time by seeing which flowers were open. But such hours go only in sunny weather. Flowers are closed on cloudy days.
FLOWER CLOCK (slide 6)
The modern world liked the idea of a flower clock so much and such clocks appeared in many cities - flowers. The largest flower clock is located in Moscow on Poklonnaya Hill. The dial is 10 meters in diameter, and the minute hand weighs over 30 kilograms.
How can you tell the time at night?
WATER CLOCK (slide 7)
And the man came up with other watches, more reliable. Water was poured into a tall glass vessel with a hole near the bottom. Drop by drop it oozed out of the hole. Marks were made on the walls of the vessel, which showed how much time had passed since the moment when water was poured into the vessel. It was a water clock.
– Do you think these watches are comfortable?
- They turned out to be inconvenient, because it was necessary to constantly add water to the vessel. It is no coincidence that since then they have been talking about time: “How much water has flowed under the bridge!”
HOURGLASS (slide 8)
People began to think about how to come up with a better clock so that they would equally accurately show the time day and night, in winter and summer, and in any weather. And they came up with. This watch has no hands, no circle with numbers, no gear wheels inside. They are made of glass. Two glass vials are connected together. Sand inside. When the clock is running, the sand from the top bubble pours into the bottom one. Sand spilled out - it means a certain amount of time has passed. The clock is turned over and the counting of time continues. This clock was called an hourglass. (According to M. Ilyin, E. Segal)
And there are hourglasses - accurate!
Grains of sand flow in them - seconds run!
How the grains of sand gathered, settled down like a mound
in a glass flask, and the minute has expired!
(Elmira Kotlyar)
Hourglass is still used in clinics and hospitals. According to these hours, patients receive medical procedures, but it is impossible to find out what time it is.
MECHANICAL WATCH (slides 9, 10)
The man thought a little more and came up with a watch that we still use today. This is a watch with a mechanism. I put a spring inside them, twisted it, and so that it would not unwind, I attached a gear wheel to it. It clings to another wheel and spins it. The second wheel turns the hands, and the hands show the hours and minutes. This is a mechanical watch. They have a crown. When it is turned, a creaking sound is heard inside the watch. It is the spring that is twisted. In order for the watch not to stop, it must be continuously wound.
There are watches without springs. Instead, there is a small electric motor inside the watch, which is powered by a battery. You don't need to start these clocks. And the crown serves only to translate the arrows. (According to I. Melnikov)
Mechanical clocks were invented in the 17th century by the scientist Christian Huygens, and since then they have served us faithfully.
ELECTRONIC CLOCK (slide 11)
The man did not stop there and invented a watch without hands. In such watches, there are only luminous numbers on the dials, which change with every passing minute. These watches are called electronic and are powered by electricity and batteries.
And there are new ones - electronic
restless hours!
Just turn it on once
start - and go for a year! (Elmira Kotlyar)
– Now let's talk about modern watches. Each of us has a clock in our home. Maybe not alone.
Try to talk about them. Where are they located? What is their shape?
WATCH (slide 12)
Watches are wrist. They are worn on the arm with a bracelet or strap.
Fashionistas like beautiful watches in the form of a pendant or a ring. A pendant on a chain is worn around the neck, and a ring is worn on the finger.
And there is also a clock - babies!
How the heart beats in the chest!
"Tiki-taki, tiki-taki" -
All day long.
(Elmira Kotlyar)
POCKET WATCH (slide 13)
Some men prefer massive pocket watches. They are attached by a chain to a belt and worn in a trouser pocket.
ALARM CLOCK (slide 14)
You probably have an alarm clock at home.
Why do we need such hours?
- The alarm clock can be set at a certain hour, and with its bell or melody it will wake us up at the right time.
DESK CLOCK (slide 15)
A clock that is usually placed on a desk is called a desk clock.
WALL CLOCK (slide 16)
A clock hanging on a wall is called a wall clock.
Is there a wall clock?
Chinny, sedate!
Don't run away
do not lag behind!
strike on time!
Pendulum: back and forth...
Today, tomorrow and always!
(Elmira Kotlyar)
GRANDFATHER CLOCK (slide 17)
Where do you think the grandfather clock is?
- This clock is on the floor. They are tall, massive, with heavy weights attached to chains, and with a melodic fight.
There are hours
standing on the floor,
Bass speakers:
“Bom! Boom! Bom!!" -
For the whole house.
(Elmira Kotlyar)
CUCKOO CLOCK (slide 18)
- What kind of clock "can cuckoo"?
- Cuckoo-clock! A "cuckoo" is hiding in a clock made in the form of a patterned wooden hut. Every hour the door of the house opens and the cuckoo appears on its threshold. She loudly sings: "Ku-ku, ku-ku", reminding us of what time it is now.
Listen to the poem "The Cuckoo Clock".
Lives in a carved hut
Cheerful cuckoo.
She cuckles every hour
And wakes us up early in the morning:
"Coo-coo! Coo-coo!
It's already seven in the morning!
Ku-ku! Ku-ku!
It's time to get up!"
The cuckoo does not live in the forests,
And in our old clock!
STREET CLOCK (slide 19)
There are also clocks on city streets and squares. They are installed on towers, buildings of stations, theaters and cinemas. They are called street and tower.
This street clock on a pole is familiar to you
They are very needed here: the arrows - the giants are visible from afar!
(Elmira Kotlyar)
WATCH-TALE(slide 20)
A fairy tale clock hangs on the wall of the Central Puppet Theater in Moscow. As soon as the arrows stop at the number 12, the golden rooster, sitting on a high pole, turns importantly, spreads its wings and shouts to the whole street: "Ku-ka-re-ku-u!" - inviting people to the show. The ringing of bells is heard, followed by 12 measured blows. Everyone is waiting for a miracle. And a miracle happens.
One by one, the doors of the magical houses open, and the musicians, led by a bear, appear and start playing cheerful music. The donkey famously strikes the strings of the balalaika, the ram stretches the bellows of the harmonica, the cymbals ring in the paws of the bear. “In the garden, in the garden,” the musicians sing merrily.
The musicians will play and again hide in the houses. (According to I. Melnikov, B. Radchenko)
TOWER CLOCK (slide 21)
Many cities around the world have towers with beautiful old clocks. Every hour they strike the time and play some tune.
KREMLIN CHIME (slide 22)
The most famous clock in Russia is the Kremlin chimes, installed on the Spasskaya Tower of the Moscow Kremlin.
The first clock on the Spasskaya Tower appeared at the beginning of the 17th century. They were created by the English master Christopher Galovey. For his work, he received a royal gift - a silver goblet and, in addition to it, satin, sable and marten furs.
After some time, the Russian Tsar Peter I ordered another watch from Holland. At first they were transported by ship by sea, then delivered on 30 wagons to the Kremlin.
Master Galoway's old clock was removed and replaced with a Dutch clock. When this clock also fell into disrepair, another large chiming clock, stored in the Armory, was put in its place.
For several centuries, the Spasskaya Tower of the Kremlin has been decorated with clocks. A whole team of experienced watchmakers maintains their work, making sure that the clock does not lag behind and does not rush. 117 stone steps lead to the chimes. Behind them, the cast-iron steps of the spiral staircase begin, leading to the eighth floor. Here is the mechanism of the chimes.
"The iron colossus is all shiny, oiled. The polished copper disks of the dials shine, the levers are painted with red paint, the gilded disk of the pendulum, similar to the circle of the sun, shines. It reigns over this system of shafts, cables, gears that form a complex mechanism for counting time" (L . Kolodny)
On December 31, with the first strike of the Kremlin chimes, the country enters the New Year. Hearing the beat of the famous clock, we wish each other happiness and Happy New Year!
Who hasn't heard
how they beat
on the Spasskaya Tower giants - chimes
They are the main clock -
Sovereign!
(Elmira Kotlyar)
Literature:
- Soshestvenskaya N.M. Class in the GPA "What do we know about watches", an article from the festival "Open Lesson"
- Safonova L.A. A cycle of classes to familiarize children with time, an article from the festival "Open Lesson"
- Shorygina T.A. "Discourses on Space and Time". Toolkit.
- Kotlyar Elmira "Watch - watch". "Kid", 1986.
- Kobitina I.I. "To preschoolers about technology". "Enlightenment", 1991.
- Ubelaker Eric "Time". "Word", 1990.
The question that has been asked for thousands of years is, "What time is it?" Throughout history, there have been many devices that have been invented to answer this question. From sundials to atomic clocks, mankind has solved this riddle.
In the old days, the position of the sun in the sky gave the best indication of time. If the sun was directly overhead, then it was noon. At night and on cloudy days it was impossible to tell the time in this way. People started using sun shading to be more accurate and to protect their eyes since they no longer needed to look at the sun. The Egyptians are credited with being the first to build large obelisks to provide shade around 3500 BC. By 1500 B.C. improved sundial began to be used. Another invention during this period was the hourglass, which used water. Both of them had their limitations, especially in graduation and when changing temperatures. Sand was introduced into the use of hourglasses only in 700 AD.
The first mechanical clock was invented in the 14th century. These watches used springs, levers and adjusters, they usually did not have pointers or dials, they just rang the clock. Later there were dials and pointers.
In the 15th century, barrel springs were developed and the size of watches was greatly reduced. Also, thanks to the cylindrical spring, wristwatches were later invented.
Until this time, clocks were not very accurate, but the invention of pendulum clocks by Christian Heigen in 1656 was the beginning of accuracy. His pendulum clocks were accurate to one minute daily, rather than the earlier spring clocks, which were accurate to fifteen minutes.
In the next century, the British Parliament announced a significant reward to anyone who could solve the problem of accurate timekeeping. There were many theories on how this could be achieved, and the two main theories relied either on the stars or on accurate clocks. The prize was won by John Harrison, who, after numerous experiments with watches, lost only five seconds out of six.
During the 19th century, many discoveries were made that allowed clocks to be mass-produced. The prices of watches have been greatly reduced, and now they have become common household items among ordinary people. The most used were pocket watches.
Only in 1884 did countries agree on time zones with a clear relationship between them. They are still active today. GMT is still regarded by many as the place where time begins.
At first, wristwatches were only worn by women, but during World War I, men also started wearing wristwatches, which became more common than pocket watches. It is said that during the war, soldiers found wrist watches more suitable than pocket watches.
Since the 1960s, most clocks have been powered by quartz rather than coil springs. These watches are much cheaper and very accurate. The global navigation and positioning system, commercial reconnaissance, cell phones and other interesting devices can already be built into wristwatches today. And what will happen next?
