Glinka Konstantin Dmitrievich biography. Life and scientific activity of Konstantin Dmitrievich Glinka
Soil scientist and geologist; genus. in 1867. At the end of the course in St. Petersburg. University was left in 1890 in the department of mineralogy and geology, and in the same year was appointed curator of mineralogy. office. In 1894 he moved to the Novoaleksandria Institute of Agriculture. household and forestry as an assistant in the departments of mineralogy with geology and soil science, and in 1895 he was appointed adjunct professor at the department of mineralogy with geology at the same Institute. In 1901, after the death of Prof. Sibirtsev, moved to the Department of Soil Science. Soil research began under the guidance of prof. Dokuchaev, taking part in two expeditions in the Poltava province. and in Voronezh. Major works: "On the question of forest soils" ("Mat. according to the study of Russian soils", issue V, 1889); "Steppe afforestation in connection with the question of the reasons for the settlement of the Russian steppes with predominantly herbaceous vegetation" ("Mat. according to the study of Russian soils", issue VII, 1893); "About a new twin intergrowth in gypsum" ("Tr. St. Petersburg. General. Natural.", 1894); "New deposit of pyromorphite" (ib., 1895); "Analcim from the neighborhood. Baku" ("Tr. Warsaw. Common. Est.", 1895); "Glauconite, its origin, chemical composition and nature of weathering" (1896, master's thesis); "Zur Frage über die Aluminiumsilicate und Thoûe" ("Zeitschr. f. Kryst.", 1899, vol. 32).
(Brockhaus)
Glinka, Konstantin Dmitrievich
Rus. soil scientist, acad. (since 1927, corresponding member since 1926). Student of V. V. Dokuchaev. In 1889 he graduated from St. Petersburg. un-t, specializing in mineralogy. Under the influence of Dokuchaev, he became interested in soil science and from the very beginning of his scientific activity, along with mineralogical. and geochemical research, studied the soil. In 1895, he took the chair of mineralogy and geology at the Novo-Alexandriysk Agricultural Institute. in-those, and in 1901, after the death of H. M. Sibirtsev, - the Department of Soil Science. In 1913 he organized Voronezh. s.-x. in-t, was his dir. and at the same time taught a course in soil science. Since 1922 - rector and prof. Len s.-x. in-ta. G. was the first dir. Soil Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
The main, deeply fruitful idea, expressed for the first time G. in his master's thesis. "Glauconite, its origin, chemical composition and the nature of weathering "(1896), consisted in establishing stages in the processes of weathering and the transformation of primary minerals into secondary ones. G. believed that in the process of weathering of aluminosilicates and silicates, hydrolysis is a typical reaction, as a result of which salts are converted into acids by substitution their bases with hydrogen. This process proceeds gradually and proceeds through intermediate forms such as acid salts. The end products of weathering, silicic acids, as well as intermediate products, can retain a crystalline structure. G. was the first to develop a method of mineralogical studies of fine fractions of soils. His work in the field of weathering laid the foundations for the original Russian school of soil mineralogy, which was widely developed in Soviet time. G.'s first work on soil science (1889) was devoted to gray forest soils. In it, he considered these soils as a special independent type of soil formation that occurs under grassy broad-leaved forests. Thus, he refuted the view of S.I. Korzhinsky about the origin of gray forest soils as a result of the degradation of chernozems. Under the guidance of G. Dokuchaev conducted a soil survey in Poltava. (1894), Pskov. (1899-1906), Novgorod. (1903) and Smolensk. (1902-03) lips. He was the organizer and leader of numerous soil-geographical. expeditions to Siberia and Central Asia(1908-14), as a result of which huge land funds were opened for s. development. The results of G.'s research made it possible to compile the first soil map of the Asian part of the USSR. G. paid much attention to the study of the zonality of the soil cover, questions of the genesis and classification of soils. The classification of soils proposed by G., in present. time has only a historical importance, but at one time it contributed to the general development of this problem.
In direct connection with the classification is the problem of soil evolution. In an article on the tasks of the historical Soil Science (1904) G. wrote that every particle of the soil is in perpetual motion. G. connected the "eternal variability" of the soil with the activity of living organisms. Later, however, he departed from a broad and correct understanding of the problem of soil evolution.
G. - the ancestor of paleosolology, which has great importance for paleogeography.
Cit.: Soil formation, characteristics of soil types and soil geography. (Introduction to the study of soil science), P., 1923; Soils of Russia and adjacent countries, M.-P., 1923; Salt licks and solonchaks of the Asian part of the USSR (Siberia and Turkestan), M., 1926; Schematic soil map of the globe, "Yearbook of Geology and Mineralogy of Russia", 1908, v. 10, no. 3-4; Dispersed systems in soil, L., 1924; Essay on the soils of Yakutia, in the book: Yakutia, Leningrad, 1927; On the question of the classification of Turkestan soils, "Soil Science", 1909, vol. 11, no. 4; Soils, 2nd ed., M.-L., 1929; Russian soil science (A brief historical essay), "Notes of the Leningrad Agricultural Institute", 1924, vol. 1; Tasks of historical soil science, "Notes of the Novo-Alexandriysk Institute of Agriculture and Forestry", 1904, vol. 16, no. 2; Brief summary of soil data Far East, St. Petersburg, 1910; Soil science, 6th ed., M., 1935.
Lit .: Prasolov L. I., K. D. Glinka in Asian soil expeditions and in the Dokuchaev committee, "Proceedings of the Soil Institute named after V. V. Dokuchaev", 1930, no. 3-4; Polynov B., Konstantin Dmitrievich Glinka (To the 35th anniversary of scientific and pedagogical activity), "Notes of the Leningrad Agricultural Institute", 1925, v. 2; his own, Works of K. D. Glinka in the field of studying the processes of weathering of minerals, "Proceedings of the Soil Institute named after V. V. Dokuchaev", 1930, no. 3-4, (App., pp. 19-25); Neustruev S. S., Academician K. D. Glinka’s ideas on the genesis and classification of soils, ibid.; Berg L. S., K. D. Glinka as a geographer. there; In memory of K. D. Glinka, Collection, L., 1928; Liverovsky Yu., creative path Academician K. D. Glinka, "Soil Science", 1948, No. 6.
Ch and nka, Konstantin Dmitrievich
Genus. 1867, mind. 1927. Soil scientist, mainly engaged in soil science (zonality of soil cover, genesis and classification of soils). Since 1927 he has been an academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
GLINKA KONSTANTIN DMITRIEVICH
Glinka, Konstantin Dmitrievich - soil scientist and geologist (born in 1867). He graduated from the course at St. Petersburg University. He was a professor of soil science at the Novo-Alexandria Institute Agriculture and forestry. Since 1908, he was in charge of soil research in Asiatic Russia, organized by the resettlement departments, and was the editor of the Proceedings of Soil Expeditions in Asiatic Russia. The most important works: "On the Question of Forest Soils" ("Materials for the Study of Russian Soils", issue V, 1889); "Steppe afforestation in connection with the question of the reasons for the settlement of the Russian steppes with predominantly herbaceous vegetation" ("Materials for the Study of Russian Soils", issue VII, 1893); "On a new twin fusion in gypsum" ("Proceedings of the St. Petersburg Society of Natural History", 1894); "New deposit of pyromorphite" (ib., 1895); "Analcim from the outskirts of Baku" ("Proceedings of the Warsaw Society of Natural History", 1895); "Glauconite, its origin, chemical composition and nature of weathering" (1896, master's thesis); "Zur Frage uber die Aluminiumsilicate und Thone" ("Zeitschr. f. Kryst.", 1899, vol. 32); "Research in the field of weathering processes" (1906); "Soil Science" (1908); "Brief summary of data on the soils of the Far East" (1909); "On the Question of the Soils of Turkestan" (1910); "On the so-called burozems" (1910); "On the difference between podzolic and marsh types of weathering" (1911).
Brief biographical encyclopedia. 2012
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- GLINKA KONSTANTIN DMITRIEVICH
(1867-1927) Russian soil scientist, one of the founders of domestic soil science, academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1927); promoter of genetic soil science. Proceedings on the zonality of the soil cover, ... - GLINKA KONSTANTIN DMITRIEVICH
Konstantin Dmitrievich, Soviet soil scientist, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1927). V … - GLINKA KONSTANTIN DMITRIEVICH
soil scientist and geologist, b. in 1867. At the end of the course in St. Petersburg. University was left in 1890 in the department ... - GLINKA KONSTANTIN DMITRIEVICH
- GLINKA KONSTANTIN DMITRIEVICH
(1867 - 1927), soil scientist, organizer and leader of soil-geographic expeditions to Siberia and Central Asia (1908 - 14). Works on zoning ... - GLINKA, KONSTANTIN DMITRIEVICH
? soil scientist and geologist; genus. in 1867. At the end of the course in St. Petersburg. the university was left in 1890 by ... - GLINKA in the Directory of Telephone Codes of Russian Cities and Mobile Operators.
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673235, Chita, ... - KONSTANTIN v Concise Dictionary mythology and antiquities:
(Constantinus), called the Great. Roman emperor who reigned between 306-337. from R.H. He defeated all his co-rulers, and, as they say, ... - KONSTANTIN in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
XI (1403-53) the last Byzantine emperor from 1449 (from 1428 he was despot of the Morea), from the Palaiologos dynasty. Killed during the defense of Constantinople from ... - GLINKA in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(Hlinka) Andrei (1864-1938) organizer (1918) and leader of the clerical Slovak People's Party (dissolved on September 1, 1944 by the decision of the Slovak National ... - KONSTANTIN in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
"Grand Duke Konstantin", a merchant steamer of the Russian Society of Shipping and Trade (ROPIT), armed and included in the Russian Black Sea Fleet before ... - KONSTANTINE MARTYR v encyclopedic dictionary Brockhaus and Euphron:
one of the most revered saints of the Georgian church. He came from a princely family and, together with his brother David, was a hereditary ruler ... - KONSTANTIN in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
Duke of Sparta, Crown Prince of Greece (born 1868), eldest son of King George I of Greece and Queen Olga; got military... - GLINKA RUSSIAN. DVORYANSK. GENUS in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
Russian noble family, Polish origin. Petrokovsky Crown Tribunal, in 1631, the family of G., the coat of arms of Trzhaska, was recognized as an ancient. noble. Surname G... - GLINKA THRESHOLD in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
threshold on the river Mste, from among the Borovitsky, Novgorod provinces, Borovitsky district. Drop 5 ft., length 300 ... - GLINKA KAOLIN in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
or kaolin, a high grade of ordinary clay, is a decomposition product of feldspar rocks, the composition is aluminum silicate. White or slightly yellowish powder, ... - GLINKA in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
Glinka (Fyodor Nikolaevich), brother of S. N. Glinka (1786 - 1880); he was brought up in the first cadet corps. In 1805 - 06, ... - KONSTANTIN in the Modern Encyclopedic Dictionary:
VII Porphyrogenitus (905 - 959), Byzantine emperor from 913, from the Macedonian dynasty. The author of works containing important information about Russian-Byzantine relations ... - KONSTANTIN in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
VII Porphyrogenitus (905 - 959), Byzantine emperor from 913, from the Macedonian dynasty. The author of works containing important information about the Russian-Byzantine ... - KONSTANTIN
KONSTANT'IN PAVLOVICH (1779-1831), great. prince, 2nd son of imp. Paul I. Member of the campaigns A.V. Suvorov (1799-1800), Father. wars of 1812. From 1814 ... - KONSTANTIN in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
KONSTANTIN NIKOLAEVICH (1827-92), great. prince, 2nd son of imp. Nicholas I, adm. (1855). In 1853-81 More led. min-vom, made a number of progress. … - KONSTANTIN in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
KONSTANTIN VSEVOLODOVICH (1186-1218), great. Prince of Vladimir (since 1216). In 1206-07 he reigned in Novgorod. With the support of the book. Mstislav Mstislavich Udaly and ... - KONSTANTIN in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
KONSTANTINO II (b. 1940), King of Greece in 1964-74, from the Glücksburg dynasty. From Dec. 1967 in Italy. Deprived of the throne as a result ... - KONSTANTIN in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
KONSTANTINO I (1868-1923), King of Greece in 1913-17, 1920-22, from the Glücksburg dynasty. Command. Greek army in Greco-tour. war of 1897, Balkan wars ... - KONSTANTIN in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
Konstantin XI (1403-53), the last Byzantine. emperor from 1449 (from 1428 he was despot of the Morea), from the Palaiologos dynasty. Tried to organize resistance to the Turks. … - KONSTANTIN in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
KONSTANTIIN VII Porphyrogenitus (905-959), Byzantine. emperor from 913, from the Macedonian dynasty. The author of works containing important information about Russian-Byzantine. relationships 10… - KONSTANTIN in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
KONSTANTIIN V (719-775), Byzant. emperor from 741, from the Isaurian dynasty. Suppressed in 743 resurrection. metropolitan nobility. Defeated the Arabs... - KONSTANTIN in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
KONSTANTIIN I the Great (Constantinus) (c. 285-337), rom. emperor from 306. Consistently carried out the centralization of the state. apparatus, supported Christ. church, while also preserving… - GLINKA in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
GLINKA Fed. Nick. (1786-1880), Russian. poet. Brother S.N. Glinka. Member Fatherland. war of 1812, part. "Union of Salvation", one of the hands. "Union... - GLINKA in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
GLINKA Ser. Nick. (1776-1847), Russian. Writer. Brother F.N. Glinka. Patriotic activities during Fatherland. war of 1812. Published by w. "Russian Bulletin" ... - GLINKA in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
GLINKA Mikh. Iv. (1804-57), composer, founder of the Russian. classical music. Op. "Life for the Tsar" ("Ivan Susanin", 1836) and "Ruslan and Lyudmila" ... - GLINKA in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
GLINKA Const. Dm. (1867-1927), one of the founders of the fatherland. soil science, acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1927); promoter of genetics soil science. Tr. according to the zoning of the soil ... - GLINKA in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
GLINKA Dm. Bor. (1917-79), Hero of the Soviets. Union (1943 - twice), regiment. (1951). In Vel. Fatherland war to exterminate. aviation; OK. … - GLINKA in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
GLINKA (Hlinka) Andrei (1864-1938), organizer (1918) and leader of the clerical nationalist. Slovak nar. party (dissolved on September 1, 1944 by decision of the Slovak National ... - KONSTANTIN in the Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron:
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clay, pl. no, w. 1. Reduce-caress. to clay (colloquial, rare). 2. The highest grade of clay - kaolin, used. in calico printing... - GLINKA v explanatory dictionary Russian language Ushakov:
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Data: 2008-05-26 Time: 12:37:06 Navigation Wikipedia=Konstantin Dmitrievich Balmont Wikisource=Konstantin Dmitrievich Balmont (1867-1942) — poet, essayist, one of the most prominent representatives of … - USPENSKY KONSTANTIN VASILYEVICH
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Open Orthodox Encyclopedia "TREE". Saint Equal-to-the-Apostles Constantine the Great (+ 337), Emperor of Rome (306-337). Full name: Flavius Valerius Constantine
Russian soil scientist, academician (since 1927, corresponding member since 1926). A student of Vasily Vasilyevich Dokuchaev. In 1889 he graduated from St. Petersburg University, specializing in mineralogy. Under the influence of V. V. Dokuchaev, he became interested in soil science and from the very beginning of his scientific activity, along with mineralogical and geochemical studies, he studied soils. In 1895, he took the chair of mineralogy and geology at the Novo-Alexandria Agricultural Institute, and in 1901, after the death of N. M. Sibirtsev, the chair of soil science. In 1913, he organized an agricultural institute in Voronezh, was its director and at the same time taught a course in soil science (until recently this educational institution was named after Glinka, now it is Peter the Great). Since 1922 - Rector and Professor of the Leningrad Agricultural Institute. K. D. Glinka was the first director of the Soil Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
The main, deeply fruitful idea, first expressed by K. D. Glinka in his master's thesis "Glauconite, its origin, chemical composition and nature of weathering" (1896), was to establish a staging in the processes of weathering and the transformation of primary minerals into secondary ones. K. D. Glinka believed that in the process of weathering of aluminosilicates and silicates, a typical reaction is hydrolysis, as a result of which salts are converted into acids by replacing their bases with hydrogen. This process takes place gradually and goes through intermediate forms such as acid salts. The end products of weathering - silico-aluminous acids - as well as intermediate products, can retain a crystalline structure. Glinka was the first to develop a method for mineralogical studies of fine soil fractions. His work in the field of weathering laid the foundations for the original Russian school of soil mineralogy, which was widely developed during the Soviet era. KD Glinka's first work on soil science (1889) was devoted to gray forest soils. In it, he considered these soils as a special amateur type of soil formation that occurs under grassy broad-leaved forests. Thus, he refuted the view of S.I. Korzhinsky about the origin of gray forest soils as a result of the degradation of chernozems. Under the leadership of Dokuchaev, K. D. Glinka conducted a soil survey in the Poltava (1894), Pskov (1899-1906), Novgorod (1903) and Smolensk (1902-03) provinces. He was the organizer and leader of numerous soil-geographic expeditions to Siberia and Central Asia (1908-14), as a result of which huge land funds were opened for agricultural development. The results of research by K. D. Glinka made it possible to compile the first soil map of the Asian part of the USSR. K. D. Glinka paid much attention to the study of the zonation of the soil cover, questions of the genesis and classification of soils. The classification of soils proposed by K. D. Glinka currently has only historical meaning, but at one time it contributed to the general development of this problem.
In direct connection with the classification is the problem of soil evolution. In an article on the problems of historical soil science (1904), K. D. Glinka wrote that every particle of soil is in perpetual motion. K. D. Glinka connected the “eternal variability” of the soil with the activity of living organisms. But later he moved away from a broad and correct understanding of the problem of soil evolution. K. D. Glinka is the founder of paleosol science, which is of great importance for paleogeography.
Bibliography
- Biographical dictionary of figures of natural science and technology. T. 1. - Moscow: State. scientific publishing house "Great Soviet Encyclopedia", 1958. - 548 p.
Gli'nka Konstantin Dmitrievich, Soviet soil scientist, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1927). In 1889 he graduated from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University and was left as an assistant at the Department of Mineralogy, whose professor was V. V. Dokuchaev. In 1895, he was an assistant at the Department of Geology and Mineralogy of the Novoaleksandriysky Agricultural Institute. institute, and after defending his master's thesis (1896) - adjunct professor of this department; at the same time, he headed the then only department of soil science in Russia at the same institute. In 1906 he defended his doctoral dissertation ("Research in the field of weathering"), in which he outlined the staging of the processes of weathering and the transformation of primary minerals into secondary ones.
In 1906-10, under the direction of G., soil studies were carried out to qualitatively assess the lands of the Vologda, Novgorod, Pskov, Tver, Smolensk, Kaluga, Vladimir, Yaroslavl, Nizhny Novgorod, Simbirsk, and other provinces. In 1908-14, he organized and led the work of soil-botanical expeditions of the Main Migration Administration in Western and Eastern Siberia, the Far East and Central Asia. Expeditions received materials characterizing the land funds of new areas of agricultural - x. development.
Since 1913, the director of the Voronezh agricultural. Institute, from 1922 - Leningrad Agricultural. Institute, where he simultaneously headed the Department of Soil Science. In 1927, director of the Soil Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences. At the 1st International Congress of Soil Scientists (1927) he was elected president of the International Society of Soil Scientists. G. conducted soil research in parallel with geochemical and mineralogical; they cover a wide range of topics physical geography and soil weathering. G. contributed much that was new to the understanding of the laws governing the geographic distribution of soils, their genesis, the solonetz process, podzol formation, and the formation of brown semidesert soils. He is the founder of paleosol science. Of progressive importance was his propaganda in Russia and abroad of the fundamentals of genetic soil science.
Works: Glauconite, its origin, chemical composition and nature of weathering, St. Petersburg, 1896; On forest soils, in the book: Materials for the study of Russian soils, v. 5, St. Petersburg. 1889; Laterites and red soils of tropical and subtropical latitudes and related soils of temperate sprats, Soil Science, 1903, vol. 5, no. 3; Research in the field of weathering processes, St. Petersburg, 1906; Soils of Russia and adjacent countries, M. - P., 1923; Degradation and podzolic process, Soil Science, 1924, no. 3-4; Soil science, 6th ed., M., 1935.
Lit .: Berg L. S., K. D. Glinka as a geographer, “Tr. Soil Institute. V. V. Dokuchaev”, 1930, c. 3-4; Levinson-Lessing F. Yu., K. D. Glinka, ibid.; Vernadsky V.I., Notes on the scientific works of prof. K. D. Glinka, “Izv. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1927, vol. 21, no. 18; Liverovsky Yu. [A.], The creative path of academician K. D. Glinka, "Soil science", 1948, No. 6.
Yu. A. Liverovsky.
Historical figures and representatives of world culture
His father, nobleman Dmitry Konstantinovich Glinka, one of the direct successors of the family of the great composer and musical figure M. Polynov, describing a photograph of those years in which Glinka and his wife are captured, emphasizes that the uniform of a sapper soldier ...
Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov
Faculty of Soil Science
Department of Soil Biology
Abstract on the course "History and methodology of soil science" on the topic:
"Life and scientific activity of Konstantin Dmitrievich Glinka"
Performed:
5th year student
Solovieva O.A.
Teachers:
Krasilnikov P.V.
Prokofieva T.V.
Moscow 2013
- Socio-historical conditions of life K.D. Glinka
- Biography of K.D. Glinka
- The situation in soil science at the beginning XX century.
- Teachers and predecessors of K.D. Glinka
- The contribution of the scientist to the development of soil science
- Disciples and followers
- Bibliography (main works)
- List of used literature
- Socio-historical conditions
K.D. Glinka lived and worked at the end XIX - early XX centuries, during a difficult period for our state, a turning point. His birth coincided with the massive reforms of Alexander II covering all spheres of society:Land reform - on February 19, 1861, a manifesto was issued "On the most merciful granting to serfs of the rights of the state of free rural inhabitants and on the organization of their life", according to which serfdom was abolished, former serfs received personal freedom, part of the land was given to the peasants free of charge, part for ransom , part left with the landowners; Administrative reform - January 1, 1864, Judicial reform - in November 1864, Military reform - January 1, 1874, School reform - in June 1864, the "Regulations on Primary Public Schools" were approved, according to which the creation of schools by city assemblies and city dumas, as well as "Charter for Universities" according to which the autonomy of universities was restored.
Beginning XX v. characterized by the growing discontent of the population, which prompts Nikolai II to new reforms.In 1906, Nicholas II issued the "Manifesto on the Improvement of the State Order", according to which freedom of conscience, speech, assembly and unions were introduced, and a constitution was put into effect that established a dualistic monarchy in Russia.
It is also known that at the beginning XX c, the Ministry of Higher Education created various ideological obstacles.
In 1906, P. A. Stolypin appointed prime minister. In October, the Decree “On the abolition of certain restrictions on the rights of rural residents and persons of other former taxable estates” was issued, and on November 9, the famous “Decree on withdrawal from the peasant community” was published. Only 45 years later"decree of will" (from 1861) the peasants really became free, and a huge section of the population turned into a free economic agent. This reform aroused the interest of the faculty and students of the Institute (Novo-Alexandria), the desire to help its implementation.
The economic and political situation after the 1917 revolution was unstable - hunger and unrest, civil war, all this made itself felt. But Glinka returned to Petrograd at this difficult time. Later, Polynov B.B. will remember how they, along with K.D. they collected chips along the streets for heating apartments, as they met the dawn in lines for meat ..
But after the revolution, a new organizational model of Russian science was formed (1917-1930). The main course of state policy was to create necessary conditions for the development of almost all major branches of knowledge. All science in Russia was controlled and financed only by the state, while for the state the development of science was one of the priority areas of its activity. Departmental networks were created scientific organizations(People's Commissariats for Agriculture, Health, etc.), the main types of scientific institutions were established: the central research institute, the branch institute at the university, grassroots institutions (factory laboratories, experimental stations) and regional institutes. It was at this time that the Institute of Soil Science was established, and Konstantin Dmitrievich became its director in 1927.
2. Biography of K.D. Glinka
KD Glinka was born on August 1, 1867 in the village of Koptevo, Dukhovshchinsky district, Smolnskaya province. His father, nobleman Dmitry Konstantinovich Glinka (one of the direct descendants of the great composer and musical figure M.I. Glinka), was a respected and leading figure in the provincial zemstvo. He had an estate, and he was very successful in farming. A.A. Zavalishin and V.A. Dolotov write that Glinka's father taught his son to farming, devoting him to all the details, up to bookkeeping.
There is almost no information about KD Glinka's childhood and youth. It is known that in 1876 Konstantin entered the Smolensk classical gymnasium and graduated in 1885. In the same year he became a student of the natural department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University and in 1889 received a first degree diploma in mineralogy and geology. After graduating from the university, he marries Antonina Georgievna Znamenskaya. Shortly before this event, the future scientist was serving military service. B.B. Polynov, describing a photograph of those years in which Glinka and his wife are depicted, emphasizes that the uniform of a sapper service soldier does not at all hide the inherent dignity of an intellectual.
Here, perhaps, is all that is known about the childhood and youth of the future. Russian academician. Neither he nor his relatives mention any difficulties of studying at the university. It is known that after graduation K.D. Glinka at the request of Professor V.V. Dokuchaev in 1890 "was left at St. Petersburg University to prepare for a professorship at the Department of Mineralogy and Geology for two years."
In December of the same year, he was approved as the curator of the mineralogical cabinet. In this position, he worked until 1894. At the same time, Glinka was preparing his master's thesis and participated in an expedition to study and evaluate the soils of the Poltava province (1890) and the "Special Expedition of the Forestry Department to test and take into account the methods and methods of forestry and water management in the steppes of Russia" (1892).
While studying at the university, K.D. Glinka was going to devote himself to mineralogy, and, in particular, to the study of weathering crusts. However, his research in this area for a long time remained out of the attention of geologists, although they were innovative. Thus, K.D. Glinka’s master’s thesis “Glauconite, its origin, chemical composition and nature of weathering”, which he defended at Moscow University in 1896, served as the beginning of a completely new and original direction in mineralogy - the study of weathering processes.
In 1894, K.D. Glinka, having accepted the proposal of V.V. Dokuchaev, who at that time was the director of the Novo-Alexandria Institute of Agriculture and Forestry (now Pulawy - Poland), took the post of assistant to the Department of Mineralogy and Geology. After defending his dissertation, he was appointed professor of the same department. At the same time, he is acting as a professor of soil science instead of his sick friend, N.M. Sibirtsev.
In 1900, N.M. Sibirtsev leaves their lives. Soon after this, the first attack of a nervous breakdown occurs in V.V. Dokuchaev. He leaves for St. Petersburg, offering K.D. Glinka to head the Department of Soil Science. From that moment, he actually becomes a generator of ideas in soil science and the head of the training of specialists for it. From now on, K.D. Glinka is the successor scientific research soils and soil assessment work carried out in the European part of Russia.
From this moment on, his life path will be conveniently described in several periods.
New Alexandrian period. 1894-1912
Quite a lot of memories of his students, associates and friends have been preserved about Glinka. These memoirs refer to different periods of the scientist's work. Particularly interesting (as an expression of high respect and devotion to K.D. Glinka) are the memoirs of B.B. Polynova and N.I. Prokhorov. They largely contributed to the disclosure of him as a scientist and especially as a person endowed by nature with optimism, love for everyone and everything around.
So, in 1894, young, full of strength and creative energy, K.D. Glinka settled in New Alexandria, at the Department of Mineralogy and Geology of the Institute of Agriculture and Forestry. Here, under the tutelage of his teacher V.V. Dokuchaev, who was its director until 1900, K.D. Glinka was formed as a scientist. During this period, he becomes an excellent teacher and an original researcher. This is facilitated by the atmosphere of active creative activity that prevailed at the institute.
This flourishing took place in spite of the ideological obstacles created by the retrogrades from the Ministry of Higher Education. In fairness, it should be noted that the radical transformations of the peasant economy, developed by an outstanding scientist and politician P.A. Stolypin.
His reform aroused the interest of the progressively inclined faculty and students of the Institute, the desire to help its implementation. It was then that the remarkable pedagogical abilities of K.D. Glinka, his talent as a scientific researcher.
Until 1901 K.D. Glinka taught a course in mineralogy and geology and intensively studied the processes of rock weathering. The purpose of these studies is to accumulate material for a future dissertation for the degree of doctor of mineralogy and geology. At the same time, the young scientist supervised practical classes, taught a course in soil science instead of the ill professor N.M. Sibirtsev. The year 1901 was for K.D. Glinka year of the final and irrevocable choice of the main field of his activity - soil science.
In 1901 K.D. Glinka headed the Department of Soil Science. At the same time, the scientist also took over the management of soil research in the Pskov province, which he started together with N.M. Sibirtsev. He began similar studies in the Smolensk and Novgorod provinces, and from 1908 he became the head of the soil and geobotanical work of the Resettlement Administration of the Ministry of Agriculture. The purpose of these studies is a scientifically substantiated selection of territories for the colonization development of Siberia, the Far East and Central Asia.
Period since 1897 (year of assignment degree Master of Science) until 1908 (the publication of the first edition of the course ''Soil Science'') was for K.D. Glinka is very fruitful, especially considering that at that time practically no one was engaged in the search and generalization of literary data in the field of soil science. Therefore, he had to do all this himself. With this “rough” work of K.D. Glinka coped quite easily.
During his stay in New Alexandria, K.D. Glinka published at least 65 publications, defended his master's and in 1909 his doctoral dissertations in mineralogy and geology.
According to B.B. Polynov, under K.D. Glinka, the Department of Soil Science of the Novo-Alexandria Institute "retained the importance of a major center for the development of new soil science. Young specialists who graduated from St. Petersburg University came here to improve in the field of soil science.Here K.D. Glinka establishes strong ties with foreign agrogeological organizations and soil agrogeologists in Hungary, Romania, Germany, France, etc.
In New Alexandria there were Hungarian scientists P. Treitz and E. Timko, a Romanian soil scientist Murgoch, in Budapest K.D. Glinka tours and discusses with Professor E. Raman on the problem of stormy forest soils. Hungarian scientists participate in field trips with K.D. Glinka in order to master the methodology of field research of soils. In 1910, the first translation of his book on the genesis, classification and geography of soils in German was published, after which he gained not only European, but also American and even Asian fame”
During the years of service K.D. Glinka was promoted to the rank of collegiate secretary, then titular councilor, collegiate assessor, collegiate and, finally, state councilor. He was awarded silver medal Alexander III with wearing it on the ribbon of the Order of Alexander Nevsky, as well as the orders of St. Anna of the 2nd and 3rd degrees. The Emperor of China awarded K.D. Glinka with the Order of the Two-Headed Dragon, 2nd Class, 3rd Category.
Since 1908 K.D. Glinka headed the soil and geographical research of the Resettlement Administration of the Ministry of Agriculture, in 1909 he was appointed a member of the Scientific Committee of the Main Administration of Land Management and Agriculture. These appointments paved the way for the scientist's move in 1911 to St. Petersburg.
Organizer and leader of the Dokuchaev Soil Committee (Petersburg period)
Moving K.D. Glinka to St. Petersburg was logical and associated with the organization of a center for the study of soils and the soil cover of the country. However, there was no solid material base for the scientist. K.D. Glinka was forced to open a privat-docent course in soil science at the natural department of the university. In 1912 he became a professor
Higher women's (Bestuzhev) courses. With his characteristic energy as an organizer of science, the scientist conducts classes, preparing the first women soil scientists in Russia: L.I. Tikheev, Z.N. Arkhangelskaya, A.I. Balts, Z.Yu. Shokalskaya, and others. At the same time, he expands his research on Asian soils and begins to more intensively generalize the incoming materials. At the same time, the scientist takes vigorous measures to organize the Dokuchaev Soil Committee on the basis of the Soil Commission of the Free Economic Society (VES). In particular, he seeks premises on Vasilyevsky Island and transports there equipment and property of the soil commission from the VEO, creates a soil laboratory and equips a small meeting room. In November 1912, returning from field work, K.D. Glinka sends out invitations to Grand opening Dokuchaev Soil Committee. The ultimate goal of the Committee's work, according to the scientist, was to be "activation of the expansion and improvement of domestic agricultural production." Institute named after Peter I, in managing the work of the soil science department of the Institute of Experimental Agronomy, and, finally, in reorganizing the training of agronomic personnel in Petrograd-Leningrad.
As you can see, K.D. Glinka, on the one hand, vigorously supported the struggle begun by V.V. practical tasks and the main one is the improvement of domestic agriculture.
In 1912, unexpectedly for many, he accepted an offer to become the organizer and director of the newly created agronomic institute in Voronezh. The first two years are spent on preparatory work on the design of the construction of the institute, as well as on the development curricula and plans, selection of scientific and pedagogical staff. Having established the work of the committee, of which he remained chairman, and with the support of S.S. Neustruev, L.I. Prasolova, N.D. Emelyanova, F.Yu. Levinson-Lessing and partly V.I. Vernadsky, a scientist at the end of 1913 moved to Voronezh. Begins new stage work "on two fronts" - scientific in St. Petersburg and organizational and pedagogical in Voronezh. K.D. Glinka still busy to the limit, but such a load does not burden, but pleases him.
Organizer and leader of the new center of agronomic education (Voronezh period 1913-1922)
About ten years of intense organizational and scientific-pedagogical activity of K.D. Glinka gave the Voronezh Agronomic Institute. Peter I. So it was called until October 1917. Then it was renamed the Voronezh Agricultural Institute. Great was the role of K.D. Glinka - an educator, especially in the field of studying the soil of the chernozem-steppe zone. True, there is almost no mention of this in the literature, but on the other hand, the institute he created lives and expands. The organizational K.D., which has undergone various, sometimes not the best, transformations, continues to exist. Glinka Department of Soil Science. The contribution of the scientist to the formation of the Voronezh School of Chernozem Soil Scientists, the rich scientific heritage left by him, is also enormous.
Within 2-3 years, the construction was completed, the equipment was selected, the teaching staff was recruited, and the institute not only began to train specialists in agriculture, but also launched extensive research into the nature of the steppes. Voronezh becomes one of the centers of agricultural science in the black earth zone of Russia. Research is expanding on the fields of the Kamennaya Steppe experimental station, created by V.V. Dokuchaev and fortified K.D. Glinka. Thanks to his work, "Stone Steppe" eventually turned into a diversified research institute for agriculture.
At the Voronezh Agronomic Institute, K.D. Glinka sought to expand research work not only in the field of studying the soil cover of the province. The scientist focuses on the issues of its economy, water supply, steppe field-protective afforestation and many others. K.D. Glinka organizes and directs the study of soils and the compilation of a soil map of the province on a scale of 1:500,000. Then he has an id e I created a soil station to study the life (dynamics) of soils and the soil processes occurring in them. The scientist failed to fully realize this idea. He only started some research on the water regime and the dynamics of the humus state of chernozems, but their results were not published.
First of all, it is noteworthy that, despite the imperialist war, revolution, civil war The Voronezh Institute worked hard, and K.D. Glinka continued to be not only the rector of the institute, but also the chairman of the Dokuchaev Soil Committee. Judging by the letter sent by F.Yu. Levinson-Lessing February 8, 1919, in the "Russian Soil World" disagreements began between the soil scientists of the Dokuchaev Committee and the soil scientists who started organizing the Moscow Soil Committee. The disagreements were not scientific, but organizational in nature. The Dokuchaev Committee considered itself the unifying and governing body of the country's soil scientists The Moscow Committee, headed by N.A. Dimo and A.A. Yarilov, assumed the leading role, believing that since the government bodies were relocated from Petrograd to Moscow, it was “easier for it to carry out the unification of soil scientists than for the Dokuchaev Soil Committee.”
In those years, living in Voronezh was harsh and hard, especially for K.D. Glinka, accustomed to comfortable living and working conditions. He certainly could have gone south and further abroad at any time. But the scientist did not. Moreover, he decides to return to Petrograd. In 1922, he accepted a proposal to create an agricultural institute in Petrograd on the basis of three educational institutions: Stebutov and Kamennoostrovsky (Bestuzhev) higher courses and the Agronomic Institute - and become its director. At the end of 1922 K.D. Glinka and his family return to Petrograd, and the last stage of his energetic, highly creative activity begins.
Head of soil science and head of higher agronomic education (Leningrad period. 1922-1927)
So, in 1922, in the most troubled and difficult time of famine, devastation and the formation new government, K.D. Glinka returns to Petrograd. For that time, it was a bold decision: many, on the contrary, sought to leave for places where life was more normal than in economically poorly food-supplied Petrograd and Moscow.
He was 56 years old, he was in the prime of his creative powers and searches, and with unprecedented energy he continued his scientific work in the Dokuchaev Soil Committee. The scientist began the reorganization of higher agricultural education in Petrograd. Having organized the Agricultural Institute in Pushkin (Tsarskoe Selo), he took the place of director and head of the department of soil science at the plant growing faculty. At the same time, K.D. Glinka headed the Department of Soil Science State Institute experienced agronomy. N.I. Prokhorov (who also moved to Petrograd from New Alexandria) pointed out that K.D. Glinka has always advised government bodies on the organization of higher agronomic schools in various regions of the country. However, he not only referred to personal experience scientific adviser, who put into practice Dokuchaev's ideas and views, deepened and developed them taking into account new socio-political attitudes.
In Petrograd around K.D. Glinka quickly formed a circle of students and followers. Young people were attracted by the teacher's ability to accurately and clearly express his ideas and methods of research, his scientific aspiration. The breadth of his views, the geographical approach to the phenomena under consideration K.D. Glinka forced not only to listen to himself, but also to follow his ideas. It was very difficult to carry them out at that time. He even had to coordinate all issues related to the management of the new agricultural institute with the members of the board. And this is all in the presence of different views and approaches to higher education. K.D. Glinka, starting to create an agricultural institute in Petrograd, had in mind the training of agricultural specialists highly qualified. At the same time, he took into account Pasteur's provisions that “there is no applied sciences, but there are applications of sciences to questions of life” and believed that “the ability to search for truth is given only by the scientific work that is carried out in high school and without which this school is dead, whether it be a university or a special school.”
In the new revolutionary situation, K.D. Glinka fought relentlessly to recreate a higher school with sustainable teaching programs, four years of study, broad plans practical exercises and the conduct of qualifying practice by students and, finally, the academicism of diploma papers ending the course of sciences in higher education. In the process of training agronomical figures, the scientist steadily adhered to the idea of their broad education, instilled in students a love of knowledge in various ways, attracted them to the development of the latest ideas and results through scientific societies and circles. At one time he even headed the State Agricultural Museum. Despite the workload in higher education, K.D. Glinka actively participated in the work of the soil-geological commission of the Geological Committee. Commission of natural productive forces at the Academy of Sciences. Among other things, he set up scientific experiments in the laboratory and in the field.
Together with his students (Arkhangelskaya, Tikheeva, Okhotin, Malyarevsky, etc.), K.D. Glinka teaches soil science with great enthusiasm and organizes research in the field of soil genesis.
In Petrograd, as in Voronezh, Glinka opens a field soil station, where he studies the problems of the dynamics of soil processes - the current life of soils. Together with postgraduate students, he studies acidity and the reasons for its change, gleying as one of the most widespread processes in the northwest of European Russia, as well as the processes of soil evolution. The formulation of such studies, according to K.D. Glinka, was caused by the need to develop issues of increasing soil productivity and introducing reclamation techniques for improving them. As you can see, K.D. Glinka should be considered the first organizer of the study of the dynamics of modern soil processes.
The second brainchild of K.D. Glinka was the Dokuchaev Soil Committee. During this period, despite the financial insecurity, the committee significantly strengthened and expanded its research and scientific-organizational activities. The latter consisted in holding congresses, meetings and preparations for the first International Congress of Soil Scientists, united by the International Society of Soil Scientists (ISS). The Committee worked to a large extent at the expense of public contractual funds and was not able to fully meet the material needs of employees. Nevertheless, it existed and K.D. continued to be its ideological leader. Glinka, even despite his long absence from Petrograd. This situation was maintained thanks to the solidarity of a team of enthusiasts who created an unusual atmosphere of unity, trust and a very devoted attitude towards their leader.
Dokuchaev's students formed the basis of the Dokuchaev Soil Committee: F.Yu. Levinson-Lessing, P.A. Zemyatchensky, S.S. Neustruev, L.I. Prasolov, B.B. Polynov, N.I. Prokhorov, M.A. Pankov, K.K. Gedroits, M.N. Antonova, Z.Yu. Shokalskaya, A.I. Baltz et al. K.D. Glinka applied maximum energy, ingenuity, and attention to the employees around him. Good relations with F.Yu. Levinson-Lessing, A.A. Yarilov and others allowed the scientist to use the assistance of the Academy of Sciences and many government agencies with which A.A. Yarilov. In this team, K.D. Glinka found full support for the plans for the realization of the cherished dream of Dokuchaev and his followers - the recognition of Dokuchaev's soil science as a theoretical, natural-historical discipline. K.D. Glinka widely used every opportunity to promote and popularize Dokuchaev's soil science in Western Europe and USA. This was facilitated by the translation into German his study guide.
K.D. Glinka continued to work on the unfinished works of past years. In addition, life required even greater attention to the problems posed by the new social and political development of Russia. The scientist is completing the chapters of the review of soil research in Siberia, the Far East and Central Asia. The volume of this part of the review was 30 PL, but the publication of the manuscript was prevented by the revolution that had begun. Being a "pioneer in the study of Siberian soils", K.D. Glinka is in a hurry to publish everything new and interesting concerning their genesis and geography.
Thus, he draws up a soil map of Siberia and the Far East (scale 1 dm: 100 versts, 1908); prepares (together with L.I. Prasolov) the second edition of the soil map of Asia (1915), supplemented by materials from migration work; publishes detailed monographs ''Soils of Russia and Adjacent Countries', 'Salt licks and solonchaks of the Asian part of the USSR', as well as short courses in soil science, clay science, popular soil science, a textbook on geology, and an outline of the soils of the Voronezh province. In the 1920s, his books appeared: "Soil, its properties and distribution laws", "Dispersed systems in soil"; 'Soil Science' is being republished (in French and Italian); "Essay on the Soils of Yakutia" is being published; the second and third editions of the course "Soil Science" are being published, as well as many articles and reports on topical issues of soil science.
K.D. Glinka conducts a huge scientific-organizational and scientific-public activity, continuing to fight for the recognition of Dokuchaev's soil science as an independent scientific discipline. In 1922, in connection with the termination of the VEO, which included the Soil Committee, K-.D. Glinka seeks to include the latter in the CEPS of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Commission for Expeditionary Investigations of the Nature of the Union) as an independent soil department.
The transfer of the Dokuchaev Soil Committee to the jurisdiction of the Academy of Sciences accelerated its transformation into the Soil Institute. The main advocates for the creation of the Soil Institute were: Academicians F.Yu. Levinson-Lessing, V.I. Vernadsky and Professor K.D. Glinka. Thanks to their perseverance, such an institute was opened in 1925; in accordance with the charter of the Academy of Sciences, F.Yu. Levinson-Lessing. This act was preceded by the opening of departments of soil science in a number of universities in the country: in 1918-1919. - in St. Petersburg, in 1922 - in Moscow.
Merit recognition
In 1926, at the request of Academicians A.P. Karpinsky (President of the Academy of Sciences), V.I. Vernadsky and F.Yu. Levinson-Lessing. One candidate K.D. was nominated for the vacancy. Glinka. This was confirmed by the general meeting of the Academy of Sciences. April 2, 1927 (24 votes in favor, 1 against). April 5 K.D. Glinka was notified of this in a warm letter from the indispensable secretary of Academician S.F. Oldenburg.
The work of the whole life of K.D. Glinka: his long and hard struggle for the establishment of Dokuchaev's soil science ended positively for Russian science in general and for soil science in particular. The elections coincided with another equally important historical stage in the development of Dokuchaev soil science - the First International Congress of Soil Scientists, held in Washington in June-July 1927.
Preparations for it in Russia began at the end of 1926. K.D. was appointed head of our delegation. Glinka, and he, naturally, wanted to show the achievements of Russian soil scientists in the most complete variety, with all the depth of theoretical and practical developments. It was very important to do this for many reasons, and above all for 'consolidating the achievements of Dokuchaev's soil science in foreign countries'.
K.D. Glinka has previously participated in all international conferences related to soil science (''agrogeological' conferences, meetings in Budapest and Stockholm, etc.). In Budapest, K.D. Glinka was twice. The first was in 1909, when at an agronomic conference held there, he read a report ''Soil zones and soil types
European and Asian Russia”, which has become one of the most important events forum. Having described the zonal types, K.D. Glinka also spoke about the meadow process of soil formation and about the soils of mountain regions. On the next trip to Budapest (1910) K.D. Glinka discussed this issue with E. Raman and in 1911 changed his mind and considered it possible to develop these soils in Russia. In 1922 he spoke in Prague, and in 1924 in Rome, where the MOP was organized at the fourth pedological conference. With his reports, K.D. Glinka introduced Western colleagues to the achievements of Russian soil scientists. But foreign scientists wanted to get as much information about our soil science as possible. Some of them (Marbut, Stremme, and others) even came to us for a deeper study of the foundations of Dokuchaev's soil science. The “curtain” behind which Russian soil science has been for many years has been broken. Mutual enrichment of knowledge and experience was considered very useful by both sides. It should be said that in 1922 K.D. Glinka was elected an honorary member of the MOP. So the participation of the scientist in the work of the congress was expected with great interest.
K.D. Glinka, taking into account the interest of foreign soil scientists in Russian soil science, wanted to show our achievements as widely as possible. For this purpose, in January 1927, an extraordinary congress of soil scientists was organized in Leningrad, at which a program for the participation of Soviet specialists in the work of the congress was approved.
The last touches of life
I The international congress of soil scientists ended in triumph for Glinka - he was elected president of the MOP for the next three years, but this did not please the scientist, who felt worse and worse. Upon arrival home, in July 1927, he was transferred to Tsarskoye Selo, to a dacha or boarding house. The true diagnosis was hidden from K.D. (lung cancer). Catarrh of the lung is a sedative version of the disease for the scientist, which he contracted in the USA on an excursion to the cold store. At the end of October, he was placed in a clinic, but on November 2, 1927, Konstantin Dmitrievich passed away.
3.Situation in soil science at the beginning XX century
In a fairly short time of intensive study of soil science at the end XIX v. The outstanding scientists, whom we spoke about above, collected quite a lot of factual material, made discoveries of a fundamental and integral nature, prepared by the entire previous course of the development of science, which required scrupulous work to accumulate new facts and comprehend them on the basis of the principles of genetic soil science. In such a situation, it was important to have good leaders, but at first there were none. A certain confusion, unnecessary contradictions, mutual denials, which arose in the first years of the new century, are connected with this. But there was also an objective reason for this. In the hands of Dokuchaev and Sibirtsev, soil science was synthesized, now it required a reasonable differentiation into its component disciplines, and such a process in the history of any science is painful.
In the new century there was a differentiation of soil science; sections were separated in it: weathering and soil formation, geography and cartography of soils, general chemistry and colloid chemistry soils, soil physics and hydrology, soil biology, applied soil science (including agronomy).
4. Teachers and predecessors of K.D. Glinka
KD Glinka is considered to be the successor of genetic and geographical soil science, which was founded by Dokuchaev. Therefore, it is obvious that Vasily Vasilyevich was his main teacher and predecessor.
Dokuchaev was an extraordinary person, a real genius:he discovered the law of universal functional connection in nature, the laws of latitudinal and vertical natural and soil zonality, the laws of soil science and the laws of zonality of agricultural kingdoms. He developed various land assessment methods, laid the foundations of soil cartography. He developed the theory of an ecological approach in the study of nature, proposed a system of sustainable farming in the steppe zone, and laid the foundations of museum work in natural science. Dokuchaev substantiated the idea of soil zoning, relying on his views that soil is an independent natural body and on the dependence of soil on “soil formation factors” that he established.
According to the often quoted statement of V. R. Williams, “the doctrine of the soil cover as an independent category of natural bodies arose as a result of creative work three Russian scientists - V. V. Dokuchaev, P. L. Kostychev and N. M. Sibirtsev.
Kostychev Pavel Andreevich -the initiator of the creation of agricultural experimental stations and the organization of special educational institutions in agriculture. He devoted his whole life to serving Russian science, the result of his many years of research work was the creation of the most important doctrine of the structure of the soil, as the main condition for its high fertility. It was Kostychev who was the first among scientists to discover the remarkable ability of perennial grasses to restore the finely cloddy structure of the soil. Kostychev was one of the first to develop methods for combating the formidable scourge of steppe agriculture - drought. He proposed a whole system of most valuable measures in the fight against drought: snow retention and stubble plowing, autumn plowing and field grass sowing, spring harrowing and fallow tillage, sowing with high-quality seeds and decisive weed control. His work on the issue of steppe afforestation is also very important.Nikolai Mikhailovich Sibirtsev (1860-1900) - Geologist, soil scientist. A student and associate of V. V. Dokuchaev. Graduated from St. Petersburg University in 1882. In 1882-1885. N. M. Sibirtsev took part in the expedition of V. V. Dokuchaev to study the geological structure and soils of the Nizhny Novgorod province. From 1885 to 1892 - Head of the Nizhny Novgorod Zemstvo Museum of Natural History, at the same time, on the instructions of the Geological Committee, conducted geological research in the Nizhny Novgorod, Vladimir, Ryazan and Kostroma provinces. In 1892-1894. participated in the work of the "Special Expedition of the Forest Department for testing and accounting for various methods and techniques of forestry and water management in the steppes of Russia" under the leadership of V. V. Dokuchaev. Since 1894 - Head of the Department of Soil Science at the Novo-Alexandria Institute of Agriculture and Forestry. N. M. Sibirtsev developed the doctrine of soil zones and the genetic classification of soils. Author of numerous works on geology, soil science and agronomy, including the first textbook on genetic soil science, which systematically outlines the views of V. V. Dokuchaev.
Theoretical soil science is based, however, not only on genetic aspects. Therefore, other scientists should be included among its co-founders, especially the German scientist Volney and the American scientist Gilgard.
Martin Ewald Wolny (1846-1901) - agronomist, physicist and soil scientist, since 1872 professor at the Munich Polytechnic, where he was in charge of the agricultural laboratory and experimental field, was a major organizer of science. Volney's contribution to soil physics is very great. He studied the properties of soil components - sand, clay, organic matter. He linked the thermal and water regimes of the soil with meteorological conditions, establishing that these regimes also depend on the properties of the soil itself, primarily on its granulometric composition and structure. The second important direction in Volney's work was the study of the processes of accumulation and especially the decomposition of humus in the soil.Volney and his students developed precise methods for determining the physical and some other properties of the soil, designed various instruments for this. The fame of the scientist was great, and his influence spread to soil scientists and agronomists in many countries.
Evgeny Voldemar Gilgard (1833-1916) played an important role in the development of soil science in the USA. In 1893, he published a classification of soils, in which he divided them into: 1) residual, or having a constancy of occurrence (sedimentary or residual soils), which are the product of weathering of rocks in place; 2) displaced by water, gravity (this included colluvial and alluvial soils); 3) "eolian soils" - stony soils of deserts, sandy and dusty soils (Hilgard, 1906). Gilgard showed that the soils of tropical countries should also be divided into three groups according to moisture; he studied the saline and alkaline soils of the southwestern United States; the first, which contain sodium chlorides and sulfates, he called white alkali (white alkali); soils with a predominance of normal soda - black alkali (black alkali). Dokuchaev used Gilgard's "excellent," in his words, research to establish the laws of zoning. Gilgard's works were also widely used by Volni, Glinka, Sibirtsev and others.
5. The contribution of the scientist to the development of soil science
- The unfavorable and very difficult role of the main defender of Dokuchaev and the science he created fell to the lot of the scientist: he successfully argued the need to recognize soil science as an independent science of natural history (and not a section of geology-agrogeology or agronomy-agronomic soil science), used every opportunity to popularize Dokuchaev's soil science in Western Europe and USA. This was facilitated by the translation into German of his textbook. To put it in the words of Polynov, ".. Glinka completed the building of genetic and geographical soil science, which in its main features was laid by Dokuchaev."
- The recognition of the world importance of Dokuchaev's soil science by scientists in many countries of the world is associated with the name of Glinka.
- As a result of studies of the Pskov, Novgorod, Tver, Smolensk, Kaluga, Yaroslavl and other provinces, a significant part of the Non-Chernozem belt was mapped, and a large amount of material on podzolic and marsh soils was accumulated.
- Author of the classic textbook "Soil Science". It summarized everything that was known about soils before 1925-1926. The first edition appeared in 1908, and the fifth and sixth editions in 1932 and 1936. respectively.
- Organized more than 100 expeditions to Western and Eastern Siberia and to the Far East.
- In 1908-1914, he was the organizer and leader of numerous soil-geographic expeditions to Siberia and Central Asia, as a result of which huge new land funds were discovered for agricultural development.
- In 1906 he compiled the first soil map of the world.
- KD Glinka can be considered the first organizer of the study of the dynamics of modern soil processes.
- Together with his associates, he contributed to the expansion of soil assessment work by the Zemstvos of the European part of Russia.
- In 1912 he organized the Dokuchaev Soil Committee, which was later transformed into the Soil Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1927.
- He outlined a classification approach, which is currently being developed as a morphogenetic or profile-genetic direction.
- Glinka was the first to show that the transition of primary minerals into the clay mass is accompanied by a number of intermediate stages, represented by acid salts, and that one of the typical reactions of soil formation is hydrolysis. In essence, he developed the foundations of the future soil mineralogy.
- One of the first, after Dokuchaev, organizer and reformer of higher agricultural education in Russia.
- K.D. Glinka and the Dokuchaev Soil Committee headed by him played a big role in uniting the first generation of soil scientists in Russia
- Works commissioned by provincial zemstvos, and then by the Resettlement Administration, made it possible, based on empirical data, to substantiate the research method, which later became known as "comparative geographical".
- He contributed much to the understanding of the laws governing the geographic distribution of soils, the solonetz process, podzol formation, and the formation of brown semi-desert soils.
But the most important thing, in my opinion, is that after the death of Dokuchaev, Konstantin Dmitrievich became the very center of soil science in Russia, around which the best minds concentrated, which was the engine and set the vector for the development of all soil science in Russia.
Disciples and followers
In 1901, K.D. Glinka headed the Department of Soil Science at the Novo-Alexandria Institute, gradually it turns into scientific and methodological center conducting research on the problems of genesis, geography and agricultural assessment of soil quality. Glinka attracts the most enthusiastic soil science students to work, who later become outstanding figures in soil science: V.P. Smirnov-Loginov (to whom he transferred the department in 1911), N.I. Prokhorov, N.A. Dimo, S.P. Kravkov, P.F. Barakov, A.I. Nabokih.
Having moved to St. Petersburg, as we remember, for additional source earnings, he becomes a professor of the Higher Women's (Bestuzhev) Courses. It was there that he trains the first female soil scientists in Russia: L.I. Tikheev, Z.N. Arkhangelskaya, A.I. Balts, Z.Yu. Shokalskaya.
Also in Voronezh, he has such famous students as G.N. Tumin, A.M. Pankov, P.G. Aderikhin, N.D. Emelyanov.
In 1922, Glinka returned to Petrograd, where a circle of students-followers again formed around him, in general, it must be said that the students loved and respected Konstantin Dmitrievich very much, he was for them the "idol" of science and pedagogy, the owner of a rare ability to understand and direct the aspirations of young men to the knowledge of the fulfillment of the duty assigned by society. It is a remarkable fact that the students never called him either by his last name or by the address adopted at that time “Mr. Professor”, but simply called him Konstantin Dmitrievich.
In Petrograd, he teaches soil science already with his former students Arkhangelskaya, Tiheeva, Okhotin, Malyarevsky.
The last graduate students of the scientist were A.A. Zavalishin, A.I. Pronevich, B.A. Philosophers, L.P. Belyakova, Yu.A. Liverovsky. In the future, each of them made a feasible contribution to Dokuchaev's soil science, justifying the trust of his teacher.
7. Bibliographic list (main works of K.D. Glinka)
1889
1. About forest soils // Materials for the study of Russian soils. SPb. Issue. 5.
1891
2. Romensky district // Materials for the assessment of the lands of the Poltava province. SPb. Issue. 12. In et al. with V.V. Dokuchaev.
1892
3. Lokhvitsky district // Materials for the assessment of the lands of the Poltava province. SPb. Issue. 12. Co-authors with V.V. Dokuchaev.
1893
4. On glacial and postglacial formations and ground waters of the Kamennaya Steppe of the Bobrovsky district of the Voronezh province, Tr. SPb. islands of naturalists. Dep. geology. T. 22, no. 2.
5. About the artesian borehole in the city of Smolensk // Ibid.
6. Steppe afforestation in connection with the question of the settlement of Russian steppes with predominantly herbaceous vegetation // Materials on the study of Russian soils. SPb. Issue. eight .
1894
7. Geological nature of the soils of the Poltada province. // Materials for the assessment of land in the Poltava province. SPb. Issue. sixteen.
eight . Khrenovsky site // Tr. Special Expedition Lesn. dep. SPb. T. 1. Orography, geology, soils and groundwater. Issue. 1. Co-authors with N.M. Sibirtsev and P.V. Ototsky.
1895
9. On the issue of weathering of glauconite // Yearbook on geology and mineralogy of Russia. Vol. 1, part 1."
10. To the question of the origin of glauconite: Preliminary, communication. // Protocol of St. Petersburg. islands of naturalists. No. 8.
11. Instructions for collecting a collection of mineralogy and geology // Zap. N.Alexandriys. in-ta sat down. economy and forestry. App. to 9 t.
12. New deposits of pyromorphite // Protocol of St. Petersburg. islands of naturalists.N® 6.
13. On a new twin intergrowth in gypsum, Tr. SPb. islands of naturalists. Dep. geology. T. 23.
14. Soil-geological studies in the Kozlovsky district of the Tambov province (Soils of the estate of V.K. Otto) // Materials for the study of Russian soils. SPb. Issue. 9.
1896
15. Geology; Lecture course. New Alexandria.
16. Glauconite, its origin, chemical composition and nature of weathering. SPb. 111
1897
17. Analcim from the outskirts of Baku // Tr. Warsaw. islands of naturalists. T. 8.
18. Iron ores: Review lit. for 1896 // Yearbook on geology and mineralogy of Russia. Vol. 3, part 3.
19. Preliminary report on soil-geological studies in the Novorzhevsky and Velikolutsky districts of the Pskov province. Pskov.
1898
20. The most important features in the history of the development of the globe and its inhabitants // Second Sat. publ. lectures, reading, in N. Alexandrijs. in-those. Warsaw.
21. Review of Russian mineralogical literature for 1896 // Yearbook on geology and mineralogy of Russia. Vol. 3, part 3.
22. Business trip report for VIII International Geological Congress // Zap. N. Alexandrijs. in-ta sat down. economy and forestry. T. 11, no. 2.
23. Petrographic character of the Novorzhevsk and Velikolutsk soils, Ibid.
1899
24. Note on soil research as an element of land assessment work. Novgorod.
25. From the summer expeditions of 1898 // Zap. N. Alexandrijs. in-ta sat down. economy and forestry.T. 12, no. one.
26. On the issue of aqueous aluminosilicates and clays, Ibid. Issue. 2.
27. Lectures on soil science at the New Alexandria Institute. T. 1, No. 1.
28. Latest work on the study of soil fertility and methods of soil appraisal // Soil Science. Vol. 1, N® 2.
29. Novorzhevsky district // Materials for the assessment of the lands of the Pskov province. SPb.Vyp. 2.
30. On the mineralogical composition of the Pskov glacial clays and on the types of weathering, Zap. SPb. mineral, islands. Ser. 2.4.37.
31. On some reactions of aluminosilicates / / Ibid.
32. Soil research in the Pskov province // Eurasian Soil Science. T. 1, No. 3.
33. Preliminary report on the work of 1898 in the Pskov province (Opochetsky uyezd) // Materials for assessing the lands of the Pskov province. Pskov.
1900
34. Geological structure and soils of the Valdai district. Novgorod. In col. with S. Fedorovsky.
35. N.M. Siberians. His life and work / / Soil science. Vol. 2, N® 4. Co-authored with Barakov, Bogoslovsky et al.
36. Several observations in the field of post-Tertiary formations of Northwestern Russia // Yearbook on geology and mineralogy of Russia. 1900-1901. T. 4.
37. A few words about the phosphate compounds of the Boruvka mountain of the Kielce province U / Ibid.
38. On some reactions of aluminosilicates, Zap. SPb. mineral, islands. Ch. 37, no. 2.
39. Soil research as an element of land appraisal work // Eurasian Soil Science. Vol. 2, N® 2.
40. Regarding the article by N.A. Adamova on the mechanical analysis of soil // Eurasian Soil Science.
41. Soil-geological research in the Pskov province / / Yearbook of pogeology and mineralogy of Russia. 1900-1901. T. 4.
42. Preliminary report to the Smolensk provincial zemstvo on the soil-geological studies of the Vyazemsky and Sychevsky districts. Smolensk.
1901
43. To the question of the absorptive capacity of soils // Diary of the XI Congress of Russian Naturalists and Doctors. SPb.
44. Materials for assessing the lands of the Smolensk province: Natural-ist. part of T. I. Vyazemsky district. Pskov. In col. with M.F. Kolokolov.
45. On deposits of gypsum (alabaster) in the Pskov district. Pskov.
46. Post-Tertiary Formations and Soils of Northwestern Russia, Eurasian Soil Sci. 3, N® 2.
47. Post-Tertiary formations and soils of the Pskov, Novgorod and Smolensk provinces // Yearbook on geology and mineralogy of Russia. T. 5.
48. Post-Tertiary formations of northwestern Russia // Diary of the XI Congress of Russian naturalists and doctors. SPb.
49. Soil-geological outline of the Valdai district. Novgorod. In col. with S. Fedorovsky.
50. Preliminary report on the soil-geological study of the Kholmsky and Toropetsky districts. Pskov.
1902
51. Several pages from the history of theoretical soil science // Soil Science. No. 2. P. 117-152.
52. Subject and tasks of soil science (pedology) // Ibid., N® 1.
53. Chemical nature of clays and other aluminosilicates, Zap. N. Lleksandriys.in-ta village. economy and forestry. Issue. one.
1903
54. Laterites and red soils of tropical and subtropical latitudes and related imposils of temperate latitudes // Soil Science. No. 3.
55. Something about the critical methods of Mr. Nabokikh // Ibid. No. 2, pp. 89-160.
56. Soil formation // Complete. encycle. Russian sat down household SPb. T. 5.
57. Soil coloring. organisms in the soil. The organic constituent of the soil. Ortstein // Ibid. T. 6.
58. In memory of V.V. Dokuchaeva: (res. speech) // Warsaw. diary. No. 331.
59. Soil absorption capacity. Soils and subsoil. Soil science. Soils: marsh, lateritic, humus-carbonate, floodplain, skeletal, dry steppes (semi-deserts) and deserts, gray forest and tundra. Soil permeability // Full. encycle. Russian sat down household SPb. T. 7.
60. Soil formers and soil formation: At 3 o'clock N. Alexandria. 1903-1904.
61. Preliminary report on soil-geological studies of the Dukhovshchinsky and Gzhatsky districts. Smolensk.
62. Connectivity of the soil - condensation of water vapor by the soil. Boreholeness of the soil // Full. encycle. Russian sat down household St. Petersburg, T. 8.
63. Salt licks // Ibid. T. 9.
1904
64. Tasks of historical soil science. Warsaw.
65. Research in the field of weathering processes. 1. Weathering in Chakk near Batum // Eurasian Soil Science. No. 4.
8. ZonnS.V. 113
6 6 . Terminal moraines of the Pskov and Novgorod provinces // Yearbook on geology and mineralogy of Russia. SPb.
67. In memory of K.I. Malevsky // Ibid.
1905
6 8 . Research in the field of weathering processes. P. Weathering of biotite // Soil science. N®1.
69. Pskov province. Vol. 3, no. 1. Pskov.
1906
70. Weathering of Tskha-Tskaro zeolites // Problems of the New Alexandria circle of natural science lovers. twenty .
71. Research in the field of weathering. SPb.
72. Report on a trip to the Kiev and Volyn provinces in 1905 // Protocols of the New Alexandria circle of natural science lovers. No. 2 2 .
1907
73. Soil science as an independent natural history discipline // Soil Science, N® 2.
1908
74. Instruction for soil research. St. Petersburg: Relocated, ex.
75. To the question of the mineralogical composition of soils and methods of its study //
Soil science. N®1.
76. Soil science: a course of lectures. 1st ed. SPb. 770 s.
77. Schematic soil map of the globe / / Yearbook on geology and mineralogy of Russia. SPb.
1909
78. To the question of the classification of Turkestan soils. Yuriev.
79. Materials on the study of the colonization regions of Asiatic Russia // Zap. Relocated, ex. T. 4.
1910
80. Note on soils of mountain slopes // Eurasian Soil Sci. No. 4.
81. Brief summary of data on the soils of the Far East: (preliminary report). SPb.: Relocated, ex.
82. The latest trends in soil science // Soil Science. N*' 1.
83. Bodenzonen und Bodentypen des EuropSisch und Asiatisch Russlands. Budapest.
1911
84. On the question of the difference between podzolic and bog type weathering // Soil Science. N® 2 .
85. On ancient weathering processes in the Amur region // Ibid. No. 3.
8 6 . On the so-called "burozems" // Ibid. N® 1.
1912
87. Geographic results of soil research in Asiatic Russia // Soil Science. N®1.
8 8 . Note on the organization of the Soil Institute and the establishment of departments of soil science
at universities. SPb.
89. Systematics of the soil map of Asiatic Russia. SPb.
90. a brief description of soils and vegetation zones of Asiatic Russia. St. Petersburg; In co-author. with B.A. Fedchenko.
91. Disturbance of the general zoning of Eurasian soils in Western Transbaikalia and Yakutsk Oblast, Eurasian Soil Sci. No. 4.
1913
92. To the question of the establishment of the soil department of the Voronezh Regional Agricultural Station. Voronezh.
93. Materials on the natural history study of the Voronezh province //
Ser. public access. essays. Book. 1. Voronezh, lips. zemstvo. SPb.
94. Soil formation, characteristics of soil types and soil geography. SPb.
95. Preliminary report on soil research conducted in 1912 //Materialy po naturalist. study Voronezh, lips. SPb. In col. with L.M. Pankov, K.F. Malyarevskiy.
1914
96. Map of soil zones in Russia // Atlas Asiat. Russia. St. Petersburg: Relocated, ex.
97. Soil zones of Asian Russia. Voronezh.
98. Soils of Asian Russia // Asian Russia. St. Petersburg: Relocated, ex. T. 2.
99. Soils along the Tyumen-Omskaya line railway// Tr. Dokuchaev, soils,
someone. Issue. 1. Co-authors with V.P. Gorshenin, V.V. Stratonovich, A.A. I am carpet.
100. Program of Soil Research // Sat. programs for research. Siberia. SPb.
101. Die Tipen der Bodenbildung, ihre Classification und geographische Verbreitung.
B.368S.
1915
102. Soil science: a course of lectures. 2nd ed. Pg.
1916
103. Deep-soil humus formations and their genesis // Eurasian Soil Science. No. 1.
1917
104. Preliminary report on the organization and use of research work
soils of Asiatic Russia. Pg. 1908-1916.
1918
105. Materials on the natural history research of the Voronezh province.
106. On the development of soil science as an independent scientific discipline, Izv.
Dokuchaev, soil, someone. No. 1/2. S. 89.
1919
107. Lime in soils // Soil liming in connection with fertilization. M. ^
108. Kaolinite clays of the Voronezh province. Voronezh.
109. Soil, its origin and geographical distribution. Voronezh.
1921
ON. Questions of historical soil science // Eyu l. y Vseros. congress of soil scientists. No. 3/4.
111. Geology and soils of the Voronezh province. Voronezh.
112. Short course clay science. Voronezh.
113. A short popular course in soil science. Voronezh: Ed. Voronezh. Gubnar-image.
114. Results of the Siberian expeditions of the Resettlement Administration of the former. Ministry of Agriculture.
1922
115. Soil, its properties and distribution laws. M.: Nov. village.
1923
116. Geology and soils of the Voronezh province. Voronezh. Dep. 1, part 1.
117. Petrograd Agricultural Institute, its tasks and methods of implementation.Pg.
118. Soil formation, characteristics of soil types and soil geography. 2nd ed. M.
119. Soils. Petrograd. (V-ka agricultural institute).
120. Soils of the Kyrgyz Republic. Orenburg.
121. Soils of Russia and adjacent countries. M.; Pg.
122. Current state soil science in Russia, its shortcomings and needs // Pr51roda. N ® 1 - 2 .
123. Genesis und Geographie der russischen Boden. petrograd.
1924
124. Degradation and podzolic process // Soil Science. N®2.
125. Dispersed systems in soil. L.
126. Mineral resources of the Central part of Russia (Voronezh, Kursk, Tambov provinces). M.: Publishing house AN.
127. Soil regions of southeastern Russia. Rostov n/a. pp. 1-7.
128... Russian soil science: (historical essay) // Zap. Leningrad. s.-x. in-ta. T. 1.
129. Die Degradation und der Podzoliqe Prozess. Intern. Mitteil. f. Bodenkunde. b.
130. Divers Tipes de formation des sols et la classification de ces derniers. Revue intern, des. Renseignments Agricoles. P.
1925
131. Acidity of the soil of the metropolitan area // Zap . Leningrad. s.-x. in-ta. T. 2.
132. Latest achievements in soil science in the USSR and abroad, Izv. State. in-that experience, agronomy. T. 4, No. 1,2.
133. The simplest methods of studying soils in the field, Prilozh. to Vestn. knowledge. HP 26.
1926
134. Geology and soils of map sheet P-56 of the Leningrad Province. // Preliminary report Izv. Geol. someone.
135. Conference of the International Soil Science Society in Hungary // Soil Science.N® 3.
136. Leaflet of a soil scientist in a wreath of G.F. Morozova // Forest science and forestry. Issue. one .
137. International Meeting of Soil Scientists in Groningen, Nauch. worker. No. 7/8.
138. Training of agronomists and connection of the agronomic school with life // Agronomist.Dec.
139. Salt licks and solonchaks of the Asian part of the USSR. M.: Nov. village.
1927
140. Water in soils, Tr. Soils, Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Issue. 2.
141. Geology and soils of sheet P-56 of the Leningrad province. In col. with L.V. Tiheeva.
142. Geology and soils of the Pasha-Kopets forestry of the Tikhvin district of the Cherepovets region.
143. Dokuchaev as the creator of Russian soil science, Tr. Soil, in-ta im. V.V. Dokuchaev. Issue. 2.
144. Mineralogical composition of Voronezh soils, Tr. Soils, Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Issue. 2.
145. On the petrographic composition of soils in the southern part of the Voronezh province // Tr. V.V. Dokuchaev. Issue. 2.
146. Essay on the soils of Yakutia // Yakutia. L.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. pp. 49-135.
147. Soil cover in the basins of the Grushevka and Ayuta rivers in the Don region, Tr. Soil, in-ta im. V.V. Dokuchaev. Issue. 12.
148. Soil cover in the environs of Persianovka, Don region, Tr. soil,
Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Issue. 2.
149. Soil science. 3rd ed., revised. 672 p.
150. Soil science. Washington. In English. lang.
151. Dokuchaiev's ideas in the development of pedology and cognate sciences. L.
1928
152. Soil science in the USSR over the past decade (from 1917 to 1927) / / Science and
USSR technology. 1917-1927. M.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1929.
153. Soils. 2nd ed. M.; L.
1931
154. Soil science. 4th ed. M.; L.
1932
155. Soil science. 5th ed. M.; L. 595 p.
1936
156. Soil science. 6th ed. M.
1978
157. Mineralogy, genesis and geography of soils. Moscow: Nauka, 279 p.
- List of used literature:
- Great Soviet Encyclopediahttp://publ.lib.ru/ARCHIVES/K/KOSTYCHEV_Pavel_Andreevich/_Kostychev_P.A..html
- Zonn S.V. Konstantin Dmitrievich Glinka 1867-1927. M.: Nauka, 1993. 127 p.
- History of Russia in the 19th century
http://www.ote4estvo.ru/kratkaya-istoriya-rossii/608-istoriya-rossii-19-veka.html
- Krupennikov I.A. History of soil science. M.: Nauka, 1981. 327 p.
- Paleontological and Stratigraphic Museum of the Department of Dynamic and Historical Geology of St. Petersburg State University
http://paleostratmuseum.ru/Sibirtzev.html
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