Russia's foreign policy in the 17th century. Russia's foreign policy in the 17th century - briefly The main events of the foreign policy of the 17th century

30.01.2022

The international position of Russia in the XVII century. was difficult.

Foreign policy tasks:

The return of territories lost as a result of the Time of Troubles, the annexation of Ukrainian and other lands that were part of Ancient Russia.
Access to the Baltic and Black Seas
Further advance to the east

The economic and military backwardness of Russia: the palace cavalry is not able to withstand the powerful armies of Europe. Dependence on imports of weapons.
They tried to ensure rearmament by importing weapons and hiring foreign officers, which made it dependent on European countries (Holland and Sweden).

The port of Arkhangelsk is vulnerable from Sweden. Diplomatic and cultural isolation of Russia (a backward eastern country).

Thus, isolation could be overcome only by creating a powerful army and breaking through the diplomatic blockade.

Smolensk War (1632 - 1634): one of the elements of the foreign policy of the 17th century

Struggle to revise the Deulino Accords
Due to diplomatic blunders (the Polish king Vladislav agreed with the Crimean Tatars on joint actions)
The slowness of the Russian troops led by the boyar Shein
The weakness of the army (Serving people left the army)
As a result, the Polyanovsky Peace was signed (the cities captured by the Russians returned, Vladislav renounced his claims to the Russian throne)

The liberation movement in Ukraine - Breakthrough foreign policy of the 17th century

Reasons for movement:

1648 - an uprising broke out in Ukraine, caused by social oppression, political, religious, national inequality, which was experienced by the Ukrainian and Belarusian Orthodox population, being part of the Commonwealth.

1596 - Uniate Church.

Zaporizhzhya Sich: did not engage in agriculture, retained autonomy, had an elected foreman, carried out guard duty, repelled the raids of the Crimean Tatars and received remuneration from the Polish government (but only registered Cossacks). Zaporizhzhya Sich increased at the expense of the fugitives, but the population did not change -> social tension. This was a consequence of the foreign policy of the 17th century.

The uprising was led by Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky. In 1648 occupied Kiev in August 1649. after the victory at Zbrov (the betrayal of the Crimean Khan), a peace treaty was signed. The number of registered Cossacks grew to 40 thousand. In the Kiev, Chernihiv, Bratslov lands, positions were occupied by the Orthodox.

Resumption of hostilities. 1651 - near Berestechko they were defeated. The Treaty of Bila Tserkva reduced the Cossack registry to 20,000 and left a restriction for Poles in the Kiev Voivodeship. 1653 - the threat of complete destruction loomed. In 1653 - The Zemsky Sobor decided to accept Ukraine under the "high hand" of the Russian Tsar.

Accession of Ukraine to Russia during the foreign policy of the 17th century

Ukrainian Rada in Pereyaslavl in 1654 decided to join Ukraine to Russia. An elected Cossack administration headed by a hetman was retained, who had the right of foreign policy relations with all countries, with the exception of Poland and Turkey.

Reasons for joining:

Religious and ethnic community of the Russian and Ukrainian people.
Their common historical past and joint struggle against external enemies.
Maintaining independence required choosing the "lesser evil". Joining a close culture, maintaining internal independence.
Accession was in the interests of Russia.

War with Sweden. (1656 - 1658) - Breakthrough foreign policy of the 17th century

Sweden took advantage of the failures of Poland, wanting to increase its influence in the Baltic. The Swedes did not want the strengthening of Russia. In 1655 they occupied Warsaw. Russia entered the war with Sweden. - Peace of Cardis, return of the occupied lands of Livonia.

Poland, having received a respite, regained strength and continued the war with Russia. Part of the Cossack leadership took the side of Poland. 1667 - Andrusovo truce. Russian return of Smolensk, left-bank Ukraine. Kiev was given for 2 years, but was never returned. 1686 “Eternal peace, a major diplomatic victory.

Russo-Turkish war (1677-1681) - the eternal problem of Russia's foreign policy

The reunification of Russia and Ukraine led to war with the Ottoman Empire. Russian-Ukrainian troops defended Chigirin. 1681 - Bakhchisarai truce for 20 years. The territory between the Dnieper and the Bug is neutral. The foreign policy of the 17th century was not successful in relation to Turkey.

1684 - the creation of the Holy League - the Coalition of Austria, Poland, Venice, which counted on the support of Russia. This prompted Poland to sign the "Eternal Peace".

New war of 1686 Russia declared Porte. It was not possible to capture the Crimea.

Eastern direction - the peaceful direction of foreign policy of the XVII century

During the 17th century Russian explorers advanced from Western Siberia to the shores of the Pacific Ocean.

Krasnoyarsk prison, Bratsk prison, Yakutsk prison, Irkutsk winter hut. Yasak, a fur tax, was collected from the local population.

At the same time, peasant colonization of the arable lands of southern Siberia began. By the 17th century the population was 150 thousand.

The main strategic tasks - obtaining access to the seas and the reunification of Russian lands - remained unresolved and passed into the next century. Also of great importance in world history is the Rebellion of Stepan Razin.

The video lesson "Foreign Policy of Russia in the 17th century" discusses the goals, objectives, directions of Russian foreign policy. The focus is on the main events that left their mark on Russia's foreign policy in the 17th century. The inconsistency of Russia's foreign policy is emphasized: the first half of the century is the desire to keep what they had, the second half of the century is the desire to return lost lands in the west and south, as well as the designation of Russian borders in the east of the country.

Main Directions of Foreign Policy

Russian foreign policy throughout the 17th century. was aimed at solving four main tasks: 1. The return of all the original Russian lands that were part of the Commonwealth; 2. Ensuring access to the Baltic Sea, lost after the Stolbovsky peace treaty; 3. Ensuring reliable security of the southern borders and the fight against the Crimean Khanate and the Ottoman Empire for access to the Black Sea and 4. Further advance to Siberia and the Far East.

Smolensk War (1632-1634)

Rice. 1. Episode of the Smolensk war ()

After the death of the elderly Polish king Sigismund III Vaz in June 1632, on the initiative of Patriarch Filaret, the Zemsky Sobor was convened, which decided to start a new war with Poland for the return of the Smolensk and Chernigov lands (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Patriarch Filaret blesses his son ()

V August 1632G. a Russian army was sent near Smolensk, consisting of three regiments - the Bolshoi (Mikhail Shein), the Advanced (Semyon Prozorovsky) and the Sentry (Bogdan Nagoy). In the autumn of 1632, they captured Roslavl, Serpeysk, Nevel, Starodub, Trubchevsky, and in early December began the siege of Smolensk, the defense of which was held by the Polish garrison under the command of Hetman A. Gonsevsky (Fig. 1).

Due to the lack of heavy guns, the siege of Smolensk obviously dragged on, and in the meantime, by agreement with Warsaw, the Crimean Tatars made a devastating raid on the lands of Ryazan, Belevsky, Kaluga, Serpukhov, Kashirsky and other southern counties, as a result of which M. Shein's army began mass desertion of nobles.

Meanwhile, the dynastic crisis ended in Poland, and the son of Sigismund Vladislav IV entrenched on the throne, who, at the head of a large army, hurried to the aid of the besieged Smolensk. In September 1633, the Polish army forced M. Shein to lift the siege of Smolensk, and then surrounded the remnants of his army east of the Dnieper. February 1634. M. Shein capitulated, leaving the enemy siege artillery and camp property.

Then Vladislav moved to Moscow, but, having learned that the defense of the capital was held by the Russian army, headed by princes D. Pozharsky and D. Cherkassky, he sat down at the negotiating table, which ended in June 1634. signing of the Polyanovsky peace treaty. Under the terms of this agreement: 1. Vladislav renounced claims to the Russian throne and recognized Mikhail Romanov as the legitimate tsar; 2. Poland returned all Smolensk and Chernigov cities; 3. Moscow paid Warsaw a huge military contribution of 20,000 rubles. The tsar took the defeat in this war very painfully and, according to the boyar verdict, the governors M.B. Shein and A.V. Izmailov was beheaded on Red Square in Moscow.

Accession of Eastern Siberia and the Far East

V first halfXVIIv. Russian Cossacks and “hunting” people continued the development of Eastern Siberia and founded here the Yenisei (1618), Krasnoyarsk (1628), Bratsk (1630), Kirensky (1631), Yakutsky (1632), Verkholensky (1642) and other prisons, which became their strongholds points in these harsh but fertile lands.

V middleXVIIv. the Russian government began to pursue a more active policy on the eastern borders of the state, and for this purpose a new Siberian Order was separated from the Kazan Order, which for many years was headed by Prince Alexei Nikitich Trubetskoy (1646-1662) and roundabout Rodion Matveyevich Streshnev (1662-1680). It was they who initiated many military expeditions, among which a special place was occupied by the expeditions of Vasily Danilovich Poyarkov (1643-1646), Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev (1648) (Fig. 3) and Erofey Pavlovich Khabarov (1649-1653), during which the eastern the Pacific coast and the southern regions of the Far East, where the Okhotsk (1646) and Albazinsky (1651) prisons were founded.

Rice. 3. Expedition of S. Dezhnev ()

TO endXVIIv. the number of military garrisons of the Siberian prisons and fortresses already exceeded 60 thousand servicemen and Cossacks. This seriously alarmed neighboring China, which in 1687 attacked the Albazinsky prison and ravaged it. Military operations with the Manchus continued for two years, until in 1689 the Nerchinsk peace treaty was signed, according to which Russia lost land along the Amur.

National Liberation War of Little Russia against Poland (1648-1653)

New Russian-Polish war (1654-1667) was a direct consequence of a sharp aggravation of the situation in the Little Russian provinces of the Commonwealth, where the Russian Orthodox population was subjected to cruel national, religious and social oppression. A new stage in the struggle of the Little Russian people against the oppression of Pan Poland is associated with the name of Bogdan Mikhailovich Zinoviev-Khmelnitsky, who in 1648 was elected Kosh Hetman of the Zaporizhzhya army and called on the Zaporozhye Cossacks and Ukrainian villagers to start a national liberation war against Pan Poland.

Conventionally, this war can be divided into two main stages:

1. 1648-1649- the first stage of the war, which was marked by the defeat of the Polish armies of hetmans N. Pototsky and M. Kalinovsky in 1648 at the battles of Zhovti Vody, near Korsun and Pylyavtsy and the solemn entry of B. Khmelnitsky into Kiev.

V August 1649 after the grandiose defeat of the army near Zboriv by the Polish crown, the new Polish king Jan II Casimir signed the Zboriv peace treaty, which contained the following points: 1. B. Khmelnitsky was recognized as the hetman of Ukraine; 2. Kiev, Bratslav and Chernihiv provinces were transferred to his administration; 3. On the territory of these voivodeships quartering of Polish troops was prohibited; 4. The number of registered Cossacks increased from 20 to 40 thousand sabers;

2. 1651-1653- the second stage of the war, which began in June 1651 with the battle of Berestechko, where, due to the betrayal of the Crimean Khan Ismail-Girey, B. Khmelnitsky suffered a major defeat from the army of Jan Casimir. The consequence of this defeat was the signing in September 1651. Bila Tserkva peace treaty, under the terms of which: 1. B. Khmelnitsky was deprived of the right to external relations; 2. Only the Kiev Voivodeship remained in his administration; 3. The number of registered Cossacks was again reduced to 20 thousand sabers.

V May 1652G. in the battle near Batog, B. Khmelnitsky (Fig. 4) inflicted a major defeat on the army of Hetman M. Kalinovsky. And in October 1653. Cossacks defeated the Polish crown army near Zhvanets. As a result, Jan Casimir was forced to sign the Zhvanets peace treaty, which exactly reproduced the conditions of the Zboriv peace.

Rice. 4. Bogdan Khmelnitsky. Painting by Orlenov A.O.

Meanwhile October 1, 1653 Zemsky Sobor was held in Moscow, at which it was decided to reunite Little Russia with Russia and start a war with Poland. To formalize this decision, the Great Embassy was sent to Little Russia, headed by the boyar V. Buturlin, and on January 8, 1654, the Great Rada was held in Pereyaslavl, at which all the articles of the treaty were approved, which determined the conditions for the entry of Little Russia into Russia on the rights of autonomy.

5. Russian-Polish war (1654-1667)

In historical science, this war is traditionally divided into three military campaigns:

1. Military campaign 1654-1656 It began in May 1654 with the entry of three Russian armies into the Commonwealth: the first army (Aleksey Mikhailovich) moved to Smolensk, the second army (A. Trubetskoy) to Bryansk, and the third army (V. Sheremetiev) to Putivl. In June - September 1654, Russian armies and Zaporizhian Cossacks, having defeated the armies of hetmans S. Pototsky and J. Radziwill, occupied Dorogobuzh, Roslavl, Smolensk, Vitebsk, Polotsk, Gomel, Orsha and other Russian and Belarusian cities. In 1655, the first Russian army captured Minsk, Grodno, Vilna, Kovno and went to the Brest region, and the second Russian army, coupled with the Cossacks, defeated the Poles near Lvov.

It was decided to take advantage of the military failures of the Polish crown in Stockholm, which forced Moscow and Warsaw in October 1656. sign the Vilna truce and start joint military operations against Sweden.

2. Military campaign 1657-1662 After the death of B. Khmelnytsky, Ivan Vyhovsky became the new hetman of Ukraine, who betrayed Moscow in 1658. signed the Gadyachsky peace treaty with Warsaw, recognizing himself as a vassal of the Polish crown. At the beginning of 1659, the united Crimean-Ukrainian army under the command of I. Vyhovsky and Mohammed-Girey inflicted a heavy defeat on the Russian troops near Konotop. In 1660-1662. n army suffered a series of major setbacks near Gubarevo, Chudnov, Kushliki and Vilna and left the territory of Lithuania and Belarus.

3. Military campaign 1663-1667

The turning point in the course of the war came in 1664-1665, when Jan Casimir suffered a series of major defeats from the Russian-Zaporozhian army (V. Buturlin, I. Bryukhovetsky) near Glukhov, Korsun and Belaya Tserkov. These events, as well as the revolt of the Polish gentry, forced Jan Casimir to sit down at the negotiating table. In January 1667 near Smolensk, the Andrussov truce was signed, under the terms of which the Polish king: a) returned Smolensk and Chernigov lands to Moscow; b) recognized the Left-bank Ukraine and Kiev for Moscow; v) agreed to the joint management of the Zaporozhian Sich. In 1686, these conditions will be confirmed at the conclusion of the "Eternal Peace" with Poland, which will turn from a centuries-old enemy into a long-term ally of Russia.

Russo-Swedish War (1656-1658/1661)

Taking advantage of the Russian-Polish war, in the summer of 1655, Sweden began hostilities against its southern neighbor and soon captured Poznan, Krakow, Warsaw and other cities. This situation radically changed the course of further events. Not wanting to strengthen the position of Stockholm in this region, at the initiative of the head of the Ambassadorial Order A. Ordin-Nashchokin and Patriarch Nikon in May 1656, Moscow declared war on the Swedish crown, and the Russian army hastily moved to the Baltic states.

The beginning of the war turned out to be successful for the Russian army. Having captured Derpt, Noteburg, Marienburg and other fortresses in Estonia, Russian troops approached Riga and laid siege to it. However, having received the news that Charles X was preparing a campaign in Livonia, the siege of Riga had to be lifted and retreated to Polotsk.

military campaign 1657-1658 went with varying success: on the one hand, the Russian troops were forced to lift the siege of Narva, and on the other, the Swedes lost Yamburg. Therefore, in 1658. the belligerents signed the Valiesar truce, and then in 1661 the Treaty of Cardis, according to which Russia lost all its conquests in the Baltic states, and hence access to the Baltic Sea.

Russian-Ottoman and Russian-Crimean relations

V 1672 the Crimean Turkish army invaded Podolia, and hetman P. Doroshenko, having entered into a military alliance with the Turkish Sultan Mohammed IV, declared war on Poland, which ended with the signing of the Buchach peace treaty, according to which the entire territory of Right-Bank Ukraine was transferred to Istanbul.

Rice. 5. Black Sea Cossack ()

V 1676 The Russian-Zaporozhian army led by Prince G. Romodanovsky made a successful campaign against Chigirin, as a result of which P. Doroshenko was deprived of the hetman's mace and Colonel Ivan Samoylovich became the new hetman of Ukraine. As a result of these events, the Russian-Turkish war (1677-1681) began. In August 1677, the enemy began the siege of Chigirin, the defense of which was headed by Prince I. Rzhevsky. In September 1677, the Russian army under the command of G. Romodanovsky and I. Samoilovich defeated the Crimean-Turkish army near Buzhin and put them to flight.

The following year, the Crimean-Ottoman army again invaded Ukraine. V August 1678G. the enemy took possession of Chigirin, but he did not succeed in crossing the Dnieper. After several local skirmishes, the belligerents sat down at the negotiating table, and in January 1681G. The Treaty of Bakhchisaray was signed, under the terms of which: a) Istanbul and Bakhchisaray recognized Kiev and Left-Bank Ukraine for Moscow; b) Right-bank Ukraine remained under the rule of the Sultan; v) The Black Sea lands were declared neutral and were not subject to settlement by subjects of Russia and Crimea.

V 1686 after the signing of the "Eternal Peace" with Poland, Russia joined the anti-Ottoman "Holy League", and in May 1687. Russian-Ukrainian army under the command of Prince V.V. Golitsyn and Hetman I. Samoilovich took part in the First Crimean campaign, which ended in vain due to his ugly preparation.

In February 1689 the Russian-Ukrainian army under the command of Prince V. Golitsyn began the Second Crimean campaign. This time the campaign was much better prepared, and the army managed to reach Perekop. However, V. Golitsyn could not break through the enemy’s defenses and, “sipping unsalted”, turned back.

The logical continuation of the Crimean campaigns was the Azov campaigns of Peter I in 1695-1696. May 1695. the Russian army under the command of F.A. Golovina, P.K. Gordon and F.Ya. Lefort went on a campaign to Azov, which closed the exit to the Azov and Black Seas. June 1695. Russian regiments began the siege of Azov, which had to be lifted three months later, since the Russian army was never able to completely block it. Thus, the First Azov campaign ended in vain.

V May 1696G. the Russian army under the command of Tsar Peter, A.S. Shein and F.Ya. Lefort began the Second Azov campaign. This time, the fortress was surrounded not only from land, but also from the sea, where several dozen galleys and hundreds of Cossack plows reliably blocked it, and in July 1696 Azov was taken.

V July 1700 clerk E.I.Ukraintsev signed the Constantinople (Istanbul) peace treaty with the Turks, according to which Azov was recognized by Russia.

References on the topic "Foreign policy of Russia in the XVII century":

Volkov V.A. Wars and troops of the Muscovite state: the end of the 15th - the first half of the 17th century. - M., 1999.
Grekov I.B. The reunification of Ukraine with Russia in 1654 - M., 1954.
Rogozhin N.M. Posolsky Prikaz: the cradle of Russian diplomacy. - M., 2003.
Nikitin N.I. Siberian epic of the 17th century. - M., 1957.
Chernov V.A. Armed forces of the Russian state of the XV-XVII centuries. - M., 1954.

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This chapter will consider the most important points related to the issues of the foreign policy of the Russian state in the 17th century. At the beginning of the 17th century, a necessary condition for the country's exit from a deep crisis was the cessation of foreign intervention and the stabilization of the foreign policy situation. Several tasks can be traced in the foreign policy of the 17th century: 1) overcoming the consequences of the Time of Troubles; 2) access to the Baltic Sea; 3) fight against the Krymchaks on the southern borders; 4) development of Siberia.

Foreign policy of Mikhail Fedorovich (1613-1645)

Restoring the state after the Troubles, the new government was guided by the principle: everything should be in the old days. One of his main concerns was to overcome the consequences of the intervention, but all attempts to expel the Swedes from the Russian lands failed. Then, using the mediation of the British, Mikhail began peace negotiations, which ended in 1617 with the signing of the "eternal peace" in the village of Stolbovo. Under this treaty, Novgorod was returned to Russia, but the coast of the Gulf of Finland, the entire course of the Neva and Karelia remained with Sweden.

The situation with Poland was even more difficult. If the Swedes had no reason to expand their aggression beyond the territories they had already captured, then the Poles had such reasons. The Polish king Sigismund did not recognize the accession to the Moscow throne of Mikhail Romanov, still considering his son to be the Russian tsar. He undertook a campaign against Moscow, but failed. The king did not refuse claims to the Russian throne, but he could not continue the war either, therefore in the village of Deulino in 1618 only a truce was signed for a period of 14 years. Smolensk, Chernigov and 30 other Russian cities continued to remain under Polish occupation. In 1632, Moscow troops tried to free them, but to no avail. In 1634, an "eternal peace" was signed with Poland, but it did not become eternal - a few years later hostilities resumed. True, Prince Vladislav renounced the Russian throne.

Foreign policy of Alexei Mikhailovich (1645-1678)

The foreign policy of the next ruler - Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov, who ascended the throne after the death of his father in 1645 - turned out to be quite active. The consequences of the Time of Troubles made inevitable the resumption of the struggle against Russia's main enemy - Poland. After the Union of Lubin in 1569, which united Poland and Lithuania into one state, the influence of the Polish gentry and the Catholic clergy on the Ukrainian and Belarusian Orthodox population increased dramatically. The imposition of Catholicism, attempts at national and cultural enslavement aroused sharp opposition. In 1647, a powerful uprising began under the leadership of Bogdan Khmelnitsky, which grew into a real war. Unable to cope with a strong opponent alone, Bogdan Khmelnitsky turned to Moscow for help and patronage.

The Zemsky Sobor of 1653 was one of the last in the history of Russia. He decided to accept Ukraine as part of the Russian lands, and the Pereyaslav Rada, representing the Ukrainian population, on January 8, 1654, also spoke in favor of reunification. Ukraine became part of Russia, but received wide autonomy, retained self-government and its own judicial system.

Moscow's intervention in the Ukrainian question inevitably entailed a war with Poland. This war went on, with some interruptions, for thirteen years - from 1654 to 1667 - and ended with the signing of the Andrusov peace. Under this agreement, Russia regained Smolensk, Chernihiv-Seversk land, acquired Kiev and the Left-Bank Ukraine. The right-bank part and Belarus remained under Polish rule. The lands that once belonged to Sweden could not be recaptured in the 17th century. Thus ended another attempt to reunite the ancient Russian lands under the auspices of Moscow.

But it should not be assumed that the peoples inhabiting them unconditionally supported this process. Over the centuries of separation, Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians have experienced various influences, they have developed their own characteristics of language, culture, way of life, as a result of which three nationalities have formed from the once single ethnic group. The struggle for liberation from the Polish-Catholic enslavement had as its goal the acquisition of national independence and independence. Under these conditions, the appeal to Russia for protection was considered by many as a forced step, as an attempt to choose the lesser of two evils. Therefore, this kind of association could not be sustainable. Under the influence of various factors, including Moscow's soon-to-be desire to limit the region's autonomy, part of the Ukrainian and Belarusian population withdrew from Russian influence and remained in Poland's sphere of influence. Even in Left-Bank Ukraine, the situation remained unsettled for a long time: both under Peter 1 and under Catherine 2, anti-Russian movements took place.

A significant expansion of the country's territory in the 17th century was also observed at the expense of Siberia and the Far East - Russian colonization of these lands began. Yakutsk was founded in 1632. In 1647, the Cossacks, led by Semyon Shelkovnikov, founded a winter hut on the shores of the Sea of Okhotsk, on the site of which Okhotsk, the first Russian port, is today. In the middle of the 17th century, Russian explorers, such as Poyarkov and Khabarov, began to explore the south of the Far East (Amur and Primorye). And already at the end of the 17th century, Russian Cossacks - Atlasov and Kozyrevsky began to explore the Kamchatka Peninsula, which at the beginning of the 18th century was included in the Russian Empire. As a result, the territory of the country from the middle of the 16th to the end of the 17th century. increased annually by an average of 35 thousand km², which is approximately equal to the area of \u200b\u200bmodern Holland.

So, during the reign of the first Romanovs, much has changed in the country's foreign policy situation. First, foreign intervention from Poland and Sweden was overcome as a relic of the Time of Troubles. Secondly, the territory of Russia was significantly expanded due to the annexation of Ukraine, as well as due to the colonization of Siberia and the Far East.

In the history of our country, the 17th century is a very significant milestone, since at that time there were many events that influenced the entire subsequent development of the state. Foreign policy was especially important, since at that time it was very difficult to fight off numerous enemies, while at the same time preserving strength for domestic work.

What determined the political mood?

In general, the needs of a cultural, economic and military nature determined all the subsequent development of our country in those centuries. Accordingly, the foreign policy of Russia in the 17th century was completely dependent on the tasks that confronted statesmen in those difficult times.

Main tasks

First, it was necessary to urgently return all the lands that were lost as a result of the Troubles. Secondly, the rulers of the country were faced with the task of annexing back all those territories that were once part of Kievan Rus. Of course, in many respects they were guided not only by the ideas of reunification of once divided peoples, but also by the desire to increase the share of arable land and the number of taxpayers. Simply put, the foreign policy of Russia in the 17th century was aimed at restoring the integrity of the country.

The turmoil had an extremely hard impact on the country: the treasury was empty, many peasants became so impoverished that it was simply impossible to take taxes from them. The acquisition of new lands, not plundered by the Poles, would not only restore the political prestige of Russia, but also replenish its treasury. In general, this was the main foreign policy of Russia in the 17th century. The table (the 10th grade of the school should know it perfectly), given later in the article, reflects its most global goals.

Access to the sea

For their implementation, it was extremely important to have access to the Black and Baltic Seas. Firstly, the existence of these routes would make it possible to easily strengthen economic ties with Europe, establishing the supply of not only rare goods, but also technologies, literature, and other things that could help eliminate the country's lag in the industrial sphere.

Finally, it was time to decide something with the Crimean Khan: it was undignified for a large country at that time to suffer from the raids of some "petty" allies of the Turkish Sultan. However, do not forget about the old army adage about papers and ravines ... There were a lot of difficulties along the way.

Advance to the East

We should also not forget that Russia's foreign policy in the 17th century largely pursued the goal of expanding the country to the East in order to further develop and exploit those lands.

In particular, for export, a huge amount of sable furs was required, which were in incredible demand in the world. The only problem was that in the European part of the country these valuable animals were knocked out a long time ago. Finally, it was urgently required to reach the Pacific Ocean and establish a natural border along it. And further. There were enough “violent heads” in the country, which it was a pity to cut. It was decided to deport the most active, but restless people to Siberia.

So two tasks were solved at once: the center of the state got rid of "undesirable elements", and the border was under reliable protection. This is what Russia's foreign policy was like in the 17th century. The table will show you the main tasks that had to be solved then.

The main milestones of Russian foreign policy in the 17th century

Main tasks	Consequences, solution methods
The return of the Smolensk land, which was lost during the Time of Troubles	In 1632-1634, the Smolensk War was fought, as a result of which he was recognized by the Commonwealth as the legitimate ruler of Russia
Patronage of the Orthodox population of the Commonwealth loyal to Russia	This led to the Russo-Polish War of 1654-1667 and also contributed to the Russo-Turkish War of 1676-1681. As a result, Smolensk land was finally recaptured, Kiev and the surrounding territories became part of Russia.
Solving the problem with the Crimean Khan	Two wars at once: the aforementioned Russian-Turkish war of 1676-1681, as well as the first 1687 and 1689. Alas, the raids continued
Development of the lands of the Far East	Eastern Siberia was annexed. Treaty of Nerchinsk signed with China
Gaining passage to the Baltic	The war with Sweden in 1656-1658, as a result of which it was not possible to return access to the sea

Russia's foreign policy in the 17th century was complex. The table clearly demonstrates that not a single decade has been without wars, while success has not always accompanied our state.

What hindered the solution of the most important tasks?

The main one was not even the activities of "eternal friends" in the person of Great Britain and France, but their own technological backwardness. Europe during the next, Thirty Years' War, managed to completely rethink the theory of weapons and organization of troops on the battlefield, as well as the tactics of their use. So, the main striking force again became the infantry, which from the end of the Roman Empire was in the lead roles. Regimental artillery, which was intensively developing at that time, became a means of strengthening it.

Backwardness in military affairs

And here the foreign policy of Russia stalled in the 17th century. The table (grade 7 should know its basic provisions) is not able to show this, but the army was extremely weak. The fact is that in our country the backbone of the armed forces was still the noble cavalry. She could successfully fight the remnants of the once powerful Horde, but if she met the army of the same France, she would certainly have faced serious losses.

Thus, Russia's foreign policy in the 17th century (briefly) was aimed mainly at creating a normal military, commercial, administrative and diplomatic apparatus.

About weapon problems

The vast country was heavily dependent on arms imports. The backwardness in tactics and weapons was planned to be eliminated by intensive import of weapons from European manufactories, as well as by recruiting officers. All this resulted not only in dependence on the leading powers of that period, but also cost the country very dearly.

Thus, the foreign policy of Russia in the 17th century (the main directions of which we have described) was based on paradoxes: on the one hand, no one doubted the need for war with the Europeans. On the other hand, it was from them that expensive weapons and ammunition were bought, which increased the military and economic power of the powers of the Old World, but greatly weakened Russia, already bled dry by the Time of Troubles.

So, on the eve of the Russo-Polish war mentioned in the table, a lot of gold had to be spent. At least 40,000 muskets and 20,000 pounds of selected gunpowder were purchased from Holland and Sweden. This amount was at least 2/3 of the total number of infantry weapons. At the same time, tension continues to grow on the part of Sweden, which not only blocks access to the Baltic, but also continues to lay claim to a large part of Russian lands.

Attitude towards the country in the international arena

The fact that in the West Russia was perceived only as an extremely backward, “barbarian” country, the territory of which was subject to mandatory expansion, and the population was planned to be partially assimilated, had a very bad effect. Otherwise, everyone was destined for the sad fate of the Indians of North America.

Thus, a strong Russian foreign policy in the 17th century was more important than ever. Its main tasks were aimed at "cutting through the window", which Peter later did. Economic and military backwardness was largely due to banal territorial isolation, since a powerful Turkish-Polish-Swedish barrier stood in the way of establishing normal relations.

We do not forget about the constant intrigues of the English merchants, who did not at all smile at getting a powerful competitor in trade affairs. All these contradictions could be resolved only by creating a powerful army and breaking through the trade and economic blockade.

Here is the main foreign policy of Russia in the 17th century. In short, the most important tasks lay in the West, from where the military threat was increasingly felt.

Wars in the West

All this led to the fact that in 1632, immediately after his death, a war began to revise the Deulin agreements. Our country was the instigator. Unfortunately, the forces were clearly unequal. In general, the foreign policy of Russia in the 17th century (a brief summary of which we have already discussed) largely failed due to the extreme imperfection of the administrative, military and

Let us give the most obvious and annoying example of this. Due to extremely poor diplomacy, the Polish king Vladislav managed to establish contact with the Crimean Tatars. The slow Russian army, which was led by M. Shein, consisted of service people. When they learned that the Tatars began regular sorties inland, they simply left the army, leaving to protect their own estates. All this ended with the signing of the Polyanovsky Peace.

Poland had to return all the lands conquered at the beginning of the war, but King Vladislav completely renounces any claims to Russian lands and the throne. The governor M. Shein and A. Izmailov were declared guilty of the defeat, and their heads were subsequently cut off. Thus, the foreign policy of Russia in the 17th century is not developing in a particularly successful way for us.

The territory of present-day Ukraine

At the same time, it broke out on the territory of present-day Ukraine. In 1648, another uprising broke out in those parts, which was caused by intolerable conditions for the Orthodox population who lived in the territory of the Commonwealth.

The culprits were Zaporozhian Cossacks. In general, they led a quite good life: guarding the borders of Poland from the raids of the same Crimean Tatars, they received a decent reward (not counting military booty). But the Poles were not very happy with the fact that the Cossacks accepted any runaway serf into their ranks and never gave him back. A methodical "crackdown" began, the reduction of the Cossack freemen. Bohdan Khmelnytsky led the immediately flared uprising.

Successes and failures of the rebels

Already in December 1648, his troops occupied Kiev. In August of the following year, settlement agreements were signed. They provided for an increase in the number of "official" Cossacks, to whom the authorities had no claims, but the list of achievements ended there.

Khmelnitsky understood that he would not be able to correct the injustice without outside help. Russia was the only candidate for allied relations, but its authorities were no longer too eager to fight, as time was needed to completely reform the army. Meanwhile, the Poles did not tolerate a shameful peace; already in 1653, the rebels were under the threat of complete extermination.

Russia could not allow this. In December 1653, an agreement was concluded on the reunification of Ukrainian lands with Russia. Of course, immediately after this, the country was drawn into a new war, but its results were much better than before.

This is what characterized the foreign policy of Russia in the 17th century. You will find the main directions, tasks, results of it in this article.

History of Russia IX–XVIII centuries. Moryakov Vladimir Ivanovich

4. Russia's foreign policy in the 17th century

The main foreign policy tasks that stood in the XVII century. before Russia, were determined by the needs of its political, economic and cultural development, ensuring the security of Russian lands from external invasions. In the West, Russia was perceived as a backward country, which was of interest to a number of European countries only as an object for the further expansion of their territories.

The primary task for Russia was the return of the lands lost after the Polish-Lithuanian and Swedish intervention. One of the most important foreign policy priorities was the annexation of the Ukrainian and Belarusian lands, which were previously part of the Old Russian state, and in the 17th century. were part of the Commonwealth. Therefore, the main contradictions for a long time were the contradictions between Russia and the Commonwealth. The extensive development of its economy also pushed Russia to join the Ukrainian and Belarusian lands: the state needed new lands, an increase in the number of taxpayers.

The neighborhood with the last remnant of the Golden Horde - the Crimean Khanate, which was in vassal dependence on Turkey, remained dangerous for the country. In order to gather forces to fight for the Smolensk lands, Russia had to maintain peaceful relations with the Crimean Khanate and Turkey, and strengthen its southern borders.

It was extremely important to have access to the Baltic Sea for the development of economic ties with the countries of Western Europe, which would ensure the progressive development of the country, overcoming its backwardness. Sweden, which dreamed of its complete dominance in the Baltic, offered the most powerful resistance to Russia in this direction. She continued to claim the northern Russian lands, which threatened the only Russian seaport - Arkhangelsk.

An obstacle to the solution of the foreign policy tasks facing Russia was its economic and military backwardness. The noble militia and archery troops, poorly trained in combat tactics and poorly armed, were inferior to the armies of European countries. The country imported weapons, formed an officer corps by hiring foreigners. The diplomatic and cultural isolation of Russia affected.

Patriarch Filaret in the 1920s and early 1930s sought to create an anti-Polish coalition consisting of Russia, Sweden and Turkey. In 1622, the Zemsky Sobor proclaimed a course to prepare for war with the Commonwealth. But the death of the Turkish sultan, the conclusion of a truce with Poland and Sweden, the raid of the Crimean Tatars on the southern Russian lands forced Russia to postpone the start of the war. For 10 years, Russia has provided assistance to Denmark and Sweden - the opponents of Poland.

By the beginning of the 1930s, the “truce” years established by the Deulino truce ended. In 1632, King Sigismund III died, which led to a long "royalty" in the Commonwealth. Russia decided to take advantage of this and start a war for the return of the Smolensk lands.

However, the beginning of the Smolensk War was complicated by the raid of the Crimean Tatars and local disputes of the governors.

In June 1632, the Russian army led by M. B. Shein, who led the heroic defense of Smolensk in 1609–1611, reached the border. The beginning of hostilities for Russia was successful. But in the summer of 1633, the Crimean Khan, who entered into an alliance with Poland, invaded Russian lands. Many nobles left the theater of operations and rushed to save their estates and estates from the Krymchaks. The new king of the Commonwealth, Vladislav IV, with the main forces, attacked the Russian army standing near Smolensk. Mercenary officers who served in the Russian army transferred to the service of King Vladislav IV. The “freemen” movement that began in the Russian army among soldiers from peasants and serfs finally demoralized him. Shein was forced to capitulate, for which he was executed on charges of treason.

In May 1634, between Russia and the Commonwealth, the Polyanovsky peace was concluded. The Commonwealth returned to Russia only the city of Serpeisk, while the cities of Nevel, Starodub, Sebezh, Pochep, taken at the beginning of the war, were returned to the Poles. Smolensk also remained with the Poles. However, Vladislav renounced his claims to the Russian throne and recognized Mikhail Fedorovich as "the sovereign of all Russia."

The raid of the Crimean Tatars in 1633 once again reminded Russia of the need to fight the Turkish-Tatar aggression. In the fight against it, the Don Cossacks played a prominent role, not only repulsing the raids, but also going on the offensive. So, in 1637 they captured the Turkish fortress of Azov. The Turks made great efforts to bring her back, laying siege to the fortress. The Cossacks stubbornly defended Azov (“Azov Seat”), because Azov blocked their access to the sea, which made it impossible for them to make trips “for zipuns” to the Turkish and Crimean coasts. In 1641, the Cossacks turned to the Russian government for help, for which the acquisition of Azov was of great importance, since it opened up access to the Azov and Black Seas. On this occasion, the Zemsky Sobor was convened in Moscow in 1642. Most members of the council spoke out against sending troops to help the Cossacks, as this meant an imminent war with Turkey, for which Russia was simply not ready. The Cossacks were denied support. In 1642 they left Azov and destroyed its fortifications.

In the 30s of the XVII century. work began on the construction of a new line of fortifications - the Belgorod notch line. In 1646, it extended far to the south and stretched from Akhtyrka through Belgorod to Tambov. The old Tula notch line was rebuilt and fortified. It went from the headwaters of the Zhizdra River through Tula to Ryazan and became the second line of defense against Tatar raids, and notches along the Oka River were fortified in the rear.

Of great importance for the return of the western Russian lands from Smolensk was the rise of the national liberation movement in Ukraine. According to the Union of Lublin in 1569, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which included Ukrainian lands, united with Poland. After the union, Polish magnates and gentry began to settle on Ukrainian lands. Feudal oppression intensified in Ukraine. Ukrainian peasants and urban artisans were ruined due to growing taxes and duties. The regime of brutal oppression in Ukraine was also aggravated by the fact that as early as 1557 the pans received from the royal power the right to the death penalty in relation to their serfs. Along with the strengthening of feudal oppression, the population of Ukraine experienced national and religious oppression. All this led to the rise of the national liberation movement. Its first wave, which came in the 20-30s of the 17th century, was brutally suppressed by the Polish lords. A new stage of the national liberation movement took place at the end of the 1940s and the beginning of the 1950s. Its center was the Zaporizhzhya Sich, where the free Cossacks were formed.

The outstanding statesman and commander Bogdan Khmelnytsky became the head of the struggle of the Ukrainian people. His will, mind, courage, military talent, devotion to Ukraine created for him a huge authority among the broad sections of the Ukrainian population, and above all the Cossacks. The driving forces of the national liberation movement in Ukraine were the peasantry, the Cossacks, the philistines (city dwellers), the small and medium Ukrainian gentry, and the Orthodox Ukrainian clergy.

The uprising began in the spring of 1648. The rebels defeated the Poles near Zhovti Vody, Korsun and Pilyavtsy. Khmelnytsky turned to Russia with a request to take Ukraine "under the hand of Moscow" and jointly fight against Poland. The government of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich could not satisfy his request: Russia was not ready for war, as popular uprisings raged in the country. But it provided Ukraine with diplomatic, economic and military support.

After the battle near Zbarazh, in the summer of 1649, where the rebels were victorious, Poland and Ukraine began negotiations for peace. On August 8, 1649, the Treaty of Zborowski was signed. The Commonwealth recognized Bogdan Khmelnitsky as hetman. The number of registered (i.e., receiving a salary from Poland for service) Cossacks increased to 40 thousand. The self-government of the Cossack army was also recognized, to which three voivodeships were assigned - Kiev, Chernihiv and Bratslav. The presence of Polish troops and Jesuits on their territory was prohibited, while Polish feudal lords could return to their possessions in these voivodeships. In Poland, this peace was regarded as a concession to the rebels and caused discontent among the magnates and gentry. Ukrainian peasants met with hostility the return of Polish feudal lords to their possessions in Kiev, Chernigov and Bratslav provinces. The further development of the struggle in Ukraine was inevitable.

The uprising resumed in the spring of 1650, and the decisive battle took place in June 1651 near Berestechko. Bribed by the Poles, an ally of the Ukrainians, the Crimean Khan Islam-Girey, led away his cavalry, which largely predetermined the defeat of the rebels and the offensive of the Commonwealth troops on Ukraine, which was stopped only in September 1651 near Belaya Tserkov, where peace was concluded. The reason for the failures of the rebels at this stage was not only the betrayal of the Crimean Khan, but also the departure from the movement of the small and medium Ukrainian gentry, who were afraid of the growth of the peasant movement.

Peace conditions were difficult. The register of Cossacks was reduced to 20 thousand, only the Kiev province was left in the Cossack self-government, the hetman was deprived of the right to independent external relations. The Polish lords were given full power over the dependent population. The answer to this was new performances in the Dnieper region. In 1652, near Batog, the rebels defeated the Poles. However, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, having gathered an army of 50 thousand, launched an offensive against Ukraine, the position of which was becoming more and more dangerous. In April 1653, Khmelnitsky again turned to Russia with a request to take Ukraine "under the hand of Moscow."

On May 10, 1653, the Zemsky Sobor in Moscow decided to accept Ukraine into Russia. The Russian embassy of the boyar Buturlin went to B. Khmelnitsky. On January 8, 1654, the big Rada of Ukraine in Pereyaslav decided to reunite Ukraine with Russia. At the same time, Ukraine retained broad autonomy. She had an elected hetman, local government, estate rights of the nobility and Cossack foreman, the right of external relations with all countries except Poland and Turkey. The Cossack register was established in 60 thousand rubles.

The Commonwealth did not agree with the reunification of Ukraine with Russia. A war began, which continued until 1667. The advantage in this war was on the side of Russia. In 1654, Russian troops captured Smolensk and 33 cities of Eastern Belarus. By the summer of 1655, almost all of Ukraine and Belarus were occupied.

In 1655, King Charles X of Sweden moved his troops into the borders of the Commonwealth and seized its northern lands. Swedish troops occupied Warsaw. This state of affairs did not suit Russia, which did not want Sweden to assert itself on its western borders, since this would complicate for it, due to the strengthening of Sweden, the solution of the issue of uniting Russian lands and the struggle for access to the Baltic Sea.

On May 17, 1656, Russia declared war on Sweden and moved its troops to Riga. In October of the same year, Moscow and Warsaw signed a truce between themselves. Russian troops occupied Dorpat, Neuhausen, Marienburg, but failed during the siege of Riga.

In 1658, the Commonwealth resumed the war with Russia. After the death of Khmelnytsky, one of the people close to him, Ivan Vyhovsky, seized power. In 1658, in Gadyach, he signed an agreement with the Poles, according to which the autonomy of the Zaporizhzhya army was secured. In the battle near Konotop, the Russian troops suffered a heavy defeat from the troops of Vygovsky. However, most of the Cossacks of the Left-Bank Ukraine and the Right-Bank Ukraine did not support Vyhovsky. The son of Bogdan Khmelnytsky, Yuriy, became the hetman of Ukraine. The war with the Commonwealth took on a protracted character, but neither side could achieve decisive successes.

In order to prevent Sweden and Poland from joining forces in the fight against Russia, the Russian ambassador A. L. Ordin-Nashchokin signed an armistice with Sweden for three years in Valiesary. In 1661, Russia, unable to wage war with Poland and Sweden at the same time, began negotiations with the Poles on peace and signed in Kardis (between Derpt and Revel) a peace actually dictated by Sweden. The Russian lands at the mouth of the Neva, as well as the Livonian lands conquered by Russia, passed to the Swedes.

In 1667, the Andrusovo truce was signed between Russia and the Commonwealth, on the basis of which a peace treaty was to be prepared. Russia received Smolensk, Dorogobuzh, Belaya, Nevel, Krasny Velizh, Seversk land with Chernigov and Starodub. Poland recognized the reunification of Left-Bank Ukraine with Russia. Right-bank Ukraine and Belarus remained under the rule of the Commonwealth. The Zaporozhian Sich remained under the joint administration of Russia and Poland. These conditions were finally fixed in 1686 in the "Eternal Peace" with the Commonwealth.

The signing of the "Eternal Peace" with Poland was accelerated by the head of the Russian government, Prince V.V. Golitsyn, after Russia agreed to join the anti-Turkish "Holy League" created in 1684, consisting of Austria, Venice and the Commonwealth. The conclusion of the "Eternal Peace", which secured Russia's participation in the anti-Turkish coalition, forced her to terminate the Treaty of Bakhchisaray concluded with Turkey in 1681, which provided for a twenty-year truce and the establishment of a border between Russia and Turkey along the Dnieper. This agreement was the result of the Russian-Turkish war of 1677-1681, which did not bring success to either side. During this war, the Izyumskaya serif line was built 400 miles long. She covered Sloboda Ukraine from the attack of the Tatars and Turks. Subsequently, the Izyumskaya line was extended and connected to the Belgorod notch line.

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