Who worked in the Baroque style. Baroque era

Baroque painting(in the lane with it. - “bizarre”) it is customary to call the artistic style that prevailed in the art of Europe in the 16-18 centuries.

It is this era that is considered the beginning of the triumph of "Western civilization."

It came about thanks to two important events Middle Ages. Initially, the worldview ideas about man and the universe changed, thanks to the epoch-making scientific discoveries of that time. In the future, the need arose for the authorities to create an imitation of their own greatness against the backdrop of material decline. For this, they began to use an artistic style that glorifies the power of the nobility and the church. However, a person began to feel like a doer and creator, and the spirit of freedom and sensuality broke through into the style itself.

This artistic style originated in Italy, in particular in Rome, Mantua, Venice, Florence, and spread to other countries after the Renaissance. In the 17th century, Italy lost its political and economic power. Its territory begins to be attacked by foreigners - the Spaniards and the French. However, Italy, exhausted by adversity, did not lose its position. cultural center Europe is still Italy. The church and the nobility sought to show their power and viability, but since there was no money for this, they turned to the field of art. Thanks to him, the illusion of wealth and power was created.

The main features of this style are solemnity, splendor, splendor, life-affirming character, dynamism.

Baroque art has bold contrasting scales of color, shadow and light, a combination of fantasy and reality. Paintings of this trend are characterized by progressive ideas about the complexity of the universe, the boundless and diverse world, its impermanence.

Holy Family, Anthony van Dyck Thomas Howard, 2nd Earl of Arundel by Anthony van Dyck Portrait of Philadelphia and Elizabeth Wharton, Anthony van Dyck

A person is a part of the world, a complex personality that experiences life conflicts.

The interior began to be decorated with portraits emphasizing the position of a person in society. Also very popular are portraits of rulers, in which they are depicted with ancient Gods. Still lifes depicting the gifts of nature are also characteristic of the Baroque.

Giovanna Garzoni Good News, Philippe de Champaigne Giovanna Garzoni

Baroque artists

Famous representatives of the Baroque are Rubens, Van Dyck, Snyders, Jordaens, Maulburch.

Few artists, even outstanding ones, have earned the honor of being the founders of this style in the art of painting. Rubens was an exception. He created an exciting, lively manner of artistic expression. This way of writing is inherent in his early work Saint George Slaying the Dragon. Rubens' style is characterized by showing large and heavy figures in action - they are excited and emotional. His paintings are endowed with great energy.

No one has been able to depict people and animals in mortal combat like Rubens.

Previously, artists studied tamed animals, they depicted them together with people. These works usually demonstrated anatomical knowledge about the structure of animals. Their images were taken from the stories of the Bible or myths. The artist's imagination generated real pictures of fighting people and animals in a real fight.

Other masters of painting also belong to this style, for example, Caravaggio and his followers. Their paintings are realistic and have gloomy colors.

Caravaggio is the most significant creator among Italian artists.

His paintings are based on religious subjects. He created the contrast of epochs between late antiquity and modern times.

Martha and Mary Magdalene, Caravaggio Musicians, Caravaggio Christ at the Pillar, Caravaggio

In Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia, Western Ukraine, Poland, Lithuania, the baroque style was intertwined with rococo trends. So, in France, classicism was considered the main style of the 17th century, while baroque was considered a side trend until the middle of the century, but later both directions merged into one big style.

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Organization scientific research v Russian Federation

The system of scientific institutions of the Russian Federation

Considering such a multifaceted phenomenon as science, one can distinguish three of its functions: a branch of culture, a way of knowing the world, a special institute (this concept includes not only higher educational institutions, but also scientific societies, academies, laboratories, magazines, etc.) .

In our country, an extensive network of institutions dealing with fundamental research in various industries National economy. These include:

1. Academy of Sciences of the Russian Federation (RAS);

2. branch academies of the Ministries (Academy of Medical Sciences of the Russian Federation, Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the Russian Federation, Academy of Construction and Architecture of the Russian Federation, etc.);

3. branch research institutes of the Ministries,
departments, universities.

The division of science into university, academic and sectoral science is largely conditional due to the close interaction of these detachments of a single Russian science.

In universities, which, according to data for 2002, in the Russian Federation are more than 500, scientific research is aimed at developing fundamental problems in the area for which this university trains specialists. An important place is also occupied by research on the problems of higher education, the improvement educational process, improving the quality of graduate training. At higher educational institutions with a high level of scientific research, scientific research institutes are being created, problematic research laboratories are operating (for example, at Moscow State University, South Ural State University).

Scientific - research work in high school

Her main feature- an organic combination of the educational process and scientific and research activities university staff. The pedagogical and scientific staff of universities, as well as students, take part in this work.

Research work (R&D) in universities has three main goals:

1) using the creative potential of universities to solve important economic problems of accelerating scientific and technological progress. Today, more than 300 thousand teachers work in the country's universities, including more than 15 thousand professors, doctors of sciences and over 150 thousand associate professors, candidates of sciences, which is about half of the country's scientists;

2) advanced training teaching staff;

3) improving the quality of training of graduates by improving the organization of the educational process, active participation them in scientific activity.

At the university, scientific work is headed by the vice-rector for scientific work and is regulated by a promising and annual plans research.

There are plans for state budget and contractual research projects. State budget research is carried out at the expense of national appropriations for the development of science; economic contracts - are carried out on the basis of direct economic contracts between the university and the customer, who finances the research.

To solve urgent scientific and technical problems, branch scientific and technical laboratories are being created in leading universities, working on the basis of economic agreements with a certain sector of the national economy.

One of the important areas of university science is research aimed at improving the educational process.

Participation in research work is the most important factor in improving the qualifications of teaching staff: firstly, personnel are trained highest qualification- candidates and doctors of sciences; secondly, erudition increases, the teacher's horizons expand; thirdly, the teacher can successfully carry out creative training of students, teach them how to use the acquired knowledge.

Features of the organization of scientific - research work of students

The modern scientific and technological revolution is a set of fundamental, qualitative changes technical means, technology, organization and production management based on new scientific principles. This revolution was prepared not only by the development of science and the productive forces, but also by the profound social changes that took place in society as a result of the world revolutionary process. The most important feature of the scientific and technological revolution lies in the immeasurably increased role of science in the development of productive forces, for the activation of which an increasing number of skilled workers are required.

In this regard, there is an objective need for the acquisition of scientific knowledge by all those involved in social production. It is impossible to imagine the ideal of the future society without combining education with the productive labor of the younger generation: neither training and education without productive labor, nor productive labor without parallel training and education could be raised to the height that the present level of technology and the state of scientific knowledge presuppose.

The carriers of scientific knowledge in social production are, first of all, scientists and engineering and technical workers who have a direct impact on all stages of production processes. The more highly educated people there are in the country, the more successfully the most important scientific, technical and production problems are solved. Therefore, in the conditions of modern scientific and technological revolution higher education acquires an important role, the scientific, technical, economic and military potential of the state largely depends on it.

A modern engineer, in contrast to an engineer of the early twentieth century, who, one might say, learned his profession once in his life, must continuously complete his studies. Therefore, in whatever field a specialist works, he must be dynamic, mobile, able to continuously improve his skills, be able to think creatively and independently solve fundamentally new problems, and adapt to rapidly changing conditions of activity. Therefore, it is critical for the graduate of higher educational institution acquires not only the mastery of the sum of specific knowledge and skills, but as the main goal - the ability to independently extract, acquire, systematize them.

Creative activity of the individual, reflecting high level the social maturity of a person is the result of the upbringing and self-education of the individual, training and the impact of public relations on it. In turn, creativity in the broad sense of the word can be defined as a natural-historical process of materialistic knowledge of the world.

Naturally, creative activity can be inherent in people in any sphere of social life: everywhere, performing certain duties, one can search and find more effective ways work, improve productivity. But creative activity is of particular importance in the field of science, art and social production, and it is here that it has a pronounced intellectual character and implies the presence and constant inclusion in one's activity of knowledge about the latest achievements of science, technology, technology and participation on this basis in their activities. development and improvement.

A feature of student scientific work is that its main task is not to solve the most important scientific problems, but to bring students closer to independent work, deepening their knowledge, developing a creative approach to solving problems. To improve the quality of student training, it is necessary to teach them not only to assimilate the available factual material, but also to develop their own solutions.

The development of a student's creative activity is possible only in the process of collective research activity, when performing creative work, setting up experiments, discussing the results of the study, etc.

For the successful implementation of student research work, the following basic conditions must be met:

1. Active participation of students in scientific work throughout the entire period of study.

2. Consistent increase in the complexity of the tasks to be solved with a gradual orientation of the student in the direction of the profile of his specialization.

3. Ensuring continuity in the performance of scientific work by each student.

4. Ensuring continuity in the scientific work of senior and junior students,

5. Close connection of scientific work of students with scientific and academic work departments.

6. The scientific work of students is an integral part curriculum university and is organized on the basis of the "Regulations on the scientific work of students".

main role in the organization of research work of students plays a major department. It develops the forms of research activities of students, determines the main directions in which the topics are formed. These areas should reflect the specifics of the future specialty and be closely related to the scientific areas of the departments. The scientific work of students has two main forms. The first of them is carried out in scientific circles, student design bureaus, contract laboratories, etc. This work not only develops independence skills, but also contributes to the development of increased abilities, the formation of future scientists. The second form - educational and research work of students - is obligatory for all students, it is provided for by curricula.

Involvement of junior students in the implementation of design and research work together with undergraduates ensures the continuity of scientific research, broadens the horizons of young researchers. It is very useful to help junior students to undergraduate students doing coursework or diploma design, thanks to which they learn the nature of their future work, accumulate work experience, and get a clear idea of ​​the specifics of the study from its beginning to completion. At the same time, the scientific and methodological skills of senior students, acting as "micro-leaders", are being improved. Starting research work in junior courses, favorable conditions are created for the development of individual topics into course and diploma projects.

Management scientific work students - one of the duties of the teaching staff of the university. The quality of leadership, its level determine the success of the work. Experience shows that one teacher can successfully supervise the work of four or five students.

Summing up the results of students' research work is one of the forms of its control. These results are summed up at the scientific seminars of the department, scientific and technical conferences of the faculty, university. Best works are published in the scientific press, reported at regional and republican conferences, nominated for competitions of student works.

The system of training scientific and scientific - teaching staff in the Russian Federation

In connection with the rapid development of science, the need for highly qualified scientific personnel is constantly increasing.

The training of highly qualified personnel is one of the main organizational tasks of science. Experience shows that this factor largely determines the level of development of science and production in a country, the degree of its technical progress.

The main and well-established form of training scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel in our country is postgraduate study. The most capable and trained specialists are selected into it, as a rule, after a certain period of their production activity (at least two years).

Along with the traditional form of training scientific and pedagogical personnel through postgraduate studies, the training of these personnel from among applicants is widespread. degree. Applicants are attached to research institutes or universities for delivery candidate exams, as well as the preparation of a dissertation under the supervision of a supervisor on the job.

The training of doctors of sciences is carried out from among the most actively leading scientific activity candidates of sciences working in universities, research institutes and in production. A doctoral dissertation is a significant step in science associated with the development of new scientific directions and the solution of major scientific problems that have important economic importance. One of the forms of training doctors of sciences is doctoral studies, which consists in the release of candidates of sciences under the age of 40 from their main production activity for a period of 3 years to complete work on a dissertation and introduce its results into production.

The defense of candidate and doctoral dissertations is carried out in specialized dissertation councils in universities and research institutes. To assess the quality of dissertations and their compliance with the requirements, the academic council appoints official opponents from among the leading scientists in the field and the leading enterprise, which present official conclusions on the dissertation. Supervises all dissertations certifying commission, which includes the leading scientists of the country. The academic titles of associate professor and professor to employees of universities and research institutes are currently assigned by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation.

Bibliography.

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2. Vernadsky, V.I. Works on the general history of science / V.I. Vernadsky. -M.: Progress, 1988.

3. Danilov, V.S. New technocratic wave in the West / V.S. Danilov. -M.: Mir, 1986.

4. Dobrov, G.M. Science about science / G.M. Dobrov. - Kiev: Nauk. thought, 1989.

5. Ilyin, V.V. The nature of science / V.V. Ilyin, A.T. Kalinkin. - M.: Progress, 1985.

6. Yordanov, I. Science as a logical and social system / I. Yordanov. - Kiev: Nauk. thought, 1979.

7. Kozlov, A.V. Fundamentals of scientific research: Tutorial/ A.V. Kozlov, B.A. Reshetnikov, S.V. Sergeev. - Chelyabinsk: Ed. ChGTU, 1997.

8. Kochergin, A.M. Methods and forms of scientific knowledge / A.M. Kochergin. - M.: Nauka, 1990.

9. Kukk, V.A. To the question of the principles of delimitation of spheres social activities: Tem. Sat. scientific tr. / V.A. Kukk.- Chelyabinsk: ChGTU, 1996

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11. Lakatos, I. Methodology of research programs // Questions of Philosophy / I. Lakatos. - 1995. - No. 4.

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1. Characteristic features of the Baroque style

2. Architecture during the period of the Ukrainian or “Cossack” Baroque

3. Development of image-making and arts and crafts

Visnovki

Literature

The Baroque style has called the whole epoch in the history of mysticism. Previously, this style was interpreted as a way of entering into ethical norms. The thought was introduced into obіg by theoreticians of classicism, nibi doba baroque - tse incomprehensibility in art, second storіchne panuvannya nesmak; nachebto baroque podtochilo and vreshti-resht razruynuvala culture Renaissance. French encyclopaedists, German and other European philosophers of classical orientation looked at the analysis of the art of the 17th – first half of the 18th century. as if in such a way that it is not possible to zip with different supermundane things. Apparently, the word “baroque” became a term with a noticeable negative connotation: “wonderful”, “wonderful”, “chimerical”. From the look of the classicists, one could talk about the baroque and write less with irony. Glances at the baroque gave signs of installation on the forbidden values ​​of the fall. Baroque was called not only “western style”. Navit if the scientific view of the entire style was established, some of the centuries still doubted whether it was in the new advanced, progressively equal to the Renaissance.

The rethinking of the role of the Baroque in the world culture was brought about by the stagnation in the XIX century - on the cob of the XX century. about baroque elements in painting, architecture, in magazine and book graphics, in decorative art. Brandings and osmiyavanni earlier vikrutasya, chimeras and supermundaneness of the baroque knew the rose of new generations of mitts. In a nіbito unhappy heaped embellishment, allegory and the emblems of the mitzvah of the militia of the different krai rozgladіl string system to understand and meaning, narrow-minded moods and ideas of the artists in tієї doby.

Baroque - style in the art of the late 16th - mid-18th centuries. Appearing in architecture, painting, literature and music A characteristic feature of the baroque is the penetration of the secular svetoglyad in the sphere of artistic activity. The monumentality of forms, expressiveness, the introduction of allegories and symbols, decorative ornamentation, splendor and urochism, which are familiar baroque, were known in the art of this period. The difference between the baroque principles and the national folk tradition marked the originality of its variants. Specifically, baroque drawings, as they appeared in all types of art - architecture, painting and graphic arts, sculpture, artistic metal and craftsmanship. The development of the arts has sprung up the presentation of philosophical thoughts, science, and literature. Coming to the change of artistic culture Revival and Mannerism, the baroque brought new possibilities for art, which was especially clearly manifested in the synthesis of art, in the creation of grandiose mіsk and park ensembles.

Baroque is characterized by urological cleanliness and striking effects, dynamic composition and decorative painting. In the architecture, the design was revealed in primal plans, great contrasts of volumes, overwhelming sculptural ambiances, light-brown and color effects. Baroque painting and sculpture are distinguished by decorative theatrical compositions, subtle coloring and lighting effects.

The theoretical basis for the Ukrainian literature of the baroque was provided by the courses of rhetoric and poetics, as they were read in those schools, and forwarded to the Kiev Academy. The scribes, in the works of some of the most varied, appeared as baroque figures and vikladachis of the academy. First, show your memory in Ukraine between the 16th and 17th centuries.

The baroque style in music is characterized by grandeur, pictoriality, decorativeness, drama, burying in the inner world of human feelings, the synthesis of mysticism (in the genres of opera, oratoria, cantati) and at the same time exalting music into words (development of instrumental music).

In the midst of the power of the Renaissance culture, the manifestation of harmony and the lawfulness of buttya and the boundless possibility of people, the Baroque aesthetics was on the colossus between people and the outer world, between ideological and sensitive needs, people were calmed down by the rose of mind and nature.

At the same time, the baroque culture is far away from sentimental sleazyness or passive prudence. Її the hero is a special character of the world with a strong-willed and even more distinguished rational beginning, artistic talents and even more often noble in his vchinkah.

In the baroque art, one can feel the pain of a special self-reliance, the “abandonment” of a person, who is arbitrarily in the day after the constant search for a “spent paradise”. In these whispers, baroque mitzvahs are constantly ringing between asceticism and hedonism, heaven and earth, God and the devil. In the image-creating art for baroque creations, it is typical to turn to religious plots, de artists, nasamper, to sing the plots of miracles and martyrdom, the power of baroque stylistics, hyperbolicity, affectation, pathos clearly manifested itself.

Baroque is art, based on contrasts, asymmetries.

One of the main rices of the baroque culture, not only aristocratic, but also the lower classes of the peasantry, є pulls to the synthesis of different types and genres of creativity.

Baroque is one of the significant styles in cultural life Europe. He achieved the greatest popularity in such countries as Germany, Spain, Russia, France. Italy is considered its homeland. The Baroque era covers about two centuries - from the end of the 16th to the middle of the 18th century.

The hallmarks of this style include pomposity, solemnity and splendor. Moreover, baroque covers not only artistic creativity, literature and painting, but also the way of thinking of a person, his existence, and also, to some extent, science.

The works of this time are expressive and expressive, they are characterized by the sophistication of forms, the creation of an illusory space, as well as a bizarre play of shadow and light.

The Baroque era gave life to science. It was at this time that biology, anatomy, physics and chemistry, and other disciplines began to develop. Previously, their study was severely punished by the ministers of the church.

Wars, epidemics of various diseases, such as plague and smallpox, various led to the fact that a person felt unprotected and confused. His future was uncertain. More and more minds were seized by various superstitions and fears. At the same time, the church splits into two religious camps - Protestants and Catholics, which also gives rise to many squabbles and battles.

All this leads to a new understanding of the Lord as the Creator of the universe. God was considered only as the creator of the essential, while man controlled the living and the inanimate.

The Baroque era is also characterized by active colonization - English settlements are formed in the Old and New Worlds.

The architecture of that time is rich in colonnades, an abundance of various decorations on the facades and in the interior. Multi-tiered domes of a complex, multi-level structure also predominate. The most famous architects of that time include Michelangelo Buonarroti, Carlo Maderna, Nikolai Sultanov.

The painting of this era is dominated by religious and mythological motifs, as well as ceremonial portraits. Quite often, the paintings depicted the Madonna surrounded by angels. Most of the Baroque - Michelangelo Merisi, Iasento Rigaud, Peter Paul Rubens.

It was at this time that such as opera and fugue were born. Music becomes more expressive. Baroque composers - Johann Sebastian Bach, Antonio Vivaldi, Giovanni Gabrieli. As you can see, many outstanding personalities worked at that time.

The Baroque era is one of the most significant in the history of human development. It was at this time that new styles were born in literature, music, painting, architecture. New views on religion and man are being formed. There are new directions in science. Despite some pomposity, this period gave world culture a lot of cultural monuments, which are highly valued in our time. The names of masters and artists of the Baroque era are still thundering all over the world.

The logical continuation of this style was Rococo, which was formed in the first half of the 18th century. He managed to maintain his position until the end of the 18th century.