Characteristics of the main explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language. Characteristics of explanatory dictionaries
Structure and content independent work students
Forms and methods of teaching
List of sources and literature
1. Mokienko V.M. Slavic phraseology. M., 1989.
2. Podyukov I.A. Folk phraseology in the mirror of folk culture. Perm, 1990.
3. Sidorenko M. I. Paradigmatic relations of phraseological units in modern Russian. L., 1982.
4. Linguistic appearance of the Ural city. Sverdlovsk, 1990.
5. Dibrova E.I., Kasatkin L.L., Shcheboleva I.I. Modern Russian
language. - Rostov n / D, 1997. - S.281 - 304, 321 - 358.
6. Shansky N.M., Ivanov V.V. Modern Russian language: in 3 hours, Part 1.
- M., 1981. - S.78 - 91.
7. See the list of references for topic 12.
Not included in the program
Forms and methods of work:
Traditional - 80%;
Interactive - 20%:
A) presentation of definitions, classifications (at each lecture);
B) writing creative works or creating presentations with their subsequent display and discussion in a group (topics Nos. 11, 12);
C) final testing as admission to the exam.
In the process of performing independent work, the following important tasks are solved:
Educational (systematization and consolidation of knowledge),
Developing (development of memory, thinking, speech),
Educational (education of the skills of a culture of mental work, self-organization and self-control, etc.).
1) Note taking v workbook:
a) 4 topics have been submitted for independent study: lectures are not given on the first two, but they are held workshops; on the third and fourth, lecture material is read, but practical classes are not conducted;
b) when distance learning summaries are compiled on almost all topics as self-study during the intersessional period.
Topic 1.Lexicology as a branch of the science of language
The subject and tasks of "Lexicology";
Approaches to the study of the vocabulary of the Russian language;
The place of vocabulary in the hierarchy of language levels;
Features of the lexical level of the language;
The connection of lexicology with other branches of the science of language and subjects of the linguistic cycle (phonetics, morphology, syntax, stylistics, culture of speech, dialectology, etc.).
Abstract volume- 2-3 pages.
Topic 2History and typology of dictionaries; Reflection of the lexical system in dictionaries
The abstract should include the following information:
The concept of lexicography;
Origins and traditions of Russian lexicography: the first dictionaries and lexicons;
Dictionary as a special genre of reference literature, encyclopedic and explanatory dictionary;
Typology of philological dictionaries;
Modern explanatory and aspect dictionaries of the Russian language;
Characteristics of explanatory dictionaries: Dictionary of V.I.
3. publisher, year of publication (first).
4. The tasks of the dictionary, the addressee (to whom it is intended).
5. Number of dictionary entries.
6. Principles of material selection.
7. The structure of the introductory part.
8. Order of submission of words.
9. The structure of the dictionary entry.
10. System of litters and symbols.
11. Ways of interpreting words.
12. The nature of the illustrative material.
13. Reflection of homonymy and polysemy.
14. Reflections of phraseology.
15. Additional Information in a dictionary entry.
16. Conclusions about the similarities and differences between these dictionaries, identifying the features of each of them.
Abstract volume - 7-8 pages .
Topic 3. Reflection of the lexical system in dictionaries
The abstract should include the following information:
The structure of the dictionary entry;
The main ways of interpreting the meanings of words;
Reflection of epidigmatic, paradigmatic and syntagmatic connections of words in the explanatory dictionary, in aspect dictionaries.
Abstract volume- 2-3 pages.
Topic 4.Formation of the lexical system. Types of system relations. .
The abstract should include the following information:
The concept of the language system in general and the lexical system in particular, the discovery of the systemic nature of vocabulary;
The main types of systemic relations in vocabulary (epidigmatic, or derivational; paradigmatic; syntagmatic);
Lexical paradigmatics as one of the main types of system connections;
Verbal oppositions and classes of words as the minimum and maximum manifestation of lexical paradigmatics;
Basic law of lexical syntagmatics; contextual analysis of the meaning of a word as a technique to identify typical compatibility (syntagmatics) of meanings.
Abstract volume - 5-6 pages.
2) Working with a monograph(performed in the workbook).
Topic: The word and its lexical meaning. Typology of LZ.
Describe the main types of lexical meanings identified by VV Vinogradov. Designate the components of the lexical meaning of the word (Sternin)
Abstract volume- 4-5 pages.
When taking notes, be sure to indicate the number of pages of the monograph.
Monograph (article):
Vinogradov V.V. The main types of lexical meanings of words // Izbr.tr. Lexicology and lexicography (any edition).
Sternin I.A. The lexical meaning of a word in speech. Voronezh, 1985. S.40-43, 54-78.
Topic: Synonymy as a vivid reflection of lexical paradigmatics
Select and outline the problems of synonymy that interest you. Show the common and different between synonymy and antonymy, as well as compare synonyms with other phenomena of lexical paradigmatics. Reflect different points view on some issues of synonymy and form your own idea of them.
Abstract volume- 4-5 pages.
Monograph:
1. Bragina A.A. Synonyms in the literary language. M., 1986.
2. Novikov L.A. Antonymy in Russian. M., 1973. p. 158-181.
Topic: Paronymy as a manifestation of paradigmatic connections in vocabulary
Pay attention to the typology of paronyms, to their signs. Explain the difference between paronymy and paronomasia. Highlight any problems of paronymy that interest you. Show different points of view on paronymy.
Abstract volume- 4-5 pages.
Monographs:
1. Vishnyakova O.V. "Paronyms of the modern Russian language". M. 1981 (any edition).
2. Kolesnikov N.P. Dictionary of paronyms. Tbilisi University Press, 1971 (any edition). Preface to the dictionary.
3) Performing verification work on lexicography and system relations in lexicon.
Verification work contains:
a) 4 theoretical questions on knowledge of the typology, characteristics and features of specific explanatory dictionaries;
b) 4 practical tasks for knowledge of phenomena that reflect epidigmatic and paradigmatic connections in vocabulary (polysemy, homonymy, synonymy, antonymy, paronymy, paronomasia, etc.) and the ability to determine the types of lexical oppositions.
Verification work is performed on a separate sheet.
Job evaluation:
a) Each correct answer is worth 5 points.
Sample questions:
1. What is the uniqueness of the SSRL in 17 volumes?
2. What is the difference in the litter system of the Dictionary of S.I. Ozhegov and BAS?
3. Name the types of interpretations of words.
4. What dictionaries reflect the systemic aspect of learning vocabulary?
b) each task contains 10 positions and is evaluated accordingly by 10 points (subject to a correct answer);
The maximum score for a job is 60.
Job evaluation
Sample tasks:
1. Define the types of portable values:
1) oily look;
2) the school went on strike, etc.
2. Determine the types of homonyms:
1) a simple story - easy to work with;
2) the fox went into the woods, etc.
3. Mark the No. of sentences containing contextual antonyms:
a) You cannot rejoice in health without illness (last).
b) This is not beauty, but prettiness, etc.
4. Determine the nature of the oppositions:
1) Deep - deep
2) Monogamy - monogamy
3) Courtier - feigned, etc.
4) Performance of control work throughout the course.
Test involves lexical analysis of the text and contains practical tasks throughout the course on the example of one fragment.
There are 10 tasks in the work, each of which is evaluated by 5 points; the maximum number of points is 50.
The work is done on sheets A-4 in printed form (a fragment of the text is attached).
Sample tasks:
1. Based on dictionary definitions, determine the macrocomponent and microcomponent structure of one of the text semes.
2. Highlight words in the text with a connotative meaning component, determine how to create a connotation.
3. Find words in the text that demonstrate different types lexical meanings. Illustrate the LP not presented in the text with your own examples.
4. Give a description of the words of the text according to paradigmatic (genus-species, synonymic, antonymic, homonymous, paronymic) relationships based on the appropriate dictionaries. If such connections are not observed within the text, then show the possibility of the words of your text entering into these connections. Briefly describe the composed verbal oppositions. Note cases of contextual synonymy and antonymy.
5. Within the text, identify all possible LSH and thematic groups. Combining words into lexico-semantic groups, supplement them with lexemes not presented in the text.
6. Indicate common vocabulary and vocabulary that is limited in its use; qualify your choice.
7. Highlight the vocabulary of the passive dictionary. Determine the types of obsolete or new words.
8. Find in the text words with pronounced signs of their origin (actually Russian, Old Slavic, other borrowings).
9. Set the presence of stable turns in the text. Highlight phraseological units and make a voluminous "portrait" of phraseological units. If phraseological units are absent in the text, then highlight the words that can be components of phraseological units.
10. Make a general conclusion about the nature and style of the text. Are unusual (occasional) word usages characteristic of the text? If yes, what is the reason for this phenomenon?
When performing work, it is necessary to rely on the corresponding types of dictionaries; references to them should be made during the analysis. At the end of the work, it is necessary to indicate all the used dictionaries, reference books and manuals with accurate bibliographic data.
Teaching materials:
The most important type of a monolingual linguistic dictionary is an explanatory dictionary containing words with an explanation of their meanings, grammatical and stylistic characteristics. The first explanatory dictionary proper was the six-volume "Dictionary of the Russian Academy", published in 1789-1794. and containing 43,257 words taken from modern secular and spiritual books, as well as from ancient Russian writing. The 2nd edition, entitled "Dictionary of the Russian Academy, arranged in alphabetical order" was published in 1806-1822. and contained 51,388 words. The 3rd edition of the academic dictionary was published in 1847 in the four-volume Dictionary of the Church Slavonic and Russian Language, which included 114,749 words.
A valuable lexicographic aid was published in 1863-1866. the four-volume "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" by V.I. Dahl (8th edition - in 1981-1982). Having put folk speech as the basis of the dictionary, including in it the vocabulary of common, dialectal, bookish. Dahl sought to reflect in it all the lexical richness of the Russian language (about 200 thousand words and 30 thousand proverbs and sayings). The weak side of Dahl's activity was his desire to prove the uselessness of most of the words of foreign origin, an attempt to introduce non-existent words that he himself composed as their equivalents, a tendentious explanation of the meanings of many words of socio-political vocabulary.
In 1895, the first volume of a new academic dictionary was published, edited by Ya. K. Grot, containing 21,648 words. Then the dictionary was published in separate issues until 1930.
The most important role in the history of lexicography Soviet era played the four-volume "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" edited by D. N. Ushakov, published in 1934-1940. In the dictionary, numbering 85,289 words, many issues of normalizing the Russian language, streamlining word usage, shaping, and pronunciation were resolved. Dictionary built on vocabulary works of art, journalism, scientific literature. In 1947-1948. The dictionary was republished photomechanically.
On the basis of the dictionary edited by D. N. Ushakov in 1949, S. I. Ozhegov created a one-volume Dictionary of the Russian Language, containing over 52 thousand words. The dictionary has been repeatedly reprinted, starting from the 9th edition, edited by N. Yu. Shvedova. In 1989, the 21st edition of the dictionary was published, supplemented and revised (70 thousand words).
In 1950-1965. was published seventeen-volume academic "Dictionary of modern Russian literary language"(including 120,480 words). The meanings of words and the features of their use are illustrated in it with examples from the literature of the 19th-20th centuries of various styles and genres. A grammatical description of words is given, features of their pronunciation are noted, normative stylistic marks are given, information on word formation is provided, etymological references are given.
In 1957-1961. A four-volume academic Dictionary of the Russian Language was published, containing 82,159 words, covering the common vocabulary and phraseology of the Russian literary language from Pushkin to the present day. The 2nd, revised and expanded edition of the dictionary was published in 1981-1984. (editor-in-chief A.P. Evgenyeva).
In 1981, the School Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language was published by M. S. Lapatukhin, E. V. Skorlupovskaya, G. P. Svetova, edited by F. P. Filin.
Explanatory dictionaries occupy a central place in modern lexicography. The explanatory dictionary is intended for a wide range of readers; it is not only a reference tool, but also a means of teaching people, expanding the range of their language understanding.
It is no coincidence that, historically, explanatory dictionaries began to be compiled first of all.
Thus, the lexical wealth of the Russian language was first presented in the Dictionary of the Russian Academy, published in 1783-1794. The materials for the dictionary were collected by D. I. Fonvizin, G. R. Derzhavin, I. F. Bogdanovich, A. I. Musin-Pushkin and others famous figures Russian literature. This dictionary was subsequently revised and published in 1806-1822.
The next explanatory dictionary of the Russian language was compiled by P. Sokolov and published in 1834 under the title "General Slavic Russian Dictionary". The author of the dictionary participated in the work on compiling the first two academic dictionaries, so he transferred many articles from there. Interpretations of words are given more successfully, the grammatical characteristics of the word are described in more detail.
In 1847 Russian Academy Sciences carried out the publication of a new explanatory dictionary, which was republished without changes in 1867.
1. A special page in the history of Russian lexicography is occupied by the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language by V.I.
The dictionary of V. I. Dahl is a unique phenomenon in Russian lexicography. Its author changed a number of professions during his long life: after training in the Naval Corps, he served as a sailor, then, having graduated Faculty of Medicine Dorpat University, worked as a doctor in active army then held positions of responsibility in public service, acted as a novelist. V. I. Dal worked on the dictionary almost all his life (the first words he wrote down when he was 19 years old, the last - a week before his death) and compiled it personally. About his work on the dictionary, V.I. Dal said this in his “Say Word”, prefaced by the dictionary: “... it was not written by a teacher, not by a mentor, not by one who knows the matter better than others, but who worked on it more than many; a student who has been collecting all his life bit by bit what he heard from his teacher, the living Russian language.
Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary differs from previous dictionaries in that it most fully represents the vocabulary that characterizes the life of the Russian people - crafts, customs, objects of material and spiritual culture. The position of the author in relation to the vernacular language is formulated quite clearly in the “Password”: “... one cannot dispute the self-truth that the living vernacular language, which has preserved the spirit in its freshness of life, which gives the language stamina, strength, clarity, integrity and beauty, should serve source and treasury for the development of educated Russian speech instead of our current language ... ".
In the dictionary of V. I. Dahl, words of the literary language and dialect, common and professional, native Russian and borrowed words found their place. Wed words that appeared as capital letters on one page of the dictionary: hymn, hymnot (zool. term.), gini (marine term.), hyperbole, hippopotamus, hypothesis, gypsum, girvas (dial.), girgotat (dial.), weight (dial.), girlo (dial.), garland, gircha (biol.), kettlebell, guitar, etc.
This is the largest dictionary in terms of volume: it contains 200 thousand words. The dictionary reflects the lexical composition of the Russian language of the second half of XIX v.
The author of the "Explanatory Dictionary ..." refused the alphabetical arrangement of words. In the "Password" he wrote: "... this method is extremely stupid and dry. The closest and akin utterances ... are carried far apart and languish here and there in solitude; every living connection of speech is broken and lost... The second way, the root word, is very difficult in practice, because the knowledge of the roots forms in itself a whole science and requires the study of all native languages. In the article “On the Russian Dictionary”, he proposed to place words in nests: “... all one-nests are put in a heap, and one word is easily explained by another ... walking, walking, walking, and so on are, as it were, in one general article,. ..in which they are placed for convenience. In other words, words of the same root that begin with the same letter are combined in one dictionary entry. Most often, verbs act as headwords, but there can also be nouns, adjectives ... Therefore, derivatives are included in the dictionary entry with the headword stand: stand, stand, stand, stand, stand, stand, stand, stand, stand, stand , riser, stand-up, stand-up and many others.
V. I. Dal had a negative attitude towards explaining the meaning of a word through the disclosure of a concept. He wrote in "Password": General definitions words and the objects and concepts themselves is an almost impossible and, moreover, useless task. It is the wiser, the simpler, more everyday the subject ... The transfer and explanation of one word to others, and even more so to a dozen others, of course, is more intelligible than any definition, and examples explain the matter even more. Therefore, the dictionary makes extensive use of explanations of the meaning of a word through synonyms; a lot of information about the objects of national life, crafts, customs, for example:
KAFTAN, m. Tatarsk. upper, long-skirted men's dress of different cuts: zapashny, with a slanting collar, chapan, sermyaga, cloth, coat; usually the caftan is not sewn from homespun cloth, but from blue cloth; it is round, with burs, coachman, German or split at the back, short or semi-caftan, Siberian, straight or caftan, Cossack, Cossack; French kaft., wide-brimmed, round tailcoat, as worn in the last century; uniform caftan, sertuk with an embroidered standing collar. Camp caftan, old, oblique, with wide sleeves.
The illustrative material in the "Explanatory Dictionary ..." by V. I. Dahl is mainly proverbs and sayings. More than 30,000 of them are scattered in four volumes. This is a storehouse of folk wisdom. So, for example, in an old article there are 45 of them:
Old love is remembered for a long time; Whoever remembers the old - that eye out; Fetinya is old, but Fedot is sweet; Seek new happiness, but do not lose the old; The old raven will not croak in vain: either there was something, or there will be something; The drake is old, but the ear is sweet; The old horse does not spoil the furrow; And you can't exchange an old cuckoo for a hawk; Young for battle, and old for thought; To teach the old to heal the dead; The belly of the old friendship does not remember, etc.
In the dictionary of V. I. Dahl, the system of stylistic marks is very limited. The author wrote about this in the “Wayward Word”: “The dictionary is compiled for Russians, why I hardly make notes about how much the word is in use, whether it has become vulgar, in what stratum of society it lives, and so on. In this, let everyone judge and judge according to his own taste: with the precariousness of our unsteady language, it is impossible to draw a strict line or line here.
Grammatical marks are also very modest: for nouns - an indication of gender, for verbs - control and some. others
Despite the fact that the dictionary of V. I. Dahl cannot serve as a reference on the culture of speech for a modern native speaker of the Russian language, despite outdated explanations of words, errors in the arrangement of words in nests (for example, in the article bandage as single-root included a parcel, bando, bandaler), it hasn't lost" value so far.
"The Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" by V. I. Dahl was highly appreciated both during the author's lifetime and in Soviet times.
This dictionary was highly appreciated by V. I. Lenin in a letter to A. V. Lunacharsky (January 18, 1920): “A magnificent thing,” he wrote and added, “... but this is a regional dictionary, and outdated” (Poly collected works - T. 51. - S. 122).
In a letter to M. N. Pokrovsky (May 5, 1920), V. I. Lenin wrote about the need to create a dictionary of a new type: “I happened to talk with Comrade Lunacharsky about the need to publish a good dictionary of the Russian language. Not like Dahl, but a dictionary for the use (and teaching) of everyone, a dictionary, so to speak, of the classical, modern Russian language (from Pushkin to Gorky, or something, approximately) ”(Pol. sobr. soch. - T. 51.- C 192).
2. V. I. Lenin emphasized the didactic aspect of the new dictionary, seeing in it not only a reference manual, but also a means of teaching wide circles of Soviet people who were accustomed to knowledge
after October revolution. And such a dictionary is the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, ed. D. N. Ushakov (in 4 volumes) - was created by a group of scientists (V. V. Vinogradov, G. O. Vinokur, B. A. Larin, S. I. Ozhegov, B. V. Tomashevsky, D. N. Ushakov). It was published in 1935-1940.
The volume of the dictionary is 85,289 words. The normativity of the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" is achieved both by the selection of vocabulary, and by the system of labels, and by illustrative material.
“The bulk of it is the words of our classical literature from Pushkin to Gorky and the generally accepted scientific, business and book language that developed during the 19th century, - write the compilers of the dictionary in the introductory article to the dictionary. - But it also includes new words that have come into general use, in particular compound abbreviated words like: collective farm, wages, words from different fields of technology ... as well as words from the field of socio-political terminology.
The arrangement of words in this dictionary is strictly alphabetical. Explanations of the meanings of the word are short and clear.
Illustrative material occupies a large place in the dictionary. These are either quotations from fiction, journalistic and other literature, or phrases compiled by the authors of the dictionary.
So, for example, the word swell in the first meaning (‘small disturbance without wind on the water surface of the sea, rivers, lakes’) is illustrated by the following examples: The lake turned into a swell. Dead swell.
The second meaning is ‘waves, mostly of the sea’: You are a great swell, you are a sea swell! (Tyutchev). The humble sail of the fishermen glides bravely among the swells (Pushkin).
The dictionary contains examples not only for the main meanings of the word, but also for shades of meanings, for phraseological units. For example, the word star has many meanings. The interpretation of each meaning is accompanied by texts that show the compatibility of the word, its use:
1. Heavenly body, glowing with its own light, which appears to the gaze of a person as a luminous point in the firmament of heaven. 3. sixth magnitude (aster). A sky dotted with stars. The sky is transparent, the stars are shining (Pushkin). Who, under the stars and under the moon, rides a horse so late? (Pushkin).
2. trans. A celebrity, a person outstanding in his talents and social merits (book rhetoric.). 3. our literature. 3. screen.
3. trans. Happiness predetermined by fate, auspicious destiny, good luck ... Z. glory. Believe in your star. To be born under a lucky, unfortunate star. 3. mine rolled up. The third meaning has a connotation: a person (predominantly a woman) as the embodiment of happiness predetermined by fate (poet, obsolete).
You look at the stars, my clear (V. Solovyov). 3. my happiness. But where is Zarema, the star of love, the beauty of the harem? (Pushkin).
4. Thing, object, like, in the shape of a star. Five-pointed z. Cut out a paper star. Draw a star. The first snow flashes, curls, falling like stars on the shore (Pushkin).
5. An integral part of the names of animals and plants that look like stars (bot., zool.). Marine (animal). Frog h. (plant). There are not enough stars from the sky (colloquial, ironic) - about a mentally handicapped person. A falling star (obsolete) - a meteor. Ah, my youth quickly flashed like a falling star (Pushkin).
In the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, a system of labels has been developed in sufficient detail to help the reader use the word correctly from the point of view of style, the scope of the use of the word is defined, and borrowed words have indications from which language the word came to Russian. All words are provided with a sufficient number of grammatical marks.
DISHARMONY, and, pl. no, w. [from Latin, prefix dis times- and
words harmony. 1. Violation of harmony, discordant combination of sounds (music). 2. trans. Lack of agreement, discrepancy in something (book).
This small dictionary entry contains a lot of information about the word:
a) from the point of view of grammar, the word disharmony is a feminine noun, in the genitive case singular has the ending -i, is used only in the singular;
b) in the first sense, the word is a musical term;
c) in the second figurative meaning the word disharmony is stylistically colored: it is used in book speech.
The publication of the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, edited by D.N. Ushakov, was regarded in the press as a great cultural achievement, because in the process of working on the dictionary, the vocabulary of the Russian literary language was studied, including the 30s. our century. The work on the dictionary had a huge impact on subsequent Russian lexicography, as well as on the practice of creating dictionaries of the national languages of the USSR.
In 1947-1948. The Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, edited by D.N. Ushakov, was republished without changes, since there was a noticeable shortage of such reference literature.
However, it was clear that by this time the dictionary was already somewhat outdated: there were no new words that were actively included in the vocabulary of the literary language in the military and post-war years; explanations of some words have become obsolete. For example, a minister, a general, a soldier are interpreted in the dictionary as historicisms, that is, words denoting realities that were only in the past; Meanwhile, since the Great Patriotic War these words are active.
In addition, the norms of pronunciation of a number of words and their stylistic characteristics have changed.
Clearly aware of all the shortcomings of the dictionary edited by D. N. Ushakov, one of its compilers, S. I. Ozhegov, set about creating a more modern and more compact dictionary of the Russian language.
3. The one-volume "Dictionary of the Russian Language" by S.I. Ozhegov is the most common explanatory dictionary of the modern Russian language. “Initially, on the very eve of the Great Patriotic
war, this dictionary was conceived as an abbreviated dictionary of Ushakov, - wrote S. I. Ozhegov in the preface to the fourth edition of the dictionary, - ... but already the first edition of 1949 was not a simple abbreviation of Ushakov’s dictionary: observations on the development modern language allowed me to clarify the definitions of the meaning of words, their stylistic characteristics, normative recommendations, questions of word selection ”(Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language.- M., 1960.-
The first editions of S.I. Ozhegov’s “Dictionary of the Russian Language” reflected the norms of the literary language of the middle of the 20th century, which were clearly defined; it has become a popular vocabulary.
The normativity of S.I. Ozhegov's dictionary manifested itself, firstly, in the selection of vocabulary. The author wrote: “Average, and even more so short dictionary includes only vocabulary that is relevant to modern times, practically possible in certain styles of modern use, necessary for language service of the diverse needs of the modern public ”(Ozhego in S.I. On three types of explanatory dictionaries of the modern Russian language” // Ozhegov S. I. Lexicology, Lexicography, Culture of Speech, Moscow, 1974, p. 170.
In subsequent editions, the composition of the dictionary was updated, and clarifications were made to the interpretation of words and illustrative material. After the death of the author in 1965, this dictionary, starting from 1972, was published under the editorship of Professor N. Yu. Shvedova.
The dictionary of S. I. Ozhegov is an example of a normative explanatory dictionary. Its normativity is manifested primarily in the selection
vocabulary: the vocabulary includes the most common words of the modern Russian literary language. It is characteristic that during reprints, the author (and then the editor) included new words such as gazik, handball, potassium permanganate, mime, parameter, mormyshka, etc. in the dictionary, and excluded clearly outdated or highly specialized words and meanings (for example, Asiatic, Halleluyshchik , blotting machine, cut-machine, diabase, hemophilia, etc.).
The arrangement of words in the dictionary of S. I. Ozhegov is alphabetic-nested, which significantly saves space in the dictionary. For example, in the dictionary entry PYATAK the words are given: pyatakovy, pyatyachok, pyatachkovy, and in the article SETTING - derivatives from it: quartering, quartering, quartering, billeting.
The illustrative material in the dictionary of S. I. Ozhegov is mainly short sentences or phrases compiled by the author. They complement the brief interpretation, show the typical connections of the given word with other words, pointing out the shades, the meaning of phraseological units with the given word. For instance:
SINNY, -ya, -her; blue, blue, blue. 1. Having the color of one of the primary colors of the spectrum - the middle between purple and green. C. color. Blue paint. Blue sky. Blue cornflowers. 2. About the skin: very pale, acquired a shade of this color. Hands blue with cold. Blue face. ♦ Bluestocking (disapproved) - a dry pedant, devoid of femininity and immersed in bookish, abstract interests. II decrease. little blue, th, th.
The normativity of S. I. Ozhegov's dictionary also lies in a branched system of labels that characterize the word from different angles: stress in the headword and its forms, grammatical, stylistic, and other labels. For instance:
CLEAN, I take, you take; -al, -ala, -alo; tidied up, owls, that (colloquial). 1. Slightly clean, put in order. II. room or in the room. P. on the table. 2. Remove, put somewhere. I. books in the closet. ♦ To seize someone's something - to completely subjugate someone. or take possession of something, take possession of something. || nesov. tidy up, -ay, -ayesh || noun tidy, -and, well. (to 1 value). I. deck.
The dictionary of the Russian language by S. I. Ozhegov is the first, very successful experience of Soviet lexicography in creating a public one-volume dictionary.
4. The achievements of Russian Soviet lexicography include the publication by the Institute of the Russian Language of the USSR Academy of Sciences of the Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language in 17 volumes and the Dictionary of the Russian Language in 4 volumes.
The Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language (abbreviated name: Bolshoy Academicheskiy) was compiled over 20 years, published from 1950 to 1965; in 1970 he was awarded the Lenin Prize.
This is the largest, most complete explanatory dictionary of the Soviet era: its dictionary covers more than 120,000 words (unlike Y. I. Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language, which included numerous dialect words, the Large Academic Dictionary contains vocabulary mainly of the literary language ).
The arrangement of words in the Great Academic Dictionary: in the first three volumes - nested, in the remaining fourteen volumes - alphabetical.
The "Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language" of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR is also normative: dictionary entries contain a large illustrative material indicating the authors, titles of works (volumes, chapters, etc.). Each interpreted word or its separate meaning is accompanied by grammatical, etymological, etc. marks; indicated when the word was first recorded by Russian dictionaries. For instance:
MINISTER (1793, in the dictionary of the Russian Academy).
THERMAL INSULATION (1949, in the dictionary foreign words).
5. "Dictionary of the Russian language" (in 4 volumes) of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, abbreviated as Small Academic, went out of print in 1957-1961, and now (1981-1984) its second, corrected and supplemented edition has been carried out .
In the preface to the second edition, the authors note: “The dictionary covers the vocabulary of the Russian literary language from Pushkin to the present day. Its task remains the same as in the first edition - to present with the necessary completeness the vocabulary of the modern literary language, as well as that part of the widely used vocabulary of the Russian language of the 19th century, knowledge of which is necessary when reading the works of the classical fiction, advanced journalism and advanced Science XIX centuries, which have become an integral element in modern socialist culture. The first edition presented the state of the vocabulary of literary Russian in the 40-50s, the second edition should show the state of the vocabulary of the 60-70s of the XX century.
In the Small Academic Dictionary, brief clear interpretations are accompanied by a variety of marks, as well as illustrative examples (phrases and quotations indicating the author and title of the work), for example:
Liberty, and, f. 1. Old. Freedom, independence. We await with languor the hope of the Holy Minute of Liberty. Pushkin, To Chaadaev. And if the people of Pskov don't come to our aid, we'll have to really become our prince's patrimony Or, for our freedom without a trace, all lay down with bones! A. K. Tolstoy, Posadnik. 2. Intemperance, familiarity in behavior; cheekiness, indiscretion. Excessive liberties in circulation. But God save you to flirt with him or allow yourself some liberties! A. Ostrovsky, Les. Asya considers herself ugly, eschews men, does not like any liberties. Perventsev, Honor from a young age. 3. Retreat from general rules, from the norm in smth. Poetic license. The officers did not march in ranks - a liberty that the higher authorities looked through their fingers on the campaign. Kuprin, overnight. Spivak and Petrenko, when they were together,
allowed themselves the liberty to call each other not by rank, but by "name. Ovechkin, With front-line greetings. 4. Obsolete. Privilege, advantage, benefit. Decree on the freedom of the nobility of 1762.
The volume of the vocabulary in the "Dictionary of the Russian Language" of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 4 volumes is more than 82 thousand words.
CHARACTERISTIC
CHARACTERISTIC
1. Description, definition of distinctive properties, advantages and disadvantages of someone or something. « general characteristics communist society is given in the writings of Marx, Engels and Lenin. Stalin. Give a positive description of someone or someone's activities.
|| A literary exposition that has as its theme a description of the character of a person.
2. The integer part of the logarithm (mat.).
3. Graphic representation of the properties of an object by means of a curve (tech.). Lamp characteristic (radio). Engine power characteristic.
Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935-1940.
Synonyms:
See what "CHARACTERISTICS" is in other dictionaries:
- (Greek character character). 1) a brief but correct description of the main distinguishing features, properties of something. 2) in mathematics: the characteristic of the logarithm, the part of this logarithm that explains whole units. Dictionary of foreign words included in ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
characteristic- and, well. characteristique f., pol. characteristyka, German. characteristik. 1. Description, outline, definition of essential features, signs of whom, what n. ALS 1. Having given a few examples, we can now make a general characterization of the German ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language
A characteristic is a set of distinguishing features of someone or something. Characteristics is an official document containing an assessment of the business and personal qualities of a person. Characteristic concept in theory differential equations with ... ... Wikipedia
- (Χαρασσω I draw). The choice from the variety of signs that carries from each object or phenomenon of the reality surrounding us, our perception, the most essential, defining, characteristic, belongs to the number of basic activities ... ... Literary Encyclopedia
Characteristic- CHARACTERISTICS (Χαρασσω I draw). The choice from the variety of signs that carries from each object or phenomenon of the reality surrounding us, our perception, the most essential, defining, characteristic, belongs to the main ... ... Dictionary of literary terms
characteristic- attribute of a set of objects; distinctive, defining, characterizing the object; object content component; object definition; determines whether an object belongs to a l. many; single relation (have characteristics); position... Ideographic Dictionary of the Russian Language
characteristic- Distinctive property. Notes 1. A characteristic can be intrinsic or assigned. 2. The characteristic can be qualitative or quantitative. 3. There are various classes of characteristics, such as: physical (for example, mechanical, ... ... Technical Translator's Handbook
The integer part of the decimal logarithm. For example, lg 300 = 2.4771, where 2 is the characteristic for lg 300; lg 0.3 = .4771, where = 1 is a characteristic for lg 0.3 ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Evaluation, parameter, coefficient, attribute, descriptor, property; review, letter of recommendation, label, collation, albedo, lens, reference Dictionary of Russian synonyms. characteristic noun, number of synonyms: 9 autocharacteristics ... Synonym dictionary
characteristic- electrovacuum device; characteristic The dependence of any parameter of an electrovacuum device or a mode parameter on another parameter of an electrovacuum device or a mode parameter with the remaining independent mode parameters unchanged ... ... Polytechnic terminological explanatory dictionary
Books
- Characteristics of international relations and international law in historical development. On the meaning of the law of war in connection with the general concept of international relations. Issue. 1., Ivanov N .. The book is a reprint edition of 1874. Although serious work has been done to restore the original quality of the edition, some pages may…
- Characteristics of the work of N.V. Gogol, G.K. Dorofeev. Reproduced in the original author's spelling of the 1902 edition (Tip. K. P. Kozlovskago publishing house) ...
One of the largest dictionaries of the Russian language. It contains about 200,000 words and 30,000 proverbs, sayings, riddles and sayings that serve to explain the meaning of the given words.
The dictionary is based on a living folk language with its regional modifications, the dictionary includes the vocabulary of written and oral speech XIX century, terminology and phraseology of various professions and crafts. The dictionary not only provides information about the language, but also about folk life, beliefs, signs, and other ethnographic information. So, for example, in an article about the word "bast shoes" not only all typical types of bast shoes are characterized, but also the manufacturing method is indicated; with the words “mast”, “sail”, not only the names of various types of masts and sails are given, but their purpose is also explained; along with naval names borrowed from Dutch and English , names that arose and were used in the Caspian and White Seas are also given. The article about the word "handshaking" explains the complex wedding ceremony and a number of customs associated with it, characteristic of a wedding in the old peasant life. For the first editions of the dictionary, Dahl received the Konstantinovsky medal in 1861, and in 1868 he was elected an honorary member of the Academy of Sciences and awarded the Lomonosov Prize. The dictionary is not normative, there is practically no stylistic characteristic of the vocabulary (only marks of dialectisms of local use), grammatical indications, there is no selection of vocabulary. Dahl gives many examples of the use of words, but does not give detailed definitions. The dictionary is compiled according to the alphabetic-nested principle. This method contributes to the disclosure of word formation, but also causes difficulties: sometimes it is not clear where exactly one should look for a particular word. The nesting system, however, was not carried out accurately enough: sometimes words are brought together only consonant, and not related; sometimes related ones are divided into several articles: the words were combined into one nest: simple and spacious; smolder and decay; prick and stake; act, actor, accident, excise tax, action; First edition 1861-66. in 4 volumes. Went through several editions. 2nd 1880-82 3rd - 1903-09 - Cooked Baudouin de Cortune. He edited it and made some changes, but did it incorrectly. (Dal was not a philologist. He was not Russian, a Dane). But he put all his inserts in square brackets. 4e-1912-14 5e-1955 There were many publications in the 90s. He completely abandoned stylistic marks (he believed that it was not the business of a lexicologist to impose stylistics). sUvod - a whirlpool. Often does not interpret the meaning of words, but selects synonyms or uses an encyclopedic interpretation. And there is no philological description. Therefore, stale, stingy, withered - gives the whole set of words. He was categorically against borrowed vocabulary. I could not help but include these words, but I always came up with a Russian equivalent for them. Anatomy - physique, address - send, scarf - nose weave, session - meeting, meeting; competition - arguing, acoustics - sound saying, egoist - selfish, selfish. Didn't stipulate, didn't mark with any sign. Encyclopedia articles are interesting. For example, an article on the word mushroom - and there are all the mushrooms that are in Russia. Suit - there are all suits (about 50 pieces). I took very few illustrations from the works. In the main - proverbs, folk sayings, etc. Bath - not an independent word, but in the nest after the word ban - wash, clean with water. Illustrations - mind - two threshing floors, but a bath without a top ... There are no fools - and after the bath they itch.
"Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language by V.I. Dahl".
A Dane, born in Moscow, graduated from a medical institute. He was a doctor, an official, organized a museum, published folklore, wrote under pseudonyms...
Personally collected 80,000 words.
1. I edition: 1863-1866
2. II edition: 1880-1882
3. III edition: 1903-1909
4. IV edition: 1912-1914
The second was reprinted in 1955, the third was edited by Baudouin de Courtenay, and was released only in 1993.
B.deC. edited personally. Everything I added was enclosed in [square brackets]. 200 thousand words.
Arrangement type: alphabetic-nested. Courtenay stepped up the alphabetical presentation.
Non-normative. Lots of dialect words. Some unmarked → good if dialects come into common use
Gives synonyms.
Elements of encyclopedic interpretation.
Illustrations: folk speech, jokes. Rarely quotes from literature. 3000 proverbs and sayings.
against borrowed words. Was looking for a replacement. "gymnastics" = "dexterity"
There are philological errors, errors in determining the etymological proximity of words.
Sometimes he gave indications of the gender and type of words, but inconsistently.
If words were not enough, he used drawings.
"The most extensive encyclopedia of Russian speech". They were awarded the Konstantinov gold medal. Awarded the title of academician.
39. General characteristics of the "big" academic (BAS 1948-1965) and "small" academic (MAS 1957-1961) dictionary
"Dictionary of the modern Russian literary language" - normative, historical. It contains 17 volumes. The largest in terms of the number of volumes and the number of words in the dictionary - about 120,000 words. This is a dictionary of its era (quotes from the works of Lenin, from the congresses of the Central Committee of the CPSU). The arrangement of words in 3 volumes is alphabetic-nested, starting from 4 volumes - alphabetical. A lot of dialect vocabulary, colloquial and professional. In this dictionary, for the first time, the litter special was introduced for all terminology. Also introduced litter portable. And litter is a spreading word in the same sense, but can be used in a broader sense. Phraseologisms in this dictionary are placed behind each meaning. (if there's). The semantics of the word is richly represented. At the end of many dictionary entries there is a reference section, where information is given about the old pronunciation of the word, links to other dictionaries where this word has already been placed. The dictionary was highly acclaimed. In 1970 he was awarded the Lenin Prize. In 1991, the second edition of the large academic dictionary began. Ed. Gorbachevich. The glossary (complete list of articles/terms) is completely new. Some words are excluded, for example - almanac (publisher of the almanac). Also included are new words (including colloquial ones) - string bag, baldet, etc. An updated BAS is published in 20 volumes: "The Big Academic Dictionary of the Russian Language" (M.-SPb.: "Nauka").
Until we reach the letter "Z". There are small academic dictionaries - MAC. 1 edition: 82,000 words - ed. Evgenieva (from 57 to 61). Less included dialect, colloquial and purely terminological vocabulary. Second edition 81-84 years, second edition. Dictionary of the Russian language in four volumes (Small Academic Dictionary, MAC) is the most authoritative standard dictionary of the modern Russian literary language, covering with the necessary completeness common vocabulary and phraseology and prescribing standards for the use of words and set phrases. Dictionary Represents state of the art vocabulary of the Russian literary language, and also includes part of the widely used vocabulary of the Russian literary language from the Pushkin era to the present day, which is necessary for understanding the works of fiction, journalistic and scientific literature of the 19th-20th centuries. The fourth stereotypical edition of the Dictionary contains more than 80 thousand words. At the word, interpretations of its meanings, basic grammatical forms and stylistic marks are given. Each word is provided with a standard stress (indications for pronunciation are not given in the Dictionary). Dictionary entries are illustrated with literary and general language examples. Etymological references are given to words of foreign origin. Big explanatory dictionary of the Russian language - 2000 (2nd edition) ed. S.A. Kuznetsov with the Institute of Linguistic Research. Included in addition to ALS are those new words that have appeared over 15 years. 130,000 words. The principle is the same, grammatical, syntactic marks, etc. But articles of an encyclopedic and linguo-cultural nature are included.
BAS = DICTIONARY OF THE MODERN RUSSIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE in 17 volumes.
~120k words. 1948-65. Barkhudarov, Filin, Babkin.
Type: Explanatory-historical. Vocabulary from Pushkin to the present day. Normative. Not intended for general use.
Selection of words: terminological, usual, words of the author, etc.
Stylistic notes.
Tt. 1-3: alpha-nested. From v.4 - purely alphabetical.
Peculiarities:
Many post-revolutionary words,
For the first time - the litter "portable",
For the first time "distributive",
New litter "special." - all kinds of terminology,
If there are many values, start with the most common ones,
stable combinations.
2nd ed., revised and corrected. Gorbachevich. 20 volumes are expected. So far - 7.
Obsolete the words were removed,
Most commonly used abbreviations.
Removed the alphabetical nesting system,
Strengthened the principle of normalization. The stylist's assessment is within the modern norm.
The marks of some words change.
40. General assessment of the "Dictionary of the Russian language" S.I. Ozhegov; changes made to subsequent editions of the dictionary. OZHEGOV Sergey Ivanovich (1900-64) - Russian linguist, lexicologist, lexicographer, researcher of the norms of the Russian literary language, Doctor of Philology. The most popular explanatory dictionary is Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. The first edition - in 1949, 2 times reprinted during his lifetime. After her death in 1964, Shvedova continued her work. "Dictionary of the Russian Language" (1949, 22nd edition, 1990; since 1992 - "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language", together with N. Yu. Shvedova). Improved, changed the vocabulary. Cand. philological sciences L. I. Skvortsov: he read the entire text of the dictionary and made a number of corrections and additions. The Dictionary of the Russian Language by S. I. Ozhegov is the first and so far the only one-volume explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, published in our country after 1917. For the first time in Russian lexicography, a dictionary of a special type was created - a normative public manual designed to help improve the speech culture of the broad masses and be a guide to the correct use of words, the correct formation of forms, correct pronunciation and writing. In this dictionary, from the entire variety of vocabulary of the modern Russian literary language, its main composition was selected, in a compact and popular form, the norms of Russian literary speech that had developed by the mid-40s of the XX century are described. Since 1949, the dictionary has been reprinted 8 times, with a total circulation of 1 million 750 thousand copies. Multiple editions of the dictionary indicate that this book is needed by the general reader. People of various professions receive various and necessary information about the modern Russian language here: interpretation of the meanings of words, indications of the scope of their use, their grammatical forms, stylistic characteristics, phraseological connections, etc. The current edition contains 57,000 words, including nested derivatives. A brief interpretation of each meaning of the word is given, examples of the use of the word in speech, phraseological combinations are given, the main grammatical forms, stylistic marks indicating the scope of the word are given.
1949: Ozhegov's RYA Dictionary, small, for an average native speaker. Success, reprinted.
23 editions. The last in 2003, edited by Skvortsov. After 1964, the work was continued by Shvedova. 1978 → edition with new vocabulary, new vocabulary, new meanings.
The dictionary "Shvedova, Ozhegov" began to appear. Ozhegov's son is dissatisfied. Skvortsov left Ozhegov alone.
