Reforms of Ivan 4 summary. Ivan IV and his reforms

30.10.2019

ECONOMIC POLICY OF THE SOVIET POWER. "WAR COMMUNISM"

First activities Soviet power in the field of economics. The Bolsheviks who came to power in Russia were professional revolutionaries. The party program was aimed at seizing power, and economic problems were only outlined in it. It was assumed that after the victory of the proletarian revolution and the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat, a period of transition from capitalism to socialism would begin. During this time, it was necessary to liquidate private property, to concentrate production in the hands of the "workers' and peasants'" state, to form economic ties based on the administrative distribution of products from a single center.

In November 1917, Lenin determined the priority measures in the economic field: "... workers' control over factories, their subsequent expropriation, the nationalization of banks, the creation of a supreme economic council that regulates the entire economy of the country." On November 14, a decree and the "Regulations on workers' control" were adopted.

Workers' control was introduced in all industrial, commercial, transport, banking and other enterprises where hired labor was used. The incompetent interference of work inspectors in the activities of enterprises caused dissatisfaction among entrepreneurs. In protest, many of them began to close their factories and plants. In response, the Bolsheviks began expropriating private enterprises. However, initially nationalization acted not as a tool for creating a socialist economy, but as a response from the state to hostile steps on the part of entrepreneurs.

By the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of December 1, 1917, for the first time in world economic practice, a special state apparatus for regulating and managing the national economy was created - Supreme Council National economy(VSNKh). A massive attack on private property began. On December 14, private banks were nationalized in Petrograd, and banking was declared a state monopoly. The State Bank was renamed into People's Bank. In 1918-1919. all banks, except for the people's, were liquidated. All safes were opened, securities, royal rubles, gold were confiscated.

In January 1918, the nationalization of railway transport, river and navy. In April 1918, a decree was issued on the nationalization of foreign trade. The Soviet government announced the non-recognition of the internal and external debts of the tsarist and Provisional governments. On May 1, 1918, inheritance rights were abolished. The Decree of June 28, 1918 "On the nationalization of a number of industries" transferred to the hands of the state all large industrial enterprises of the most important industries: metallurgical, mining, machine-building, chemical, textile, etc.

Land socialization law. While the Soviet government was experimenting in the field of industrial production, in the countryside, according to the decree on land, the peasants divided the landowners, monasteries and appanage lands. On February 19, 1918, the day serfdom was abolished, the Law on the Socialization of the Land was published. It was the result of a fragile compromise between the Bolsheviks and the Left SRs.

By the spring of 1918, the first redistribution of the land fund was almost completely completed. Land relations now looked like this: private ownership of land was abolished; the state was the supreme owner of all land; it endowed the peasants with land according to the equalizing labor norm, while the peasants were only users of the land, but not its owners.

The Bolsheviks, preoccupied with political problems, for the time being looked through their fingers at the events in the countryside, entrusting the solution of many problems to the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, who controlled not only people's commissariat agriculture, but also most of the local land committees. However, the situation soon changed dramatically.

Establishment of a food dictatorship. Economic ties between the city and the countryside in the first half of the Soviet regime were built according to the scheme inherited from the Provisional Government. While maintaining the grain monopoly and fixed prices, bread was obtained through barter. The People's Commissar for Food had at its disposal items of industrial production and certain conditions sent them to the village, thereby stimulating the delivery of grain.

However, in conditions of instability, lack of necessary industrial goods the peasants were in no hurry to give their grain to the government, which had given them land. In addition, in the spring of 1918 the military-political situation deteriorated sharply. The grain regions of Ukraine, the Kuban, the Volga region, and Siberia were cut off from the Center. The threat of famine loomed over the territory of Soviet Russia. At the end of April 1918, the daily bread ration in Petrograd was reduced to 50 g. In Moscow, workers received an average of 100 g per day. Food riots began in the country.

On the basis of a decree dated May 13, 1918, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee established norms for per capita consumption for peasants - 12 poods of grain, 1 pood of cereal, etc. All bread exceeding these norms was called "surplus" and was subject to seizure. To accomplish this task, armed food detachments were created, endowed with emergency powers.

The Bolsheviks were afraid that " crusade", declared the city of the village, can cause the unification of the entire peasantry for an organized grain blockade. Therefore, the stake was placed on splitting the village, on opposing the poor to the rest of the peasants. On June 11, 1918, despite the objections of the Left Social Revolutionaries, a decree was issued on the formation of committees of the rural poor (kombedov).

Transition to the surplus. The activities of the commanders heated up the situation in the village to the limit. In many areas they came into conflict with the local Soviets, seeking to take power from them. A dual power was created in the village. On December 2, 1918, a decree on the dissolution of the committees was promulgated. This decision was due to both economic and political reasons. Calculations that the committees would help increase the supply of bread did not materialize. The price of the bread that they managed to get as a result of the "armed campaign in the countryside" turned out to be immeasurably high - the general indignation of the peasants, which resulted in a series of peasant uprisings against the Bolsheviks. This factor could be decisive in overthrowing the Bolshevik government. It was necessary to restore the confidence, first of all, of the middle peasantry, which, after the redistribution of land, determined the face of the village. The dissolution of the committees of the rural poor was the first step towards the policy of appeasing the middle peasantry.

On January 11, 1919, a decree "On the allocation of bread and fodder" was issued. According to this decree, the state reported in advance the exact figure of its needs for grain. Then this number was distributed (distributed) among the provinces, counties, volosts and peasant households. The implementation of the grain procurement plan was mandatory. Moreover, the surplus appraisal proceeded not from the capabilities of the peasant farms, but from very conditional "state needs", which in fact meant the seizure of all surplus grain, and often the necessary stocks. A new element in comparison with the policy of the food dictatorship was only the fact that the peasants knew in advance the intentions of the state, but even this was an important factor for the peasant psychology.

accelerated nationalization. Liquidation of commodity-money relations. A course was taken for the accelerated nationalization of industrial enterprises, including small ones, "with the number of workers more than ten or more than five, but using a mechanical engine." All defense enterprises and railway transport were transferred to martial law. Having proclaimed the slogan "Who does not work, he does not eat," the Soviet government introduced general labor conscription and labor mobilization of the population to perform work of national importance: logging, road, construction, etc. The introduction of labor service influenced the solution of the problem of wages. The first experiments of the Soviet government in this area were crossed out by rampant inflation. In order to ensure the existence of workers, the state tried to compensate for wages in kind, giving out food rations, food stamps in the canteen, and basic necessities instead of money. Then the payment for housing, transport, utilities and other services was abolished. The state, having mobilized the working class, almost completely took over its maintenance.

The logical continuation of the economic policy of the Bolsheviks was the actual abolition of commodity-money relations. First, the free sale of food was prohibited, then other consumer goods, which were distributed by the state as naturalized wages. However, despite all the prohibitions, illegal trade continued to exist. According to various estimates, the state distributed only 30-45% of real consumption. Everything else was purchased on the "black market" and exchanged from "pouchers" - illegal food sellers.

The whole set of emergency measures is called politics "war communism". "Military" - because this policy was subordinated to the only goal - to concentrate all forces for a military victory over political opponents; "communism" - because the measures taken by the Bolsheviks surprisingly coincided with the Marxist forecast regarding certain socio-economic features of the future communist society.

The new party program, adopted in March 1919 at the VIII Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) - as the RSDLP (b) began to be called, already directly linked "military communist measures" with theoretical ideas about communism.

What you need to know about this topic:

Socio-economic and political development of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. Nicholas II.

Domestic politics tsarism. Nicholas II. Strengthening repression. "Police socialism".

Russo-Japanese War. Reasons, course, results.

Revolution of 1905 - 1907 The nature, driving forces and features of the Russian revolution of 1905-1907. stages of the revolution. The reasons for the defeat and the significance of the revolution.

Elections to the State Duma. I State Duma. The agrarian question in the Duma. Dispersal of the Duma. II State Duma. Coup d'état June 3, 1907

Third June political system. Electoral law June 3, 1907 III State Duma. The alignment of political forces in the Duma. Duma activities. government terror. The decline of the labor movement in 1907-1910

Stolypin agrarian reform.

IV State Duma. Party composition and Duma factions. Duma activity.

The political crisis in Russia on the eve of the war. The labor movement in the summer of 1914 Crisis of the top.

The international position of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century.

Beginning of the First World War. Origin and nature of war. Russia's entry into the war. Attitude towards the war of parties and classes.

The course of hostilities. Strategic forces and plans of the parties. Results of the war. Role Eastern Front in the first world war.

The Russian economy during the First World War.

Workers' and peasants' movement in 1915-1916. Revolutionary movement in the army and navy. Growing anti-war sentiment. Formation of the bourgeois opposition.

Russian culture of the 19th - early 20th centuries.

Aggravation of socio-political contradictions in the country in January-February 1917. The beginning, prerequisites and nature of the revolution. Uprising in Petrograd. Formation of the Petrograd Soviet. Provisional Committee of the State Duma. Order N I. Formation of the Provisional Government. Abdication of Nicholas II. Causes of dual power and its essence. February coup in Moscow, at the front, in the provinces.

From February to October. The policy of the Provisional Government regarding war and peace, on agrarian, national, labor issues. Relations between the Provisional Government and the Soviets. The arrival of V.I. Lenin in Petrograd.

Political parties (Kadets, Social Revolutionaries, Mensheviks, Bolsheviks): political programs, influence among the masses.

Crises of the Provisional Government. An attempted military coup in the country. Growth of revolutionary sentiment among the masses. Bolshevization of the capital Soviets.

Preparation and conduct of an armed uprising in Petrograd.

II All-Russian Congress of Soviets. Decisions about power, peace, land. Organ formation state power and management. Composition of the first Soviet government.

The victory of the armed uprising in Moscow. Government agreement with the Left SRs. Elections to the Constituent Assembly, its convocation and dissolution.

The first socio-economic transformations in the field of industry, agriculture, finance, labor and women's issues. Church and State.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, its terms and significance.

Economic tasks of the Soviet government in the spring of 1918. Aggravation of the food issue. The introduction of food dictatorship. Working squads. Comedy.

The revolt of the left SRs and the collapse of the two-party system in Russia.

First Soviet Constitution.

Causes of intervention and civil war. The course of hostilities. human and material losses during the civil war and military intervention.

The internal policy of the Soviet leadership during the war. "War Communism". GOELRO plan.

Politics new government regarding culture.

Foreign policy. Treaties with border countries. Participation of Russia in the Genoa, Hague, Moscow and Lausanne conferences. Diplomatic recognition of the USSR by the main capitalist countries.

Domestic policy. Socio-economic and political crisis of the early 20s. Famine of 1921-1922 Transition to a new economic policy. The essence of the NEP. NEP in the field of agriculture, trade, industry. financial reform. Economic recovery. Crises during the NEP and its curtailment.

Creation projects USSR. I Congress of Soviets of the USSR. The first government and the Constitution of the USSR.

Illness and death of V.I. Lenin. Intraparty struggle. The beginning of the formation of Stalin's regime of power.

Industrialization and collectivization. Development and implementation of the first five-year plans. Socialist competition - purpose, forms, leaders.

Formation and strengthening of the state system of economic management.

The course towards complete collectivization. Dispossession.

Results of industrialization and collectivization.

Political, national-state development in the 30s. Intraparty struggle. political repression. Formation of the nomenklatura as a layer of managers. Stalinist regime and the constitution of the USSR in 1936

Soviet culture in the 20-30s.

Foreign policy of the second half of the 20s - mid-30s.

Domestic policy. The growth of military production. Extraordinary measures in the field of labor legislation. Measures to solve the grain problem. Military establishment. Growth of the Red Army. military reform. Repressions against the command personnel of the Red Army and the Red Army.

Foreign policy. Non-aggression pact and treaty of friendship and borders between the USSR and Germany. The entry of Western Ukraine and Western Belarus into the USSR. Soviet-Finnish war. The inclusion of the Baltic republics and other territories in the USSR.

Periodization of the Great Patriotic War. First stage war. Turning the country into a military camp. Military defeats 1941-1942 and their reasons. Major military events Capitulation of Nazi Germany. Participation of the USSR in the war with Japan.

Soviet rear during the war.

Deportation of peoples.

Partisan struggle.

Human and material losses during the war.

Creation anti-Hitler coalition. Declaration of the United Nations. The problem of the second front. Conferences of the "Big Three". Problems of post-war peace settlement and all-round cooperation. USSR and UN.

Start " cold war". The contribution of the USSR to the creation of the "socialist camp". The formation of the CMEA.

Domestic policy of the USSR in the mid-1940s - early 1950s. Restoration of the national economy.

Socio-political life. Politics in the field of science and culture. Continued repression. "Leningrad business". Campaign against cosmopolitanism. "Doctors' Case".

Socio-economic development of Soviet society in the mid-50s - the first half of the 60s.

Socio-political development: XX Congress of the CPSU and the condemnation of Stalin's personality cult. Rehabilitation of victims of repressions and deportations. Intra-party struggle in the second half of the 1950s.

Foreign policy: the creation of the ATS. The entry of Soviet troops into Hungary. Exacerbation of Soviet-Chinese relations. The split of the "socialist camp". Soviet-American Relations and the Caribbean Crisis. USSR and third world countries. Reducing the strength of the armed forces of the USSR. Moscow Treaty on the Limitation of Nuclear Tests.

USSR in the mid-60s - the first half of the 80s.

Socio-economic development: economic reform 1965

Growing difficulties of economic development. Decline in the rate of socio-economic growth.

USSR Constitution 1977

Socio-political life of the USSR in the 1970s - early 1980s.

Foreign Policy: Nonproliferation Treaty nuclear weapons. Consolidation of post-war borders in Europe. Moscow treaty with Germany. Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE). Soviet-American treaties of the 70s. Soviet-Chinese relations. The entry of Soviet troops into Czechoslovakia and Afghanistan. Exacerbation of international tension and the USSR. Strengthening of the Soviet-American confrontation in the early 80s.

USSR in 1985-1991

Domestic policy: an attempt to accelerate the socio-economic development of the country. An attempt to reform the political system of Soviet society. Congresses of People's Deputies. Election of the President of the USSR. Multi-party system. Exacerbation of the political crisis.

Exacerbation of the national question. Attempts to reform the national-state structure of the USSR. Declaration on State Sovereignty of the RSFSR. "Novogarevsky process". The collapse of the USSR.

Foreign policy: Soviet-American relations and the problem of disarmament. Treaties with leading capitalist countries. The withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan. Changing relations with the countries of the socialist community. Disintegration of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance and the Warsaw Pact.

the Russian Federation in 1992-2000

Domestic Policy: " Shock therapy"in the economy: price liberalization, stages of privatization of commercial and industrial enterprises. Decline in production. Increased social tension. Growth and slowdown in financial inflation. Aggravation of the struggle between the executive and legislative branches. Dissolution of the Supreme Council and the Congress of People's Deputies. October events of 1993. Abolition local bodies of Soviet power Elections to the Federal Assembly Constitution of the Russian Federation 1993 Formation of a presidential republic Aggravation and overcoming of ethnic conflicts in the North Caucasus.

Parliamentary elections 1995 Presidential elections 1996 Power and opposition. Trying to get back on track liberal reforms(Spring 1997) and her failure. The financial crisis of August 1998: causes, economic and political consequences. "Second Chechen War". Parliamentary elections in 1999 and early presidential elections in 2000 Foreign policy: Russia in the CIS. The participation of Russian troops in the "hot spots" of the near abroad: Moldova, Georgia, Tajikistan. Russia's relations with foreign countries. The withdrawal of Russian troops from Europe and neighboring countries. Russian-American agreements. Russia and NATO. Russia and the Council of Europe. Yugoslav crises (1999-2000) and Russia's position.

Danilov A.A., Kosulina L.G. History of the state and peoples of Russia. XX century.

LECTURE #18

New economic policy in Soviet Russia. Formation of the USSR

The monetary reform in 1922 strengthened the national currency, putting an end to inflation.

However, if innovations were significant in the social and economic sphere, then in political system they were invisible.

All the most important issues of state life were decided by the party, or rather its apparatus. At the 10th Congress of the RCP(b), the "anti-Marxist" views of the "workers' opposition" were condemned, and the creation of factions and groups within the party was prohibited. The Tenth Congress was followed by a "purge" of the party. In 1922, the activities of the surviving socialist parties were completely curtailed. The first major political trial took place: the GPU (which replaced the Cheka) accused 47 arrested leaders of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party of counter-revolutionary activities. In the autumn of 1922, 160 scientists and cultural figures were expelled from Russia (the "philosophical ship").

The dominance of the Bolshevik ideology was affirmed by the militant propaganda of atheism, the destruction of temples. In 1922, numerous church valuables were confiscated as part of a famine fundraiser. Patriarch Tikhon, elected in November 1917 by the Local Council, was arrested.

Strengthening the unity of the party, the defeat of its opponents strengthened the one-party political dictatorship.

The results of the NEP.

NEP quickly changed the face of the country. In 1926, the pre-war level of industry was reached. rose rapidly Agriculture. By 1924, the area under crops approached the pre-war level. The development of the peasant economy contributed to the revival of retail trade.

However, along with unconditional achievements, the NEP also had a number of negative features. Growing social inequality, unemployment. Corruption of officials increased. The economic development of the country was accompanied by constant crisis phenomena.

In general, the development of the Soviet country in the 20s. did not proceed at a fast enough pace.

During this period, the advanced countries of the world made a serious leap forward, while Russia only restored its pre-war level.

The party and state leadership faced the problem of improving the methods of economic policy.

Education of the USSR.

After the end of the Civil War in the territory of the former Russian Empire There were six socialist, two people's Soviet republics and the Far Eastern Republic. As part of the largest republic - the RSFSR - there were many autonomous entities with an indefinite state status. All Soviet republics were headed by members of the RCP(b). Close economic, cultural and other ties were established between the republics. All this created the preconditions for the state unification.

By the beginning of 1922, a number of Soviet republics had concluded agreements under which their armed forces, industry management, finance, communications, transport and international relations were transferred to the jurisdiction of the RSFSR. The reason for this decision was not only the recognition of the leading contribution of Soviet Russia to the victory in civil war but also the weakness of the governments of other republics and their dependence on the leadership of the RSFSR, which actually put them in power.

In August 1922, a commission was set up in the Central Committee of the RCP(b) to study the proposals of the Soviet republics on improving their relations with each other. People's Commissar for Nationalities Affairs (Dzhugashvili), who became a member in 1922 general secretary The Central Committee of the RCP (b), came up with the idea to give the Soviet and people's republics the right of autonomy within the RSFSR. When in 1922 the republics of Transcaucasia created the Transcaucasian Federation consisting of Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan, Stalin hoped that this state formation would become part of the RSFSR in the future. However, such plans provoked a protest from the leadership of Soviet Georgia.

Deputy Chairman Kamenev, on behalf of Lenin, drew up a different project, which provided for the entry of the republics into the new state on the basis of agreements. This project was supported by the Plenum of the Central Committee of the RCP(b).

Despite the fact that the Treaty and the Declaration on the Formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), adopted at the 1st Congress of Soviets of the USSR on December 30, 1922, indicated that the Union was formed by the free will of the peoples with the right of free entry and exit, there are no ways out It was. Armed forces, international affairs and trade, finance, communication and communications were transferred to the jurisdiction of the Union. Industry, culture and internal affairs remained under the jurisdiction of the republics.

The All-Union Congress of Soviets became the supreme body of the new state, electing for a time between its meetings the Central Executive Committee (CEC) of the USSR from two chambers: the Council of the Union and the Council of Nationalities. He became the chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR.

Foreign policy in the 20s.XXv.

The first international treaties were concluded by Soviet Russia with countries fighting for their independence. In 1921, agreements were signed with Iran and Afghanistan, then with Turkey, which received a number of territories of the former Russian Empire and military assistance. At the same time, peace treaties were concluded with the states that emerged on the outskirts of Russia: Finland, Poland, Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia.

Since the Western powers were in no hurry to recognize Soviet Russia, the Bolsheviks began to conclude trade agreements with them, hoping to establish political ones through economic ties. During 1921 -1922. trade agreements were signed with Germany, Great Britain, Austria, Norway, Sweden, Italy, Czechoslovakia.

The Soviet government came up with the idea of holding an international conference to settle all disputes between Soviet Russia and the Entente countries with the aim of concluding a peace treaty. This proposal was accepted by the Entente, which in 1922 invited the RSFSR to an international conference in Genoa. The Soviet delegation was headed by the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs.

Representatives of a number of European powers demanded that the RSFSR return the debts of the tsarist and Provisional governments, return nationalized enterprises to foreign owners or pay their cost, abolish the monopoly of foreign trade, etc. The Soviet side did not agree with these proposals and presented a counter demand - to compensate for the damage caused by foreign intervention and economic blockade. At the same time, the Soviet leadership agreed to recognize part of the pre-war debts if the European governments would defer their payment for 30 years and provide new loans. These terms were rejected. It seemed that the conference would be fruitless for Soviet Russia. However, Chicherin took advantage of the differences between the Entente and Germany. On April 16, 1922, in Rapallo (a suburb of Genoa), an agreement was signed between the RSFSR and Germany on the restoration of diplomatic relations. Germany renounced claims for reimbursement of the cost of nationalized enterprises to their former owners. In turn, the RSFSR provided Germany with great trade advantages.

Fearing a further rapprochement between the Soviet state and Germany, the Western powers set about creating a "cordon sanitaire" against the Bolsheviks, using Poland, Romania and the Baltic countries for this. In May 1923, British Foreign Secretary George Curzon in his note accused Soviet diplomacy of fomenting an anti-British campaign and demanded that Soviet representatives be withdrawn from Iran and Afghanistan. However, the idea new war was unpopular in British society. The ultimatum was soon withdrawn by the British government.

Already in 1924-1925. The USSR established diplomatic relations with Great Britain, Italy, Australia, Sweden, Greece, Norway, China, Mexico, France, Denmark and Japan. This process went down in history under the name "streak of confessions."

QUESTIONS AND TASKS

1. Tell us about the situation in Soviet Russia after the end of the Civil War.

2. What are the reasons for the transition to NEP. What was the essence of NEP?

3. What are the positive and negative results of the NEP.

4. Was the refusal of the NEP inevitable by the Soviet leadership? Justify your answer.

5. Why and how it was formed Soviet Union? What was the governance structure of the new state?

6. Describe the Soviet foreign policy in the 20s. 20th century

NEP is an abbreviation made up of the first letters of the phrase "New Economic Policy". The NEP was introduced in Soviet Russia on March 14, 1921 by the decision of the Tenth Congress of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks instead of politics.

"Shut up. And listen! - Izya said that he had just entered the printing house of the Odessa Provincial Committee and saw there ... (Izya choked with excitement) ... a set of a speech recently delivered by Lenin in Moscow on the New Economic Policy. A vague rumor about this speech had been wandering around Odessa for three days now. But no one really knew anything. “We must print this speech,” said Izya ... The operation of kidnapping the set was done quickly and silently. Together and imperceptibly, we carried out the heavy lead typed speech, put it on a cab and drove to our printing house. The set was placed in the car. The machine quietly rumbled and rustled, typing historical speech. We eagerly read it by the light of a kitchen kerosene lamp, agitated and realizing that history stands next to us in this dark printing house and we also participate in it to some extent ... And on the morning of April 16, 1921, the old Odessa newspaper sellers were skeptics, misanthropes and the sclerotics went hurriedly shuffling through the streets with pieces of wood and shouting in hoarse voices: “Morak newspaper!” Comrade Lenin's speech! Read everything! Only in Morak, you won't read it anywhere else! Morak Newspaper! The number of "Sailor" with a speech sold out in a few minutes. (K. Paustovsky "Time of great expectations")

Causes of the NEP

From 1914 to 1921, the volume of gross output of Russian industry decreased by 7 times
Stocks of raw materials and materials by 1920 were exhausted
Marketability of agriculture fell by 2.5 times
In 1920, traffic railways amounted to a fifth in relation to 1914.
The area under crops, grain yields, and the production of livestock products have been reduced.
Commodity-money relations were destroyed
A "black market" was formed, speculation flourished
The standard of living of workers has plummeted.
As a result of the closure of many enterprises, the process of declassing the proletariat began.
In the political sphere, the undivided dictatorship of the RCP (b) was established
Workers' strikes, uprisings of peasants and sailors began

The essence of the NEP

Revival of commodity-money relations
Granting freedom of management to small commodity producers
Replacing the surplus tax with a tax in kind, the size of the tax has almost halved compared to the surplus appraisal
Creation of trusts in industry - associations of enterprises that themselves decided what to produce and where to sell products.
Creation of syndicates - associations of trusts for the wholesale distribution of products, lending and regulation of trade operations in the market.
Reduction of the bureaucracy
Introduction of cost accounting
Creation of the State Bank, savings banks
Restoration of the system of direct and indirect taxes.
Carrying out monetary reform

Results of the NEP

The success of the NEP was the restoration of the destroyed Russian economy and overcoming hunger

Legally, the new economic policy was curtailed on October 11, 1931 by a party resolution on the complete ban on private trade in the USSR. But in fact, it ended in 1928 with the adoption of the first five-year plan and the announcement of a course towards accelerated industrialization and collectivization of the USSR.

The situation in Russia was critical. The country lay in ruins. The level of production, including agricultural products, fell sharply. However, there was no longer a serious threat to the power of the Bolsheviks. In this situation, in order to normalize relations and social life in the country, it was, at the 10th Congress of the RCP (b), a decision was made to introduce a new economic policy, abbreviated NEP.

The reasons for the transition to the New Economic Policy (NEP) from the policy of war communism were:

the urgent need to normalize relations between town and country;
the need for economic recovery;
the problem of stabilizing money;
dissatisfaction of the peasantry with the surplus appropriation, which led to the intensification of the insurrectionary movement (kulak revolt);
desire to restore foreign policy ties.

The NEP policy was proclaimed on March 21, 1921. From that moment on, the surplus appraisal was cancelled. It was replaced by half the tax in kind. He, at the request of the peasant, could be brought in both money and products. However, the tax policy of the Soviet government became a serious deterrent to the development of large peasant farms. If the poor were exempted from payments, then the prosperous peasantry bore a heavy tax burden. In an effort to elude their payment, prosperous peasants, kulaks, split up their farms. At the same time, the rate of fragmentation of farms was twice as high as in the pre-revolutionary period.

Market relations were again legalized. The development of new commodity-money relations led to the restoration of the all-Russian market, as well as, to some extent, private capital. During the NEP, the country's banking system was formed. Direct and indirect taxes are introduced, which become the main source of state revenues (excises, income and agricultural taxes, service fees, etc.).

Due to the fact that the policy of the NEP in Russia was seriously hampered by inflation and the instability of monetary circulation, a monetary reform was undertaken. By the end of 1922, a stable monetary unit appeared - the gold piece, which was backed by gold or other valuables.

An acute shortage of capital led to the beginning of active administrative intervention in the economy. First, the administrative influence on the industrial sector increased (Regulations on State Industrial Trusts), and soon it spread to the agricultural sector.

As a result, the NEP by 1928, despite frequent crises provoked by the incompetence of new leaders, led to a noticeable economic growth and a certain improvement in the situation in the country. The national income increased, the financial situation of citizens (workers, peasants, as well as employees) became more stable.

The process of restoration of industry and agriculture was going on rapidly. But, at the same time, the backlog of the USSR from the capitalist countries (France, the USA and even Germany, which lost the First World War) inevitably increased. The development of heavy industry and agriculture required large long-term investments. For the further industrial development of the country, it was also necessary to increase the marketability of agriculture.

It is worth noting that the NEP had a considerable impact on the culture of the country. Management of art, science, education, culture was centralized and transferred to State Commission on education, which was headed by Lunacharsky A.V.

Despite the fact that the new economic policy was, for the most part, successful, already after 1925, attempts to curtail it began. The reason for the curtailment of the NEP was the gradual intensification of contradictions between the economy and politics. The private sector and the resurgent agriculture sought to provide political guarantees for their own economic interests. This provoked an internal party struggle. And the new economic policy did not suit the new members of the Bolshevik Party - the peasants and workers who went bankrupt during the NEP.

Officially, the NEP was curtailed on October 11, 1931, but in fact, already in October 1928, the implementation of the first five-year plan began, as well as collectivization in the countryside and the forced industrialization of production.