Gelfman colloid. Book: M. Gelfman, O. Kovalevich, V. Yustratov
Gelfman M.I., Kovalevich O.V., Yustratov V.P. colloid chemistry
1. FOREWORD
2. PART ONE. DISPERSIVE SYSTEMS. SURFACE PHENOMENA
2.1. Chapter 1. Disperse systems
2.1.1. SUBJECT OF COLLOID CHEMISTRY
2.1.2. QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF DS
2.1.3. CLASSIFICATION DS
2.1.4. BRIEF HISTORICAL OUTLINE
2.1.5. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF COLLOID CHEMISTRY
2.2. CHAPTER 2. SURFACE PHENOMENA
2.2.1. NATURE OF SURFACE ENERGY
2.2.2. SURFACE TENSION
2.2.3. DEPENDENCE OF SURFACE TENSION ON TEMPERATURE
2.2.4. SPONTANEOUS PROCESSES IN THE SURFACE LAYER
2.2.5. ADSORPTION. GENERAL PROVISIONS, CLASSIFICATION
2.3. CHAPTER 3. ADSORPTION AT THE "LIQUID SOLUTION-GAS" BORDER
2.3.1. DEPENDENCE OF SURFACE TENSION ON THE NATURE AND CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTION
2.3.2. GIBBS ADSORPTION EQUATION
2.3.3. SURFACE ACTIVITY. DUCLAU-TRAUBE RULE
2.3.4. ORIENTATION OF SAS MOLECULES IN THE SURFACE LAYER
2.3.5. SHISKOVSKY EQUATION
2.3.6. LANGMUIR'S THEORY OF MONOMOLECULAR ADSORPTION
2.4. CHAPTER 4. ADSORPTION OF GAS AND VAPOR ON THE SURFACE OF SOLID BODIES
2.4.1. FEATURES OF GAS OR VAPOR ADSORPTION ON A SOLID ADSORBENT
2.4.2. DEPENDENCE OF GAS ADSORPTION ON ITS CONCENTRATION (PRESSURE) AT CONSTANT TEMPERATURE
2.4.3. LANGMUIR'S THEORY OF MONOMOLECULAR ADSORPTION
2.4.4. THEORIES OF POLYMOLECULAR ADSORPTION
2.4.5. CAPILLARY CONDENSATION
2.4.6. DEPENDENCE OF GAS ADSORPTION ON THE PROPERTIES OF THE ADSORBENT
2.4.7. DEPENDENCE OF ADSORPTION ON GAS PROPERTIES
2.4.8. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF GAS ADSORPTION
2.5. CHAPTER 5. ADSORPTION OF A SUBSTANCE DISSOLVED IN A LIQUID ON A SOLID ADSORBENT
2.5.1. MOLECULAR ADSORPTION FROM SOLUTIONS
2.5.2. DEPENDENCE OF MOLECULAR ADSORPTION ON THE EQUILIBRIUM CONCENTRATION OF ADSORPTION (Cs)
2.5.3. EFFECT ON MOLECULAR ADSORPTION OF THE NATURE OF THE SOLVENT
2.5.4. EFFECT ON THE MOLECULAR ADSORPTION OF THE NATURE OF THE ADSORBENT
2.5.5. EFFECT ON THE MOLECULAR ADSORPTION OF THE NATURE OF THE ADSORPTION
2.5.6. ADSORPTION TIME. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON ADSORPTION
2.5.7. ION ADSORPTION FROM SOLUTIONS
2.5.8. ION EXCHANGE ADSORPTION
2.5.9. WETTING
2.5.10. ADHESION
2.5.11. PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF THE CONSIDERED PHENOMENA
3. PART TWO. LYOPHOBIC SOLS (COLLOID SOLUTIONS
3.1. CHAPTER 6. OBTAINING AND PURIFICATION OF COLLOID SOLUTIONS
3.1.1. METHODS FOR PRODUCING LYOPHOBIC SOLS
3.1.2. METHODS FOR CLEANING COLLOID SOLUTIONS
3.2. CHAPTER 7. OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF COLLOID SOLUTIONS
3.2.1. LIGHT SCATTERING
3.2.2. LIGHT ABSORPTION AND SOLE COLORING
3.2.3. LIGHT ABSORPTION AND SOLE COLORING
3.2.4. OPTICAL METHODS FOR INVESTIGATION OF COLLOID SOLUTIONS
3.3. CHAPTER 8. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF COLLOID SOLUTIONS
3.3.1. ELECTROKINETIC PHENOMENA IN HYDROPHOBIC SOLS
3.3.2. WAYS OF DES FORMATION
3.3.3. STRUCTURE OF THE DOUBLE ELECTRIC LAYER
3.3.4. FACTORS ON WHICH ZETA POTENTIAL DEPENDS
3.3.5. METHODS FOR DETERMINING THE ZETA POTENTIAL
3.4. CHAPTER 9. MOLECULAR-KINETIC PROPERTIES OF COLLOID SOLUTIONS
3.4.1. BROWNIAN MOTION
3.4.2. DIFFUSION
3.4.3. OSMOTIC PRESSURE
3.5. CHAPTER 10. STABILITY OF COLLOID SOLUTIONS. COAGULATION
3.5.1. SEDIMENTATION STABILITY OF DISPERSIVE SYSTEMS
Foreword ................................................................ ...... 3 Part 1 DISPERSIVE SYSTEMS. SURFACE PHENOMENA Chapter 1. Disperse systems.................................................................. 6 1.1. The subject of colloidal chemistry.................................... 6 1.2. Quantitative characteristics DS......................... 7 1.3. Classification of DS .............................................. 8 1.4. Brief historical outline ............................................... 10 1.5. Significance of colloidal chemistry............................... 13 Chapter 2. Surface phenomena .......... ......................... 15 2.1. The nature of surface energy.............................. 15 2.2. Surface tension.................................................... 16 2.3. Temperature dependence of surface tension....................................................... 18 2.4 . Spontaneous processes in the surface layer.......... 18 2.5. Adsorption. General provisions, classification ...................... 20 Conclusion .................................. .................... 23 Questions and tasks for self-control .......................... .... 23 Chapter 3. Adsorption at the "liquid solution-gas" interface ............... 25 3.1. Dependence of the surface tension on the nature and concentration of the dissolved substance .............................. 25 3.2. Gibbs adsorption equation.................................... 27 3.3. surface activity. The Duclos-Traube rule.......... 29 3.4. Orientation of Surfactant Molecules in the Surface Layer 31 3.5. Shishkovsky's equation.................................... 33 3.6. Langmuir's theory of monomolecular adsorption....................... 35 Conclusion.................................................. ......................... 37 Questions and tasks for self-control ............................... ..... 38 Chapter 4. Adsorption of gases and vapors on the surface solids............................... 40 4.1. Peculiarities of adsorption of gas or vapor on a solid adsorbent .................................................... 40 4.2. Dependence of gas adsorption on its concentrations (pressure) at constant temperature.................... 42 4.3. Langmuir's theory of monomolecular adsorption.................... 44 4.4. Theories of polymolecular adsorption.................................... 48 4.5. Capillary condensation................................................... 52 4.6. Dependence of adsorption of gases on the properties of the adsorbent....... 53 4.7. Dependence of adsorption on gas properties.............................. 56 4.8. Practical use adsorption of gases.................. 57 Conclusion.................................. ...................... 57 Self-assessment questions .......................... .............. 59 Chapter 5. Adsorption of a substance dissolved in a liquid on a solid adsorbent .............................. ........... 61 5.1. Molecular adsorption from solutions .............................. 62 5.2. Dependence of Molecular Adsorption on the Equilibrium Concentration of the Adsorbent (cs) .............................. 62 5.3. Influence of the nature of the solvent on molecular adsorption .............................................. 63 5.4. Influence on the molecular adsorption of the nature of the adsorbent .... 64 5.5. Influence on molecular adsorption of the nature of adsorptive.... 64 5.6. adsorption time. The effect of temperature on adsorption ....... 66 5.7. Ion adsorption from solutions .............................. 66 5.8. Ion-exchange adsorption.................................... 68 5.9. Wetting.............................................. 70 5.10. Adhesion................................................... 73 5.11. Practical application of the considered phenomena .......... 74 Conclusion .................................. ................. 76 Questions for self-control ............................... ........ 77 Part 2 LYOPHOBIC SOLS (colloidal solutions) Chapter 6. Obtaining and purification of colloidal solutions ................ 80 6.1. Methods for the preparation of lyophobic sols............................... 80 6.2. Methods for purification of colloidal solutions....................... 85 Conclusion.................................. .............................. 87 Questions for self-control .............................. .................... 88 Chapter 7. Optical properties of colloidal solutions .................. 89 7.1. Scattering of light............................................... 90 7.2. Light absorption and coloring of sols .......................... 93 7.3. Optical methods for the study of colloidal solutions .......... 94 Conclusion .................................................. .............. 98 Questions for self-control .............................. .... 99 Chapter 8. Electrical properties colloidal solutions .............. 101 8.1. Electrokinetic phenomena in hydrophobic sols........ 101 8.2. Ways of formation of DES.................................... 104 8.3. The structure of the electrical double layer .............................. 106 8.4. Factors on which the zeta-potential depends....................... 109 8.5. Methods for determining the zeta potential............................... 114 Conclusion.................................. .................................. 114 Questions for self-control .................. .................. 115 Chapter 9. Molecular-kinetic properties of colloidal solutions. 117 9.1. Brownian motion.................................................... 117 9.2. Diffusion............................................... 119 9.3 . Osmotic pressure.............................. 120 Conclusion............. ...................................... 121 Self-assessment questions .......... .............................. 122 Chapter 10. Stability of colloidal solutions. Coagulation.......... 124 10.1. Odimentation stability of dispersed systems 125 10.2. Aggregative stability of colloidal solutions. Coagulation............................................... 129 10.3. Kinetics of coagulation by electrolytes .................................. 131 10.4. Stability factors of lyophobic sols .................................. 134 10.5. Types of coagulation with electrolytes .............................. 140 10.6. Protection of colloidal particles.................................... 143 10.7. Sensitization.............................................. 145 10.8. Heterocoagulation and heteroadagulation.................... 145 Conclusion.................................. .................................. 146 Self-assessment questions ............................... .............. 148 Chapter 11. Structured disperse systems .................. 149 11.1. Coagulation structures.................................... 149 11.2. Condensation-crystallization structures............. 152 11.3. Structural-mechanical properties of disperse systems............................................... 154 Conclusion..... .............................................. 159 Questions for self-control. .................................... 160 Part 3 LYOPHILE SYSTEMS Chapter 12. Colloidal surfactants.. ........... 163 12.1. Classification of colloidal surfactants .............................. 164 12.2. Properties aqueous solutions Surfactant ........................ 166 12.3. Critical micelle concentration and its determination .............................................. 171 12.4. The use of colloidal surfactants .............................. 175 Conclusion .................. .................................. 176 Questions for self-control .................. .................................. 177 Chapter 13. Solutions of macromolecular compounds (HMC) .......... 178 13.1. Classification of macromolecular compounds .................. 178 13.2 h Main features of the structure of polymers .............. 180 13.3-. Interaction of IUD with a solvent .................................. 181 13.4. Properties of IUD solutions .............................. 183 13.5. Polyelectrolytes ............................... 184 Conclusion ........ ......................................... 186 Self-assessment questions.... .................................. 187 Chapter 14. Jelly. Jelly formation.............................. 188 14.1. Factors influencing the process of gel formation ........ 189 14.2. Properties of jellies.................................... 191 Part 4 MICRO-HETEROGENEOUS SYSTEMS Chapter 15. Suspension............................................... 194 15.1. Classification of suspensions .............................. 195 15.2. Methods for obtaining dilute suspensions .............................. 195 15.3. Properties of diluted suspensions .......................................... 197 15.4. Sedimentation stability of diluted suspensions.. 200 15.5. Aggregative stability of diluted suspensions...... 201 15.6. Methods for the destruction of diluted suspensions .......... 207 15.7. Pastes................................................. 211 15.8. Analysis of variance............................................... 223 15.9. Application areas of suspensions .......................... 236 Conclusion .................. ............................... 238 Self-assessment questions ............................... .................................. 239 Chapter 16. Emulsions .............................. ...................... 241 16.1. Classification of emulsions.............................. 241 16.2. Methods for obtaining emulsions............................... 242 16.3. Main characteristics of emulsions.............................. 247 16.4. Aggregative stability of emulsions............................... 248 16.5. Types of emulsifiers ......................................... 249 16.6. Determining the type of emulsion .............................. 253 16.7. Reversal of the phases of the emulsion .................................. 255 16.8. Methods for breaking emulsions. ......................... 256 16.9. Practical application of emulsions............................... 258 Conclusion.................................. ................................. 260 Self-assessment questions .................................. .................. 261 Chapter 17. Foam .............................. ...................... 262 17.1. Foam classification ......................................... 264 17.2. Methods for obtaining foams .................................. 264 17.3. Basic characteristics of foams .................................. 267 17.4. Foam properties............................................... 269 17.5. Foam Stability .................................................. 270 17.6. Foam destruction methods .................................................. 278 17.7. Practical application of foams.................................... 283 Conclusion.................................. .................................................. 284 Questions for self-control .............................. ...................... 285 Chapter 18. Aerosol ....................... ....................... 286 18.1. Classification of aerosols.................................... 287 18.2. Methods for obtaining aerosols .............................. 288 18.3. general characteristics aerosols ........................ 290 18.4. Methods for the destruction of aerosols .............................. 297 18.5. Aerosol cans.................................................... 300 18.6. Practical application of aerosols ................................. 303 18.7. Aerosol transport.............................. 307 Conclusion............... .................................................... 308 Questions for self-control .......... ...................... 309 Chapter 19. Powders .................. ............................... 310 19.1. Classification of powders.............................. 310 19.2. Methods for obtaining powders .............................. 311 19.3. General characteristics of powders .......................... 313 19.4. Properties of powders .................................. 316 19.5. Stability of powders .................................. 324 19.6. Practical application of powders .............................. 324 Questions for self-control ..................... ............... 326 Conclusion .................................. ................... 327COLLOID CHEMISTRY, studies disperse systems with a high degree fragmentation (particle size from 10 2 to 10 7 cm) and a huge surface (for example, in active carbon, the specific surface reaches thousands of m2 / g), which determines them ... ... Modern Encyclopedia
colloid chemistry- - a branch of chemistry that has as its subject highly dispersed systems and systems flowing in them. Dictionary of Analytical Chemistry ... Chemical terms
COLLOID CHEMISTRY- the science that studies physical chem. properties of dispersed systems and some high molecular weight products, as well as surface phenomena physical. chem. processes occurring at the interface (see) ... Great Polytechnic Encyclopedia
- (other Greek κόλλα glue) the science of disperse systems and surface phenomena and the traditional name physical chemistry dispersed systems and surface phenomena that occur at the interface. Studies adhesion, adsorption, wetting ... Wikipedia
The traditional name for the physical chemistry of disperse systems (See Disperse systems) and surface phenomena (See Surface phenomena). K. x. as an independent science arose in the 60s of the 19th century. Since then, its subject and methods have been significantly ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Term colloid chemistry English term colloid chemistry Synonyms colloid science Abbreviations Associated terms adhesion, adsorption, electrical double layer, dispersion, sol, colloidal solution, critical concentration… … Encyclopedic Dictionary of Nanotechnology
A field of chemistry that studies dispersed systems and surface phenomena that occur at the interface. Since the particles of the dispersed phase and the dispersion medium surrounding them have a very large area of phase separation (in highly dispersed systems ... ... Chemical Encyclopedia
The traditional name for the science of dispersed systems and surface phenomena. He studies such processes and phenomena as adhesion, adsorption, wetting, coagulation, electrophoresis. Develops the scientific principles of technology building materials, drilling... encyclopedic Dictionary
colloid chemistry- koloidų chemija statusas T sritis chemija apibrėžtis Dispersinių sistemų ir paviršinių reiškinių chemija. atitikmenys: engl. colloid chemistry. colloidal chemistry... Chemijos terminų aiskinamasis žodynas
The science of surface phenomena and disperse systems. All nature Earth's crust and bowels, atmosphere and hydrosphere, organisms of animals and plants complex set various dispersed systems. The universality of the dispersed state determines ... ... Big encyclopedic polytechnic dictionary
