The vocational education system in China. The education system in China - how is the learning process going? Primary Chinese School

China is still "mysterious" for many. eastern country with a rich history and culture. China is no less attractive in terms of education. Many parents want to send their children to this country for education due to the rapid technological and economic development of the country. However, it is worth knowing some nuances school education in the underworld.

School education in China involves studying for 12 years. It includes three steps. At the same time, since 2008, the Chinese authorities decided to approve compulsory free 9-year schooling. Whether to continue studying in the last three grades is up to the parents and the students themselves.

Before entering the first grade, future first-graders are tested. The next exams are waiting for children in six years, after completing their studies at primary school. The grading system for the exam is point. To enter a high school in China, you need to score a certain number of points. If a student scores high, then he has a chance to enter a secondary school at a university, which will ensure his further admission to this university.

After 12 years of schooling, graduates take unified exams similar to our USE. They are graduation from school, as well as introductory to the university. For admission to different universities, you need to score different minimum results in the exam. How more famous university, the more serious requirements it imposes on the level of knowledge of applicants. An applicant can send an application for admission to two or three educational institutions at the same time.

Features of schooling in China

A distinctive feature of schools in China is the high workload on students compared to the workload in Russian schools. main reason because Chinese is very difficult. Schoolchildren have to memorize several thousand hieroglyphs during their studies. They need not only to be remembered, but also to learn how to correctly pronounce and write. The number of students in the class is more than 30 people, and sometimes reaches 70-80 children.

In order not to overload children, a decision was made to introduce school day lasting no more than eight hours. Classes in Chinese schools begin at 8 o'clock in the morning. The number of physical education lessons is at least 70 minutes per week.

School education in China involves a 5-day school week. Children usually go to school until 4 pm. The daily schedule is as follows:

• From 8:00 to 11:30 - classes in basic subjects (mathematics, Chinese, foreign languages);
• From 11:30 to 14:00 - lunch break and daytime rest;
• From 14:00 to 16:00 - classes in secondary subjects (drawing, singing, physical education, works).

Taking into account visiting extracurricular lessons and doing homework, students go to bed closer to midnight. And the morning rise usually takes place at 6:00, because at 7:30 you already need to be at school.

The academic year at the Chinese school includes two semesters. After the end of the first and second semesters, students receive final grades in points. A 100-point scale is used. Teachers record student scores in class journals. Parents can always be aware of the progress of their children.

Strict discipline is maintained in training. If a student skips 12 classes without having good reason, he will be expelled.

Secondary education in China is under the vigilant control of the state. All schools have state funding and receive funds from the treasury to upgrade equipment and renovate premises.

Modern schools in China are often complex buildings with long corridors stretching between them, and in the inner part of the courtyard there are large sports fields. There are sometimes several thousand students in one school.

Primary school in China

Children go to first grade at the age of 6. The first semester starts on September 1st and the second semester starts on March 1st. Holidays in summer are in July and August, and in winter - in January and February.

In elementary school in China, they study mathematics, Chinese, natural science, drawing, music, and children also receive basic knowledge of history, natural history and geography. It is obligatory to study China and its peoples, as well as to obtain political information. In addition, students are actively involved in maintaining order and cleanliness in school premises.

Starting from grade 3, students learn English. From the 4th grade, children also attend practice - usually in workshops or on farms. Many choose electives and sections to their liking.

Junior high school

High school in China is three years of study. After that, the compulsory part of education will be completed. Teenagers study the following subjects: mathematics, Chinese, English, physics, computer science, biology, geography, music, physical education, ethics and morality.

Particular attention in China is paid to the education of political literacy and the introduction of ideology into young minds. Also, children continue to study in sections and circles selected at the previous level of education.

Complete high school

During this period, students can choose one of the educational directions.

• The vocational direction serves to train technical specialists who can find work in the manufacturing sector or in agriculture. Here, vocational, technical and agricultural schools stand out separately.
• The academic direction serves to prepare teenagers for entering universities.

Education in universities in China lasts 2-4 years and depends on the specialty. There is a distribution system for graduates, so immediately after graduation they get a job.

Popular schools in China

The Beijing October First School was opened over 60 years ago. Location - Beijing city. Here, training is carried out from grades 1 to 12, enrollment is possible at any stage. The school maintains strict discipline. After several violations, expulsion follows.

It is possible to train children from foreign countries. For them, lessons are held throughout the year to study Chinese. After receiving the basics of the language, you must pass the entrance exams in mathematics, English and Chinese. Foreign students are provided with a boarding house. Tuition fee: 28500 yuan, cost of living: 6000 yuan.

Tatyana L. (the mother of student Evgenia) says that at school they liked the informal attitude towards the girl, help in solving everyday issues, and an individual approach.

The school at the Renmin University of China (Beijing City) is considered one of the most popular high schools in China. It is possible to study foreign students in any class - from 1 to 12. The university specializes in the field of public and humanities, popular specialties: economics, journalism, law.

The school is famous for the high results of graduates. Most of them go to People's University or other prestigious universities China. For students from other countries, a one-year Chinese language course is provided, after which exams are taken for admission to the school. Tuition fee: 25,000 yuan, cost of living: 6,200 yuan.

School No. 2 at East China Normal University is located in Shanghai. Considered one of the best schools in the city. It is possible to train students from other countries at the age of 12-18 years. A preliminary Chinese language course is provided, as in other similar schools.

The school has an excellent material and technical base. This includes a laboratory, an indoor swimming pool, and numerous sports facilities. The hostel has 400 rooms for students. Tuition fee: 35,000 yuan, living expenses: 5,000 yuan.

Olga S. (mother of student Lilia) from Russia says that she can safely recommend this school to everyone. She liked the green area, the modern buildings of the hostel and school, as well as several excellent sports grounds.

The school at Shanghai Jiaotong University is ready to accept foreign students aged 15-18 for graduation. First, students study the basics of Chinese for six months and only after that they can move on to the main program. Here, teenagers not only study the basic disciplines, but also prepare for entering the university. Tuition fee: 34300 yuan, cost of living: 4000 yuan.

Dilara says that her son is satisfied with his studies, he found friends from different countries world, mastered Chinese and consolidated knowledge of English. Now he plans to enter a Chinese university.

As for Russian schools in China, we can recommend a school at the Russian Embassy in Beijing.

Documents for studying in a Chinese school

Each student from foreign country must have an official guardian in China. It can be any Chinese citizen or foreigner who has received an official job and residence permit in China. The guardian must write a written guarantee for the ward that the student will behave well and study successfully. And in case of violations, the guardian will be held liable.

It is to the guardian that the administration of the school turns in case of problems with the student. Parents of a schoolchild usually have to pay several thousand yuan for guardianship. Some schools act as guardians themselves.

Also, to go to study in China, you must have a foreign passport and a student visa, which is issued only after the conclusion of an agreement with the school.

The foundations of the modern Chinese educational system were laid in the early years of the Communist Party. Thanks to this system, within a few decades, the authorities managed to completely eradicate illiteracy (before 1949, only 20% of the Chinese could read and write) and introduce compulsory primary and secondary education. Despite the fact that many Western educators often criticize Chinese educational principles, the inhabitants of the Celestial Empire themselves consider this system to be very effective and well-established.

The education system in ancient China

The first schools in China appeared in the 3rd millennium BC. e. They were of two types:

• Xiang. The children were taught by older members of the community. The younger generation learned from the elders about the gods, hunting methods, crafts and family life.
• Xu. Training in military affairs, as well as writing, counting and the basics of morality.

Over time the system educational institutions expanded and became more complex. There was a whole network of schools created by the state or private individuals. For a long time, getting an education in China was the privilege of the upper strata of society. The situation changed under Confucius (551-479 BC), who taught not only representatives of the nobility, but also the poor. There was no specific educational program. Children started going to school at the age of seven. The duration of training depended on the abilities of the student. There were no textbooks in the ancient Chinese school either. It was believed that the simplification of the material and the use of gaming teaching methods would lead to a decline in morality and education in society.

All children studied history, morality, writing, counting and music. People from aristocratic families also comprehended the art of war. Usually only boys attended schools, but wealthy parents tried to educate their daughters as well. Girls also studied general subjects, but instead of the military craft, they learned to compose poetry, dance and do needlework.

The most important discipline of the ancient Chinese school was writing. Knowledge of hieroglyphs opened the most prestigious and highly paid positions before a person. The study of the hieroglyphic system began in schools and continued at universities (the latter began to appear in China as early as the 1st millennium BC).

Education has always been highly valued in China. It was believed that only educated and smart people capable of achieving the prosperity of the country. Therefore, China has a special examination system for officials. The examiners had to evaluate how well the future official was familiar with Confucianism, as well as the candidate's ability to reason and argue his point of view.

Early childhood education system in China

From 3 to 6 years old, little Chinese attend kindergartens. Preschool educational institutions are divided into two types:

• Private. Here, the greatest attention is paid to the development of the individual characteristics of the child, his talents, creativity, as well as the first acquaintance with science and art.
• State. In such kindergartens, the main emphasis is on instilling in children the first labor skills. Children learn to serve themselves and perform small household tasks.

Regardless of the type of kindergarten, educators instill in all Chinese kids respect for elders, the desire for success, a sense of patriotism and an interest in politics. The entire educational system in China is built primarily on discipline. From the very early years children must strictly follow the schedule and instructions of adults. Educators control even children's games. According to Chinese teachers, such rigor allows the child to become a full-fledged member of society, find his place in life and bring maximum benefit to his people.

School education

In China schooling lasts 12 years and is divided into three stages:

• Primary (6 years). Every child is required to take several tests when they enter school. The content of the entrance exam is kept secret. Parents and children cannot even know what form they will take entrance tests. Every Chinese parent considers it necessary to make every effort to ensure that his child gets into best school cities. At this stage, children receive basic knowledge about the world and society. Then they first try themselves as workers. School education involves the passage of children's work experience at enterprises or farms.
• Medium (3 years). At this stage, children take advanced programs in the exact sciences, get acquainted with computer science, learn foreign languages, and learn more about politics and the state structure of their native country. After completing the compulsory nine-year education, a student may not go to the upper grades, but receive a secondary vocational education in a technical school or college.
• Senior (3 years). Unlike the first two stages, education in the upper grades is paid. Only those children who wish to enter the university go to this stage of education. Before the beginning school year the student will have to choose a profile direction - vocational or academic - and pass the appropriate tests.

In China, education and a career are highly valued. Even elementary school students realize the importance of studying and try to study as diligently as possible. Starting from the first grade, children do a lot of homework and additionally study with tutors. Also, students are required to strictly observe school discipline. It is enough to miss only 12 classes without a good reason to be expelled from school.

As a rule, the school day of each Chinese student consists of 6-7 (for high school students - from 8-9) lessons and visits to numerous additional classes, electives and sports sections. Lessons last 40 minutes. Physical education lessons are held every day. Since classes continue for a very long time, after lunch there comes a kind of “quiet hour”, which lasts 60-80 minutes. Usually, before the break, children study the most difficult subjects, and in the afternoon - lighter and more creative ones.

During the year, schoolchildren and students go on vacation twice:

• Summer holidays last from early July to September;
• New Year holidays begin in mid-January and end in mid-February.

During the holidays, children continue to study. By the beginning of the new semester, they will need to submit completed homework assignments to teachers. In addition, many schoolchildren are sent abroad by their parents during the holidays to improve their foreign language skills or to take additional educational courses.

The higher education system in China

Chinese universities are considered among the best in Asia. Diplomas issued by many of them are highly valued in Europe and America. The Chinese leadership is doing a lot for the development of the national high school. Today most of Chinese universities are huge high-tech scientific complexes with libraries, museums and modern laboratories. The best professors from all over the world are often invited to lecture at universities.

All universities in China are divided into several categories, depending on the prestige and quality of education. School graduates preparing to enter the university take single exam, the results of which are evaluated on a hundred-point scale. To be eligible for delivery entrance exams in a university belonging to a certain category, a graduate must pass a single exam for the corresponding number of points. Usually admission to universities takes place in conditions of fierce competition. In some Chinese universities, the competition reaches several hundred people per place.

Studying at universities is not cheap, therefore, especially for students in difficult financial situations, the government has created a system of loans. Also, such students can count on scholarships.

A few years ago, a special program functioned in China, involving the cooperation of universities and large Chinese enterprises. Thanks to this program, all students were employed immediately after receiving their diplomas. Today, graduates themselves are looking for work, with the exception of those who entered the university by target direction from the enterprise.

PhD

In China, as in the West, there is a three-tier system higher education:

• Bachelor's degree (4 years);
• Master (2-3 years). At this stage, it is expected in-depth study some items.
• Doctorate (2-4 years).

A student who has received a bachelor's degree can become a postgraduate student. When entering a master's program, a student should be very careful in choosing the direction of study, since the topic of the future dissertation will have to correspond to the chosen field of knowledge.

Education in the master's program involves attending seminars and lectures, preparing your own projects and reports, as well as publishing articles in scientific collections. For each completed work, the student receives points by which his work is evaluated during the year. If a graduate student gains the required number of points, he gets the right to write his own dissertation. The graduate student is assisted in the preparation of the dissertation by the curator, however, the intervention of the supervisor in the work of the ward, as a rule, is minimized.

The main requirement for a finished dissertation is its uniqueness. Works containing more than 15% plagiarism are not allowed to be protected.

As a rule, postgraduate studies are paid, but students with relevant and important topics of work can count on receiving a government grant.

Today, China's educational institutions annually attract tens of thousands of students from around the globe. For many, a Chinese university diploma has become an indicator of quality and prestige.

Today, looking at the successful economic policy of the Middle Kingdom, it is hard to believe that before the middle of the 20th century, more than 80% of its population was illiterate.

The Chinese educational system is similar to ours and includes the following steps:

Now the last two stages operate together, alternately, with a duration of study of 5 and 4, 6 and 3 or 9 years. The second is more popular, that is, in elementary school, education lasts 6 years, and in incomplete secondary - 3 years.

• Complete secondary school - for teenagers from 15 years old, where they will stay for 3 years.
• Postgraduate.

Instead of high school, the Chinese education system also provides for the possibility for some children to go to secondary vocational schools. They are of 2 types:

• for those who have completed lower secondary school, that is, adolescents aged 15-16 years. The training will be 4 (sometimes 3) years;
• for those who have behind full school, and these are people under the age of 22 years. They have to gnaw at the granite of science for another 2 years.

In China, undergraduate universities teach people for 4-5 years.

If it's about medical education in China, the term grows to 7-8 years. The graduate school here is a little different from ours and prepares:

• masters (2-3 years);
• Doctors of Sciences (3 years).

The age of the first cannot exceed 40 years, and the second - 45.

Preschool education

Kindergartens in China are divided into:

• state;
• private.

Children are sent there between the ages of 3 and 6. Preschool Chinese education aims to prepare the baby for schooling, the harmonious development of the school curriculum. Usually, about 270 children study in one kindergarten, 26 people in each group. At the same time, 5% of the children stay here all night (except Wednesday and Saturday), the rest of the parents take home at 18:00 to bring them back by 8:00 in the morning. For one group of students, there are 2 certified educators and 1 assistant.

Secondary education in the country

The school system in China is paid and is designed for 9 years. Its goal is to create a working person or prepare him for admission to universities. The elementary school has been teaching Chinese literacy, basic knowledge of nature and society for 6 years, much attention is paid to physical education and patriotic education. From grade 3, in addition to mathematics, Chinese, ethics, music and physical education, kids begin to learn a foreign language. And already from the 4th grade, they work every year for 2 weeks on the farm and in the workshops, and once a week they carry out social activities.

A high school in China is 6-7 lessons daily on weekdays. Rigid discipline involves the exclusion of a student due to missing 12 classes without a good reason. Each classroom has its own classroom.

At the end of the seventh grade, students take exams in China, the results of which determine admission to school. the highest degree, and after it to the institute. This country has the USE familiar to us, according to the results of which the best students are enrolled in universities. It is held in May.

To obtain a certificate of secondary education in China, you must also pass exams in physics, languages, biology, mathematics, political science and history, computer science and chemistry.

As for vocational schools, they are designed to train personnel in the field of medicine, legal sciences, and agriculture in China. There are also special technical educational institutions that train future workers in the textile, pharmaceutical, steel and fuel industries. Agricultural vocational education in China is considered the least prestigious, so they study there not for 4 years, but for 3.

For foreign students, there is a chance to gain knowledge in boarding schools of a private nature, after graduating from which a person will be awarded a diploma of secondary education. Such a document is usually of double type: Chinese, and, for example, English. These boarding houses accept children who have reached the age of 9. Accordingly, it is possible to study in China for Russians and representatives of other nationalities.

Yining also has the only Russian school in China. She represents initial stage education, does not have a hostel, so only children from this city are accepted here. Here the lessons are conducted both in Chinese and in Russian. They consist of mathematics, physical education, language literacy and music.

Vacation education for children

Holidays for children in summer (from mid-July to the end of August) and in winter (from January to mid-February), that is, twice a year. Here, unlike in Russia, children do their homework all the holidays, and some of them are also sent by their parents for 2 weeks abroad to attend additional educational courses, for example, to improve their English.

Chinese higher education system

There are more than a hundred in China state institutions and academies. Many of them are entire campuses. Graduating, most people immediately get a distribution job.

As for getting higher education in China by foreigners, this is also possible. You will need notarized translations, as well as copies of previously received education documents. Some Chinese universities do not require certification from a notary, limiting themselves to the signature of the vice-rector for international relations on the materials and affixing the official seal.

Nostrification of Russian and Chinese diplomas (that is, the procedure for recognizing foreign diplomas as equivalent) most often occurs automatically on the basis of the 1995 Agreement between states on the mutual recognition of educational documents and academic degrees. This means that citizens of one of the countries, having received education in it, can continue it or start working in their specialty in another.

For representatives of other states with which similar agreements have not been signed, legalization of documents will be required. It is carried out in the extraterritorial representations of the issuing state, in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs or the Ministry of Justice.

Education for Russians

There are more than half a thousand universities in the country that have been granted the authority to accept foreign students, including those from the Russian Federation. Most of these institutions offer training in 12 basic specialties:

• agronomy,
• warfare,
• natural Sciences,
• engineering,
• story,
• mathematics,
• the medicine,
• management,
• pedagogy,
• philosophy,
• economy,
• jurisprudence.

Exactly legal education in China is in the greatest demand. There are two main languages ​​of instruction: state and English.

Such universities have language training centers for students from other countries. At the same time, the degree of knowledge of Chinese does not matter. For 1-2 years, having mastered the language to a sufficient extent, foreign students are allowed to master disciplines in the desired specialty. Education in China in English can also take place.

If a student is doing well in his studies, then he is allowed to take an additional study of a second, different from the basic specialty. In this case, his diploma will indicate the points scored for both.

Postgraduate education

Postgraduate study here is two-level. To start receiving a master's degree, a student must have a completed bachelor's degree. Doctoral studies take students who have completed a master's degree. Education in it takes place both on a paid and on a grant basis. To enter here, a foreigner needs to know the state language at least at level 4 of the qualifying exam. You can choose to study in English, but the cost of studying in China for this program is much higher.

The training program consists of listening to lectures, passing exams, speaking at seminars and preparing a dissertation research. Such work will be subject to verification by the plagiarism search system, 15% of borrowed information is allowed.

About free education in China

The higher education system in China also allows free education. To get into this study at an educational institution in China, a student must win a special grant (full or partial payment) for the preparation of a master's, bachelor's or doctoral degree, or a grant for a student studying Chinese as a specialty.

If the person applying for free education knows perfectly official language, then he may be trying to achieve an HSK scholarship.

There is also a Great Wall grant, short programs language courses for Chinese teachers, mayoral and other scholarships.

Russian is available free education in China under the PRC Government Scholarship for Accredited Institutions and University Scholarship.

To receive a scholarship from the Confucius Institute, you need to show high results in the study of Chinese and culture in any of these institutes. There are about 20 of them in the Russian Federation, for example, in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Vladivostok, Irkutsk and Kazan.

China still cannot be compared in popularity with such leaders in the education market as the UK, the USA and Germany, but the huge potential of the country, the low cost of education and the opportunity to become a specialist with knowledge of an oriental language opens up great opportunities for building a career.

Advantages and disadvantages

pros

1. China is one of Russia's important partners, and the country's role on the world stage is only getting stronger, so getting an education in China and learning Chinese is a very far-sighted step for young careerists.
2. Low cost of higher education and the opportunity to receive a scholarship.
3. Ample opportunities for those who want to build a career in business, and for those who plan to engage in science.

Minuses

1. Chinese education is not as prestigious as American and European ones.
2. To study in many programs, you need to know the difficult Chinese language well.
3. bad environment in major cities and distinctive Chinese culture.

The PRC education system is completely controlled by the state, even at the level of private higher schools. The lower levels of the system were built according to the Soviet model, until the start of the academic year in September.

Basic education

School education is divided into primary, incomplete secondary, secondary. From elementary school (grades 1-6) children go to secondary school automatically, without exams. It will take three more years for a student to complete an incomplete secondary education. After that, many schoolchildren finish their studies, start working, entering secondary technical schools, technical schools. Those who wish to receive a complete secondary education will have three years of study and a final exam. Secondary school programs are common throughout the country, as is the list of academic disciplines.

Not all secondary schools in the country are open to foreigners; their list is approved by the Ministry of Education of the PRC. The basis of education for industry has become a huge network of professional technical schools, technical schools, specialized secondary colleges. They pay more attention to the theoretical disciplines necessary for specific specialty, practical training professions, industrial internships. There are more than twelve thousand specialized secondary technical educational institutions, including vocational schools.

Higher education in China

Unlike high school, higher education is restructured according to international standards. Top Universities conduct training on English language(in parallel with Chinese), Western professors are invited, modern methods are used. Simultaneously with the restructuring of higher education, private higher schools were allowed, which in a short time opened more than one and a half thousand (more than 50% of the educational sector).

The best universities in the country include Peking University, the largest in China. The branched structure of the university includes 12 faculties, 31 colleges, the total number of students exceeds 46,000. In various rankings, Peking University is ranked first in Asia (shares it with the University of Tokyo), and is included in the world twenty.

Shanghai University is slightly inferior to Beijing University in the number of students (43,000), surpasses it in the number of faculties (23 faculties), offers 59 doctoral programs, 148 master's specialties.

It is believed that Shanghai has the best level of teaching in law, economics, management and management in the country.

Despite the absence of theoretical restrictions, not all universities in China accept foreigners. Foreign students study in only 450 of the two thousand state universities.

In all higher schools education is paid. By European standards, its cost is low - about 32,000 yuan per year (less than $5,000). In addition, the government allocates 10,000 grants for foreigners. However, it is very difficult to enter the university - it is required to pass exams in seven disciplines, among which the Chinese language becomes the most difficult for foreigners. To study in English, you need an international certificate. Competitions for universities are huge, reaching hundreds of applicants for one place.

The best way to enter is considered to be preliminary study at the preparatory department, which is often resorted to before entering the magistracy to continue education after a Russian university. There are also companies that offer training through grants, which greatly saves the budget and simplifies the admission procedure. The most famous is mychina.org.

The cost of living while studying is incomparable with American, European realities. Even in the most expensive cities, ten dollars a day is enough, but search opportunities additional work extremely limited.

useful links

Education in China today

Let's take a quick look education in China today.

The right to education simple people received only since 1949, that is, since the formation of the PRC.

In ancient times, the main purpose of education was to educate officials, since people who pass exams were eligible to hold public office.

Currently education is divided into several levels: primary education, secondary education, secondary vocational education and higher education.

According to the PRC Compulsory Education Law (义务教育法), nine years of education is now compulsory. It is worth noting that in the 1980s only primary education, 6 years, was considered compulsory.

Primary education (初等教育) in China involves 6 years of study. The curriculum includes such subjects as mathematics, history, natural history, music, drawing, physical education, etc., and also instills in students love for the motherland and respect for socialism.

Secondary education(中等教育) consists of two stages (初中 and 高中), each of three years. To the above subjects are added a foreign language, politics, geography, physics, chemistry, etc.

Secondary vocational education(中等职业技术教育) represented vocational schools(中等专业学校), technical schools (技工学校) and vocational schools(职业学校). The term of study is from 2 to 4 years, in some specialties up to 5 years (for example, medicine). The set of subjects studied depends entirely on the chosen specialty - finance, medicine, Agriculture, culinary arts, technology, tourism and so on. Upon graduation, many graduates get jobs by distribution to various institutions, depending on the chosen specialty.

Higher education(高等教育) is built on the principle of the Bologna system, but China does not participate in this system. The duration of training is 4 years. Graduates become bachelors. Master's degree - two (or three) more years (bachelor's degree - 本科, master's degree - 专科).

In China there is two levels of education for graduate students- postgraduate and doctoral studies. TO graduate students(for candidates - 硕士) and to doctors(博士) have different requirements. Candidates must love the Motherland, be highly moral, speak one foreign language, and be able to conduct research activities. The term of postgraduate study is 2-3 years. The requirements for doctors are somewhat the same as the requirements for graduate students, the only difference is that doctors must master two foreign languages and conduct any research activities.

According to the form of study, postgraduate students are divided into two types: on-the-job and on-the-job (they work during the day, study in the evenings and on weekends).

It is also worth designating another type of education - training or higher education for those already working (成人教育). In principle, this could also apply to the aforementioned graduate students. Due to the fact that they work during the day and study in the evenings and weekends, this type of education is also called 夜大学.

There are many online universities in China now. You can get higher education without leaving your home.

V last years The state pays more and more attention to education. A huge amount of money is spent annually on its development.

StudyChinese.ru

Education can be one of the most influential forces in modern society. A good education which nurtures intelligence and curiosity can affect children as soon as they come to school.

China, with the largest population in the world, provides its citizens with a diverse school system: public schools for students of all ages, specialized schools for the disabled, private schools and vocational schools, and many other educational institutions, including universities.

However, since it is created under the influence of a fundamentally different culture, some structural aspects of China's education system may seem strange to foreign eyes and analysis. Here are some comparisons between the educational systems of China and America.

Levels of education in China

China's education system consists of three main levels: primary, secondary, and post-secondary. Primary education is what we usually call elementary grades. The secondary school is divided into a lower level and an upper level. This is the equivalent of high school. The division of these levels schematically looks like: 6-3-3, where from grade 1 to 6 will belong to the elementary school, from 7 to 9 in another, and from 10 to 12, including the secondary school.

In the US, for example, grades 1 to 8 are labeled and relative to years of study. They are built according to the principle - “freshman”, “sophomore”, “junior” and “senior”. “China has every class named after rank in their educational subgroup. The seventh grade is known as 初一, the eighth is 初二 and the ninth is 初三. ("一", "二", and "三" are "one", "two", and "three" in Chinese.)

Required level of education

Unlike the US, where compulsory education laws require students to stay in school between 16 and 18, all students in China are required to complete at least nine years of schooling. or students can choose what they want to do in the future.

School day

In the United States, while students rush out of the classroom during recess, in China the teacher decides when you leave the class. Unlike American schools, where education provides for the choice of elective classes, choosing biology or chemistry, students in China do not choose the same classes, up to high school.

The school day also varies. While in America, as a rule, school starts at 8 and ends somewhere around 3, for China, evening sessions are offered during middle and high school.

In preparation for testing at universities, students often use this time to study on their own or use tutors. The lunch period is also longer than in American schools; some Chinese high schools and high schools offer lunch breaks during the day, which can span up to two hours.

Secondary education in schools in China

Chinese secondary education is unique in that, in addition to traditional ones, they try to instill moral principles in children and help them discover their creative potential.

In China, all children at the age of 6 must go to school. First, they study for six years in elementary school, then another three years in junior high school. This is compulsory education for everyone. After graduating from the lower secondary school, you can enter the higher secondary school, where you study for three years. True, for this you need to pass the entrance exams.

Public schools in China are geared towards Chinese children, but some of them are allowed to accept foreign students as well.

In this case, the training will be paid, about 5 thousand dollars per semester. Education is conducted in Chinese, so for admission you need to pass an exam in Chinese, English and mathematics.

In addition, foreign students will have to first study for a year at preparatory program. It will cost, on average, 28,000 yuan ($4,500) per semester. The same is the cost of a semester of school curriculum after enrollment.

As a rule, Chinese schools with international departments for foreigners are located in large cities, especially in Beijing and Shanghai. Mainly children of employees of international companies study there.

Among the public schools in China that accept foreigners, Beijing Secondary school October 1st, Renmin University of China Middle School, Beijing No. 4 Middle School, East China No. 2 Middle School Pedagogical University(Shanghai), Shanghai Fudan University High School and Shanghai High School Shanghai University Jiaotong.

Private schools

There are also private schools in China, and they are more popular with foreigners.

One of the best is the boarding school Beijing New Talent Academy. Children are accepted here from the age of 18 months (the school has Kindergarten) up to 18 years of age. You can study in Chinese with Chinese children or at the existing Cambridge International Center in English in British educational program. To enter the school, you need to pass exams in Chinese, English and mathematics. If the child enters the Cambridge International Centre, then you need to pass an exam in English and mathematics in accordance with the requirements of the British program. Children who study in English still learn Chinese language and culture.

The cost of studying at the Beijing New Talent Academy is 76,000 yuan per year for studying in Chinese (12,000 dollars) and 120,000 yuan for an English-language program (20,000 dollars).

If the American system is closer than the British one, you can choose Saint Paul American School in Beijing. Education in it is conducted according to the American educational program with the obligatory study of the Chinese language and culture.

In general, China's public and private schools that accept foreigners are geared towards children whose parents live in the country, although many schools have a boarding school. Most students international programs in Chinese schools, these are the children of expats. Almost all schools require that a foreign child studying in a Chinese school have an official guardian in the country (this may be a parent) - a Chinese citizen or a person who permanently resides in China and has a residence permit. The guardian is responsible for the student and is the point of contact in case problems arise.

In 1998, at the September meeting of the Standing Committee of the NPC, a new Law of the People's Republic of China on Higher Education was adopted. The law came into force on January 1, 1999.

The overall management of higher education is carried out by the State Council through its subordinate departments (at present, 70% of the 2200 universities are under the competence of the Ministry of Education of the PRC, the rest are departmental). Permission to create or change the status of universities is carried out by the administrative bodies of the State Council, provinces, autonomous regions, cities of central subordination, or other organizations on their behalf. At the same time, it is indicated that, along with the existence of universities of national and provincial subordination, the state "encourages, within the framework of the law, their creation and financing by professional, entrepreneurial organizations, public groups, other public organizations and citizens." Thus, for the first time, the idea of ​​establishing and legalizing private universities is allowed in principle.

The law provides for three types of higher education: courses with special curricula(term of study 2-3 years), bachelor's degree (4-5 years) and master's degree (additional 2-3 years). Three academic degrees: bachelor, master and doctor of science. Job categories are provided: assistant, teacher (lecturer), associate professor and professor. A paid education system is being established. An exception is made only for students from needy families (preferential payment or free education). Top students can apply for scholarships and one-time material incentives.

In addition to references to state and other local sources of funding, there is no indication of a formal ban on receiving funds from foreign counterparties, either on a regular or ad hoc basis (in practice, in China, receiving sponsorship from foreign compatriots and Western donors is widely allowed; there are several masters-training business schools with foreign funding and teaching).

It is indicated that the cost of training, financing educational process and sources of funds are determined by the administrative bodies of the State Council and provinces, depending on the cost of education in each individual university. The tuition fee received must be used strictly in accordance with the established rules and cannot be directed to other purposes. The state provides appropriate benefits for the purchase of imported equipment and materials by universities.

It is emphasized that the purpose of creating a university should be to serve the state and public interests, and not to make a profit. At the same time, the law does not formally prohibit the practice of conducting commercial activities by universities (renting premises, publishing and printing services, etc.), which is quite common today in the PRC. Universities created a number of enterprises for the development high technology to promote the development of R&D. As a result, a number of well-known competitive profitable companies have been formed. In 1997, the income of enterprises affiliated with Chinese universities amounted to 20.55 billion yuan, with income tax of 2.73 billion yuan. By the end of 1999, the gross output of these enterprises will reach 100 billion yuan.

The document says that foreigners - subject to compliance with the requirements - can study in Chinese universities, as well as conduct scientific or teaching work (today, about 30 thousand people work in Chinese universities). foreign teachers, mainly from the USA and Western Europe).

The law allows education in universities student organizations, whose activities should be "regulated by internal regulations and agreed with the educational administration."

Generally new law significantly expands the opportunities for the participation of non-state structures in the development of higher education - an area considered a priority in China in the context of efforts to overcome the cultural and technological lag behind the advanced powers. At the same time, despite the state's traditional, ideological, political and administrative levers of control over the educational sphere, the law allows to weaken it to a certain extent in the case of educational institutions created by other public structures. Unlike state universities, they are not required to work under the leadership of party committees, but "in accordance with the legislative provisions on public organizations." Compared with the past, a significant emphasis is placed on the acquisition of deep specialized and professional knowledge, in particular, it is indicated that study is "the most important duty of students", and their "participation in public life should not be reflected in the performance of educational tasks. "It is also characteristic that in fact there is a significant redistribution of rights from the Center in favor of the administrative bodies of the provincial level and the universities themselves, the importance of university science and its relations with the research institutes of the Academy of Sciences of the People's Republic of China and industrial production is rising.

The adoption of the new law consolidates the rights and obligations of the teaching staff and students of universities in the PRC, creates additional features for the government-encouraged increase in Chinese youth's desire for higher education (every year, only 1 million or 4% of Chinese youth of the corresponding age category can enter universities). In all likelihood, it will be able to raise the status of Chinese higher education and thus balance the current trend in the PRC to receive higher education abroad (in 20 years, 270,000 people went to the West, primarily to the United States, to study).

It should be noted that the high prestige of Russian higher education continues in the PRC.

There is an agreement between Russia and China on the mutual recognition of documents on education and degrees. However, due to the lack of centralized state information and advertising support, the efforts of individual Russian universities to attract Chinese students on a commercial basis so far have not yielded effective results (40,000 Chinese study in US universities, and 8,000 in Russian universities).

The number of educational institutions is increasing, the activities of non-state educational institutions, the process of decentralization in the management system of universities begins, multidisciplinary universities and specialized institutes are being created.

Since 1997, the old procedure for admission to universities has been abolished, dividing students into a category accepted according to a directive plan of the state, and a category accepted according to a regulated plan. All students are accepted in the same manner and must pay tuition fees. For those students who are experiencing financial difficulties, a bank loan is opened and scholarships and employment are provided.

Program 211 begins, according to which in the 100 most important universities, in a number of priority disciplines and specialties for the most high level teaching, research, managerial and economic activity so that in the 21st century these universities stand in a row the best universities peace.

China has a long history of private education. The first institutions of private higher education - Shuyuans (academies) - arose 1300 years ago. Modern private universities appeared in the early 90s of the twentieth century. Fadan University and Chinese University were founded in 1905, followed by Xiamen University and Nankei University in 1919. In the first half of the twentieth century, the private sector was an important component in the higher education system. By 1949, 93 of the 223 universities that the communists took control of were private universities (Lin 1999, p. 88). As a result of the nationalization in the early 1950s, all private universities were closed or merged with state ones. Between 1952 and 1982, private higher education completely disappeared.

Private (Mingbang) higher education re-emerged in China in 1982 as a consequence of political reform. former leader Deng Xiao Ping. The development of private higher education during this period can be divided into three phases (Zha, 2001).

1. 1982-1986: Growth of private higher education.

In March 1982, after a thirty-year absence, the first private university, the China Social University, was reopened in Beijing. The amended constitution of 1982 stated: “The state encourages collective economic organizations, state and other enterprises to establish higher educational institutions various types in accordance with the law” (Article 19). This assumed a legal basis for the functioning of private universities. The same policy was defined in the "Decision on the Reform of the Educational System" issued by the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party in 1985.

2. 1987-1992: Regulation of private higher education.

Rapid development has caused some problems such as low level management and abuse of power. As a result, in 1987, the Provisional Decree on the functioning of higher educational institutions was proclaimed, according to which the social forces were to solve these problems. A local ordinance regulated the opening and operation of private universities.

3. 1992-2002: New development of private higher education.

In 1992, Deng Xiao Ping's "southern inspection tour" and the introduction of a market economy laid the foundation for the establishment a large number private universities. In 1993, the China Education Reform and Development Program for the first time established a policy aimed at developing private education as "strong and active support, proper guidelines and good leadership." This idea was reiterated in the Higher Education Institutions Ordinance 1997, and was reaffirmed by the Private Higher Education Promotion Act 2002.

The expansion of private higher education in China can be seen in Fig.

1. Over the past few years, more than a thousand private universities have been operating. In 2002, 1 million 403 thousand 500 students were enrolled in private universities, which accounted for 9.60% of total number enrollment of 14 million 625 thousand 200 students (MOE, 2003). Most private colleges are located in major cities with developed economies. For example, in 2002, there were 91 private universities in Beijing with 198,000 students; in Shanghai, 177 private universities with 173,703 students (China Education Daily, 2003a, b).

Rice. 1. Development of private higher education in China (