Examples of rescue operations of the Ministry of Emergency Situations. Joint operations of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia and foreign countries

Today Russia celebrates the Day of the Rescuer. The Decree of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR "On the Formation of the Russian Rescue Corps as the State Committee of the RSFSR" was adopted on December 27, 1990. In 1995, by decree of the President of the Russian Federation, December 27 was declared the Day of the Rescuer of Russia. According to the Russian Emergencies Ministry, 565 people died in emergency situations in the country in 2013, which is 40 percent less than last year. Man-made disasters for the year decreased by 23 percent (322 cases), and the number of fires decreased by 5 percent. The death of people in water bodies has decreased by almost 10 percent. Over 263 thousand people were saved during the year.

In total, over the past 20 years, rescue teams of the Russian Emergencies Ministry have taken part in more than 400 humanitarian rescue operations in dozens of countries around the world. Today, RG recalls the unique missions of Russian rescuers in the country and abroad.

1991 Breakage of a 700-ton pipe in Ufa

In September 1991, a threat of a serious catastrophe loomed over the Ufa oil refinery - a fragment of a factory pipe weighing more than 700 tons broke and hung at a 150-meter height.

Rescuers-alpinists climbed up the tilted pipe and laid 350 kg of explosives. The work went on for several days. With a directed explosion (for the first time in the world), a piece of pipe was laid in a precisely defined place. This operation was listed in the Guinness Book of Records.

1992 Plague in Tuva

In January-February 1992, 15 specialists from the Russian Rescue Corps carried out the most complicated operation on the localization of the focus of plague of yaks in Tuva.
At an altitude of 2200-3000 meters, in severe frosts, a mobile camp was set up. The detachment's specialists, together with rescuers from Krasnoyarsk, searched for dead animals, then took them by helicopter to specially dug burial grounds. Thus, the threat of the spread of the plague was averted, since during the period of snow melting the causative agent of this disease could be carried by melt water to populated areas.

1993 Humanitarian action in Tkvarcheli (Abkhazia)

In January 1993, at the height of the Georgian-Abkhazian conflict, 12 rescuers were sent to the besieged city of Tkvarcheli to help local residents. Rescuers on two Mi-6 and three Mi-8 helicopters brought food and medicines. Pregnant women, seriously ill patients, old people and children were taken out on return flights to Adler. A radio bridge was established between Tkvarcheli, Sukhumi, Adler and Moscow. The work of the rescue team lasted about 2 weeks, all this time around the city the fighting did not stop. In early summer, another group of 11 Centrospas employees arrived in Tkvarcheli. For two weeks, this group ensured the passage of automobile convoys with humanitarian cargo.
In total, during this humanitarian action, 2499 people were taken out, more than 100 tons of humanitarian aid were delivered.

1994 The crash of the A-310 aircraft in the Kemerovo region

At the end of March 1994, an A-310 passenger plane crashed near the village of Maizas, Kemerovo Region. The airliner crashed in difficult terrain (forest and swamp), where the snow cover was 1.5 meters thick, and the average daily temperature reached 20 degrees Celsius. Aviation kerosene spilled out of the tanks and soaked into the snow, forming a crust into which fragments of the aircraft were frozen. Above everything was littered with fallen trees.

"Centrospas" rescuers, together with the Barnaul search and rescue service, searched for "black boxes" for four days and removed the bodies of all 75 dead.

1995 Earthquake in Neftegorsk

On the night of May 28, 1995, an earthquake measuring about seven points on the Richter scale occurred in the northern part of Sakhalin Island. In the village of Neftegorsk, 17 five-story houses were destroyed to the ground. A group of rescuers headed by Minister Sergei Shoigu flew to the crash site.

Rescue units worked in the most difficult conditions for 17-18 hours a day, day and night. Three rescuers - Vladimir Legoshin, Arsen Faradzhev and Alexander Krivolutsky - took with them specially trained dogs: Loya, Frida and Lesya. Thanks to four-legged rescuers, many victims were found under the rubble. The last survivor was found and pulled out from under the ruins on the seventh day after the tragedy. It is Loy Vladimir Legoshin that he owes his life to. Of the three thousand inhabitants of the village, only about 500 people survived.

Sergei Shoigu himself later recalled that the earthquake on Sakhalin was etched in his memory for a long time. Shoigu told how, a few days after the earthquake, rescuers found a man under the ruins. All this time, his legs were pinned down by a concrete slab. The man was conscious and hoped to be released soon. However, it became clear to the doctors that as soon as the stove was raised, the poisoned blood from the extremities would enter the kidneys and the person would die. “When he was told about this, he asked for vodka and a cigarette. He drank, smoked and said “Raise!” Shoigu recalled. The man died in the arms of rescuers. purification of blood, which is now used in the Ministry of Emergencies.

1995 Humanitarian operation in Chechnya

From January 14 to March 10, 1995, 35 employees of "Centrospas" worked in Grozny and adjacent areas. They inspected shelters, preserved buildings and basements, searched for the missing, provided medical care injured, evacuated the wounded and sick. During this time, more than 800 sick and wounded were found.
Rescuers tried to preserve artistic values. Only on March 4 and 5 was removed from the ruins of the Museum fine arts more than 400 paintings, including works by Bryullov, Zakharov, Korovin and Brodsky. A total of 600 works of art and documents were rescued, including the museum's entire filing cabinet.

1996 The crash of the Tu-154 aircraft on the Svalbard archipelago (Norway)

During landing, a Tu-154 passenger plane crashed, in which there were Russian miners working on Svalbard. A group of the most trained rescuers was sent to the crash site. It included 11 specialists from the Centrospas detachment. A fragment of the aircraft was located on top of the flat mountain Opera, and parts were scattered along its slopes. It was necessary to find all the dead and, depending on the location, either raise it to the plateau, or lower it to the foot of the mountain with the help of climbing equipment.

The work was complicated by difficulties in establishing contacts with representatives of local authorities and the Norwegian police. So, two rescuers were initially detained by the police at the crash site and escorted to the station, but then they were released, and the governor of the island even apologized. The work continued for 6 days. Flight recorders and 140 dead bodies were found.

1997 Mi-8 helicopter crash in Sochi

In early November, the Mi-8 rescue helicopter of the Sochi search and rescue service carried out an operation to search and rescue fishermen who were swept out to sea by a storm. On board the Mi-8 were 5 crew members and 4 rescuers. Rising out of the water another group in distress, the helicopter turned around and headed for the shore. After a sudden failure of the engines, he listed, fell into the water and sank instantly. Only four managed to escape.

Special search vessels of the EMERCOM of Russia were urgently deployed to the crash site. But neither sonar screens nor echo sounders could find the sunken car. Only on the third day the helicopter was found. Two rescuers - Nikolai Nikitenko and Andrey Rozhkov - descended to the sunken car to a depth of 40 meters. They managed to get the body of one of the rescuers and hook the cable to the helicopter element. Using this cable, a diver with heavy equipment was able to get to work. He had to carefully inspect the body of the helicopter and get cables from a floating crane for it, which raised the fallen helicopter to the surface. As a result of this operation, Andrey Rozhkov was awarded the title of "The Deepest Rescuer of the Year".

1998 Flooding in Lensk (Yakutia)

In May 1998, in the Yakut city of Lensk, a severe flood. The field team, which included 25 rescuers, dog handlers, engineers and signalmen, worked in difficult weather conditions. During the day, the temperature did not rise above one or two degrees of heat, and at night it dropped to -10, -12 degrees. It was constantly snowing. Moreover, the water rushing from the banks in a powerful stream from the upper reaches of the Lena did not freeze in the lower sections of the riverbed. Rescuers traveled to hard-to-reach places by boat. About 200 people were saved by specialists from Zhukovsky near Moscow alone. People were filmed from the roofs of flooded houses, trees, and any hills. The victims were provided with humanitarian aid. The kitchen was delivered by helicopter and hot meals were organized for almost 700 people.

1999 Explosions of residential buildings in Moscow

On the night of September 8-9, a residential building was blown up on Guryanov Street in the Pechatniki microdistrict of the capital. 89 rescuers arrived at the scene immediately. The search for the injured and the dead was hampered by the fire caused by the explosion and heavy smoke. Employees of "Centrospas" retrieved 30 bodies of the dead.

On September 13, another terrorist act was committed - an 8-storey residential building on the Kashirskoye Highway was blown up. At 05:27, the first group of rescuers and dog handlers left for the scene, by 07:30 they were joined by engineers and signalmen. In the afternoon of September 14, all the rubble was dismantled. About 120 bodies of the dead were recovered. Only one person was saved.

year 2000. Fire at the Ostankino TV tower

On August 27, at 15:08, the operator on duty in Moscow received a message about a fire at the Ostankino television tower. The first fire was at an altitude of 470 meters. All emergency services of the capital arrived at the scene of the fire. Fire brigades, in order to cut off the fire approaching the elevators, began to work at around 420 meters. Only with the help of elevators it was possible to organize the evacuation of people, since the narrow emergency stairs of the tower are not suitable either for descending people or for the passage of firefighters and rescuers with equipment.

At 18:15, it was decided to de-energize the tower and cut the cable. When it became obvious that fire extinguishers could not cope with the flame, the rescuers decided to build an additional fire barrier from a special fireproof fabric. Colonel Vladimir Ovsyukov volunteered to deliver her upstairs with an elevator operator Svetlana Loseva and a technician Alexander Shipilin. They entered the elevator when the fire was already at around 305 meters. It was at this point that the situation got out of control. The flames shot out and engulfed the engine room of the elevator. Rescuers and firefighters were ordered to urgently go down. The extinguishing of the fire continued throughout the night. Only in the morning it became possible to start looking for an elevator with people. It was found at a minus mark, below the level of the first floor, littered with a layer of burnt cable. Rescuers have begun a new stage of work to extract the bodies of the dead from the crashed elevator.

2002 Liquidation of the glacier in the Karmadon Gorge

On the evening of September 20, a glacier came down 15 km south of the village of Karmadon (North Ossetia). The resulting mudflow claimed the lives of many people, including the film crew of the actor and director Sergei Bodrov.

On September 21, a combined detachment of the Russian Emergencies Ministry flew to North Ossetia. During the search and rescue operations, 12 bodies of the dead were found. 103 people were evacuated, another one was found alive two days later. Sergei Bodrov and his film crew were never found.

2004 The collapse of the dome of the "Transvaal Park" in Moscow

February 14 at 19:15 in the Moscow district of Yasenevo collapsed the dome of the sports and entertainment complex "Transvaal Park". All emergency services of the capital, as well as Minister Sergei Shoigu, arrived at the scene of the tragedy. The rubble went on for two days. During this time, 7 people were rescued, 3 victims were assisted. Late in the evening on February 15, rescuers began to disassemble the concrete slabs of the bottom of the pool. The work continued until February 18, although they were no longer rescue, but search in nature.

2004 Terrorist attack in the Moscow metro

Black Friday is February 6th. At about 8:30, at the very rush hour, when people were going to work, an electric train car was blown up on the route between the Paveletskaya and Avtozavodskaya stations. The windshield was broken in the driver's cab, small fragments from the most powerful explosion scattered in the first and third cars. The second car, in which the explosion occurred, turned into a pile of mangled metal. Rescuers removed 12 bodies of the dead. To restore traffic along the Zamoskvoretskaya line, the train was dismantled and the tracks cleared together with the subway brigades.

year 2009. Accident at the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP

On August 17 at 04:15 Moscow time, the Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station was destroyed and the turbine hall of the hydroelectric power plant was flooded. One of the hydraulic units was destroyed. The work of the station was completely stopped.

At 2 p.m., an Il-76 transport aircraft of the Russian Emergencies Ministry flew from the Ramenskoye airfield near Moscow to the emergency zone, carrying 20 rescuers of the Centrospas detachment, as well as special equipment and a task force of the Russian Emergencies Ministry. Following them, 6 divers of the detachment were sent to eliminate the consequences of the accident. On August 18, another 26 specialists and 10 Centrospas divers were sent to the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP to eliminate the consequences of the accident.

Rescuers worked not only to clear the rubble after the collapse and search for people, but also carried out restoration work on the HPP blocks that were the least affected. Practically all the skills of rescuers were used. They had to apply chemical protection, carry out diving work, use climbing equipment. 68 dead were found.

2011. The wreck of the ship "Bulgaria"

An operational group of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia was urgently sent to the area of ​​the incident on the Volga in Tatarstan. Among them - divers, signalmen, engineers. 10 divers also took off from the Tuapse branch of the detachment. At the emergency site, they surveyed the water area, carried out search work, descents to the place of the ship's flooding.

We were called urgently, - the rescuer Vladimir Komarov later recalled. - Gathered equipment and sailed on a boat from Kazan. That evening there was a big wave on the Volga. Because of the excitement and squally wind, nothing was visible at arm's length. We are used to the fact that literally after a couple of meters of diving, darkness sets in, so we had to dive to a depth of about 20 meters with a small flashlight. At about 11 p.m., the body of the first woman was raised. It was taken out by my partner, rescue diver Marat Mukhametshin. They worked non-stop all night and all the next day. Then guys from all over Russia began to drive up, a dive schedule and a clear search plan appeared.

The first day was still stormy. The difference between day and night under water is practically not felt. They worked hard. The aisles of "Bulgaria" turned out to be narrow and heavily littered with furniture, bed linen, and other things. I had to move inside almost by touch, turning over with my hands. First they searched for the living. It was hoped that someone managed to survive. They repeatedly dived with a hammer and tapped the hull of the ship, but, alas ...

year 2012. Flooding in Krymsk

From July 7 to July 19, 2012, a rescue operation was carried out in the city of Krymsk, Krasnodar Territory. On July 16, an airmobile hospital of the Centrospas detachment flew to Krymsk. During the operation of the hospital, from July 16 to 30, assistance was provided to 593 sick and injured.

year 2013. flood on Far East

The largest emergency in 2013 was the flood in the Far East, the number of victims of which exceeded 182 thousand people. The total number of people involved in the elimination of the consequences of this flood exceeded 300,000. More than 32,000 people were evacuated from dangerous areas, including over 10,000 children.

Aviation EMERCOM of Russia in rescue and humanitarian operations for

S.A. Bortan, Directorate of Aviation and Air Rescue

technologies EMERCOM of Russia

V modern world no country is immune from emergencies, both natural and man-made. The expansion of the scale of natural disasters, ongoing wars and armed conflicts, as well as the terrorist threat have made the world face the need to search for new forms of interaction.

With the creation of the United Nations Humanitarian Response System1, cooperation between Russia and foreign countries in matters of mutual assistance in protecting the population in emergency situations received state support and development. In 1991, Russia confirmed its participation in the Partial Open Agreement of the Council of Europe (PCO CE) on forecasting, preventing and providing assistance in case of natural Disasters and man-made disasters. The state policy in the field of disaster response and human protection has become a priority, and the Russian Emergencies Ministry has assumed responsibility for the safety of the country's population and participation in international humanitarian operations. By 1992, the beginning of the international humanitarian activities of the EMERCOM of Russia dates back. It conducts its activities in this area in three directions: prevention of natural and man-made emergencies, reduction of the risk of emergencies; reduction of possible losses and damage, reduction of the scale of emergencies; elimination of emergencies, provision of humanitarian (international emergency) assistance, participation in humanitarian actions.

Aviation of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia in rescue and humanitarian operations abroad is used as a means of rapid delivery and provision of emergency and effective assistance to the population of countries in which the system of response to disasters and catastrophes is not sufficiently developed, or when the scale of the disaster exceeds the ability of these countries to eliminate their consequences on their own and means.

Aviation of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia carries out its activities to participate in rescue and humanitarian operations abroad on the basis of international and legislative legal acts, instructions of the President and decisions of the Government Russian Federation with the coordinating role of the Russian Foreign Ministry, in accordance with the orders of the Russian Emergencies Ministry. The regulatory framework governing the activities of aviation of the Russian Emergencies Ministry in the performance of rescue and humanitarian operations abroad has been developed in accordance with Russian legislation, the requirements of documents, standards and rules of the international civil aviation organization IKAO and air legislation. In addition, it operates

1 On December 19, 1991, the UN General Assembly adopted Resolution No. 46/182 “Strengthening the coordination of emergency humanitarian assistance of the UN”, which resulted in the creation of the UN Department of Humanitarian Affairs (UNDHA), which created an emergency response system to coordinate international efforts and actions in this direction. In 1998, the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA) was created on the basis of the UN DHA.

2 Humanitarian operation - a set of coordinated and interconnected in purpose, place and time, gratuitous collective or individual actions of international organizations, state and public organizations of various countries, confessional and other structures, individuals and other participants in actions aimed at eliminating all or part of the consequences of an emergency , the priority life support of the population affected by the emergency, or its evacuation from the danger zone, the provision of medical, social and other types of assistance to the population.

The air legislation of the Russian Federation regulates relations in the field of the use of airspace, relations arising in connection with activities in the field of aviation on the territory of the Russian Federation, as well as relations arising in connection with the presence of aircraft of the Russian Federation outside the territory of the Russian Federation, unless otherwise provided the laws of the host country or an international treaty of the Russian Federation, and relations arising in connection with you

departmental legal framework, developed by the Aviation Administration of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia.

Abroad, the aviation of the EMERCOM of Russia solves three groups of tasks:

rescue, special aviation work and air transportation. These groups of tasks include: delivery of operational groups of the Russian Emergencies Ministry, rescuers, medical workers, demining specialists; evacuation of Russian citizens from abroad in case of the threat of military operations and armed conflicts affected from emergency zones, delivery of humanitarian cargo; extinguishing fires, search and rescue of those in distress, landing cargo, rescue teams and rescue equipment in emergency zones with a disrupted or limited aviation transport system.

The first period of creation and development of aviation of the Ministry (1992-1996), in addition to solving purely aviation issues, was characterized by the study of the international legal framework for cooperation, the accumulation of international authority, active participation in the provision of international humanitarian assistance, the representation of the Russian Emergencies Ministry in the post-Soviet space and in the international arena as a new Russian system for protecting the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies.

The second period in the development of aviation of the EMERCOM of Russia (1996-2002) was characterized as the period of organization and implementation of international activities of the EMERCOM of Russia (including emergency aviation) in the context of an aggravation of the general political situation in the country and the world. Relations were affected by the events in Chechnya and Yugoslavia, the aggravation of disagreements on a number of issues with Europe and the United States, as well as internal economic problems.

At the same time, it was a period of adaptation in the system of international humanitarian cooperation, learning from experience, developing ties with countries that traditionally have strong civil protection, warning, rescue and fire fighting services, searching for mechanisms to mobilize assistance to countries in need through the effective use of aviation.

The result of these years in the international humanitarian activities of the emergency aviation of Russia was: the gaining of great prestige and popularity of the aviators of the Ministry of Emergencies in providing assistance abroad; entry into the international market of aviation services.

The third period in the development of aviation of the Ministry of Emergency Situations (2002-2008) is characterized by the strengthening of the authority of the aviation of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia in the international arena, the development and deepening of the priorities of international cooperation with similar structures in the CIS countries and Europe. Joint projects have been developed, such as Eurosquadron and Globalavi-aspas. The active humanitarian activity of Russia, carried out by the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations in the international arena, contributed to the flow of aid to the Russian Federation.

It should be noted that Russia's participation in humanitarian actions began with the creation of the State Emergency Committee of Russia. Already on March 13-14, 1992, by Il-76 aircraft, residents Turkish city Erzincan, who suffered from the earthquake, received humanitarian aid for the first time. And two months later, 80 tons of flour were delivered by planes to the people of Kabul, who were experiencing food difficulties.

The first experience in providing international humanitarian assistance to the State Committee for Emergency Situations of Russia was acquired in the post-Soviet space, when on the territory former USSR interethnic and socio-political conflicts began to arise, the first refugees and migrants appeared. There was a need for their evacuation and resettlement. Assistance was provided in the form of food delivery and assistance to the civilian population.

Since 1992, the State Committee for Emergency Situations of Russia has been involved in providing humanitarian assistance to the population of North and South Ossetia, Abkhazia, Ingushetia, Moldova, and Transnistria.

the performance of flights of aircraft of foreign states in the airspace of the Russian Federation, unless otherwise provided by an international treaty of the Russian Federation.

See: Emergency Service of Russia 1990-2000 / Under the general editorship of S.K. Shoigu. M.: Contact-Culture, 2000. S. 50.

In January 1993, by decision of the Government of the Russian Federation, the State Emergency Committee of Russia was involved in the provision of humanitarian assistance to the warring republics of the former Yugoslavia. In connection with the appeal of the UN Secretariat to the UN member states, there was an increase in the Russian presence in the humanitarian operation5. Aid was delivered by road, rail, sea and air.

In May 1994, at the request of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Russia was one of the first countries to respond to the UN appeal to the world community for emergency assistance to Rwandan refugees6. On May 21, from the Ramenskoye airfield, the Russian Emergencies Ministry sent 2 An-124 Ruslan giant aircraft to Tanzania with specialists, drivers, KamAZ vehicles and auxiliary equipment. On the same day, upon arrival in the capital of Tanzania, Dar es Salaam, an automobile detachment of 30 heavy-duty KamAZ trucks and service vehicles went 1,200 km to the area where they were to work in contact with UNHCR representatives and local organizations for 4 months delivering incoming humanitarian aid to refugee camps7.

In the supply of humanitarian aid under the UN World Food Program

(UN WFP) aircraft Il-76 of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia took part. They delivered 100 thousand tons of guo

personal cargo from Russia in the amount of 500 thousand dollars.

Having completed the humanitarian operation in Tanzania, the Ministry of Emergency Situations handed over all vehicles, tankers and car repair shops as a gift from Russia to the Tanganyika Christian Refugee Service9.

At the request of the leaders of African states for the training of national personnel, the humanitarian mission in these countries continued. EMERCOM of Russia, providing humanitarian assistance to Rwanda in the post-war reconstruction National economy, implemented a project to create a national auto center for the training of drivers and mechanics. Several flights of Il-76 aircraft of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia supplied MAZ and KamAZ vehicles, equipment and classes for the training base of the driving school. And in April 1997, the driving school began to function.

The creation of an automobile center in Rwanda is one of the major humanitarian projects implemented by the Russian Emergencies Ministry with the assistance of the UN, in which Active participation received aviation EMERCOM of Russia. This was the first large-scale international humanitarian operation of aviation and rescuers of the Russian Emergencies Ministry on the African continent, which immediately received high praise from international observers.

Since 1995, in accordance with the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 30, 1994 No. 145110, the aviation of the Russian Emergencies Ministry began to carry out the tasks of emergency evacuation of Russian citizens, citizens of the CIS countries and a number of foreign states from zones of armed conflicts.

So, during the outbreak of an armed conflict between North Yemen and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY), by decision of the Government of the Russian Federation in June 1994, Russian citizens were evacuated from the conflict zone. Aircraft of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, together with the Russians, evacuated citizens of the CIS member states and other foreign states. In total, Il-76 aircraft were

5 See: ACA EMERCOM of Russia. F. 4. Op. 568. D. 51. L. 115-118.

6 In 1994, as a result of ongoing violent inter-ethnic clashes in African Rwanda, Civil War. Within a few months, several hundred thousand people died, most of the country's population turned into refugees and poured into the territory of Tanzania and other neighboring states. According to UN experts, about 500 thousand people needed humanitarian assistance, and taking into account the flows of refugees at the checkpoints of the Rwandan-Tanzanian border, those who needed help were expected to increase to 700 thousand.

7 See: Humanitarian operations of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia / Ed. ed. Yu.L. Vorobyov. M.: KROK Prestige, 2002. S. 146.

8 See Russian Emergency Service 1990-2000 / Ed. ed. S.K. Shoigu. M.: Contact-Culture, 2000. S. 48.

10 See: Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 30, 1994 No. 1451 “On a set of measures to ensure the evacuation of Russian citizens from foreign countries in the event of emergency situations” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. 1995. No. 2. Art. 153.

about 1000 people were taken out11. This was the first operation to evacuate people, when the specialized forces and means of the two states - Russia and France, participated on an equal footing in the rescue of their compatriots.

In the spring of 1995, due to the difficult internal political situation in Burundi, aviators of the Russian Emergencies Ministry evacuated compatriots from this country. Despite the difficult situation in the country, the evacuation of Russian citizens from the capital city of Bujumbura took place without any obstacles. It should be noted that during the evacuation, the shortcomings and inconveniences for passengers that occurred during the evacuation from the PDRY by transport aircraft of the Ministry of Emergency Situations Il-76 were taken into account. The leadership of the ministry decided to use the lease of Tu-154 aircraft from Vnukovo Airlines for this operation12. Aviation specialists gained good experience with each evacuation operation.

The absence of passenger aircraft in the aviation of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia in the first period of its development made it necessary to resort to leasing aircraft from airlines for the evacuation and transportation of citizens from areas of emergency situations and military conflicts. When renting aircraft for evacuation activities, they used the services of airlines with experience in international flights, while the crews worked out the issues of ensuring evacuation and flight operations. With the acquisition of Yak-42D and Il-62M passenger aircraft, the need for such services and lease has disappeared.

The development of relations between the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia in the humanitarian field has led to an increase in activity in the aviation support of humanitarian operations. A number of organizational problems emerged. It was necessary to urgently develop and put into effect the “Temporary regulation on the procedure for using aircraft of the Central Airmobile Rescue Squad”. The Regulations established the procedure for using the aircraft in emergency response, evacuation of people and delivery of goods both on the territory of Russia and abroad13.

When studying archival documents, it can be seen that with the growth and specification of the tasks of international cooperation, the Russian Emergencies Ministry needed to rework the current “Regulations on the procedure for the formation and delivery of humanitarian aid cargo”14. This is clearly seen from the new "Regulations on the procedure for the formation and delivery of humanitarian aid", approved by order of the Russian Emergencies Ministry of August 5, 1994 No. 454, which determined the organization of the formation and delivery of humanitarian aid, taking into account a number of new requirements, including customs and border control.

An important step towards the provision of humanitarian assistance to affected countries was the development of a scheme for processing requests for assistance. It should be noted that if the aviation aircraft of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia are ready to fly to help anywhere in the world in 3 hours, then the procedure and ways of applying for help from a country affected by an emergency can last from several hours to several days and weeks. It depends on the political line of the government, the socio-political situation in the country, the country's affiliation to international organizations and blocs, and the degree of its readiness to cope with emergencies.

Based on this, the Department of International Cooperation (DIC), the AA of the Ministry and the Aviation Command resolved the issues of obtaining diplomatic and air traffic control permits for overflight of the airspace of foreign states along the flight route, takeoff and landing at intermediate and airfields for the delivery of humanitarian aid.

Successfully carried out first international humanitarian and rescue operations with the participation of aviation of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia testify to the timely development required documents on the use of aircraft, the formation and delivery of

11 See: EMERCOM of Russia chronicle of events 1990-2005. M.: Information Department of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, 2005. P. 29.

See Humanitarian operations of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia / Under the general editorship of Yu.L. Vorobyov. M.: KROK-Prestige, 2002. S. 203.

13 See: ACA EMERCOM of Russia. F. 4. Op. 568. D. 51. L. 1-5.

14 "Regulations on the procedure for the formation and delivery of humanitarian aid cargo" was approved on August 19, 1993 (order of the Russian Emergencies Ministry No. 317).

humanitarian assistance, the correct approach to the training of flight crews for international flights. In addition, the analysis of sources and literature15 allows us to conclude that the aviation of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations has adapted well to the system of international humanitarian cooperation. And in terms of interaction, efficiency, mobility, autonomy and efficiency, it has surpassed many similar foreign services.

The beginning of the active use of aviation by the Russian Emergencies Ministry in international humanitarian operations falls on 1995. This conclusion was made in his report at the 7th All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference R.Sh. Zakirov16. In the works of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia on the study of international humanitarian activities, a lot of work has been done in this direction. Considerable efforts have been directed towards the development of aid and rescue technologies in combination with domestic and foreign achievements, the development of methods for conducting humanitarian operations and participation in them, ensuring autonomous

sti work of aviation from foreign airfields.

It is necessary to note such a humane step when the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations took the initiative by organizing holidays on the Black Sea for refugee children from the republics of Yugoslavia. So, for example, in the fall of 1995, fulfilling the order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated October 11 No. 12233-P, the Russian Emergencies Ministry leased three Yak-42D aircraft from Orel Avia for

delivery of 2000 Serbian children from Yugoslavia for rehabilitation in the city of Anapa and from Anapa to Belo-

deg. Subsequently, for the mass evacuation of people from abroad, the Russian Emergencies Ministry replenished its aircraft fleet with Yak-42D19 and Il-62M20 passenger aircraft.

The study of archival documents shows that in 1995 the aviation of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia participated in 12 international humanitarian operations. Aircraft of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia delivered food, medicines, clothes, life support items and essentials to the countries of near and far abroad: Abkhazia, South Ossetia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Afghanistan, Yugoslavia, China, North Korea, Japan, etc. According to researchers and authors of the work “Disasters and people” only “during the three incomplete years of the existence of aviation of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, its aircraft carried out more than 500 flights, transported more than 7 thousand tons of humanitarian aid, forces and means of liquidating emergencies, evacuated more than 2 thousand people from “hot spots”. Aircraft of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia visited 23 countries of the world on a humanitarian mission”21. It follows from this that in the first period the development of aviation of the Ministry of Emergency Situations proceeded intensively not only along the path of creating a system and governing bodies, forming organizational structures, receiving and mastering aviation equipment, developing airfield

15 See: Legoshin A.D., Faleev M.I. international rescue operations. Features of carrying out and technologies. M.: Ajax Press, 2001. S. 23-38; Disasters and people. Book 1. Russian experience in countering emergency situations / Ed. Yu.L. Vorobyov. M.: AST-LTD, 1997. S. 237-251; Humanitarian operations of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia / Under the general editorship of Yu.L. Vorobyov. M.: KROK-Prestige, 2002. S. 11-59; Beloborodov V.N., Dainov M.I. Protection of the population and territories from emergency situations. M.: Civil Protection, 2003. S. 432-465; Emergency Service of Russia 1990-2000 / Under the general editorship of S.K. Shoigu. M.: Contact-Culture, 2000. S. 45-52; Emergency Service of Russia 1990-2005 / Ed. ed. S.K. Shoigu. Russian Emergency Situations Ministry. M.: Moscow printing house No. 2, 2005. S. 69-72.

16 Zakirov R.Sh. Aviation EMERCOM of Russia in humanitarian operations. Lessons and Conclusions // Seventh All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference "Humanitarian Operations in Emergencies and Armed Conflicts". May 29-30, 2002 Reports and speeches / Ed. ed. Yu.L. Vorobyov. M.: KROK-Prestige, 2002. S. 238.

17See: Legoshin A.D., Faleev M.I. international rescue operations. Features of carrying out and technologies. M.: Ajax Press, 2001.S. 11-67; Catastrophes and people: book 1. Russian experience in countering emergency situations / Ed. Yu.L Vorobieva. M.: AST-LTD, 1997. S. 237-253; Humanitarian operations of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia / Under the general editorship of Yu.L. Vorobyov. M.: KROK-Prestige, 2002. S. 41-91; Shoigu S.K., Vorobyov Yu.L., Vladimirov V.A. Catastrophes and the state. M.: Energoatomizdat, 1997. S. 93-126.

18 See: AA EMERCOM of Russia. D. 34-03. 1995. L. 97.

19 See: ACA EMERCOM of Russia. F. 4. Op. 618. D. 93. L. 170-172.

20 See: Ibid. D. 104. L. 156-160.

21 Disasters and people. Book 1. Russian experience in countering emergency situations / Ed. Yu.L. Vorobyov. M.: AST-LTD, 1997. S. 174.

networks, but also studied the foreign market of aviation services and the introduction of aviation of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia into the international system of humanitarian response.

Joining forces different countries in the fight against natural disasters in 1996 led to the establishment of closer relations between the Russian Emergencies Ministry and the UN, European and national government organizations of Switzerland, Norway, Denmark and the UK involved in organizing humanitarian assistance.

The result of this interaction was an increase in the efficiency of aviation support for humanitarian operations. The quality has improved, the number of humanitarian flights abroad has increased. During these years, humanitarian cargo was delivered to the population of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Albania, Rwanda, Uganda, Ethiopia, Mali, Lebanon, Afghanistan, India, Iraq, Yugoslavia, Montenegro, Serbia, China, Georgia, Colombia, Congo, North Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Zaire, Moldova, Tajikistan, Japan, Cuba22.

The year 1996 for the aviation of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia began with humanitarian sorties to Tajikistan. The operation involved Il-76 transport aircraft and Mi-8 helicopters. In the period from February 2 to February 16, six Il-76 aircraft delivered more than 150 tons of flour, 20.7 tons

meat, 14 tons of canned vegetables and 13.5 tons of medicines worth more than 4 billion rubles. .

The second stage of humanitarian aid to Tajikistan provided for the delivery by rail of 400 tons of flour, rice, sugar, powdered milk, various canned food, and clothing24. Airplanes delivered humanitarian aid from Uzbekistan, Ukraine, China, Germany, the United States and other countries.

Due to the lack of a developed transport aviation system in many regions of the republic, humanitarian aid from Russia and other countries, delivered to Tajikistan by aircraft of the Russian Emergencies Ministry and by rail, was transported by helicopters of the Russian Emergencies Ministry to the settlements of the republic.

The amount of assistance to Tajikistan provided by the Russian Emergencies Ministry on behalf of the Russian Government in 1996 alone amounted to 19 billion rubles. and 60 thousand US dollars.

The analysis of archival documents of the central office of the EMERCOM of Russia shows that certain difficulties arose with the delivery of humanitarian aid to the affected states. So, for example, in accordance with the order of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 19, 1996 No. 1876-r, the Russian Emergencies Ministry provided humanitarian assistance to Iraq. The Department of International Cooperation of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia with the Government of Iran and the administration of the province of Kermanshah constructively resolved the issue of providing an air corridor, ensuring the takeoff and landing of Il-76 aircraft of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia at the Kermanshah airfield. However, the crews encountered difficulties with the departure during the customs clearance of humanitarian cargo at the Ramenskoye airfield near Moscow. The problem that arose was the Deputy Chairman of the State Customs Committee S.M. Bekov filmed a teletype message dated January 18, 1997 No. T-268, which stated: “Ensure customs clearance of goods delivered by the Russian Emergencies Ministry for humanitarian assistance

to the Republic of Iraq, as a matter of priority, without the collection of customs duties.

In May 1997, humanitarian assistance was received by the Islamic Republic of Iran, which was hit by an earthquake. Il-76 aircraft of the aviation of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia provided

delivery to the affected areas of the republic of 40 tons of food, 20 tons of medicines, many

local tents.

22 See: Emergency Service of Russia 1990-2000 / Edited by S.K. Shoigu. M.: Contact-Culture, 2000. S. 50.

23 See: Humanitarian operations of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia / Under the general editorship of Yu.L. Vorobyov. M.: KROK-Prestige, 2002. S. 126; EMERCOM of Russia chronicle of events 1990-2005. M.: Information Department of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, 2005. P. 43.

24 See: Humanitarian operations of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia / Under the general editorship of Yu.L. Vorobyov. M.: KROK-Prestige, 2002. S. 126.

25 See: ACA EMERCOM of Russia. F. 4. Op. 568. D. 57. L. 107.

26 See: EMERCOM of Russia chronicle of events 1990-2005. M.: Information Department of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, 2005. P. 52.

In the aviation support of humanitarian operations, it has repeatedly been necessary to resolve the issues of operating aircraft and helicopters at foreign airfields in high mountainous conditions.

In June 1997, it became necessary to evacuate Russian citizens from the zone of military-political conflict in the Republics of the Congo and Zaire. A group was sent to the conflict zone to carry out negotiations and coordinate work. After the negotiations, three planes of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia evacuated 244 citizens of Russia, CIS countries, as well as Germans, Poles, Romanians, Belgians27.

A devastating earthquake in the northern regions of mountainous Afghanistan in February 1998 left more than 30,000 people homeless. The earthquake killed about 3 thousand people. 6 settlements were completely destroyed. Russia sent humanitarian aid to the affected areas. The Russian Emergencies Ministry allocated Mi-26 and Mi-8MTV helicopters to deliver 265 tons of UN humanitarian cargo from Tajikistan to Afghanistan. The delivery of humanitarian aid to Tajikistan was carried out by Il-76 planes, and the ministry's helicopters transported it to the mountainous villages of northern Afghanistan. As a result of the humanitarian operation, 24 flights were carried out by helicopters of the Russian Emergencies Ministry. Joint help

affected residents in total amounted to 485 tons of food, clothing, warm

tents, blankets, medicines.

The development of relations between the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia in the humanitarian field, cooperation in the field of prevention and elimination of natural disasters and man-made accidents was also carried out on a bilateral basis29. The agreement on humanitarian cooperation, mutual assistance in case of natural disasters and accidents with Germany was the first concluded in the newest

Russian history.

Later, similar agreements were signed with the former Yugoslavia, Italy, France, Switzerland, Poland, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Bulgaria, Finland, Armenia, Slovakia, Moldova, Mongolia, Ukraine, Sweden, Hungary, Norway, Romania, Spain, Portugal, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Iran, Tunisia, Egypt31.

It should be noted that special place Russia's humanitarian activities are occupied by bilateral relations with the peoples of the former Yugoslavia.

From the first day of the bombing of Yugoslavia by NATO aircraft in 1999, the Russian Emergencies Ministry organized the evacuation of Russian citizens. The operation to evacuate fellow citizens was entrusted to aviation. The constant threat of rocket attacks and bombing made evacuation unsafe. Therefore, in order to ensure flight safety, evacuation by air was provided from the territory of Hungary. With the interaction of the DMS EMERCOM of Russia, the Russian embassies in Yugoslavia and Hungary with the Foreign Ministries of these countries, a safe corridor for the withdrawal of people to the territory of neighboring Hungary, the procedure for notification, collection, registration, registration of travel documents and delivery of evacuees to the place of departure were determined and ensured.

Within a few days, Il-62M and Yak-42D aircraft (crews of V.A. Kryukov and I.S. Abbesov) evacuated embassy employees from Hungary to Moscow

27 Ibid. S. 51.

28 See: Emergency Service of Russia 1990-2005 / Ed. ed. S.K. Shoigu. Russian Emergency Situations Ministry. M.: Moscow printing house No. 2, 2005. P. 94.

29 See: Beloborodov V.N., Dainov M.I. Protection of the population and territories from emergency situations. M.: Civil protection, 2003. S. 442.

30 On December 14, 1992, Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 975 “On the signing of an agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany on cooperation in the field of preventing accidents, natural disasters and eliminating their consequences” was signed.

31 See: Beloborodov V.N., Dainov M.I. Protection of the population and territories from emergency situations. M.: Civil protection, 2003. S. 442-443; Disasters and people. Book 1. Russian experience in countering emergency situations / Ed. Yu.L. Vorobyov. M.: AST-LTD, 1997. S. 249.

Russian Federation, members of their families, citizens of Russia and the CIS who worked in Yugoslavia

under contracts, a total of 833 Russian and 77 CIS citizens. Fulfilling the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 3, 1998 No. 690, the second

a group of ethnic Circassians numbering 54 people.

The study found that during the NATO aggression against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the coalition principle of international emergency response was born and spread. An example is the precedent of creating a coalition of four states. Austria and Switzerland are neutral countries, Greece is a member of the NATO bloc and Russia united and formed an international humanitarian program.

mu "Focus".

An example worthy of attention for the efficiency of agreements and the timing of the organization of the delivery of goods, which were the most minimal. The analysis showed that such an association was due to mutual cooperation, studying each other's experience, conducting joint exercises, conferences, business meetings. The Focus Emergency Response Coalition is a new step in international practice emergency humanitarian response.

Analyzing Russia's participation in the Focus humanitarian program, it should be noted that the provision of assistance to Yugoslavia for our state was both a political and practical (humanitarian) action.

Passenger and transport aircraft of the EMERCOM of Russia were involved in providing humanitarian assistance and evacuation measures. The very first Il-76 aircraft of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia delivered and deployed a mobile hospital to provide medical care to refugees. Subsequently, by decision of the Government of the Russian Federation,

The thriving hospital was donated to the Ministry of Health of Yugoslavia36.

Simultaneously with the evacuation of compatriots, Il-76 transport vehicles and convoys of the Russian Emergencies Ministry delivered humanitarian aid to the airfields of Belgrade, Kosovo, Skopje, Podgorica.

Summing up the results of humanitarian activities for two months of hostilities in the Balkans, it should be noted that the aviation of the Russian Emergencies Ministry carried out 36 flights to this area, evacuating

964 people and delivering 347 tons of humanitarian cargo. The total amount of humanitarian aid by Russia for this period amounted to 24.8 million rubles. and more than 400 thousand USD allocated

Ministry of Emergency Situations by order of the Government of the Russian Federation.

The analysis showed that the international humanitarian programs of the "Focus" type received their further development subsequently. An example of such an implementation was a humanitarian operation in 2001 in Mongolia, when the Russian Emergencies Ministry with Switzerland

32 See: Humanitarian operations of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia / Under the general editorship of Yu.L. Vorobyov. M.: KROK-Prestige, 2002. S. 143.

33 Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated July 3, 1998 No. 690 “On urgent measures of state support for the resettlement of the Adyghes (Circassians) from the Autonomous Territory of Kosovo (the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) to the Republic of Adygea”, the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia was entrusted with the evacuation of the families and property of the Adyghes. August 1, 1998 by a special flight of the Ministry of Emergency Situations from Belgrade to Mineral water the first group of 76 Circassians (more than 20 families) was delivered.

34 See: Humanitarian operations of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia / Under the general editorship of Yu.L. Vorobyov. M.: KROK-Prestige, 2002. S. 143.

35 International program"Focus" was created with the aim of providing emergency humanitarian assistance to the affected population of the former Yugoslavia and refugees in Macedonia. Russia, Switzerland, Greece, Austria joined their efforts to organize the delivery and distribution of emergency humanitarian aid throughout Yugoslavia and decided to create the Focus program.

36 See: EMERCOM of Russia chronicle of events 1990-2005. M.: Information Department of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, 2005. P. 68.

37 See: Emergency Service of Russia 1990-2005 / Ed. ed. S.K. Shoigu. Russian Emergency Situations Ministry. M .: Moscow Printing House No. 2, 2005. P. 95.

38 See: Humanitarian operations of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia / Under the general editorship of Yu.L. Vorobyov. M.: KROOK-Prestige,

The United States Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) and Mongolia participated in the provision of humanitarian assistance to the provinces of Mongolia affected by icing and the FMD epidemic. In this operation, Il-76 aircraft of the Ministry of Emergency Situations delivered compound feed, fodder for livestock,

2 million 500 thousand doses of FMD vaccine, powdered milk, food, blankets.

The military campaign of the United States and Britain "Quick Freedom" in Afghanistan in October 2001 marked the beginning of the political revival of the Islamic State of Afghanistan (IGA). The world community has decided to provide humanitarian assistance to the people of Afghanistan. Against the backdrop of these events, in a difficult international situation, the Russian Emergencies Ministry actively joined in the humanitarian operation. The aviation of the Russian Emergencies Ministry carried out international humanitarian assistance to the people of Afghanistan in the course of several interconnected successive operations.

With the publication on November 26, 2001 of the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 652-rp "On the provision of humanitarian assistance to the Islamic State of Afghanistan", the Russian Emergencies Ministry began preparations for the second phase of the humanitarian operation.

On November 27, 2001, an Il-76 aircraft delivered a task force of 89 people to Kabul40. On its basis, the Humanitarian Center of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia was created. The tasks of the center included: the timely delivery of humanitarian cargo, the provision of medical assistance to the affected population, the coordination of the work of the operational groups of the Russian Emergencies Ministry, and interaction with international humanitarian organizations.

An important task of providing assistance to Afghanistan was the clearance and restoration of the Salang Tunnel41. To restore it, on December 27, 2001, Il-76 aircraft of the Russian Emergencies Ministry delivered specialists from the Russian Emergencies Ministry, equipment, fuel, accommodation modules and explosives to Bagram.

Analyzing the work of aviation of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia in this operation, it should be noted that well-established humanitarian air bridges "Moscow - Dushanbe", "Moscow - Bagram" and "Dushanbe - Bagram" were organized in it.

The work of helicopter pilots of the EMERCOM of Russia deserves special consideration. In November 2001, to organize aviation support for a humanitarian operation, an aviation group was created in the IGA and experienced pilot leaders were sent to Dushanbe and Kabul - Deputy Chief of Aviation of the Russian Emergencies Ministry, Colonels A.N. Fomin and A.V. Lebedev. They were entrusted with the leadership of aviation operations at airfields. In addition to the Il-76 aircraft, the group included Mi-26, Mi-8 helicopters and personnel of the Siberian RC. The group was headed by the head of aviation of the regional center, Colonel S.A. Fedorov.

Assessing the work of aviation in this humanitarian operation, it should be noted that it carried out 22 sorties and 16 helicopter sorties with humanitarian aid. 361.25 tons of cargo was delivered to Bagram by Il-76 aircraft of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia from Moscow and 179.5 tons of cargo by helicopters from Dushanbe42. Distinguished crews V.A. Drobinsky, V.V. Shalunova, E.P. Serykh, A.N. Fomina, A.V. Lebedeva, I.A. Chalov were awarded state awards.

The total amount of humanitarian aid provided by the IGA by air, rail and road was: for food - 17211 tons, including 16126 tons through the UN WFP. In addition to food, 45 KamAZ vehicles were handed over to the Afghans, 2,388 tents, 14,500 beds, more than 60,000 sets of bedding were supplied.

39 See: EMERCOM of Russia chronicle of events 1990-2005. M.: Information Department of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, 2005. P. 83.

40 See ACA EMERCOM of Russia. F. 4. Op. 795. D.19. L. 58.

41 See: Ibid. L. 54-57.

42 See: Dagirov Sh.Sh. International humanitarian operation of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia on post-conflict settlement in the Islamic State of Afghanistan // Seventh All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference "Humanitarian Operations in Emergencies and Armed Conflicts", Moscow, May 29-30, 2002. Reports and speeches / Under the general editorship . Yu.L. Vorobyov. M.: KROK-Prestige, 2002. S. 43.

supplies, 63,001 tons of medicines, 22 power plants of 30 kW each, 1,500 stoves and a large number of clothes and shoes43.

By decision of the President and Government of the Russian Federation and in accordance with the order of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of March 27, 2002 No. 144, and the Instruction of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of November 27, 2002 No. 357 during 2002-2003. The Russian Emergencies Ministry continued to provide active humanitarian assistance to the people of Afghanistan44.

In mid-April 2004, in connection with the deterioration of the military-political situation in Iraq, the Government of the Russian Federation decided to evacuate Russians and citizens of the CIS countries who worked in that country under contracts from Baghdad. During the first stage of the evacuation operation, four special flights of EMERCOM aircraft - three Il-76 and Il-62 - evacuated 487 people from Baghdad to Moscow45.

At the end of May 2004, the second stage of the evacuation of Russian citizens from Iraq was carried out, during which 187 Russians were taken out by two Il-76 aircraft46.

Summing up the results of this humanitarian operation, it is impossible not to say about the conditions in which it was carried out. Since the American command did not guarantee the complete safety of the aircraft of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations in the skies of Iraq, the flight crews of heavy transport aircraft had to carry out the evacuation in conditions fraught with risk to life.

Participating in humanitarian or rescue operations, the aviation of the EMERCOM of Russia skillfully used the accumulated experience, applied new aviation rescue technologies. So it was during the strongest earthquake in the Indian Ocean on December 26, 2004. The states of Sri Lanka, Indonesia and Thailand suffered the most from the elements. Russia was one of the first to come to the aid of the affected countries of Southeast Asia. On December 27, 2004, the Russian Emergencies Ministry launched a humanitarian aid operation, which continued until February 5, 2005. To assess the scale and consequences of the disaster, the aviation of the Russian Emergencies Ministry applied the proven Global Radius aviation technology and received high international recognition. With the arrival of the first two Il-76 aircraft of the Russian Emergencies Ministry at Colombo airport, an hour after landing, the Bo-105 helicopter brought in the Il-76 was lifted into the air. The helicopter immediately began to carry out aerial reconnaissance of the area affected by the tsunami. The results of the reconnaissance made it possible to make an initial assessment of what happened, to determine the extent of the destruction and the necessary assistance, to manage the rescuers' own forces with maximum efficiency and to carry out international coordination.

In accordance with the instructions of the President and the Government of the Russian Federation, aviation of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia performed 4 flights from Moscow to the republics of Sri Lanka and Thailand by the end of 2004. Three Il-76 planes delivered humanitarian aid to the population in Sri Lanka: 170 multi-seat tents, 2,200 blankets, 7,000 sheets, 2,200 liters of

disinfectants, 2 water purification stations. On December 30, 2004, a group of Russian tourists was evacuated by an Il-62 aircraft from Thailand (Phuket Island)48.

By decision of the President of the Russian Federation dated January 7, 2005, the Russian Emergencies Ministry began to build up humanitarian assistance to countries affected by the tsunami. In the period from January 7 to February 4, 2005, the aviation of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia supplied 290 multi-person tents, 8,700 blankets, 9,000 sheets, 127 water purification stations, 25 diesel power plants.

43 See: Ibid.

44 See: ACA EMERCOM of Russia. F. 4. Op. 828. D. 9. L. 241-243; F. 4. Op. 828. D. 36. L. 18-21.

45 See: EMERCOM of Russia chronicle of events 1990-2005. M.: Information Department of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, 2005. P. 108.

46 See: Ibid.

47 See: Vorobyov Yu.L., Akimov V.A., Sokolov Yu.I. Tsunami: warning and protection. Nizhny Novgorod: Vector TiS, 2006, pp. 81, 82, 90, 91.

48 Ibid. S. 84; EMERCOM of Russia: humanitarian mission. Moscow: Department of Information and Public Relations of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, 2006. P. 15.

missions, an airmobile hospital and 200.6 tons of vital cargo. The total volume of cargo amounted to almost 520 tons worth US$ 9 million49.

Participating in international humanitarian actions, the aviation of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia continued to accumulate experience in international flights, interaction with foreign partners and international humanitarian organizations.

In April 2005, in connection with the earthquake in Indonesia, Il-76 aircraft of the Russian Emergencies Ministry delivered rescuers, an airmobile hospital and humanitarian aid to the republic. In the same month, in accordance with the instructions of the President of the Russian Federation, humanitarian assistance was provided to the Republic of Kyrgyzstan. Il-76 planes delivered multi-seat tents, mobile power stations and essential items to Bishkek50.

During the Arab-Israeli armed conflict and the aggravated situation in the Middle East in the summer of 2006, Russia and many other countries had to evacuate their compatriots who found themselves in the zone of military conflict. Thanks to the coordinated efforts of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Emergency Situations, the Ministry of Transport, the high mobility of emergency aviation, the professional work of flight crews and rescuers, the evacuation was carried out successfully and in a short time. As part of the operation, 8 sorties were planned for Syrian territory. For the first 3 days (from July 19 to 22), 1610 people were evacuated by special flights. In addition to two Il-62 and three Il-76 aircraft, two Il-86 aircraft of Aeroflot and Atlantsoyuz airlines, which ended up in Syria at the time of the evacuation, were involved in the emergency evacuation.

When examining the role of aviation of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia in rescue humanitarian operations abroad, it is necessary to dwell on the performance of special aviation work on firefighting and landing of rescuers, cargo and special equipment.

An important place in the use of aviation by the Russian Emergencies Ministry abroad in humanitarian and rescue (evacuation) operations was played by the signing on April 15, 1998 of the Agreement of the countries participating in the Black Sea Economic Cooperation "On cooperation in the provision of emergency assistance and the elimination of natural and man-made emergencies." In the summer of 1998, Il-76 aircraft in the fire-fighting version for the first time participated in extinguishing forest fires abroad. Within the framework of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation, Il-76 aircraft, flight crews of V.A. Drobinsky, A.V. Parshina, E.P. Serykh, L.I. Popova and the technical staff of the SUAI were invited to Croatia and Greece.

Despite the short stay in Greece from August 7 to 30, the crews participated in extinguishing forest fires near the cities of Ioannina, Messolongi, Marathonos, Megalopoly, on about. Crete. During this time, the crews completed 25 sorties to extinguish, drained 1050 tons of water, which greatly facilitated the work of local firefighters in localizing fires51. Aviation firefighting technologies demonstrated by pilots of the Ministry of Emergency Situations in Croatia and Greece were highly appreciated by foreign experts52. For foreign specialists, it became obvious that the pilots of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia have no competitors in extinguishing fires and it is most reasonable to use

aviation services of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia. According to press reports by foreign experts, many countries became interested in our Il-76 fire-fighting aircraft. Specialists were especially attracted by the fact that it was proposed not to purchase an aircraft, but to buy

49 See: Vorobyov Yu.L., Akimov V.A., Sokolov Yu.I. Tsunami: warning and protection. Nizhny Novgorod: Vector TiS, 2006. P. 103.

50 See: EMERCOM of Russia chronicle of events 1990-2005. M.: Information Department of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, 2005. S. 116-117.

51 See: Talikov N., Faleev M. Il-76 “strategic” air firefighter // Bulletin of Aviation and Cosmonautics. 2000. No. 1. S. 18.

52 See: Apostolis Gerokostas, Michalis Kordis “Help for Russia” // Strategy. 1998. No. 9. S. 2.

53 See: Ibid.

services for extinguishing fires, which were to be performed by the flight personnel of the aviation of the Ministry of Emergencies

on a Russian plane.

In June 1999, the Greek government asked the Russian Emergencies Ministry to provide an Il-76 firefighting aircraft with a flight crew and technical personnel to extinguish large forest fires for the period from June 15 to August 31.

The Greek side expressed its intention to invite Russian pilots on the Il-76 aircraft for the entire fire hazard period and to refuse the services of small Italian, French and German aircraft and helicopters back in the summer of 1998, when the pilots of the Russian Emergencies Ministry demonstrated their professionalism and high efficiency of the Il-76 aircraft and helicopters Mi-8, Mi-26 when extinguishing forest fires55.

It is worth noting that during the period of work in Greece, the crews saved the sanatorium zone in the historical place of Marathonos, the unique forest reserve of Kalamata from burning out, eliminated fires in mountainous areas on the islands of Crete, Rhodes, Chios, prevented the ignition of a number of towns and villages in the Athens region and received high Greek government assessment.

It must be said that the work of the Russian firefighting aircraft Il-76 and the pilots of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations aroused increased interest not only in Greece, but also in other Mediterranean countries of Europe, for example, in Turkey.

The participation of rescue forces and means in the elimination of the consequences of the Izmit earthquake in Turkey on August 17, 1999 is the most significant rescue operation of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations, when rescuers, doctors and aviation participated in it.

In addition to participating in search and rescue operations, the aviation forces of the Russian EMERCOM of Russia were involved in extinguishing a fire at the petrochemical complex in the city of Izmit caused by an earthquake. Burned 10 tanks with a volume of 10 thousand cubic meters. m. A strong fire could lead to explosions of tanks with liquefied hydrocarbon gases and the release of toxic substances. This, in turn, could cause an ecological catastrophe in the area of ​​the Bosporus and cause poisoning of the inhabitants of nearby cities and towns with combustion products.

Putting out this fire deserves special consideration. It should be noted that the fire had already lasted for 3 days, they were unsuccessfully fighting it, using the most effective Lockheed C-130 Hercules firefighting aircraft of the Turkish Air Force, as well as aircraft and helicopters of "small" aviation for extinguishing such a fire. According to the recollections of the leaders of the rescue team A.D. Legoshin and aviation group R.Sh. Zakirov, who participated in extinguishing the fire at the petrochemical complex, had the impression that the aircraft of the Turkish Air Force were not used to suppress fire and extinguish the fire, but simply demonstrated the activity of the army in eliminating the consequences of the disaster56.

On August 20, 1999, a Russian air group of 3 Il-76 firefighting aircraft with a Yak-42 lead control aircraft, following at 3-minute intervals, in one run poured 120 tons of fire extinguishing liquid onto the fire from a height of 50 m, eliminated the raging several days of fire. It should be emphasized that this was the first time in world practice when Il-76 heavy-duty tanker aircraft of the EMERCOM of Russia aviation used a group

fire extinguishing method.

54 See: Russian Il-76 in the market of aviation services // Aviaglobus. 1998. No. 9. S. 23; Kobzev V.A. Sky firefighters // Aviation Aviation magazine. 2002. No. 12. P. 45; Talikov N., Shubnyakov E., Slutsky G. Il-76 and other fire-fighting "bombers" // Wings of the Motherland. 1999. No. 4. S. 21.

55 See: Gulko S. Ministry of Emergency Situations in the fight against the elements // Helicopter. 2000. No. 3. S. 7.

56 See: Emergency Service of Russia 1990-2000 / Edited by S.K. Shoigu. M.: Contact-Culture, 2000. S. 66; Emergency Service of Russia 1990-2005 / Ed. ed. S.K. Shoigu. M.: Moscow printing house No. 2, 2005. P. 95; Legoshin A.D., Faleev M.I. international rescue operations. Features of carrying out and technologies. M.: Ajax Press, 2001. S. 180.

57 See: Talikov N. Three quarters of a century of the "Ilyushin" sky ... M .: LLC Vestnik Vozdushnogo Fleet, 2008. P. 313.

When providing humanitarian assistance to the victims of the earthquake, Il-76 aircraft of the aviation of the Russian Emergencies Ministry flew to Istanbul with an intensity of 5-6 flights per day58, delivering vital cargo.

Aerial work on firefighting with the use of helicopters of the Ministry of Emergency Situations was first performed in the third quarter of 1998. As part of the operation to extinguish forest fires on about. Crete in the Republic of Greece was used by the helicopter of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations Ka-32 with APU-5. The work of the crew and the effectiveness of the use of the helicopter with the APU-5 were highly appreciated by the specialists of the Greek fire service. This was the basis for the conclusion of a contract for the operation of helicopters of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations in Greece in accordance with the agreements within the framework of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation. An agreement was concluded with the Greek side on the use of Ka-32, Mi-8 and Mi-26 helicopters of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia during a fire hazard period.

Noting the effective work of helicopters of aviation of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, it should be noted that since 1999, helicopter pilots of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia began to work annually on a contractual basis in Greece to extinguish forest fires.

Developing cooperation with Russia, based on the terms of the intergovernmental Russian-French "Agreement on cooperation in the field of civil protection, prevention and liquidation of emergency situations" dated October 18, 1999, the Government of the French Republic at the end of July 2003 turned to Russian Government with a request for help in extinguishing forest fires.

In accordance with the order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated July 31, 2003 No. BA-P2-9143 and the orders of the Russian Emergencies Ministry dated July 31, 2003 No. 456, 457 and No. engineering staff and Mi-26 helicopters 172 osae60. The air group worked for a month in the southeastern most fire-prone areas of France.

This was the first joint Russian-French operation to provide real assistance on the territory of one of the countries that signed this agreement61.

Analyzing the results of the work of the aviators of the EMERCOM of Russia and the appearances in the French press, it should be noted that, despite some difficulties, the air group of the EMERCOM of Russia fulfilled all the tasks assigned to it by the French side. The French were satisfied with the work of the pilots of the Russian Ministry of Emergencies, and the capabilities of the Mi-26 helicopters were

they stole only in superlatives.

Having assessed the effective operation of the Mi-26 helicopters of the Russian Emergencies Ministry, the French side came out with a request to the Government of the Russian Federation to extend the stay of a specialist

sheets of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia in France on extinguishing fires63.

During the period from August 4 to September 11, 2003, the aviation group performed 59 flights to extinguish fires with a total flying time of 86 hours 37 minutes. 4215 tons of water (281 drains) were dumped on the fires. The aviation group participated in extinguishing 13 large forest fires in various regions of France64.

With the appearance of the Be-200ES in the international arena, aviation experts highly appreciated the aircraft, emphasizing that the Be-200ES has no competitors in its segment. Russian manufacturers got a good opportunity to promote the Be-200ChS in the world

58 See: Zakirov R.Sh. Aviation of the Ministry of Emergency Situations: Vectors of International Cooperation // Aerospace Review.

2003. No. 2. P.8.

59 See: ACA EMERCOM of Russia. F. 4. Op. 840. D. 21. L. 167-168; Ibid D. 21. L. 169-171.

60 See: ACA EMERCOM of Russia. F. 4. Op. 840. D. 2. L. 110-112.

61 See: Fomin A. French Tours. Ministry of Emergency Situations through the eyes of employees. Issue. 2. M.: TETRU, 2007. P. 17.

62 See ibid. pp. 19-20.

63 See: ACA EMERCOM of Russia. F. 4. Op. 840. D. 2. L. 159-161.

64 See: Report on the fulfillment by the aviation group of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia of the state assignment to extinguish forest fires in France. M.: EMERCOM of Russia, 2003. L. 4.

aviation market 65. At the end of August 2003, during the visit of the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin to Italy, the pilots of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations fully revealed the capabilities of the Be-200ES aircraft at the base of the Italian Navy Maddalena on the island of Sardinia66.

At a joint press conference, V.V. Putin stressed that “it is much cheaper to use this unique aircraft than to calculate the losses from fires later on creating groups of such aircraft in EU structures, or on acquiring them from Russia at

terms of leasing or use by agreement with the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia.

Thus was born the Russian initiative to create a Eurosquadron. And a little earlier in July, during the negotiations of the Minister of EMERCOM of Russia S.K. Shoigu with Secretary General of the Council of the EU Javier Salana on the issue of cooperation between Russia and the European Union in the fight against disasters from the lips of S.K. Shoigu came up with the idea of ​​creating a European Disaster Management Center as part of the program to create the International Emergency Agency68. Thus, trends emerged in the performance of new tasks by aircraft of the Be-200ChS type in the interests of the European Union.

Within the framework of the same program, in July 2004, at the Moscow Vnukovo airport, the Be-200ChS of the Russian Emergencies Ministry was demonstrated to German Chancellor G. Schroeder69. During the visit, the issue of preparing a Memorandum between the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Germany on high-tech cooperation, which makes it possible to use the capabilities of the two countries in the elimination of major emergencies, was considered. According to the initiative of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations, it was planned to create a joint aviation group "Globalaviaspas"70.

It should be noted that in 2006, during the international aerospace exhibition ILA-2006 in Berlin, it was decided that the Russian Emergencies Ministry should allocate the Be-200ChS multi-purpose amphibious aircraft, the Il-76 transport aircraft and the Bo-105 light class helicopter to the group. On the German side - a "flying hospital", made on the basis of the A-310 aircraft. The creation of such a group, according to the German magazine "ILA Show NEWS", allows to reduce the time of search, rescue, evacuation and emergency

medical assistance, which would increase the chances of salvation.

Demonstration of the capabilities of the Be-200ChS aircraft in firefighting in Europe showed the interest of many countries in it. And in the summer of 2006, the pilots of the EMERCOM of Russia on Be-200ChS aircraft together with the TANTK im. G.M. Beriev participated in the fight against severe forest fires in Portugal.

The effective fight of Be-200ChS aircraft against forest fires in Europe aroused great interest in them in the countries of Southeast Asia. From November 1 to December 12, 2006, on behalf of the President of the Russian Federation, the aviation group of the Russian Emergencies Ministry, headed by the chief of aviation, Lieutenant General R.Sh. Zakirov consisting of 2 Be-

65 See: Zablotsky A.N., Salnikov A.I. Aircraft TANTK im. G.M. Beriev. M.: OOO Restart Publishing House, 2005. S. 380-381.

66 See: Emergency Service of Russia 1990-2005 / Ed. ed. S.K. Shoigu. Russian Emergency Situations Ministry. M.: Moscow printing house No. 2, 2005. P. 99.

67 See: Kobzev V. Earth and air, water and fire - the elements of TANTK im. G.M. Berieva // Aerospace Courier. 2004. No. 4. S. 26.

68 See: EMERCOM of Russia 1990-2005. The international cooperation. M.: Press Service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, 2005. P. 21; EMERCOM of Russia 1990-2007. The international cooperation. M.: Management of information of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, 2007. P. 15; Promising international projects. EMERCOM of Russia: humanitarian mission. M.: Management of information of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, 2006. S. 23; Aviation of the Ministry of Emergency Situations: Vectors of International Cooperation // Aerospace Review. 2003. No. 2. S. 8-9.

69 See: Kobzev V. Earth and air, water and fire - the elements of TANTK im. G.M. Berieva // Aerospace Courier.

2004. No. 4. S. 25.

70 Globalaviaspas is a joint aviation group created on the initiative of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations within the framework of cooperation with the European Union in the field of disaster management. It is a mobile international aviation group that can quickly respond to emerging natural and man-made crises in Europe and beyond, as well as take a direct part in the elimination of the consequences of emergencies.

71 See: Russia and Germany set up an air group for handling disasters in Europe // ILA Show NEWS. 2006. No. 2. S. 6.

200ES fought forest fires in Indonesia on the islands of Sumatra and Kalimantan. The smoke from the fires took on the scale of a national disaster and affected the ecological situation of neighboring states. Shipping, air traffic and the stability of relations between countries were disrupted. In such a difficult environment, the crews of R.Sh. Zakirova, V.A. Kruse, E.P. 95 Gray flights were made, the total flight time was

301 hours 45 minutes, 646 discharges were made, 5672 tons of water were dumped on the fires.

In 2004-2008 Be-200ChS aircraft of the Russian Emergencies Ministry participated in extinguishing forest fires in Italy, Greece, Portugal, Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro, Indonesia and in all

cases confirmed high efficiency in fighting fires.

In the period from 21 to 25 July 2007, an Il-76 aircraft with a VAP-2 operated in Bulgaria, which eliminated the main fires, and then flew to Serbia, where for three days it successfully extinguished forest fires in the area of ​​the Serbian-Bulgarian border75.

In 2007, aviation means of the Ministry of Emergency Situations were involved in extinguishing fires: 2 helicopters

Mi-26, 2 Mi-8 helicopters and a Be-200ChS amphibious aircraft. Together with them, 2 Greek Mi-26 helicopters with crews of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations worked. After several days of hard work, the Russians managed to bring the fire situation under control. The work of the crews lasted until October. The intensity of the work of the crews of the Ministry of Emergency Situations can be judged by the results. During the work on extinguishing fires, 487 flights were made, while the flight time was 1375 hours 48 minutes, 4336 drains were made, in which 48308 tons of water were dropped on the fires77.

In Montenegro, from July 29 to August 6, 2007, the Ministry of Emergency Situations Il-76 aircraft with VAP-2 was extinguishing the largest fires in mountainous areas. However, due to the persistence of the fire hazard situation, at the additional request of the Montenegrin side, on August 17

100, a Ka-32 helicopter of the Ministry of Emergency Situations was sent to the country to extinguish fires.

An analysis of foreign sources79 leads to the following conclusions. Firstly, the lessons of catastrophic natural fires in the central, western and southern parts of Europe in 2004-2008, their consequences indicated to the leaders of European countries the need to improve and integrate forces and means capable of responding to emerging emergencies as soon as possible and taking preventive measures to prevent their origin, development and elimination of consequences. Secondly, in connection with the prevailing opinion, the creation in Europe of airmobile forces for rapid response to emergencies has become very relevant. Thirdly, taking into account the lessons and conclusions on the fire situation in Europe and measures to combat this disaster, Russia's efforts were stepped up to integrate pan-European capabilities in the fight against disasters, including at the first stage the formation of the "Euro Squadron".

72 See: ACA EMERCOM of Russia. F. 4. Op. 900. D. 26. L. 169-170.

74 See: Korolev A. Be-200ChS: Star Trek of the “winged rescuer” // Vestnik EMERCOM of Russia. 2008. No. 2. S. 2427.

75 See: AA EMERCOM of Russia. D. 21-2. L. 87-89.

76 See: AA EMERCOM of Russia. D. 21-2. L. 93-97.

78 See: AA EMERCOM of Russia. D. 21-2. L. 99-103.

79 See: Russian Hydroplanes on International Aviation Market // Rotorblatt. 2004. No. 5.September-Oktober. S. 16-

17; LA-8 Amphibian is On the Market // Rotorblatt. 2005. No. 4. July-August. S. 23; Russia "s cooperation with Western Europe in aerospace reached a new high // "ILA Show NEWS". 2006. No. 3. 18 May. S. 1; Franco-Russian Relations Are on the Rise // Aerospace Journal. 2005. No. 2 March-April, pp. 28-29; Renaissance of hydro-aviation // Air fleet.

2000. No. 5. P. 38-44; Europe is interested in cooperation with Russia on advanced piloted transportation systems; Rus-

sia and Germany set up an air group for handling disasters in Europe // "ILA Show NEWS". 2002. No. 2. P. 4-5; Santos Carlos Dantas Em termos estrategicos o Mercado da Russia e "o Mercado mais importante neste momento // Dialogo. 2009. No. 1. P. 61-62.

As part of the development of international humanitarian cooperation with the countries of the European Union, on September 17-19, 2007, the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations held the first stage of negotiations with a representative of the Commission of the European Communities (CEC) on the issue of the Eurosquadron80.

The year 2008 was marked by the fact that the issue of creating the EuroEurope was practically resolved.

squadrons". Order No. 407 of the EMERCOM of Russia dated July 22, 2008 established the maintenance of technical readiness for the Eurosquadron of two Be-200ChS aircraft, one Il-76 aircraft and two Mi-26 helicopters, including special spillway equipment, for the operational deployment of the Russian part of the Eurosquadron in requests from the CES or other European partners82. It also provides for the possibility of basing one Il-76 aircraft and two Mi-26 and Ka-32 helicopters at advanced airfields in southern Europe to respond during a fire hazard period, which can be quickly included in the Eurosquadron. Light helicopters Bo-105 and BK-117 are to be used for reconnaissance and assessment missions in case of disasters.

The experience of the participation of aviation of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia in international humanitarian operations and its involvement in the fight against disasters (especially in 2007), when aircraft and helicopters, acting as part of international air groups, made a significant contribution to extinguishing major fires in Europe, allow us to jointly carry out in the near future work with the European Union on the idea of ​​establishing a European Disaster Management Center (ECDC).

By 2012, the planned entry of its own aircraft into the Eurosquadron will increase the response capabilities and allow the European Union to more reliably implement the experience gained so far in the use of the international air group.

Thus, in 1992-1996. cooperation with foreign countries in various fields related to the provision of humanitarian assistance, rescue operations, began with the creation of an international legal framework, the entry of aviation of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia into the international arena, and active participation in the work of international organizations. The result of this period was the real integration of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia and its aviation into the global processes of humanitarian response.

In the second period of its development (1996-2002), the aviation of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia played a key role in providing "international assistance" and was a means of rapid response, capable of helping all those in need anywhere in the world.

In the third period of the development of aviation of the EMERCOM of Russia (2002-2008), further expansion of international cooperation in the humanitarian field led to the involvement of aviation of the EMERCOM of Russia in extinguishing forest fires abroad. Effective international cooperation in the fight against disasters made it possible to create, at the initiative of Russia, the Eurosquadron and the Globalaviaspas air group on the way to the European Center for Disaster Management or EuroMC.

The annual forest fires in European countries clearly confirm that national extinguishing capabilities can be significantly strengthened by the presence of Russian Be-200ChS aircraft in the emergency services of other countries. Recently, the cases of catastrophes on the seas and water areas, associated with huge oil spills, fires and the loss of ships, ships, which have claimed thousands of human lives, urgently require close attention of the country's leadership to the revival and development of hydroaviation.

80 See: Correspondence of the Minister of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia with the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation on the creation of the Eurosquadron dated September 25, 2007, No. 43-2869-10. L. 2.

81 On June 25, 2008, an Administrative Arrangement was signed between the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defence, Emergencies and Disaster Relief and the Directorate General for the Environment of the Commission of the European Communities on cooperation, mutual assistance and aviation support in emergency response.

82 While it is known that Italy is contributing 4 Canadian amphibious aircraft to the Eurosquadron, Germany plans to allocate only helicopters, other EU countries have not yet decided on the issue of allocating aviation assets.

Age: 14 years old.

7th grade student, MAOU "Molozorkaltsevskaya secondary school", Tobolsk district, Tyumen region,

Leader: Zeiner Alexey Viktorovich, teacher of technology.

Historical research work: "What role does aviation play in rescue operations?"

Plan

1. Introduction.

1.1 Relevance of the study.

1.2 Purpose and objectives of the study

2. The history of the emergence of aviation of the Russian Medical Unit.

3. Classification of aviation EMERCOM of Russia.

4.Tasks of aviation EMERCOM of Russia.

5. Fleet of EMERCOM of Russia .

6. Examples of rescue operations with the help of aviation.

7. Conclusion.

1. Introduction.

1.1 Relevance of the study.

Every year in Russia there are a large number of various emergencies of a different nature, the degree of their consequences and, most importantly, health and human lives, depend on a quick and timely response. However, given the vast territory of Russia and the inaccessibility of many areas, it must be admitted that without the involvement of aviation, it is practically impossible to carry out rescue operations. Let's try to figure it out.

1.2 Purpose and objectives of the study.

The purpose of the work: to find out in the course of the study the degree of importance and role of aviation in the conduct of rescue operations.

Research objectives: - to study the history of the emergence of search and rescue aviation in Russia;

To study the technical characteristics of samples of aviation search and rescue equipment;

To study the prospects for the introduction of unmanned aircraft in rescue operations;

Based on the results of the study, develop your own project for the creation of rescue equipment;

2. The history of the emergence of aviation of the Russian Medical Unit.

The history of Aviation of the EMERCOM of Russia begins on March 13, 1992, when, by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 154, the State Central Airmobile Rescue Squad of the EMERCOM of Russia (TsAMO or Tsentrospas) was created with a separate aviation unit that received at its disposal the Il-76 aircraft, two An-74 aircraft and four Mi-8 helicopters.

The main purpose of TsAMO was defined as prompt response to natural and man-made emergencies. Since that time, the system of the EMERCOM of Russia has organized round-the-clock duty of rescuers, vehicles, equipment and equipment in the mode of constant readiness for quick action to provide emergency assistance to people in distress with the readiness to fly to the emergency zone by helicopter - up to 1 hour and by plane - up to 3 hours.

In May 1993, in order to eliminate emergencies of a regional and territorial scale, separate helicopter detachments equipped with multi-purpose and transport helicopters were transferred from the RF Ministry of Defense to the Central, Volga-Ural, Siberian and Far Eastern regional centers for civil emergency situations.

Since its inception, all aviation units have taken part in almost all rescue and humanitarian operations of the Russian Emergencies Ministry on an international, federal, regional and territorial scale.

Practice has shown that aviation is the basis on which the mobility and effectiveness of the actions of the forces of the Russian Emergencies Ministry should be built. It was to put this concept into practice in May 1995 by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 457 that the State Unitary Aviation Enterprise (GUAP) of the EMERCOM of Russia was created. The task of aviation support for the activities of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation for prompt (emergency) response to emergency situations of international and federal scale was entrusted to the created structure. In addition, the connection between the GUAP and TsAMO has since become a testing ground for testing new aviation rescue technologies.

The creation of an aviation structure at the central and regional levels made it possible to use it effectively both in Russia and abroad. On many occasions, pilots of the EMERCOM of Russia, in the most difficult weather, climatic and temporary conditions, demonstrating the highest professionalism, promptly transported rescuers, doctors, experts, necessary equipment and machinery to disaster and catastrophe zones.

An analysis of the use of aviation in the activities of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia showed that not a single task of performing or providing work in the emergency zone today can be effectively solved without the use of aircraft and helicopters.

The universal professional capabilities of pilots and rescuers, high technical equipment and autonomy of air units have made them indispensable in carrying out work to eliminate natural, environmental, man-made and social disasters and catastrophes, as well as in zones of armed conflicts.

A number of examples of the actions of the aviation of the Russian Emergencies Ministry to ensure the elimination of the consequences of earthquakes, floods and tsunamis, extinguish forest, peat fires and fires at industrial facilities, search for crashed aircraft, and transport humanitarian cargo, including through the UN, can serve as confirmation.

Aviation of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation also takes an active part in special aviation and rescue exercises, exhibitions, demonstration flights in a number of countries of the world.

All these examples show that the Aviation of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia is actively developing and becoming an indispensable means of increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of the ASDNR.

The priority activity of the Aviation of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia is the creation of a balanced, operational and efficient aviation group, the training and maintenance of the class qualification of the flight crew in order to increase its readiness for aviation support for emergency response to emergencies.

To solve the problems of eliminating the consequences of emergency situations, the Russian Emergencies Ministry has the necessary aviation group.

A modern fleet of special aircraft and helicopters allows you to create the necessary aviation group for search and rescue of people in hard-to-reach places and on the water, extinguish fires, conduct general and special air reconnaissance, carry out rescue operations, deploy forces and means to emergency situations, evacuate the victims , organize air points management and other tasks.

3. Classification of aviation EMERCOM of Russia.

According to the purpose and tasks performed, the Aviation of the EMERCOM of Russia can be divided into four main classes: multi-purpose, transport, search and rescue and special aviation.

Multipurpose aviation

Multi-purpose aviation is airplanes and helicopters capable of performing heterogeneous tasks without changing their design scheme. Their versatility is ensured by the use of multifunctional quick-detachable onboard equipment. For example, on the Ka-226 helicopters planned for adoption, depending on the task, it is possible to install a passenger or cargo cabin, a transport platform, an onboard winch for crane and installation work, and with an external suspension of a container with special equipment, it can be used to conduct intelligence.

In the EMERCOM of Russia, multi-purpose aviation is represented by domestic Mi-2, Mi-8, Ka-32 helicopters and Western European Bo-105 and Bk-117.

Transport aviation

Transport aviation includes aircraft and helicopters designed primarily for the transport of goods (cargo), as well as passengers (landing transport, cargo-passenger and passenger).

Cargo - these are transport aircraft and helicopters designed to transport goods and equipment with the personnel accompanying them. They have a cargo cabin in which the transported cargo is placed and moored, equipped with large cargo hatches, a ramp (ladders) and loading and unloading equipment. Helicopters, in addition, can transport cargo on a flexible or rigid external sling.

Airborne transport aircraft and helicopters are designed for landing search and rescue groups by airborne and landing methods and air transportation of personnel, equipment, material and technical means, evacuation of the injured and sick. Their fuselage is a cargo compartment to accommodate personnel, equipment and cargo. For fastening, loading, unloading and landing of people and goods in the cabins, airborne transport equipment is installed.

Most troop-carrier aircraft and helicopters in the rear fuselage have a cargo hatch with a reclining ramp, through which loading and unloading on the ground is carried out. Some of them are equipped with a cargo hatch in the side of the fuselage. The tail hatch can also be opened in flight for the ejection of rescuers, equipment and landing cargo on parachute systems.

Cargo-passenger aircraft and helicopters are quickly convertible basic passenger aircraft and helicopters, in the design of which the fuselage design provides for a cargo door, a reinforced floor (for cargo transportation) and container and pallet attachment points. An example is all transport helicopters Mi-8, Mi-6 and Mi-26, which have not only cargo modifications, but also in the passenger version are equipped with a ramp and nodes for mooring cargo.

Passenger planes and helicopters are intended only for the transport of people. However, in case of emergencies, passenger planes and helicopters can be used to transport rescuers, medical workers, victims, cargo and necessary equipment.

In the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, Il-76, An-74 aircraft and Mi-2, Mi-8, Mi-26 helicopters are used as cargo and cargo-passenger aircraft.

For the transportation of victims from emergency zones, the Aviation of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation has passenger aircraft Yak-42d and Il-62m, cargo-passenger helicopters Mi-26 and Mi-8

In general, aircraft tend to be multifunctional. For example, the Il-62m is capable of performing a task as an air control post, evacuating Russian citizens from abroad and emergency zones (up to 114 people), transporting operational groups of the Russian Emergencies Ministry, as well as emergency situations commissions of other ministries and departments, carrying out other tasks.

Search and rescue aviation

Search and rescue aviation is designed to search for and evacuate crews and passengers from distressed aircraft, helicopters, ships, as well as the population from emergency zones. The crews of aircraft and helicopters are trained in methods of searching for victims in various conditions of the situation and their evacuation.

The evacuation of those in distress and victims with the help of a helicopter is carried out by hovering over the disaster site. Rope ladders, winches with cables are used to lift people. Rescue parachutists, rescue equipment and food are dropped from aircraft to the disaster site.

The main search and rescue helicopters used by the EMERCOM of Russia are specialized Ka-32a helicopters, Mi-2, Mi-8, Bo-105 and Bk-117 multi-purpose helicopters.

Special aviation

Firefighting aviation is designed to extinguish forest and peat fires. In the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, for this purpose, helicopters are equipped with special spillways on an external sling: Mi-8 and Ka-32 - VSU-5, Mi-26 - VSU-15 with a capacity of 5 and 15 tons of fire extinguishing solution, respectively, and Il-76td aircraft are equipped with quick-detachable pouring aviation devices VAP-2 with two tanks with a total volume of up to 42 tons of water. In the near future, it is planned to operate the Be-200chs aircraft, capable of taking up to 12 tons of water.

Aviation emergency medical assistance of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia is intended to provide emergency medical care in emergency areas and emergency evacuation of patients and victims to specialized medical institutions, participation in urgent sanitary and anti-epidemic measures, etc.

All aircraft and helicopters must provide accommodation in the passenger cabin of the sick and injured in chairs, on folding seats or stretchers, as well as the medical staff accompanying them with a set of sanitary facilities to provide them with the necessary assistance during the flight. As ambulances, specialized modifications of the Mi-2, Mi-8, Mi-6, Mi-26, Ka-32 multipurpose helicopters and An-74, Il-76 aircraft can be used.

In addition, the Il-76 aircraft is capable of delivering or landing to the emergency zone the field hospital of the All-Russian Center for Disaster Medicine "Protection", an airmobile hospital with 50 beds, the base camp of Tsentrospas rescuers, as well as sanitary helicopters Bo-105 and Bk-117 , ambulance cars. Also, on the basis of the Il-76 aircraft, a unique flying hospital "Scalpel" was created.

Aircraft and helicopters of control and communications are designed to guide the RSChS forces as air control points (VzPU) and provide stable communications (relay) between ground control points and the forces controlled by them. The Russian Emergencies Ministry prepared Il-62m and Yak-42d aircraft and a Mi-8mt helicopter as air control points.

Patrol and reconnaissance aircraft and helicopters of the EMERCOM of Russia are used to monitor (observe) the state of the terrain and environment, performing general and special intelligence (engineering, radiation, chemical, biological, fire, meteorological and other types).

Patrolling may be carried out in order to control internal and territorial waters, forests,

movement on highways, condition of oil and gas pipelines, power lines and other facilities.

Depending on the nature of the tasks being solved and the conditions for conducting reconnaissance, aircraft and helicopters are equipped with recording and transmitting equipment for day and night photo, television and video shooting, high-resolution radar stations, heat direction finders, magneto- and radiometric equipment , devices for radiation, chemical and bacteriological control, means of communication.

Patrol and reconnaissance tasks can be performed by modifications of An-74 aircraft and Mi-2, Mi-8, Ka-32 helicopters. Also, the Bo-105 and Bk-117 helicopters are used for these purposes in the Russian Emergencies Ministry.

4. Tasks of search and rescue aviation of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia.

Search and rescue and emergency operations involving aviation include:

Search, detection and evacuation of victims from isolated facilities and sites, rescue of passengers and crews of ships in case of distress on the water;

Guidance of ground search and rescue forces in emergency zones to search objects, sea and river vessels in distress;

Landing of rescue groups by parachute, non-parachute and landing methods;

Dismantling and installation of building structures, removal of rubble.

Almost all types of aircraft and helicopters of the EMERCOM of Russia can be involved in search and rescue operations. Only helicopters that have a large thrust-to-weight ratio can be used only for search and rescue operations in high altitude conditions.

All helicopters designed to rescue people must be equipped with special means of rescuing people (without landing), radio communications, as well as external suspension for lifting and transporting cargo.

The formations of the RSChS for search and rescue operations mainly use Mi-8 helicopters of various modifications, approved for operation in transport and passenger versions.

The passenger version of the Mi-8, depending on the characteristics of the cabin, is able to take on board 9-11 or 28-30 passengers. The transport version of the Mi-8 has a large cargo hatch, a reinforced floor, cargo mooring units, ladders and folding seats for 24 people. The Mi-8 helicopters of the rescue service are equipped with an external suspension system with a payload capacity of 3000 kg and a winch with an onboard boom, which makes it possible to lift loads weighing up to 150 kg in hover mode up to 40 m, and also to take them from the ground (water) using SU-R descenders three people.

The maximum mass of cargo carried in the helicopter cabin is 4000 kg, the flight range with 28 passengers on board is 500 km, the maximum flight altitude is 6000 m. at altitudes up to 4500 m. For landing on the site at night, two headlights PRF-4 are installed on the helicopter.

The Ka-32T helicopter is designed to transport cargo weighing up to 3,700 kg inside the cabin and up to 5,000 kg on an external sling. The rescue lifting device has a maximum load capacity of 300 kg. The practical ceiling for helicopter flight is 6000 m.

The Mi-26 helicopter is designed to lift and transport bulky cargo weighing up to 20,000 kg, as well as to transport 60 people on stretchers or 82 rescuers.

The Mi-2 helicopter is used for search and rescue operations during the liquidation of local emergencies. The flight range of a helicopter with 8 passengers on board is 160 km.

5. Fleet of EMERCOM of Russia

Currently, the EMERCOM aviation includes Il-76TD transport aircraft, which can be converted into firefighters in just four hours. " />

Air control posts based on Yak-42D and Il-62M aircraft. Short takeoff and landing aircraft An-74P, indispensable at airfields in Siberia and the Far East.

New multi-purpose aircraft An-3 with a turboprop engine.

BE-200ES - NEW MULTI-PURPOSE AVIATION RESCUE COMPLEX OF THE 21st CENTURY.

Today, the aviation of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia has 3 Be-200ChS amphibious aircraft, which are on combat duty at the Ramenskoye airfield near Moscow and in Khabarovsk in the Far East. In the near future, it is planned to base the Be-200ChS in Krasnoyarsk.

The Be-200ChS amphibious aircraft is designed for transport and passenger transportation (72 passengers or 7500 kg of cargo); extinguishing fires with water intake during gliding up to 12 tons in 12-14 seconds and its discharge onto the fire from a height of 20-40 m at a speed of 215-270 km/h in 1-2 seconds; search and rescue operations on land and water areas; conducting aerial and engineering reconnaissance; control of coastal waters and economic zones; monitoring of the environmental situation and other tasks.

For one refueling within 8 tons, the Be-200ChS aircraft is capable of dropping up to 270 tons of water onto the fire at a distance of up to 100 km from the take-off airfield.

High takeoff and landing characteristics ensure the operation of the Be-200ChS from class B airfields with a runway length of up to 1800 m.

In the sanitary version, the amphibious aircraft provides evacuation on special stretchers of up to 40 wounded, accompanied by doctors.

To ensure accurate navigation along the route, in the area of ​​aviation operations and during landing approach, the Be-200ChS is equipped with the ARIA-200 flight and navigation system with navigation accuracy characteristics that meet the RNP-1 ICAO requirements. ARIA-200 provides in-flight automatic control, analysis and recording of flight parameters, operation of engines and all aircraft on-board systems.

In the search and rescue version, the Be-200ES is equipped with the Orion-25S inflatable boat, life rafts of the PSN-10 and PSN-25/30 types, which allow you to successfully rescue those in distress in the waters.

In the marine rescue variant, the aircraft is equipped, in addition, with marine range radios, searchlights, an external sound warning system SG-U-600, as well as medical diagnostic equipment.

The capabilities of the Be-200ChS multi-purpose amphibious aircraft were presented during demonstration flights on the island. Sardinia (Italy) in 2003 and at Vnukovo Airport in August 2004

Russian aviation rescue and fire extinguishing technologies using the Be-200ChS were awarded a gold medal at the 32nd International Salon new technology and Technology in 2004 in Geneva.

Airmobile rescue complexes

Airmobile Rescue Complexes (ASCs) are a special pride of the aviation of the Ministry of Emergency Situations. These complexes are part of the Russian National Corps of Emergency Humanitarian Response and are capable of conducting rescue operations and humanitarian actions in various climatic and geographical conditions, at any time of the year and day. ASC are complex systems that combine the technical capabilities of aviation and rescue equipment in combination with high level professional training of flight crews and rescuers, subject to a clear organization and interaction in the course of search and rescue operations. The composition of airmobile rescue complexes, depending on the types and scale of emergencies, as well as on the task, can be quickly changed.

The basis of airmobile rescue complexes is one or more transport aircraft of the IL-76 type, which mainly perform the tasks of delivering the components of the complexes and at the same time can solve such independent tasks, as extinguishing fires, search and detection of victims, evacuation of victims from the emergency zone.

The first version of the ASC includes light-class rescue helicopters of the BO-105 (BK-117) type, which have optimal overall dimensions and folding blades that make it possible to transport them in an IL-76 aircraft. The preparation time for the flight of these helicopters after unloading from the aircraft does not exceed 20 minutes.

This variant of the ASC is the main and well-established when working on regional, federal, transboundary emergencies, as well as when conducting international rescue operations and humanitarian missions. Assigned tasks are performed autonomously, within no more than two weeks.

The IL-76 transport aircraft ensures the delivery of the complex to a given region. Off-road emergency rescue equipment ensures the delivery of the main group of rescuers and specialists to the emergency zone and their work in the zone. As a rule, the set of this equipment includes standard special rescue equipment and tools that provide work in almost any type of emergency (with the exception of chemically hazardous man-made accidents). In the event of chemical man-made accidents and disasters, this rescue equipment is equipped with special equipment and tools. Automotive life support facilities include pneumoframe modules with heating, lighting, places to accommodate rescuers, doctors and specialists. Operational, temperature range of use of life support means from -40°С to +50°С. Rescue helicopter light class type BO-105 (BK-117) provides search, if necessary, rescue operations, and also monitors the scene of an emergency, controls the spread of the consequences of an emergency, coordinates the actions of rescue teams, and in some cases is used for emergency redeployment of search and rescue rescue groups to various points of the emergency zone.

The second version of the ASC includes a light class helicopter of the BO-105 (BK-117) type, easily transformable from an emergency to an ambulance version, an airmobile hospital with life support equipment, off-road vehicles, a group of qualified medical personnel and rescuers.

This variant of ASC is used mainly in federal and transboundary emergencies with a large number of victims. These are, as a rule, the results of natural disasters - floods, earthquakes, as well as the consequences of international conflicts. This version of ASC was used in Yugoslavia, India, Turkey, Afghanistan, Lensk, Kaspiysk, etc.

The third version of the ASC is a variant of the airborne airborne complex. In this case, the IL-76 aircraft is equipped with standard landing equipment for landing cargo platforms such as P-7, PP-128. This version of ASC provides emergency delivery of rescue equipment, life support equipment, doctors and rescuers to given point by parachute landing of cargo platforms on which off-road vehicles are installed, a set of an airmobile hospital with life support equipment.

The crew of the IL-76 aircraft carries out the landing of cargo platforms to a given point from a height of 500-800 m, then, with a climb of 800-1500 m, the rescuers and medical personnel of the airmobile hospital, who have undergone special paratrooper training, are landing. The delivery of untrained specialists is carried out on parachute systems of the "Tandem" type by paratroopers-rescuers who have a permit as tandem pilots. The personnel, with the help of off-road vehicles, selects parachute equipment and an airmobile hospital and relocates to the base point. Next is the deployment of the hospital and life support systems. The provision of first aid to the victims can be carried out within 20-30 minutes after landing and unmooring the hospital, and the full-scale operation of the hospital to receive victims with X-ray control is carried out in 45 minutes - 1 hour.

The fourth version of the ASC is designed for emergency delivery of group rescue craft to those in distress in the waters of the World Ocean, also by landing. In this case, standard ground equipment is installed on the IL-76 aircraft, on which parachute-cargo systems of the PGS-1000 type are placed with rescue boats installed on them. The maximum number of landing platforms is 26, four rafts of the PSN-10MK type on each. Technologically, all rafts are connected in the so-called garland.

Landing is carried out with a high degree of accuracy from a height of 150-200 m on the windward side of those in distress. In the final approach, rescuers in special equipment are landed to ensure the recovery of the injured on board the rescue boats.

The fifth version of the ASC is designed for emergency delivery of rescue equipment and life support equipment for humanitarian aid on small-sized parachute cargo systems of the PGS-500 and PGS-1000 types from altitudes from 300 to 7000 m. international conflicts. The considered variants of airmobile rescue complexes do not fully exhaust the capabilities of IL-76 aircraft as the basic carriers of aviation technologies. Thus, for many years, the VAP-2 aviation pouring devices have been used quite effectively, designed to extinguish landscape (forest) fires from the Il-76TD aircraft and representing an easily removable tanker system mounted in the cargo compartment of the aircraft filled with extinguishing liquid (water or reagent ). The capacity of the two tanks of the system is 40 cubic meters. m. The fire extinguishing liquid is drained through the drain system, made in the form of trays with the rear hatch and ramp open. Draining is carried out from a height of 50-100 m and takes 6-8 seconds. Refueling of the VAP is carried out at the airfield through the sleeves brought into the cargo compartment from hydrants and fire systems. Refueling time is 10-30 minutes.

"Rotorcraft Rescue"

A special place in the development and application of new aviation technologies is occupied by aviation helicopters of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia. The helicopter fleet includes such unique aircraft as the Mi-8 and Ka-32,

light rescue helicopters Bo-105, BK-117, as well as heavy multifunctional helicopter Mi-26T.

It makes no sense to list all the tasks that "rotorcraft rescuers" perform. The most urgent problem is fire extinguishing. In this direction, the specialists of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia made a significant contribution to the development of aviation technologies for fire fighting. Weirs of the VSU-5 type have been developed and are successfully used for use on the external sling of MI-8 helicopters, as well as VSU-15 for use on the external sling of MI-26 helicopters. Operation in real conditions has demonstrated the high efficiency of these devices.

In addition, on the basis of the APU type system, an aviation technology for the emergency neutralization of oil pollution on land and water areas was developed and implemented (due to the spraying of special solutions that absorb oil products). A similar system, VOP-3, is increasingly being used.

One of the latest developments in the field of aviation technology is the use of a hanging basket for the evacuation of victims from the emergency zone on the external load of the MI-8 helicopter. The basket itself is a collapsible structure, which is designed to rescue (evacuate) people in distress on torn off ice floes, in the mountains, on the roofs of high-rise burning buildings, on islands of hard ground during mudflows and floods, that is, in conditions when a helicopter landing is not possible.

The DVS-ULZ-FRZ remote system is also effective, designed to destroy ice jams using a fuselage spreader, an intermediate remote device and ammonite (TNT) charges in bags with a multi-purpose delayed-action fuse. The basic principle of operation is to release charges equipped with fuses at a set (required) time interval from a Mi-8MT helicopter.

Unique in its significance is the creation of aviation technology based on light helicopters such as BO-105, BK-117 to provide emergency assistance to victims of various emergencies in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. To date, the regulatory and legal framework for performing this type of work in the Moscow metropolis has been worked out and formalized, landing sites have been prepared on the territories of a number of Moscow city hospitals, helicopter crews and crews of the Moscow Health Committee have been formed and trained to provide emergency assistance, and regular duty has been organized.

Summing up, we can say that today the Ministry of Emergency Situations is the only structure in the country that has united aviation and rescuers into a single whole. The Ministry has unique equipment and highly professional crews for special emergency rescue operations. Aviation is the basis of mobility and efficiency of any "emergency" service.

6. Examples of rescue operations with the help of aviation.

"Saving the expedition of the Chelyuskinites"

April 13, 2014 marked the 80th anniversary of the successful completion of an unparalleled Arctic expedition to rescue 104 crew members and a scientific expedition of the Chelyuskin steamer crushed by ice in Chukotka.

This humanitarian mission had a powerful political resonance all over the world. It is no coincidence that three days after its successful completion, on April 16, 1934, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the USSR by its decree established the highest degree of distinction - the title of Hero. Soviet Union. The first Heroes were seven pilots who took out the winterers from the ice floe - Lyapidevsky, Levanevsky, Molokov, Kamanin, Slepnev, Vodopyanov, Doronin, the rest of the pilots and flight mechanics were awarded orders. Subsequently, more than 12 thousand people received the title of Hero of the Soviet Union in the USSR for courage and heroism. In the new Russia it highest distinction transformed into the title of Hero of Russia. Meanwhile, flights to the ice floe and the evacuation of people from the ice camp are heroic, but only the “surface” part of the “iceberg” of the work done, while its “underwater” or “working” part has remained almost forgotten. A fairly complete and "uninvented" picture of the collective feat was preserved only by the collection of memoirs "How We Saved the Chelyuskinites". On the eve of the celebration on November 7, 1933, the head of the scientific expedition on the Chelyuskin steamer O.Yu. Schmidt radioed to Moscow that they were in the Bering Strait off Diomede Island, only two miles from clear water.

On August 2, 1933, having taken on board 112 people, Chelyuskin (steamboat) left Murmansk for Vladivostok. The first ice floes met in the Kara Sea at the exit from the Matochkin Shar Strait. With the help of an icebreaker, the ship overcame solid ice and continued to move independently. September 1 Cape Chelyuskin was reached. In the Chukchi Sea, the ship again met with solid ice and on September 23 was completely blocked. He drifted with the crew for almost five months. On November 4, 1933, he managed to enter the Bering Strait, but then the ship was dragged back in a northwesterly direction. On February 13, 1934, as a result of strong compression, the Chelyuskin was crushed by ice and sank within two hours. As a result of the disaster, 104 people were on the ice.

On the Junkers W-34, the rest of the Chelyuskins were taken to the mainland. In total, the pilots made 24 flights.

All 104 people who spent two months in the conditions of the polar winter on the ice floe were saved by aviation.

"War in the North Caucasus"

The Chechen events of 1994-1995 were a serious test for the Russian Emergencies Ministry and the aviation being created. Together with the aviation of the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, which ensured the transfer of military units and units, military equipment to the area of ​​armed conflict, the aviation of the Russian Emergencies Ministry performed humanitarian tasks, evacuated refugees, sick and wounded from the areas of hostilities, and delivered humanitarian aid. With the beginning of the Chechen conflict, a separate helicopter detachment was formed to carry out a humanitarian mission.

In January-April 1995 alone, pilots of the Ministry made 654 sorties in helicopters. Under constant shelling by bandit formations, the air group evacuated 4,112 wounded, sick, and refugees from combat operations. Helicopters of the operational group of the Russian Emergencies Ministry delivered 317 tons of food, medicine and humanitarian cargo to various areas of the armed conflict. Helicopter pilots (detachment commander S. Zikeev) organized the evacuation of the wounded and sick directly from the battlefield to hospitals and hospitals. Repeatedly subjected to small-arms fire from bandit formations, they did not lose a single aircraft, not a single crew.

The first aviators of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia who received military awards for saving people were: Colonels Garin V., Plastkov A., Zikeev S., Miroshnichenko O., Mudrenov V., Bortan S., Pavlov A., lieutenant general of the reserve Kozlov L.

Rescue operation and extinguishing fires in the Kurgan region.

In May 2004, the largest operation involving the use of aviation by the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia was the extinguishing of forest fires in the Kurgan region. The firefighting aviation group of the ministry included two Il-76TD tanker aircraft, three Mi-26T helicopters and two Mi-8MTV helicopters equipped with special pouring devices. In the period from May 14 to May 20, the aviation of the Russian Emergencies Ministry made 145 sorties in the Kurgan region to extinguish large forest fires. A total of 12,789 tons of water and special fire extinguishing agents were dropped on them. Thanks to the prompt and professional actions of the aviators of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, it was possible to prevent the approach of fire to 13 settlements.

7. Conclusion.

Aviation is the basis on which the mobility and effectiveness of the actions of the Russian Emergency Service are built.

In the course of the study, the main task was completed - to find out in the course of the study the degree of importance and role of aviation in the conduct of rescue operations. Russia is a huge country, with its own unique and diverse expanses. A large number of beautiful, but hard-to-reach places

The implementation of emergency response to emergencies is facilitated by the development of modern aviation rescue technologies as the most effective ways to respond to emergencies and rescue people in distress.
The modern fleet of special aircraft and helicopters of the EMERCOM of Russia allows you to create an aviation group for fire fighting, rescue people in hard-to-reach places and on the water, organize air control posts, conduct engineering, radiation and chemical reconnaissance, provide emergency medical care in large metropolitan areas, etc.

8.Conclusion

Today, aviation undoubtedly occupies a leading place in search and rescue operations. One of the main reasons for this leadership is quick response and mobility, taking into account the vast territories of Russia. Great developments are underway in the creation of new aviation rescue equipment. Increasing emphasis is being placed on unmanned search aircraft. I would like to see such vehicles as light ekranoplans, airboats, etc. in service with the Ministry of Emergencies.

While doing research, I was working on my own project of rescue equipment - this is a model of an amphibious aircraft

List of used literature

3.http://www.mchs.gov.ru/
4. EMERCOM of Russia, [Electronic resource]. - Electron. Dan. - [M.].: 2010. - Access mode: www.mchs.gov.ru

12. Book "Aviation of Russia" CJSC "Publishing House" Capital Encyclopedia ", 2009.

How rescuers use drones.

The world around us is full of potential threats. Drones are being actively introduced and are already being actively used in practice in emergency response services. The value of using them lies primarily in saving time and resources. At minimal cost, the device covers a large area of ​​the surveyed area. In an emergency, minutes count, if not seconds. So it is especially important to receive up-to-date information about the incident in a timely manner.

Drone control during emergencies

The tasks of using unmanned aerial vehicles in the Ministry of Emergency Situations can be classified into four main groups: emergency detection, participation in its elimination, search and rescue of victims and assessment of damage from it in cases where this must be done promptly and accurately, and without risk to health and life of ground rescue teams.

Informing makes it possible to quickly and effectively respond to the situation, reducing human losses and economic damage.

To broadcast the image and coordinate the work of ground teams, rescuers of the Ministry of Emergency Situations install a payload on board the UAV. Most often it is a video camera and a thermal imager. The thermal imager helps to detect people at night, in smoky areas and under the crowns of trees. Video broadcasting allows you to coordinate the work of the rescue team.

The use of a drone in rescue operations of the Ministry of Emergency Situations

Drones help to find outbreaks of emergencies and actively participate in its elimination. With the help of UAVs, it is possible in a matter of hours to obtain a 3D terrain model and a three-dimensional map necessary to predict the dynamics of the situation, as well as simulate the behavior of emergencies. Thanks to the images obtained from unmanned aerial vehicles, it is possible to assess the damage from a disaster and plan restoration work.

The undoubted advantage of the UAV is that it is possible to examine the zones of radioactive, chemical and biological contamination without risk to the health or life of people. Specialized dosimeters are used to assess contamination on unmanned aerial vehicles.

Drones are also used to monitor industrial and natural objects, the actions of which can lead to an emergency. UAVs are successfully used to monitor oil and gas pipelines and power lines.

Using DJI in a fire

The DJI Inspire 1 helps you quickly determine what to do in case of a fire. The drone is simply indispensable in a situation of constant change of direction of fire, where control determines the tactics and success of the entire operation. Firefighters will use a video camera and a thermal imager.

1992. Providing humanitarian assistance to the civilian population in the zone of armed conflict in the republics of North Ossetia and Ingushetia.

1993. Providing humanitarian assistance to the civilian population of the city of Tkvarcheli in the zone of the Georgian-Abkhazian conflict. During the operation, which lasted more than 5 days, 2,965 people were taken out, 438 tons of humanitarian cargo were delivered.

1998. Carrying out rescue operations during a flood in the Vologda region, where, as a result of ice jams on the river. The Northern Dvina near the city of Veliky Ustyug was flooded 44 streets of the city and 26 settlements with a population of about 39 thousand people, as well as in the Republic of Sakha-Yakutia, where ice jams on the river. Lena caused an increase in the water level by 2.9 m above the critical level, as a result of which more than 172 settlements with a population of 475 thousand people were in the flood zone. Delivery of humanitarian aid.

2000 Carrying out work in the North Caucasus to receive and accommodate temporary migrants from the Chechen Republic and restore life support systems in settlements affected during the anti-terrorist operation.

2004 Liquidation of the consequences of a terrorist act at school No. 1 in Beslan (Republic of North Ossetia-Alania).

2005. Participation in an international humanitarian operation to provide assistance to the population of Southeast Asia affected by the tsunami. In the airmobile hospital of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, assistance was provided to 3,500 victims.

Delivery of diesel fuel to the Koryak Autonomous Okrug, where, as a result of untimely delivery of fuel, a heat supply failure occurred in several settlements. Aviation EMERCOM of Russia made 105 flights and delivered 1235 tons of fuel.

2008. Participation in the prevention of a humanitarian catastrophe in South Ossetia due to Georgia's aggression.

January 2011

Delivery of humanitarian aid to the Republic of Tajikistan

February 2011

Operation to evacuate Russian citizens and citizens of foreign states from the Republic of Libya

March 2011

Delivery of humanitarian aid to refugees from Libya

Delivery of humanitarian aid to the Republic of Sri Lanka

Delivery of humanitarian aid to the Republic of Tanzania

Evacuation of citizens from Libya

June 2011

Delivery of Russian citizens from the Republic of Yemen

July 2011

July 2011

Delivery of humanitarian aid to Libya

August 2011

Delivery of humanitarian aid to the Republic of South Ossetia

Assistance to Serbian colleagues in extinguishing fires

September 2011

Delivery of humanitarian aid to South Ossetia

Delivery of humanitarian aid to Abkhazia

October 2011

Delivery of humanitarian aid to Turkey

November 2011

Delivery of the first batch of humanitarian aid to the Serbian city of Nis for Kosovo Serbs

December 2011

Delivery of humanitarian aid to Serbia

2012.-2014

March 12, 2012 - In pursuance of the instructions of the Government of the Russian Federation dated February 28, 2012 and March 1, 2012, under the coordination of the Russian Foreign Ministry, the Russian Emergencies Ministry carried out an operation to provide humanitarian assistance to the population of Syria.

The material was collected using data from open sources