Kravchenko methods of sociological research. Methodology and methods of sociological research

Release year: 2004

Size: 1.8 mb

Format: doc

Description:

Methodology, methodology, technique sociological research- the basis of Dobrenkov's textbook "Methods of Sociological Research". The textbook discusses the types of socio-logical research, the theory and practice of sampling, analysis and data presentation forms. The works of leading sociologists are analyzed and analyzed, the place and role of their theories in modern sociology are indicated. An important part of the book is the section that describes the compilation of sociological questionnaires and the problems of their creation. Special attention is also paid to survey methods. In addition, in the textbook "Methods of sociological research" there is an interesting chapter about methods political research. Several chapters in the book are devoted to non-survey methods in sociology. Additionally, the use of tests in applied sociology is considered. Dobrenkov's "Methods of Sociological Research" ends with a chapter describing the most famous sociological research centers.

M.: 2004. - 768 p.

The textbook discusses the methodology, methods and techniques of sociological research. Special attention paid attention to the types of sociological research, the theory and practice of sampling, the creation of a sociological research program, the form of data presentation and their analysis. The types and forms of work of sociologists, their place and role in modern world. Much attention is paid to the formation of sociological questionnaires, the problems of their creation. An important place is given to survey methods. Of undoubted interest is the chapter devoted to the methods of political research. A large section is devoted to non-survey methods. Separately, the use of tests in applied sociology is considered. The book concludes with a chapter describing the most famous sociological research centers in the world.

The book is addressed primarily to students and graduate students, as well as teachers of sociological faculties. It is of interest not only to research scientists, but also to everyone who is interested in sociological science.

Format: doc/zip

The size: 2.25 MB

/ Download file

CONTENT
Foreword ................................................................ .................................thirteen
Section I. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Chapter 1. Types of sociological research....................................25
1.1. Social and Sociological Research.......................25
1.2. Trial and Pilot Study .............................................35
1.3. Descriptive and Analytical Research..................................41
1.4. Spot study .................................................................. ....42
1.5. Continuum and Sample Surveys...............................................43
1.6. Repeated studies .................................................................. .44
1.7. Monitoring ................................................. ....................48
1.8. Field research .................................................................. ......51
1.9. Case study ............................................................... ...54
1.10. Operational Research..............................................60
1.11. Questionnaire and non-survey methods of research ..............................67
1.12. Signs of a scientific survey ............................................... 70
1.13. Survey types .................................................................. ....................75
1.14. Technical means survey.................................................78
Chapter 2
2.1. Why sampling is needed .............................................................. ........81
2.2. Basic concepts and essence of the sampling method .......... 85
2.3. Sampling types and methods............................................................... ....92
2.4. Methods of probabilistic (random) sampling ..........95
2.4.1 Simple random selection....................................................96
2.4.2. Systematic selection..............................................99
2.4.3. Zoned and Stratified Samples......102
2.4.4. Cluster sampling .................................................................. ..105
2.5. Methods of improbability (non-random) sampling ...... 108
2.5.1. Quota sampling .............................................................. ....111
2.6. Multi-Stage Sampling..............................................114
2.7. Ideal and Real Aggregates.............................................117
2.8. Calculation of the sample size ............................................................... ...121
2.9. Sampling error .............................................................. ............129
2.10. Sample control and repair .......................................................... 135
2.11. Sample Passport .............................................................. .. 140
2.12. Representativeness .................................................................. ..... 143
Chapter 3
3.1. General idea of ​​the program...................................147
3.2. Theoretical and methodological part of the program ........... 152
3.2.1. Formulation and justification of the research problem..152
3.2.2. Goals and objectives of the study .............................................160
3.2.3. Determination of the object and subject of research ....... 163
3.2.4. Logical analysis of basic concepts...............167
3.2.5. Theoretical interpretation..............................................168
3.2.6. Putting forward hypotheses..............................................171
3.2.7. Empirical interpretation of concepts...................174
3.3. Methodological part of the program ............................................... 177
3.3.1. Sample................................................. .................177
3.3.2. Justification of methods for collecting empirical data .... 178
3.3.3. Methods of collecting information...............................................179
3.3.4. Methods of data processing and analysis .............................. 180
3.3.5. Organizational plan of the study .................183
3.4. Scientific report .............................................................. ................ 184
Chapter 4. Analysis of Empirical Data...............................................187
4.1. General principles data analysis.............................. 188
4.2. Analysis of univariate distributions...................................193
4.2.1. Nominal Scale..............................................194
4.2.2. Rank scale .................................................. .......199
4.2.3. Interval Scale...............................................200
4.3. Analysis of Bivariate Distributions..............................................208
Chapter 5
5.1. Tabular presentation of data...............................................219
5.2. Table Editing Technique...............................................227
5.3. Graphical representation data.................................242
Chapter 6. Where, by whom and how do sociologists work?
6.1. The nature and content of the work of the applied .................................... 249
6.2. What awaits a graduate sociologist....................................259
6.3. Clients and consultants .................................................................. 263
6.4. Internal and external consultants..............................................267
6.5. Qualities of a consultant .................................................................. ...272
6.6. Counseling as a Career.......................................276
Section II. SOCIOLOGICAL QUESTIONNAIRE
Chapter 1
1.1. Cognitive possibilities of the questionnaire question.......281
1.2. Functions of the Questionnaire....................................................288
1.3. The logical structure of the question..............................................291
1.4. Types of Questionnaires .............................................................................. 294
1.5. Closed and open questions...............................................297
1.6. Filter Questions ............................................... ...........307
1.7. Difficult questions .................................................................. ..........311
1.8. The relationship of questionnaire questions and the number of respondents .... 316
Chapter 2. The composition of the questionnaire ............................................... .........319
2.1. Structure or Composition?...............................319
2.2. General composition of the questionnaire ............................................... 322
2.3. Basic part of the questionnaire ............................................................... ....324
2.4. The most important principles of the composition of the questionnaire .................327
2.5. Service Sections of the Questionnaire....................................330
2.6. Encoding rules ................................................................ ....332
2.7. Questionnaire design .................................................................. ..........334
Chapter 3: Question Formulation and Questionnaire Quality 337
3.1. Basic Rules for Formulating Questions...................337
3.2. Questionnaire quality analysis .............................................................. ..344
3.3. Logical control of the questionnaire .........................................351
Chapter 4. Errors and Field Control....................................................... ..359
4.1. Questions Not to Ask.......................................359
4.2. Good and sustainable questions...............................................365
4.3. "Name effect" in the formulation of questions ........................... 371
4.4. Questionnaire Errors and Field Control.......................................373
Section III. INTERVIEWING METHODS
Chapter 1
1.1. Definition and features of the interview .............................383
1.2. Interview in Qualitative and Quantitative Sociology....394
1.3. Organizing Focus Groups...............................................397
1.3.1. Composition and size of the focus group .............................398
1.3.2. Restrictions on Participation in a Focus Group .......................400
1.3.3. Carrying out procedure...................................401
1.3.4. Arrangement of the room..............................403
1.3.5. Functions and quality of the moderator..............................404
1.4. Selection, preparation, briefing of interviewers ...................... 406
1.5. Interviewer effect .............................................................. ......411
Chapter 2. Types and types of interviews............................................... .....415
2.1. Typology of the interview .................................................. ......415
2.2. Formalized interview..............................................422
2.3. Free interview .............................................................. ......426
2.4. Focus group............................................... .................430
2.4.1. From the history of the issue ............................................... .430
2.4.2. Definition and features of the method ............................... 431
2.4.3. Advantages and Disadvantages..............................................435
2.4.4. Scope .................................................................. .436
2.5. Phone interview is good, but very bad............438
Chapter 3
3.1. Goals and objectives of marketing research ............... 449
3.2. The Problem of Sampling and Representativeness..............................454
3.3. Difficulties in communication between the customer and the researcher ........ 459
3.4. Briefing and briefing .............................................. ..............462
3.5. Methodical and technical methods of research ....... 466
3.6. Laboratory survey (Hall-test) .........................................470
3.7. Home-test .............................................................. 473
3.8. Personal interview (face-to-face).......................................474
3.9. Desk Research..............................476
3.10. OMNIBUS Telephone Polling..............................478
3.11. The VALS Survey.................................................... ............480
3.12. VALS Survey Questionnaire (online version) ...............484
Chapter 4. Expert survey ............................................... ...........487
4.1. Expert Survey Methodology ..................................................487
4.2. Types of expert survey....................................................490
4.3. Selection of experts ................................................................ .............497
4.4. Validity Factors expert assessments.....................500
4.5. Errors and difficulties in the application of an expert survey ..... 501
4.6. Extraordinary Experts .................................................................. .....502
Chapter 5
5.1. Polls at the entrance and at the exit.......................................505
5.2. Primaries - make-believe elections? .............................508
5.3. Exit-Poll: Have you already voted?.................................510
5.4. Political rating .................................................................. ..515
Section IV. NON-QUESTIONING METHODS
Chapter 1
1.1. The essence of observation .............................................................. ..525
1.2. Distinctive Features of Scientific Observation.......................529
1.3. The specifics of sociological observation...................................531
1.4. Types of observation .................................................................. ..........536
1.5. Formalized observation..............................................542
1.6. Enabled Surveillance...................................................543
1.7. Advantages and Disadvantages of Surveillance......................550
1.8. The Role and Qualities of an Observer...............................................553
Chapter 2. Document Analysis.................................................... ..........555
2.1. Documentary base of sociology .................................555
2.2. Document analysis: general provisions ............................... 562
2.3. Methodology and methodology of content analysis .................................... 568
Chapter 3. Scientific experiment.................................................... .....583
3.1. The Essence of a Scientific Experiment..................................................583
3.2. Methodology and experimental technique.......................586
3.3. Experimentation Procedure...................................590
3.4. Formation of groups in the experiment............................591
3.5. Errors and Difficulties in the Experiment.......................................593
3.6. Classification of experiments..............................................595
3.7. Sociodramaturgical and ethnomethodological experiments..604
Chapter 4 .................607
4.1. Definition and Scope..............................................607
4.2. Philosophical foundations .................................................................. 610
4.3. Methodology................................................. .................611
4.4. Procedure ................................................................. ...614
4.5. Cyclicity and iteration .............................................................. 615
4.6. AR Methods................................................... .......................618
4.7. Background .................................................................. ............619
4.8. AR paradigms.............................................. ................621
4.9. Interventionist sociology...................................623
Chapter 5
5.1. Testing Methodology...................................................628
5.2. Classification of tests .............................................................. ...636
5.3. Sociometric procedures..............................................642
5.4. Test Technology...................................................................655
5.5. Computer Testing..............................................661
Chapter 6 Research Centers...............................................665
6.1. Gallup Institution.................................................................. ...........665
6.2. Institute of Democracy .............................................................. ...669
6.3. VTsIOM................................................. .........................672
6.4. ESOMAR.............................................. .........................678
6.5. NORC................................................... ...............................679
6.6. NatCen.................................................. ......................680
6.7. INION RAN .............................................................. .................681
6.8. GfK Group.............................................. .......................684
6.9. QUANTUM.................................................. ...................687
6.10. Consulting organizations..............................................691
Applications ................................................. ...............................697
Glossary of terms................................................... .......................721
Literature................................................. .................................735

Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov
IN AND. Dobrenkov, A.I. Kravchenko

METHODS

SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH

Textbook

Approved by the Ministry of Education Russian Federation

as a textbook for students of higher educational institutions,

students in the specialty 020300 "Sociology"

Dobrenkov V.I., Kravchenko A.I.

D 55 Methods of sociological research: Textbook. - M.: INFRA-M, 2004. - 768 p. - (Classic university textbook).

ISBN 5-16-002113-2
The textbook discusses the methodology, methods and techniques of sociological research. Particular attention is paid to the types of sociological research, the theory and practice of sampling, the creation of a sociological research program, the form of data presentation and their analysis. The types and forms of work of sociologists, their place and role in the modern world are described. Much attention is paid to the formation of sociological questionnaires, the problems of their creation. An important place is given to survey methods. Of undoubted interest is the chapter devoted to the methods of political research. A large section is devoted to non-survey methods. Separately, the use of tests in applied sociology is considered. The book concludes with a chapter describing the most famous sociological research centers in the world.

The book is addressed primarily to students and graduate students, as well as teachers of sociological faculties. It is of interest not only to research scientists, but also to everyone who is interested in sociological science.

Foreword

Dear reader!

You have opened one of the wonderful books published in the Classic University Textbook series dedicated to the 250th anniversary of Moscow University. The series includes over 150 textbooks and manuals recommended for publication by the Academic Councils of the Faculties, the editorial board of the series and published for the anniversary by the decision of the Academic Council of Moscow State University.

Moscow University has always been famous for its professors and teachers, who brought up more than one generation of students, who subsequently made a significant contribution to the development of our country, and were the pride of domestic and world science, culture and education.

The high level of education provided by Moscow University is primarily ensured by high level textbooks and teaching aids written by outstanding scientists and teachers, which combine both the depth and accessibility of the material presented. These books accumulate invaluable experience in teaching methods and methodology, which becomes the property of not only Moscow University, but also other universities in Russia and around the world.

The publication of the "Classical University Textbook" series clearly demonstrates the contribution that Moscow University makes to classical university education in our country and undoubtedly serves its development.

The solution of this noble task would not have been possible without the active assistance of the publishing houses that took part in the publication of the books of the Classical University Textbook series. We regard this as their support for the position taken by Moscow University in matters of science and education. This also serves as evidence that the 250th anniversary of Moscow University is an outstanding event in the life of our entire country and the world educational community.

Rector of Moscow University, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor V. A. Sadovnichiy

Foreword ................................................................ .................................thirteen

Section I. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Chapter 1. Types of sociological research............................25

1.1. Social and Sociological Research.......................25

1.2. Trial and Pilot Study .............................................35

1.3. Descriptive and Analytical Research..................................41

1.4. Spot study .................................................................. ....42

1.5. Continuum and Sample Surveys...............................................43

1.6. Repeated studies .................................................................. .44

1.7. Monitoring ................................................. ....................48

1.8. Field research .................................................................. ......51

1.9. Case study ............................................................... ...54

1.10. Operational Research..............................................60

1.11. Questionnaire and non-survey methods of research ..............................67

1.12. Signs of a scientific survey ............................................... 70

1.13. Survey types .................................................................. ....................75

1L4. Interrogation technical means...............................................78

Chapter 2. Theory and Methodology of Sampling......................................81

2.1. Why sampling is needed .............................................................. ........81

2.2. Basic concepts and essence of selective

method ................................................. .................................................85

2.3. Sampling types and methods............................................................... ....92

2.4. Methods of probabilistic (random) sampling ..........95

2.4.1 Simple random selection....................................................96

2.4.2. Systematic selection..............................................99

2.4.3. zoned and stratified

samples ................................................. ......................102

2.4.4. Cluster sampling .................................................................. ..105

2.5. Methods of improbability (non-random) sampling ...... 108

2.5.1. Quota sampling .............................................................. ....111

2.6. Multi-Stage Sampling..............................................114

2.7. Ideal and Real Aggregates.............................................117

2.8. Calculation of the sample size ............................................................... ...121

2.9. Sampling error .............................................................. ............129

2.10. Sample control and repair .......................................................... 135

2.11. Sample Passport .............................................................. .. 140

2.12. Representativeness .................................................................. ..... 143

Chapter 3.................147

3.1. General idea of ​​the program...................................147

3.2. Theoretical and methodological part of the program ........... 152

3.2.1. Formulation and substantiation of the research problem .............................................................. .......................152

3.2.2. Goals and objectives of the study .............................................160

3.2.3. Determination of the object and subject of research ....... 163

3.2.4. Logical analysis of basic concepts...............167

3.2.5. Theoretical interpretation..............................................168

3.2.6. Putting forward hypotheses..............................................171

3.2.7. Empirical interpretation of concepts...................174

3.3. Methodological part of the program ............................................... 177

3.3.1. Sample................................................. .................177

3.3.2. Justification of methods for collecting empirical data .... 178

3.3.3. Methods of collecting information...............................................179

3.3.4. Methods of data processing and analysis .............................. 180

3.3.5. Organizational plan of the study .................183

3.4. Scientific report .............................................................. ................ 184

Chapter 4. Analysis of Empirical Data......................................187

4.1. General principles of data analysis .............................................. 188

4.2. Analysis of univariate distributions...................................193

4.2.1. Nominal Scale..............................................194

4.2.2. Rank scale .................................................. .......199

4.2.3. Interval Scale...............................................200

4.3. Analysis of Bivariate Distributions..............................................208

Chapter 5. Tabular and graphical representation of data........219

5.1. Tabular presentation of data...............................................219

5.2. Table Editing Technique...............................................227

5.3. Graphical presentation of data....................................242

Chapter 6. Where, by whom and how sociologists work.............................249

6.1. The nature and content of the work of the applied .................................... 249

6.2. What awaits a graduate sociologist....................................259

6.3. Clients and consultants .................................................................. 263

6.4. Internal and external consultants..............................................267

6.5. Qualities of a consultant .................................................................. ...272

6.6. Counseling as a Career.......................................276

Chapter II. SOCIOLOGICAL QUESTIONNAIRE

Chapter 1. Types and types of questionnaire questions.................................281

1.1. Cognitive possibilities of the questionnaire question.......281

1.2. Functions of the Questionnaire....................................................288

1.3. The logical structure of the question..............................................291

1.4. Types of Questionnaires .............................................................................. 294

1.5. Closed and open questions...............................................297

1.6. Filter Questions ............................................... ...........307

1.7. Difficult questions .................................................................. ..........311

1.8. The relationship of questionnaire questions and the number of respondents .... 316

Chapter 2......................................................319

2.1. Structure or Composition?...............................319

2.2. General composition of the questionnaire ............................................... 322

2.3. Basic part of the questionnaire ............................................................... ....324

2.4. The most important principles of the composition of the questionnaire .................327

2.5. Service Sections of the Questionnaire....................................330

2.6. Encoding rules ................................................................ ....332

2.7. Questionnaire design .................................................................. ..........334

Chapter 3. Question Formulation and Questionnaire Quality................337

3.1. Basic Rules for Formulating Questions...................337

3.2. Questionnaire quality analysis .............................................................. ..344

3.3. Logical control of the questionnaire .........................................351

Chapter 4. Errors and Field Control.............................................359

4.1. Questions Not to Ask.......................................359

4.2. Good and sustainable questions...............................................365

4.3. "Name effect" in the formulation of questions ........................... 371

4.4. Questionnaire Errors and Field Control.......................................373

Chapter III. INTERVIEWING METHODS

Chapter 1. Interview methodology and technology..........................383

1.1. Definition and features of the interview .............................383

1.2. Interview in Qualitative and Quantitative Sociology .............................................................. ................................394

1.3. Organizing Focus Groups...............................................397

1.3.1. Composition and size of the focus group .............................398

1.3.2. Restrictions on Participation in a Focus Group .......................400

1.3.3. Carrying out procedure...................................401

1.3.4. Arrangement of the room..............................403

1.3.5. Functions and quality of the moderator..............................404

1.4. Selection, preparation, briefing of interviewers ...................... 406

1.5. Interviewer effect .............................................................. ......411

Chapter 2Kinds and types of interviews................................................415

2.1. Typology of the interview .................................................. ......415

2.2. Formalized interview..............................................422

2.3. Free interview .............................................................. ......426

2.4. Focus group............................................... .................430

2.4.1. From the history of the issue ............................................... .430

2.4.2. Definition and features of the method ............................... 431

2.4.3. Advantages and Disadvantages..............................................435

2.4.4. Scope .................................................................. .436

2.5. Phone interview is good, but very bad............438

Chapter 3.......................................449

3.1. Goals and objectives of marketing research ............... 449

3.2. The Problem of Sampling and Representativeness..............................454

3.3. Difficulties in communication between the customer and the researcher ........ 459

3.4. Briefing and briefing .............................................. ..............462

3.5. Methodical and technical methods of research .............................................................. ...............................466

3.6. Laboratory survey (Hall-test) .........................................470

3.7. Home-test .............................................................. 473

3.8. Personal interview (face-to-face).......................................474

3.9. Desk Research..............................476

3.10. OMNIBUS Telephone Polling..............................478

3.11. The VALS Survey.................................................... ............480

3.12. VALS Survey Questionnaire (online version) ...............484

Chapter 4. Expert survey........................................................487

4.1. Expert Survey Methodology ..................................................487

4.2. Types of expert survey....................................................490

4.3. Selection of experts ................................................................ .............497

4.4. Factors of Validity of Expert Evaluations...................................500

4.5. Mistakes and difficulties in the application of an expert survey .............................................................. .........................................501

4.6. Extraordinary Experts .................................................................. .....502

Chapter 5...........................505

5.1. Polls at the entrance and at the exit.......................................505

5.2. Primaries - make-believe elections? .............................508

Chapter IV. NON-QUESTIONING METHODS

Chapter 1 Observation in the Social Sciences...............................525

1.1. The essence of observation .................................................................. ...525

1.2. Distinctive Features of Scientific Observation.......................529

1.3. The specifics of sociological observation...................................531

1.4. Types of observation .................................................................. ..........536

1.5. Formalized observation..............................................542

1.6. Enabled Surveillance...................................................543

1.7. Advantages and Disadvantages of Surveillance......................550

1.8. The Role and Qualities of an Observer...............................................553

Chapter 2 Document Analysis.......................................................555

2.1. Documentary base of sociology .................................555

2.2. Document analysis: general provisions ............................... 562

2.3. Methodology and methodology of content analysis .................................... 568

Chapter 3..................................................583

3.1. The Essence of a Scientific Experiment..................................................583

3.2. Methodology and experimental technique.......................586

3.3. Experimentation Procedure...................................590

3.4. Formation of groups in the experiment............................591

3.5. Errors and Difficulties in the Experiment.......................................593

3.6. Classification of experiments..............................................595

3.7. Sociodramaturgical and ethnomethodological experiments .................................. 4 .................................. .........................604

Chapter 4action research................................................. .............607

4.1. Definition and Scope..............................................607

4.2. Philosophical foundations .................................................................. 610

4.3. Methodology................................................. .................611

4.4. Procedure ................................................................. ...614

4.5. Cyclicity and iteration .............................................................. 615

4.6. AR Methods..............................L................. ....................618

4.7. Background .................................................................. ............619

4.8. AR paradigms.............................................. ................621

4.9. Interventionist sociology...................................623

Chapter 5 sociology............627

5.1. Testing Methodology...................................................628

5.2. Classification of tests .............................................................. ...636

5.3. Sociometric procedures..............................................642

5.4. Test Technology...................................................................655

5.5. Computer Testing..............................................661

Chapter 6 Research Centers..........................................665

6.1. Gallup Institution.................................................................. ...........665

6.2. Institute of Democracy .............................................................. ...669

6.3. VTsIOM................................................. .........................672

6.5. NORC................................................... ...............................679

6.6. NatCen.................................................. ......................680

6.7. INION RAN .............................................................. .................681

6.8. GfK Group.............................................. .......................684

6.9. QUANTUM.................................................. ...................687

6.10. Consulting organizations..............................................691

Applications ................................................. ............................... 697

Glossary of terms................................................... ....................... 721

Literature..................................................................................735

FOREWORD

The modern reader habitually encounters reports about sociologists. In obvious and long-familiar things, they reveal the most unexpected facets. In a prosperous financial company, sociologists suddenly discover the social corrosion that corrodes it, an atmosphere of intolerance between superiors and subordinates, shareholders and managers, workers and administration. Applying special research methods, they identify "sore" places: an authoritarian style of management, lack of initiative of subordinates, indifference of some social groups to others.

Sociological polls, as experience shows, can do a lot: find out the opinion of the majority of the population, predict the outcome of political elections, explain the mass discontent of the population or, on the contrary, the craze for a dubious product, a pop star, a religious idea. In government circles, according to G.A. Pashkov, head of the Opinion sociological service, not a single significant resignation since the departure of the prime minister Soviet Union Nikolai Ivanovich Ryzhkov, did not do without finding out the opinion of the population on this matter. Some laws adopted in our country do not work because they are not accepted, at least passively, by the majority of the population.

Not a single politician, not a single advertiser in the West will dare to make a serious statement until he finds out what people think on this issue. Now Western companies are conducting polls in our country, finding out the attitude to life of Russians, their anxieties and hopes; these surveys determine the so-called "investment sentiment".

Sociologists are able to show how ratings fluctuate politician after his appearance on television. It was even possible to predict the outcome of the October events in advance 14

1993 in Moscow: the presidential team took into account that the Supreme Council is not supported by the majority of the population, and even the number of defenders of the White House was calculated in advance (http://whoiswho.ru/russian/Password/papers/15r/pashkov/stl.htm ).

With the help of questionnaires, if they are compiled according to the rules of science, you can study value orientations and attitudes of people, the motivational core of their work, behavioral, verbal aspects. The sociologist asks questions, sometimes very subtly formulated and cunningly arranged on the questionnaire, and assumes that he will receive sincere answers from the respondents (respondents). And so that there is no doubt about the veracity, the scientist uses a rather complicated technique of rejecting false information, checking the remaining information for authenticity and reliability. The combination of these techniques, plus the technique of compiling a questionnaire, organizing a field study, determining a sample, coding documents, processing them on a computer, and tabulating data, constitute the methodology of sociological research.

If we add no less complex procedures for developing the theoretical part of the research program, operationalizing concepts, interpreting empirical data, i.e. everything that is customarily called the methodological and methodological sphere of science, we will see that professional sociology is a very complicated thing.

Methods play an extremely important role in the construction of scientific knowledge. These are the rules and procedures by which a connection is established between facts, hypotheses and theories. They are those "algorithms" that allow us to move from empirical objects to the construction of a theory that reflects the phenomena that determine the properties of these objects. These "algorithms" are complex, multi-stage and cannot be conceived in isolation from the understanding of facts and constructs. It is with the help of methods that the collection and interpretation of facts take place. The methods must be adequate to the properties of the constructs underlying the chosen model.

Each science that studies human behavior has developed its own scientific traditions and accumulated certain empirical experience. And each of them, being one of the branches social science, can be defined in terms of the method it predominantly uses.

Methods (in sociology) are the rules and procedures by which a connection is established between facts, hypotheses and theories.

Psychologists are convinced that a laboratory experiment, during which causal relationships are established between

by various aspects of people's behavior, exhausts all the possibilities of social research. Many of those involved in concrete economics are still convinced that only statistical analysis, which allows one to give an objective picture of the fluctuations in prices and the mass of commodities, is the most reliable measure of economic behavior. Psychoanalysts are convinced of the infallibility of getting used to or empathizing with inner world his patient as the only reliable and deep method of studying human behavior, its intimate sides and hidden motives. And marketers do not recognize other means than studying how the aspirations of a particular individual are related to his social characteristics and consumer behavior. In contrast, some anthropologists continue to think that non-participant observation remains the most reliable way of knowing, as a result of which we study the daily interaction of people. For anthropology, the traditional method of cognition is field research, which involves a long stay in the Aboriginal settlement. But sometimes anthropologists use a method called participatory observation: the scientist takes part in the events that he registers, observes and describes. A group of scientists, who make up a scientific expedition, goes to the abandoned regions of the earth to observe the customs, norms of behavior, rituals and ceremonies that fill the life of primitive tribes.

For symbolic interactionists, the favorite method of sociological research has always been participatory observation, when a sociologist lives, works, and acts together with those he studies for a certain period. Understanding the life of a social group from within, he, along with its other members, learns all kinds of roles and learns to define various situations in the way that is accepted in this group. To explain the process of forming meanings and constructing action, the researcher must understand it. And for understanding, one must accept the role of the acting individual. One cannot study the process of interpretation by observing behavior from the outside, remaining an "objective" observer, inclined to include his own guesses in the process of interpretation instead of understanding it from the inside 1 .

However, most often sociology is identified with the use of questionnaires. Questionnaire survey is the most massive and productive type of activity in sociology. It would not be an exaggeration to say that up to 80% of sociological information is collected with its help. True, not all of the “harvest” goes into processing: a significant part of it (about 80%) irrevocably settles in the “warehouse” in tabulagrams and does not reach the customer.

To a psychologist who operates with complex tests, the sociologist's questionnaire procedure may seem overly primitive or unreliable. But it has long been known that representatives of rival disciplines look at the methods of their colleagues often with great disdain. For example, the descriptive methods of anthropologists, from the point of view of a psychophysiologist, may seem extremely primitive. Although a good psychophysiologist does not neglect the description at all. In the same way, the anthropologist, if necessary, will use laboratory experiments to test the theory, as does the psychophysiologist.

As Julian Simon writes in his book Basic Methods of Research in Social Science (New York, 1969), each science that studies human behavior has developed its own scientific traditions and accumulated relevant empirical experience. And each of them, being one of the branches of social science, can be defined in terms of the method that it predominantly uses. Although the sciences also differ in terms of the problems studied.

In sociology, when collecting primary data, four main methods are used, each of which has two main varieties (they are indicated in brackets):

♦ survey (questionnaire and interviewing);

♦ document analysis (qualitative and quantitative [content analysis]);

♦ observation (not included and included);

♦ experiment (controlled and uncontrolled). A survey is a method of collecting primary verbal (i.e. verbal) information used in sociology, psychology, economics, demography, ethnography and other sciences. The survey is actively used in marketing research, which is now one of the important areas of employment, including graduates of sociological faculties.

Non-survey research methods include sociological photography, which has now been constituted into an independent branch - visual sociology. We open the morning papers every day and find dozens of photographs there.

tographs, some of which may well serve as raw materials for visual sociology. Here, scientists use the technique of photographing to more deeply reveal social reality. For a long time, photographic and film materials were used in sociology only for technical purposes - as a means of illustrating the text. As a result of a long neglect of photographic materials, visual sociology began to be developed by people who received a professional journalistic education and then moved into the field of academic sociology. A lot of effort has gone into convincing oneself and others that photographs are not "pictures" illustrating a text, but are serious work for a professional sociologist 2 .

The specialist selects the right method to solve his problem, but does not fit the problem to the existing method. The researcher is free to invent ways to measure social behavior indirectly. Because these techniques have little in common, examples are the best way to learn how to use them. Thus, the researchers studied family portraits related to different historical eras to see how gender relations are reflected in the nature of the poses of the seated models. Anthropologists who study the characteristics of urban culture have analyzed the contents of landfills to gain insight into lifestyles by what is thrown away (for example, the number of bottles indicates the level of consumption of alcoholic beverages). The researchers determined what drivers typically listened to by noting which radio station was tuned to in cars brought in for repairs. Interest in museum exhibits was measured by recording different degrees of floor wear and tear in different departments of the museum. We compared the content of graffiti in men's and women's toilets in order to find a gender difference in their subject matter. We analyzed the record books of students of higher educational institutions to determine whether high academic performance in his student years on the occurrence of later problems of a psychological nature. By changing the water pressure in the toilets during the television broadcast of advertising, conclusions were drawn about the behavior of viewers and their preferences. For example, if a researcher wants to analyze the movements of a customer in a store, then the measurement tool can be

be traces of dirt and moisture on the floor. First, he clarifies what exactly constitutes a “customer journey” (for example, is there room to move to another department? Does it allow a good view of the window?). Further, he systematically captures traces of dirt or moisture on the floor, compares them with traces in other places, and regularly (for example, every month) writes down the results. Finally, he also notes other reasons for observing (for example, floorboards of lower quality that get dirty faster, or the location of the section closer to the front door).

The peculiarity of the means of research used - questionnaires, interviews, observations - in sociology is such that the social processes taking place in a social organization are reflected through the mirror of public opinion, the statements of ordinary people about what surrounds them. The results of sociological research have not only managerial value, but also diagnostic value; they serve as a kind of magnifying glass, in the focus of which both the achieved successes and the existing shortcomings are clearly visible.

It seems that in this science everything is clear and accessible to any uninitiated: draw up a questionnaire, interview those who wish and, summarizing the collected data, give practical results to the management. However, this impression is deceptive; it does not penetrate the surface of the phenomenon. Hidden inside it complex world scientific activity- problem analysis, hypotheses, conceptual model building, data collection, development practical advice. And it all rests on a solid foundation theoretical sociology. This means that scientific concepts should be correlated with categories that describe patterns community development. We must not forget about the importance of scientific logic as a method of deploying theoretical knowledge. Indeed, general concepts are not directly applicable to empirical reality; they must be brought to it by the method of ascent from the abstract to the concrete.

Sociological research is becoming more complex and expensive. The amount of scientific information that needs to be mastered before embarking on search or implementation activities is sharply increasing. It has been calculated, for example, that over the period from 1973 to 1979 the volume of publications in sociology alone in the country increased 3.1 times, and from 1979 to 2002 it increased by another 10-12 times. Sometimes it is easier to repeat the study and re-find practical solution than dig through mountains of literature.

In public opinion polling, as in any other type of sociological research, there are many nuances that are familiar to professionals and unknown to beginners. The quality of social information ultimately depends on how the interviewer (interviewer) behaves, how he is dressed, behaves, reacts to answers, to what extent the respondent is disposed to a confidential conversation, in what order the questions are arranged and how they are formulated. People, for example, respond differently to a female interviewer and a male interviewer, prefer short questionnaires to long ones, more often choose the answer or “hint” that is located first in the system of alternatives. Even more, the truth of information depends on the resolution of the instrument, its reliability and compliance with strict scientific principles.

In all sciences - natural and social - tools play the same role, only their effectiveness can be different. A physical device or other instrument is a materialized theory. In sociology, a questionnaire, an interview or observation form, etc. are used as tools. But the tool does not just serve as a bridge; performs a passive function. It acts as a means of specifying the theory, a translator from one language to another. This means that the tool must work "by the sweat of its brow."

A tool is a set of means by which a sociologist tries to test, confirm or refute the hypotheses put forward. The tools of sociology include: a questionnaire, an interview form, a statistical table, a protocol for conducting an experiment, etc. V natural sciences there are tools - from a scalpel to a microscope.

However, the telephone and computer, which are widely used today in surveys, are not an instrument of scientific knowledge. These are just technical means of making quick contact with the respondent or analyzing the data. They do not carry anything sociological. These are extraneous devices for sociology, which were invented not at all for its needs.

Tools have different complexity and are arranged in different ways, depending on what they perform different cognitive functions. In order to invent a scalpel, it is not necessary to create a special theory. Just by experience, you need to make sure that the scalpel is a sharply sharpened tool that does not infect the wound, with which you can slightly open a previously hidden place. And to create a microscope, you need an appropriate theory that describes the passage of rays that focus

on the lens, what distance should be between the lens and the observed object, etc.

Despite the functional difference, all the methods used in sociology have a common internal structure. It can be divided into three groups of elements: normative, instrumental and procedural. The initial elements-norms that set the direction in the regulation of actions serve as a means of orientation. Norms function both in the form of general principles for the organization of activities, and in the form of specific requirements. Their content is based on theoretical positions and is, in essence, a conclusion oriented towards practical action. In the normative content of the method, three groups of requirements can be distinguished: the first - reveals the possible areas and conditions for applying the method (where, under what conditions, for what purposes it can be applied); the second - contains the rules of action, highlights the operational content in them, which can later be expanded into an action program; the third - sets the necessary properties of the means, tools used.

The instrumental part of the method consists of the means necessary to achieve the set goals. In the method there is an instrumentalization of the means used. They are specially designed, acquire a clearer functional focus on achieving certain results, and are introduced into the technological process. Each sociological method has special tools specially created for it. So, in a survey, it is a questionnaire; in observation - map, diary. The toolkit of the method also consists of technical means of data collection, the corresponding logical and mathematical apparatus for their processing and analysis.

To ensure the established implementation of the procedure, the sociologist needs skills in working with tools, technical means, skillful management of both his own actions and the actions of other persons participating in the procedure is required, pedagogical, socio-psychological training is very important.

Procedurally, the application of the method can be divided into three stages. The first stage includes preparatory

bots. Based general program(research, training, management) a program for the application of the method is being developed, the necessary means and tools are being created and prepared. The second stage is operational and procedural. At this stage, there is a direct impact on the object in the form of certain procedures using prepared tools. In applied sociological research, this is the collection, receipt of primary information; in training - activation of the student's actions; in management - the regulatory impact on the system. The third stage is the resulting one. It consists of processing, analysis, generalization of the obtained data, research results, development of recommendations, evaluation of the effectiveness of using the method.

The more complex the phenomenon being studied, the more complex the instrument must be. And to create a sociological questionnaire, you need your own theoretical base. Firstly, it is the general theory of the compilation of a scientifically based questionnaire, which the methodology puts at our disposal; it describes the general scientific requirements for compiling such tools. Secondly, it should be the author's concept of this questionnaire, which indicates the logic and sequence of questions, their content, focus, wording, types, and, most importantly, the logical connection of questions and their connection with the hypotheses being tested. The sociologist is obliged to indicate that, for example, questions 5,18 and 21 are aimed at testing hypothesis No. 4, that with one value of the answers received, the hypothesis is confirmed, but not with another. Questioning - a written form of a survey, carried out, as a rule, in absentia, i.e. without direct and immediate contact between the interviewer and the respondent. It is useful in two cases: a) when you need to interrogate big number respondents in a relatively short time; b) when respondents have to think carefully about their answers, having a printed questionnaire in front of their eyes.

But the questionnaire can be drawn up without resorting to any theory. This is done very simply: type as many other people's profiles as possible and cut everything you like out of them. Such a combined hodgepodge will help you out in an applied, not very important survey. It can also be useful as a training questionnaire. But for a serious academic project, this method is not suitable.

The questionnaire has a complex structure, the theory tells about the sequence in which questions should be placed, for the study of which class of phenomena it is necessary to take one or another form of questions (from -22

covered and closed), how to choose a language understandable to the respondent, how many questions to ask in order to reveal one topic. These and many other points (validity, reliability) are included in the theory of instrument construction, which helps to create scientific means of measuring a phenomenon.

Our task is not to teach how to compose a theory of an instrument, but how to think sociologically. In order for the tool to fit the selected hypotheses as accurately as possible, it is necessary to bring the set of theoretical statements as close as possible to the structure of the questionnaire. This means that you must, going down the difficulty levels from general concepts to particular and to single concepts, to bring his theory to the level of specificity so that you can easily go to the questions of the questionnaire. Because the latest level of theory is essentially the first level of the tool.

When compiling questionnaires, it is important to take into account the peculiarities of the culture of this community. For example, questionnaires brought from America with great questions, great tips, great formatting, did not work in our social and cultural reality.

The specificity of empirical research is that it is not a simple collection, selection of any social facts (such selection can be subjective), but a scientific procedure that uses special sociological methods collection of information, as well as special sociological technologies are applied.

Methods of sociological research. M., 2011.

Dobrenkov V.I., Kravchenko A.I.Theory and methodology. M., 2003.

Ilyin V.I. Dramaturgy of qualitative research. - St. Petersburg: Intersocis, 2006.

Kovalev E. M., Steinberg I. E. Qualitative methods in field sociological research. M., 1999.

Kryshtanovsky A.O. Analysis of sociological data using the SPSS package. M., 2006.

Radaev V.V. How to organize and present a research project. M. 2001.

Semina M.V. Interview method in sociology and marketing. M.: KDU, 2010

Tolstova Yu.N. Analysis of sociological data. M., 2000.

Tolstova Yu.N. Measurement in Sociology. M., 1998.

Churilov N.N. Designing a selective sociological study. Kiev, 1986.

Yadov V.A. Strategy of sociological research. M., 2001.

additional literature

1. Abels H. Romance, Phenomenological Sociology and Qualitative Social Research // Journal of Sociology and Social Anthropology . 1998. No. 1. T 1.

2. Averyanov L.Ya. Content analysis. Tutorial. M.2009.

3. Averyanov L.Ya. The art of asking questions. M., 1987.

4. Batygin G.S. Lectures on the methodology of sociological research. M., 1995.

5. Batygin G.S., Devyatko I.F. The myth of "qualitative sociology" // Sociological journal. 1994. No. 2. S. 28-41.

6. Biographical method in sociology: history, methodology and practice / / Ed. E.F. Meshcherkina and V.V. Semenova. M., 1994.

7. Britvina I.B. Kiblitskaya M.V. The life of a migrant in a single-industry town. M. 2004.

8. Budon R. Place of disorder// Criticism of the theory of social change. - M., 1998.

9. Butenko I.A. Organization of applied sociological research. M., 1998.

10. Devyatko I. Models of explanation and logic of sociological research. M., 1996.

11. Durkheim E. Method of sociology. M., 1991.

12. Lukina M. Interview technology. Moscow: Aspect Press, 2003.

13. Quale S. Research interview. M.: Meaning, 2003.

14. Kozlova N., Sandomirskaya I. That's how I want to call the movie: “Naive writing”: An experience of linguo-sociological reading. M., 1996.

15. Maslennikov E.V. Expert knowledge. M., 2001.

16. Application of tests in sociology. M., 2001.

17. Sadman S., Bradburn N., Shkaru N. How people answer questions. M. 2003.

18. Semenova V.V. Qualitative Methods: An Introduction to Humanistic Sociology. M., 1998.

19. Seymour Sudman, Norman Bradburn. How to ask the right questions. M. 2002.

20. Strauss A., Corbin D. Fundamentals of qualitative research. M., URSS, 2001.

21. Tatarova G.T. Typological analysis in sociology. M., 2009.

22. Methodology of data analysis in sociology. M., 1998.

23. Noel E. Mass polls. Introduction to the methodology of demoscopy. M., 1997.

24. Workbook of a sociologist. M., 2009.

25. Saganenko G.I. Reliability of results of sociological research. M., 1983.

26. Tyurin Yu.N., Makarov A.A. Statistical analysis on a computer. M., 1998.

1. 
   Alan Bryman. Social Research Methods. second edition. Oxford University Press. 2004.
2. 
   Earl Baby. Survey Research Methods. 2nd edition. Belmont, California, 1998.
3. 
   Strauss, A.L. (1987) Qualitative Analysis for Social Scientists, Cambridge (Univ. Press)
4. 
   Van Maanen, J. (ed.). Qualitative Methodology, Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA, 1983.
5. 
   C. Welman, F. Kruger, B. Mitchell. Research Methodology. 3rd edition. Oxford University Press. 2005.

Periodic publications

Bulletin of Moscow State University. Ser. 18. Political science and sociology.

Sociological journal

Sociological Research (SOCIS)

Sociology. Journal of the Russian Sociological Association.

Magazine 4M

INTER: Interview, Interaction, Interpretation.

Internet resources

1. 
   Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation: http://www.izbirkom.ru/ http://www.cikrf.ru
2. 
   Site of the All-Russian population census in 2010 http://www.perepis-2010.ru/
3. 
   Site of the All-Russian population census in 2002 http://www.perepis2002.ru/
4. 
   Federal Service website state statistics http://www.gks.ru
5. 
   All-Russian Public Opinion Research Center http://wciom.ru/
6. 
   Foundation "Public Opinion" http://www.fom.ru/
7. 
   Yuri Levada Analytical Center (Levada-Center) http://www.levada.ru/
8. 
   Research company Romir
9. 
   Institute of Sociology RAS [email protected]
10. 
    Portal on methodology of sociology, visual methods and ethnography visible world . en

Software for modern information and communication technologies

SPSS program

WOIRD program Excel program

Content Analysis ProgramBAAL

Atlas Qualitative Data Analysis Program

Logistics support of the discipline:

Educational auxiliary audiences:

Computer classes;

multimedia class;

Multiplier center;

Audio and video equipment.

1. 
   Evaluation tools current control performance, intermediate certification based on the results of mastering the discipline

An indicative list of questions for intrasemester checks, tests / exams

1. 
   Sociological research in the system of sociological knowledge. Concepts of methodology and methods of sociological research.
2. 
   Research paradigms: their principles and general scheme research procedures.
3. 
   Understanding the program of sociological research, its functions, stages of development and implementation.
4. 
   Logical-methodological function of sociological theory. Understanding the concept of sociological research, building a conceptual model.
5. 
   Operationalization of initial concepts as a stage in the development of a sociological research program. The procedure for the formation of operational concepts.
6. 
   The concept of a variable in sociological research. Types of variables.
7. 
   Explanatory models in sociological research.
8. 
   Causal relationships in sociology, their nature and criteria.
9. 
   Hypothesis and its role in sociological research. Phases of construction and logical structure of the hypothesis.
10. 
    Understanding the research unit and the principles of its choice in sociological research.
11. 
    Understanding the general and sample population, general characteristics sampling methods.
12. 
    Probabilistic sampling methods in sociological research. Principles for their implementation. A simple random sample.
13. 
    Zoned and nested sampling, their similarities and differences, implementation features.
14. 
    Purposeful sampling methods. Quota sampling, its possibilities and limitations, implementation procedure.
15. 
    Combined type of sample, its specificity.
16. 
    Sampling errors and their typology. Determining the actual sampling error.
17. 
    Understanding and features of measurement in sociological research.
18. 
    Reliability, validity and sustainability of measurement in sociological research, ways to ensure them.
19. 
    Understanding the indicator in sociological research. The procedure for developing indicators.
20. 
    Understanding the indicator in sociological research, types of indicators and ways to build them.
21. 
    Indices and scales in sociological research. Features of their construction.
22. 
    Strategy and methods of qualitative sociological research.
23. 
    Types of sociological research, features of the development and implementation of their program.
24. 
    Panel and longitudinal sociological research, features of their implementation.
25. 
    Organization of sociological research, its main stages.
26. 
    Typology and scope of data collection methods in sociological research.
27. 
    Questionnaire survey as a method of collecting sociological information.
28. 
    Classification of questionnaire questions according to content and form.
29. 
    Rules for constructing a sociological questionnaire.
30. 
    Telephone survey: opportunities and implementation specifics.
31. 
    Postal and press polls: opportunities and implementation specifics.
32. 
    Features of the interview as a method of collecting primary sociological information. Types of interviews.
33. 
    The method of observation in sociological research and its varieties.
34. 
    The method of expert assessments in sociological research. Scope of its application and main varieties.
35. 
    Content analysis in sociological research. Implementation features.
36. 
    The essence and structure of the social experiment, features of implementation.
37. 
    Documents as a source of sociological information. Method of document analysis in sociological research.
38. 
    Sociometric survey: essence and features of implementation.
39. 
    Features of the use of tests in sociological research. Types of tests and their purpose.
40. 
    The role and features of the use of state statistics in sociological research.
41. 
    Explanation of the results of sociological research: principles and procedure.
42. 
    Preparation and processing of data in sociological research: content and sequence of implementation. Ways and possibilities of using computers.
43. 
    Ways of generalization and display of primary data in sociological research.
44. 
    Elements of statistical analysis of empirical data - frequency distribution, mean, variance, their purpose.
45. 
    The concept of the correlation coefficient. Types of correlation coefficients and the specifics of their application in sociological research.
46. 
    Methods of multivariate analysis in sociological research, their task and specifics of use.
47. 
    Preparation of a sociological report and development of recommendations based on the results of a sociological study, their public presentation: purpose, logic, structure.

The program was compiled in accordance with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard of the Higher Professional Education, taking into account the recommendations and the POOP of the Higher Professional Education in the direction of preparation "Sociology".

Developers:

Experts:

Sample Program

Name of discipline "Economic sociology"

040100 Sociology
Qualification (degree) of a graduate - bachelor

1. Goals and objectives of mastering the discipline.

Target:

To form in students in the learning process a systematic understanding of the main directions and methods of sociological analysis of the economic processes of a modern market society.

Tasks:

• 
  mastering by students of classical and modern domestic and foreign theories, concepts that reveal social nature market economy;
• 
  the formation of students' systematic scientific knowledge about the models of economic behavior developed within the framework of economic and sociological theories;
• 
  developing students' skills in applying theoretical and instrumental-empirical methods of sociological analysis of economic processes used in the course of independent professional activity.

2. The place of discipline in the structure of the PEP HPE.

The discipline "Economic sociology" refers to the variable part of the OOP, which is preceded by the following disciplines: philosophy, economics, computer science.

Mastering the discipline "Economic Sociology" by students implies the mandatory mastering of the following disciplines:

• 
  classical theory of sociology, foreign sociology, modern sociology of the 20th and 21st centuries, methodology and methods of sociological research, social statistics, social anthropology, life safety;
• 
  professional mandatory variable cycle, including: the history of the spiritual culture of Russia, the sociology of globalization, the sociology of management, the theory of the welfare state, data analysis, the theory of measurements, geopolitics, the sociology of organizations, the sociology of communications, the sociology of international relations, the sociology of the family, the sociology of security, sociological theory risk.

The discipline "Economic Sociology" is the theoretical foundation for mastering the following disciplines of the professional cycle of choice: the basics of social marketing, benchmarking and competitive intelligence, market segmentation (workshop), the sociology of entrepreneurship, the sociology and social psychology of consumption, the system of socially integrated communications, the sociological foundations of marketing, socio-cultural features of combating corruption, sociology of markets and business organizations.

The discipline "Economic sociology" in its instrumental-methodical, empirical and applied part (along with other major disciplines of the professional cycle) is an orienting theoretical and methodological tool for conducting scientific, educational and industrial practice of students studying in the direction of training - 040100 "Sociology", bachelor qualification.

3. Competencies of the student, formed as a result of mastering the discipline of economic sociology.
Competences of studying students within the discipline of economic sociology, according to curriculum training of bachelor sociologists are based on universal, general scientific, instrumental, systemic and professional competencies formed as a result of mastering disciplines: humanitarian, social and economic cycle; disciplines of the mathematical and natural science cycle, as well as related to the discipline of economic sociology, basic and variable disciplines of the professional cycle.

Professional competencies as a result of mastering the discipline of economic sociology.

• 
  the ability to find organizational and managerial decisions in non-standard situations and the willingness to bear responsibility for them (OK-4);
• 
  the ability to use the basic provisions and methods of the humanities and socio-economic sciences in solving professional problems (OK-9);
• 
  ability to analyze socially significant problems and processes (OK-10);
• 
  the ability to apply in professional activities basic and professionally profiled knowledge and skills on the basics of sociological theory and methods of sociological research (PC-1);
• 
  ability and willingness to use knowledge of the methods and theories of social and humanities in the implementation of expert, consulting and analytical activities (PC-4);
• 
  the ability to participate in the development of proposals and recommendations based on professional sociological knowledge for solving social problems, in the development of mechanisms for coordinating the interests of social groups and communities (PC-6).

4. As a result of mastering the discipline, the student must:

Know:

• 
  classical and modern concepts and theories developed within the framework of economic sociology;
• 
  the main classical and modern concepts and theories developed within the framework of economic theory;
• 
  the main classical and modern concepts of related disciplines, the subject of which intersects with the subject of economic sociology;
• 
  basic features, structure and methods of functioning of the main market (economic) institutions and mechanisms that regulate the behavior of economic entities;
• 
  basic theories and concepts of economic motivation, decision theory, economic choice theory, risk theory, theory social partnership, social state, etc.;
• 
  main directions and problems of sociological analysis of economic life modern society in world and domestic science.

Be able to:

• 
  to carry out a theoretical interpretation of various aspects of the economic life of modern society;
• 
  apply theoretical and applied methods of sociological analysis in the study of various sectors of the economy;
• 
  navigate the multi-paradigm structure of modern economic and sociological theory;
• 
  within their professional competence, to substantiate and defend their point of view within the framework of scientific discussions and theoretical debates.

Own:

• 
  skills and methods of professional and business communication;
• 
  instrumental methods of organizing, conducting and presenting the results of sociological research;
• 
  "IT" technologies for visualization, systematization, translation, analysis and presentation of sociological information;
• 
  technologies for organizing and coordinating scientific research.

5. Scope of discipline and types academic work
The academic discipline "Economic Sociology" has a volume of 4 credit units - 144 academic hours, of which exams - 18 hours, IWS - 60 hours, room. - 66 hours (lectures - 20 hours, PR - 40 hours, CSR - 6 hours). Final control - exam. The discipline is studied in the 6th semester, 20 weeks.
The total complexity of the discipline is 4 credit units.

Type of study work	Total hours
1. Classroom activities (total)	66
Including:
Lectures	20
Practical exercises (PZ) + (SZ)	40
DAC	6
2. Independent work (total) 60	60
Including:
Preparation of an abstract, essay (in writing)	30
Preparing for control work(intermediate	30
reporting 2 times a semester)
Type of intermediate certification (exam)	18
Total labor intensity (hours)	144

6. Structure and content of the discipline

6.1. Distribution of hours by sections, topics and types of classes 1

№№ p\p	Topic	Semester	Semester week	Types of academic work, including independent work students and labor intensity (in hours)					Forms of current progress control (by week of the semester) Form of intermediate certification (by semesters)
				Total	OK	SZ, PZ	DAC	SRS
1	Subject area of ​​economic sociology	6	22-3	112	22	44	6	6
22	Classical and modern concepts of economic sociology	6	44-5	112	22	44	6	6	S / Z, colloquium on the topic of lectures delivered
33	Market as a system of economic exchange	6	66-7	112	22	44	6	6	S / Z, colloquium on the topic of lectures delivered
44	Structure and functions of economic action	6	88-9	112	22	44	62	6	Test
55	Models of economic behavior and their classification	6	110-11	112	22	44		6	S / Z, colloquium on the topic of lectures delivered
66	Models of entrepreneurial, production, organizational and labor behavior	6	112-13	112	22	44	22	6	S / Z, colloquium on the topic of lectures delivered
77	institutional and social structure labor markets	6	114-15	112	22	44		6	S / Z, colloquium on the topic of lectures delivered
88	Contractual forms of social partnership in a market economy	6	116-17	112	22	44		6	Test
99	Systemic problems and contradictions of a socially oriented market economy in the 21st century	6	118-19	112	22	44	22	6	S / Z, colloquium on the topic of lectures delivered
110	Socio-economic problems of Russian society in the context of the transformation cycle	6	220	112	22	44		6	Essay writing
	Intermediate certification			818					Exam
	Total			144	20	40	6	60

KSR. It involves the joint work of the teacher and students in the framework of the following scientific and methodological tasks:

• 
  development of tools for applied sociological research;
• 
  preparation of presentations of texts of reports and messages;
• 
  editing texts of abstracts and essays, etc.;
• 
  CSR also involves consulting assistance from the teacher in the process of SIW.

6.2. The content of the discipline

M.: 2004. - 768 p.

The textbook discusses the methodology, methods and techniques of sociological research. Particular attention is paid to the types of sociological research, the theory and practice of sampling, the creation of a sociological research program, the form of data presentation and their analysis. The types and forms of work of sociologists, their place and role in the modern world are described. Much attention is paid to the formation of sociological questionnaires, the problems of their creation. An important place is given to survey methods. Of undoubted interest is the chapter devoted to the methods of political research. A large section is devoted to non-survey methods. Separately, the use of tests in applied sociology is considered. The book concludes with a chapter describing the most famous sociological research centers in the world.

The book is addressed primarily to students and graduate students, as well as teachers of sociological faculties. It is of interest not only to research scientists, but also to everyone who is interested in sociological science.

Format: doc/zip

The size: 2.25 MB

/ Download file

CONTENT
Foreword ................................................................ .................................thirteen
Section I. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Chapter 1. Types of sociological research....................................25
1.1. Social and Sociological Research.......................25
1.2. Trial and Pilot Study .............................................35
1.3. Descriptive and Analytical Research..................................41
1.4. Spot study .................................................................. ....42
1.5. Continuum and Sample Surveys...............................................43
1.6. Repeated studies .................................................................. .44
1.7. Monitoring ................................................. ....................48
1.8. Field research .................................................................. ......51
1.9. Case study ............................................................... ...54
1.10. Operational Research..............................................60
1.11. Questionnaire and non-survey methods of research ..............................67
1.12. Signs of a scientific survey ............................................... 70
1.13. Survey types .................................................................. ....................75
1.14. Interrogation technical means...............................................78
Chapter 2
2.1. Why sampling is needed .............................................................. ........81
2.2. Basic concepts and essence of the sampling method .......... 85
2.3. Sampling types and methods............................................................... ....92
2.4. Methods of probabilistic (random) sampling ..........95
2.4.1 Simple random selection....................................................96
2.4.2. Systematic selection..............................................99
2.4.3. Zoned and Stratified Samples......102
2.4.4. Cluster sampling .................................................................. ..105
2.5. Methods of improbability (non-random) sampling ...... 108
2.5.1. Quota sampling .............................................................. ....111
2.6. Multi-Stage Sampling..............................................114
2.7. Ideal and Real Aggregates.............................................117
2.8. Calculation of the sample size ............................................................... ...121
2.9. Sampling error .............................................................. ............129
2.10. Sample control and repair .......................................................... 135
2.11. Sample Passport .............................................................. .. 140
2.12. Representativeness .................................................................. ..... 143
Chapter 3
3.1. General idea of ​​the program...................................147
3.2. Theoretical and methodological part of the program ........... 152
3.2.1. Formulation and justification of the research problem..152
3.2.2. Goals and objectives of the study .............................................160
3.2.3. Determination of the object and subject of research ....... 163
3.2.4. Logical analysis of basic concepts...............167
3.2.5. Theoretical interpretation..............................................168
3.2.6. Putting forward hypotheses..............................................171
3.2.7. Empirical interpretation of concepts...................174
3.3. Methodological part of the program ............................................... 177
3.3.1. Sample................................................. .................177
3.3.2. Justification of methods for collecting empirical data .... 178
3.3.3. Methods of collecting information...............................................179
3.3.4. Methods of data processing and analysis .............................. 180
3.3.5. Organizational plan of the study .................183
3.4. Scientific report .............................................................. ................ 184
Chapter 4. Analysis of Empirical Data...............................................187
4.1. General principles of data analysis .............................................. 188
4.2. Analysis of univariate distributions...................................193
4.2.1. Nominal Scale..............................................194
4.2.2. Rank scale .................................................. .......199
4.2.3. Interval Scale...............................................200
4.3. Analysis of Bivariate Distributions..............................................208
Chapter 5
5.1. Tabular presentation of data...............................................219
5.2. Table Editing Technique...............................................227
5.3. Graphical presentation of data....................................242
Chapter 6. Where, by whom and how do sociologists work?
6.1. The nature and content of the work of the applied .................................... 249
6.2. What awaits a graduate sociologist....................................259
6.3. Clients and consultants .................................................................. 263
6.4. Internal and external consultants..............................................267
6.5. Qualities of a consultant .................................................................. ...272
6.6. Counseling as a Career.......................................276
Section II. SOCIOLOGICAL QUESTIONNAIRE
Chapter 1
1.1. Cognitive possibilities of the questionnaire question.......281
1.2. Functions of the Questionnaire....................................................288
1.3. The logical structure of the question..............................................291
1.4. Types of Questionnaires .............................................................................. 294
1.5. Closed and open questions...............................................297
1.6. Filter Questions ............................................... ...........307
1.7. Difficult questions .................................................................. ..........311
1.8. The relationship of questionnaire questions and the number of respondents .... 316
Chapter 2. The composition of the questionnaire ............................................... .........319
2.1. Structure or Composition?...............................319
2.2. General composition of the questionnaire ............................................... 322
2.3. Basic part of the questionnaire ............................................................... ....324
2.4. The most important principles of the composition of the questionnaire .................327
2.5. Service Sections of the Questionnaire....................................330
2.6. Encoding rules ................................................................ ....332
2.7. Questionnaire design .................................................................. ..........334
Chapter 3: Question Formulation and Questionnaire Quality 337
3.1. Basic Rules for Formulating Questions...................337
3.2. Questionnaire quality analysis .............................................................. ..344
3.3. Logical control of the questionnaire .........................................351
Chapter 4. Errors and Field Control....................................................... ..359
4.1. Questions Not to Ask.......................................359
4.2. Good and sustainable questions...............................................365
4.3. "Name effect" in the formulation of questions ........................... 371
4.4. Questionnaire Errors and Field Control.......................................373
Section III. INTERVIEWING METHODS
Chapter 1
1.1. Definition and features of the interview .............................383
1.2. Interview in Qualitative and Quantitative Sociology....394
1.3. Organizing Focus Groups...............................................397
1.3.1. Composition and size of the focus group .............................398
1.3.2. Restrictions on Participation in a Focus Group .......................400
1.3.3. Carrying out procedure...................................401
1.3.4. Arrangement of the room..............................403
1.3.5. Functions and quality of the moderator..............................404
1.4. Selection, preparation, briefing of interviewers ...................... 406
1.5. Interviewer effect .............................................................. ......411
Chapter 2. Types and types of interviews............................................... .....415
2.1. Typology of the interview .................................................. ......415
2.2. Formalized interview..............................................422
2.3. Free interview .............................................................. ......426
2.4. Focus group............................................... .................430
2.4.1. From the history of the issue ............................................... .430
2.4.2. Definition and features of the method ............................... 431
2.4.3. Advantages and Disadvantages..............................................435
2.4.4. Scope .................................................................. .436
2.5. Phone interview is good, but very bad............438
Chapter 3
3.1. Goals and objectives of marketing research ............... 449
3.2. The Problem of Sampling and Representativeness..............................454
3.3. Difficulties in communication between the customer and the researcher ........ 459
3.4. Briefing and briefing .............................................. ..............462
3.5. Methodical and technical methods of research ....... 466
3.6. Laboratory survey (Hall-test) .........................................470
3.7. Home-test .............................................................. 473
3.8. Personal interview (face-to-face).......................................474
3.9. Desk Research..............................476
3.10. OMNIBUS Telephone Polling..............................478
3.11. The VALS Survey.................................................... ............480
3.12. VALS Survey Questionnaire (online version) ...............484
Chapter 4. Expert survey ............................................... ...........487
4.1. Expert Survey Methodology ..................................................487
4.2. Types of expert survey....................................................490
4.3. Selection of experts ................................................................ .............497
4.4. Factors of Validity of Expert Evaluations...................................500
4.5. Errors and difficulties in the application of an expert survey ..... 501
4.6. Extraordinary Experts .................................................................. .....502
Chapter 5
5.1. Polls at the entrance and at the exit.......................................505
5.2. Primaries - make-believe elections? .............................508
5.3. Exit-Poll: Have you already voted?.................................510
5.4. Political rating .................................................................. ..515
Section IV. NON-QUESTIONING METHODS
Chapter 1
1.1. The essence of observation .............................................................. ..525
1.2. Distinctive Features of Scientific Observation.......................529
1.3. The specifics of sociological observation...................................531
1.4. Types of observation .................................................................. ..........536
1.5. Formalized observation..............................................542
1.6. Enabled Surveillance...................................................543
1.7. Advantages and Disadvantages of Surveillance......................550
1.8. The Role and Qualities of an Observer...............................................553
Chapter 2. Document Analysis.................................................... ..........555
2.1. Documentary base of sociology .................................555
2.2. Document analysis: general provisions ............................... 562
2.3. Methodology and methodology of content analysis .................................... 568
Chapter 3. Scientific experiment.................................................... .....583
3.1. The Essence of a Scientific Experiment..................................................583
3.2. Methodology and experimental technique.......................586
3.3. Experimentation Procedure...................................590
3.4. Formation of groups in the experiment............................591
3.5. Errors and Difficulties in the Experiment.......................................593
3.6. Classification of experiments..............................................595
3.7. Sociodramaturgical and ethnomethodological experiments..604
Chapter 4 .................607
4.1. Definition and Scope..............................................607
4.2. Philosophical foundations .................................................................. 610
4.3. Methodology................................................. .................611
4.4. Procedure ................................................................. ...614
4.5. Cyclicity and iteration .............................................................. 615
4.6. AR Methods................................................... .......................618
4.7. Background .................................................................. ............619
4.8. AR paradigms.............................................. ................621
4.9. Interventionist sociology...................................623
Chapter 5
5.1. Testing Methodology...................................................628
5.2. Classification of tests .............................................................. ...636
5.3. Sociometric procedures..............................................642
5.4. Test Technology...................................................................655
5.5. Computer Testing..............................................661
Chapter 6 Research Centers...............................................665
6.1. Gallup Institution.................................................................. ...........665
6.2. Institute of Democracy .............................................................. ...669
6.3. VTsIOM................................................. .........................672
6.4. ESOMAR.............................................. .........................678
6.5. NORC................................................... ...............................679
6.6. NatCen.................................................. ......................680
6.7. INION RAN .............................................................. .................681
6.8. GfK Group.............................................. .......................684
6.9. QUANTUM.................................................. ...................687
6.10. Consulting organizations..............................................691
Applications ................................................. ...............................697
Glossary of terms................................................... .......................721
Literature................................................. .................................735