Exploring political boundaries. State territory of Russia

05.04.2020

>>State borders of Russia. Types and types of Russian borders

§ 7. State borders of Russia.

Types and types of Russian borders

In order to assess the nature of the boundaries modern Russia, let's get acquainted with the types of boundaries (Fig. 11).

economic frontiers. Contacts play the most important role among them. borders, which connect Russia with neighboring countries by transport routes. They are subdivided into connecting ones, which play an important role in Russia's foreign trade, and integration ones 1 .

Rice. 11. Types of Russian borders

What, the borders of Russia belong to the old and new at the time of formation?

An example of an integration border is the border with Belarus, with which ties are being strengthened, goods are freely transported, and people move.

Many borders with former republics USSR"transparent", i.e., unguarded, poorly provided with customs institutions, are the former administrative borders with Ukraine and Kazakhstan. At the same time, barrier boundaries are distinguished through which it is difficult economic ties or due to natural obstacles (highlands), or due to state-established regimes (obstacles).

Geopolitical boundaries take into account relations between countries. At the end of the 30s. 20th century western border The USSR was confrontational. Troops were concentrated on both sides. Today, due to a number of conflicts, the border in the south can be called a conflict one.

From a legal point of view, boundaries can be legitimate(legal, determined by state agreements) and conditional, which still need to be clarified by concluding the relevant agreements. Many borders of Russia are still conditional.

Questions and tasks

Lesson content lesson summary support frame lesson presentation accelerative methods interactive technologies Practice tasks and exercises self-examination workshops, trainings, cases, quests homework discussion questions rhetorical questions from students Illustrations audio, video clips and multimedia photographs, pictures graphics, tables, schemes humor, anecdotes, jokes, comics parables, sayings, crossword puzzles, quotes Add-ons abstracts articles chips for inquisitive cheat sheets textbooks basic and additional glossary of terms other Improving textbooks and lessonscorrecting errors in the textbook updating a fragment in the textbook elements of innovation in the lesson replacing obsolete knowledge with new ones Only for teachers perfect lessons calendar plan for a year guidelines discussion programs Integrated Lessons

Geographic boundaries act as boundaries reflecting the qualitative change of some geographical phenomena and processes by others. If such changes occur simultaneously (state, administrative), then the border is a line. If the changes do not occur abruptly, but slowly, then the boundary is expressed by a stripe.

State borders are a special type of borders studied by political geography. They are quite rigidly fixed on the ground and quite stable. The state border is a line on the surface of the earth (land or water) and an imaginary vertical surface outlining the airspace and subsoil, defining the boundaries of the country's territory and separating it from other states and the open seas. The principle of the inviolability and integrity of the state territory is organically linked with the principle of the inviolability and inviolability of state borders. This means not only the prohibition of the threat or use of force to change borders, but also the recognition of existing borders, the absence of territorial claims.

The state border is a political and economic border, limited by the state system, national and cultural isolation, customs and border control, foreign trade rules and other criteria.

In geographical limology, the science of boundaries, there are four theoretical approaches used in their study (Kolosov, Mironenko, 2001).

The historical-cartographic approach arose on the basis of numerous specific studies based on the principle of historicism - the conjugated study of boundaries in space and time. There are very few borders in the world that have remained unchanged for centuries (between France and Spain, the Spanish-Portuguese, the Swiss Confederation, etc.). In the past, the borders did not have a clearly defined line, it was approximately determined by defense and control points (forts, pickets, fortresses, watchtowers) located at the crossroads of important roads, river crossings, in mountain valleys, etc.) Modern concept borders is relatively new, formed only in the 11th century. The historical cartographic approach takes into account the relationship between the regime and functions of the border with the economic, political and military power neighboring countries, analyzes the influence of the state structure and political regime on specific foreign policy activities to establish, protect and ensure the legitimacy of state borders. Researchers (J. Ansel and others) proved the unattainability of "natural boundaries" for the state. Representations of Western European politicians, that only borders coinciding with “natural” natural boundaries (mountain ranges, major rivers) justified expansionism and annexation against weaker neighboring states. A variation of the theory of "natural borders" is the rationale for the need for the most complete coincidence of state and ethnic borders. The territorial and political reorganization of Europe after the First and Second World Wars was actually based on this principle, when mass migrations of large ethnic groups (Germans, Poles, etc.) were carried out.

The key methods in the historical cartographic approach are the analysis of the structure and careful mapping of the ethnic composition and cultural characteristics of the population, the sectoral structure and specialization of the economy, natural features and composition. natural resources on both sides of the boundary line. At the same time, materials from population censuses, elections and referendums, archival data on the structure of land use and land ownership are involved. However, in practice, the credibility of such studies is often undermined by political bias, especially in the case of ethno-territorial conflicts.

One of the main approaches to the study of the nature of borders is the classification approach, which has no less long history than the historical cartographic one. In particular, the famous British

politician Lord Curzon, considering the morphology of borders, dividing them into astronomical (drawn along parallels and meridians), mathematical (along the radius of a circle with a center in a city) and referential (drawn at a certain distance from a geographical object).

In political geography, a number of private classifications of boundaries have been developed:

natural-geographical;

· morphological;

· genetic;

functional.

According to natural geographical features, borders are distinguished that coincide with physical and geographical objects and boundaries (mountain ranges, watersheds, large rivers). The most pronounced hydrographic boundaries run along the Rhine (French-German border), Danube (Romanian-Bulgarian, Hungarian-Slovak, etc.), Mekong (border of Laos and Thailand), Rio Grande (border of the USA and Mexico), Senegal (border Mauritania and Senegal); While seemingly simple, the delimitation and demarcation of boundaries along natural boundaries is often a complex political problem. In particular, when establishing boundaries along rivers (the width and course of which changes along its length, often meandering), it can be established along one of the banks (then one of the countries monopolizes river navigation, fishing), along the median (middle line between the two banks) or fairway - a line that connects the deepest places of river flow. In this case, difficult situations arise if there are islands in the riverbed (for example, the Russian-Chinese border on the Amur). The Rio Grande has been the border between the United States and Mexico since 1848 and runs in the middle of the channel, or in the case of branches, along the widest and deepest of them. In the context of frequent changes in the main channel, the treatise of 1970 establishes that in the event of natural changes in the channel that caused separation of a section of territory less than 250 hectares or with a population of up to 100 people, the “injured” state has the right to return the river to its former channel at its own expense. If the area of the separated section exceeds 250 hectares or the number of 100 inhabitants, then the river returns to its former course through the joint efforts of the countries and the border remains unchanged. In total, about 55% of state borders fall on the borders along natural boundaries in the world (20.4% - along mountain systems, 6.4% - along watersheds, 28.1% - along rivers).

By morphological features allocate boundaries geometric, astronomical, straight and winding. A geometric border is a line between two points, drawn regardless of natural, ethno-cultural and historical boundaries. This type of boundary is often found in North America(the border that separates Alaska from the Canadian province of Yukon for a longer distance), Africa (the border of Egypt and Libya, Libya and Chad, Algeria and Mauritania, Mali and Niger), Central Asia (the western section of the border of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan), etc. The borders drawn along geographical parallels or meridians are called astronomical - the western section of the US-Canada border at 49˚ N. sh., Egyptian-Sudanese border at 22˚ N. sh., with the meridian coincides with the southern section of the border of Namibia and Botswana. In total, about 42% of all borders in Africa are astronomical and geometric, drawn in the colonial era without taking into account ethnic realities.

The genetic (historical) classification takes into account the nature of the origin of the boundaries, the duration of their existence, the conditions for their occurrence. In accordance with the genesis of the boundaries are divided into subsequential and antecedent, the nature of which is discussed above. Most European borders are classified as subsequential, the antecedent border was drawn on the western section of the USA and Canada, the Russian-Chinese border on Far East. Taking into account the historical situation of drawing borders, they are divided into post-war (carried out as a result of the war on the basis of international or bilateral agreements - the borders of Poland after the Second World War), arbitration (determined by the results of international arbitration), plebiscite (carried out as a result of a plebiscite, when the population voted for joining one of the states - for example, the German-Danish border), compensatory (formed as a result of the exchange of territories between neighboring states (for example, between the USSR and Finland after the Second World War).

Historically mature, "old" borders are characterized by pronounced ethnic properties. Ethnic and ethno-cultural boundaries divide the areas of residence of various nations, peoples and ethno-cultural groups. The logic of the creation of nation-states actively pushed the countries of Europe in the 19th - 20th centuries. to the establishment of ethnic boundaries that prevail on this continent. However, the number of ethnic borders is small even here (Norwegian-Swedish, German-Dutch, Spanish-Portuguese), some states arose at the junction of ethnic areas and are multinational (Belgium, Switzerland).

The functional classification divides the boundaries into types according to their main functions - barrier, contact and filtering. The first function separates one country from another using a border. The second serves to bring countries closer together, promotes cross-border cooperation, development of economic and cultural ties. With the help of a third, a country selects goods, people, cultural values, and other goods and information, regulating their flows to its territory and to the outside world. In the first case, the border acts as a barrier and is closed in its regime, in the second, it contributes to the integration of the two countries, the development of cooperation in all areas, and its regime is of a connecting (integration) character. The filter border is not very transparent, interaction is carried out through it, the parties develop cooperation, but they establish certain control on their borders to minimize undesirable external influence. Borders also play an important regulatory role in maintaining a certain political and economic regime, maintaining stability in the state territory. They also carry the function of comparison, since the boundaries allow maintaining elements of competition in world economic relations, comparing the costs, advantages and benefits of production in different countries.

The functional approach to the study of boundaries developed in the second half of the 20th century. and bore certain critical features of innumerable classifications, a fascination with academicism in the consideration of real, often changing situations. Its representatives (J. Prescott, J. House) noted that the location and nature of the border is the result of many factors, including geographical factors. A model for studying the border was proposed, aimed, on the one hand, at analyzing the influence of various elements of the geographical landscape, on the location, delimitation and demarcation of the border on the ground, and on the other, the influence of the border on various elements of the cultural landscape. At the same time, attention is focused on the permeability of the border for different flows in both directions, the barrier functions of the border for the development of communications, forms of cross-border interaction at different levels (interstate, border regions, local communities). The forms of such cooperation, the permeability of borders, the ratio of contact and barrier functions are determined both by generating (primary) factors - the political and economic-geographical position, the size and compactness of the territory, the natural resource potential of border regions, and by derivatives - the level of economic development, sectoral structure and the complementarity of the economy, the ethno-confessional structure of the population and the peculiarities of its social psychology.

The geographic and political approach to the study of state borders is being developed in political science and is aimed at studying the influence of borders and their stability on the state of international relations. At the same time, however, the relationship between territory and population, the nature of the state and the nature of borders is not considered in sufficient depth. The phenomenon of state borders is explained only by political factors that act as a mirror of the military and economic power of neighboring states. In the first works, there was practically no associated analysis of state and internal political and administrative boundaries, cultural boundaries as a single system. Subsequently, in the context of the expansion of integration processes, the borders with this approach began to be studied at the supranational level, taking into account the manifestation of regional self-awareness. This gave impetus to the analysis of borders and the identification of their types depending on their relationship with geopolitical boundaries (borders between "empires", "normal" sovereign and "under construction" states, etc.). At the same time, the latest experience has shown that frontal borders have not disappeared where geopolitical boundaries coincide with cultural, ethnic and linguistic ones. In the new historical realities, the study of the influence of territorial, (national and ethnic) identity on the formation and functions of borders has expanded. The main types of territorial identity (ethnic and national-state) can be in harmony or in sharp conflict, on which the system of borders depends. In the context of a variety of types of ethnic identity (1/mono-ethnic - with one ethnic group, 2/ bi-ethnic (or multiple) with two or more groups, 3/ marginal - with weak or unstable self-identification, 4/ pan-ethnic - with strong identification with a large group including many ethnic groups (East Slavic, Arab, etc.).State building and borders should take into account their dynamics and self-development along the path of rallying different ethnic groups and forming the state of the entire population of the country.Taking into account these tasks, the geographic and political approach is to a certain extent transformed into state-political science with a broad consideration of economic levers and regional policy (regional political science) to preserve the integrity of the state and the stability of state borders (Turovsky, 1999; Kolosov, Mironenko, 2001).

Types	Kinds	Description
Natural type of borders	Land:	They include flat, mountain, river, lake.
Marine
Economic type of borders	Contact	connecting borders- borders with a developed transport network, which play an important role in foreign trade. Integration borders are the borders between the countries involved in the process of economic integration. For example, the border between Russia and Belarus.
Transparent	These are unguarded, poorly secured borders by customs agencies. For example, Russia's border with Ukraine and Kazakhstan.
Barrier	These are the boundaries across which economic ties are hindered due to natural obstacles or regimes (obstacles) established by the state.
Filtering	These are the borders on which restrictions are set for the transportation of any goods. For example, non-ferrous metals through the Russian-Estonian border.
Geopolitical type	friendly	Secure borders with friendly countries.
confrontational	For example, the western border of the USSR before the war, when troops were concentrated on both sides of it and the situation escalated.
Conflict and unstable	For example, the southern border of Russia in connection with the events in the Caucasus.

Land and maritime state borders between neighboring states are established by agreement. There are two types of state border establishment - delimitation and demarcation. Delimitation - determination by agreement between the governments of neighboring states general direction passing the state border and drawing it on geographical map. Demarcation - drawing the line of the state border on the ground and marking it with the appropriate border signs.

On border lakes, the line of the state border runs in the middle of the lake or along a straight line connecting the exits of the land state border to its shores. Within the state territory allocate more boundaries of administrative-territorial units(for example, the borders of republics, regions, states, provinces, lands, etc.). These are internal boundaries.

The political map of the world has passed a long history of its formation reflecting the entire course of development of human society. The process of formation of the political map of the world covers several millennia. More than 2 thousand years ago, the first states arose: Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, as well as ancient China, India, Iran, etc. Since then, many large and small countries have appeared on the political map of the world. Some of them, albeit within different boundaries, still exist, others have disappeared from the face of the Earth as a result of the redistribution of the territories of the world.

state border- a line and a vertical surface passing along this line, defining the limits of the state territory (land, water, subsoil and airspace) of the country, that is, the spatial limit of the state sovereignty.

Types of natural boundaries:

1. The lines separating the land territory of one State from the adjacent territory of another State are state border on land. Land borders are preferred to be drawn along characteristic points, relief lines or clearly visible landmarks. They can be rivers, mountains, etc. Such boundaries are clearly distinguishable and cause less misunderstanding.

2. Lines separating territorial waters from waters high seas, that is, the lines of the outer limit of territorial waters, as well as the lines delimiting territorial waters between two neighboring states, are maritime state borders. Maritime boundaries coincide with the outer boundaries of territorial waters. In accordance with international law, Russia has established a 12-mile width for these waters. In Russia, the length of maritime borders is over 40,000 km.

3. An imaginary surface passing perpendicularly along the line of the state border earth's surface, serves border of the airspace of the respective State.

Types of borders by the way they are defined:

Orographic boundary- a line drawn along natural boundaries, taking into account the terrain, mainly along a mountain watershed and riverbed.

geometric border crosses the terrain without taking into account its relief (bypassing settlements).

geographic line goes through certain geographical coordinates(may coincide with a parallel or a meridian). Geographical boundaries drawn along parallels and meridians are found in Africa and America, where they were established by the metropolitan states for the colonies.

Economic boundaries.

The most important role among them is contact boundaries, which connect Russia with neighboring countries by transport routes. They are subdivided into connecting, which have a large role in Russia's foreign trade (western borders of Russia), and integration.

An example of an integration border is the border with Belarus, with which ties are being strengthened, goods are freely transported, and people move.

Many borders with former republics of the USSR "transparent", i.e., unguarded, poorly provided with customs institutions, are the former administrative borders with Ukraine and Kazakhstan.

At the same time, allocate barrier borders through which economic ties are hindered either due to natural obstacles (highlands), or due to regimes (obstacles) established by the state. Barrier borders are alienating and filtering.

Geopolitical boundaries take into account relations between countries. At the end of the 30s. 20th century the western border of the USSR was confrontational. Troops were concentrated on both sides. Today, due to a number of conflicts, the border in the south can be called a conflict one.

From a legal point of view borders can be legitimate(legal, determined by state contracts) and conditional which still need to be clarified by concluding relevant agreements. Many borders of Russia are still conditional.

Historical borders- the borders within which the country was once located.

Based on the origin and duration of state boundaries, they can be divided into two categories: antecedent and subsequential. Borders precede the final settlement and development of the regions they surround. An example of this type of border is the border between Canada and the United States, which was drawn along the 49th parallel in the period 1782-1846. and which separated very sparsely populated territories. Subsequential boundaries are the opposite of antecedent boundaries in the sense that they are drawn after an area has been settled. An example here is the borders between European countries.

End of work -

This topic belongs to:

Main attributes and functions of the state

UN .. UN is an international organization created to maintain and strengthen .. unrecognized states common name regions that have declared themselves sovereign states.

If you need additional material on this topic, or you did not find what you were looking for, we recommend using the search in our database of works:

What will we do with the received material:

If this material turned out to be useful for you, you can save it to your page on social networks:

All topics in this section:

Main attributes and functions of the state
Central Institute political system society is the state. The state is an organization political power facilitating the preferential implementation of specific

The main attributes of the state
Territory is the material basis of the state, the space to which its jurisdiction extends. Population - the totality of people living in the territory of a given state and subordinations

List of unrecognized and partially recognized states
1. Partially recognized states that actually control their territory - the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, proclaimed after the invasion of the Turkish armed forces

Form of government
The form of government is considered as an organization of the state, which includes the order of formation of higher and local state bodies and the order of relations between them. Forms of government in

Monarchies (other republics)
Asia: 1. Bahrain (Kingdom) until 2002 was an Emirate 2. Brunei (Sultanate) Sultan has ruled for 45 years. Informally the richest person in the world 3. Nepal (was long short

Form of government
The form of government is internal structure state, its division into constituent parts - administrative-territorial units, autonomous political entities

Territory and borders of the country
Territory is the place where the state is located. Largest countries: 1. Russia 17,075,400 sq. km After the collapse Soviet Union, Russia, former

Delimitation and demarcation of borders
There are two main stages in establishing the state border - delimitation and demarcation. 1. Delimitation is a definition (by agreement between the rights

EU - 27 countries, NATO - 28
European Union: economic and political association of 27 European states. Aimed at regional integration, the Union was legally established by the Maastricht Treaty in 1992.

OPEC. Organization of oil exporters
In economic essence, this is a cartel (an organization that produces something created to regulate product prices). Inside many countries, cartels are prohibited because it is not legal in relation to free

Historical and geographical overview of the formation of the political map of the world
The process of forming the political map of the world has several millennia. It is possible to allocate: ancient, medieval, new and newest periods. 1. Ancient period

Reproduction of the population (indicators, modern numerical values)
Reproduction of the population - a change of generations as a result natural movement population. The reproduction of the population is determined by the birth rate and the death rate. It is believed that for

Demographic transition
Demographic transition - a historically rapid decline in fertility and mortality, as a result of which the reproduction of the population is reduced to a simple replacement of generations. This process I

Population explosion
Now, according to the nature of the reproduction of the population, all developing countries can be divided into three subgroups. - The first subgroup is formed by countries where still fully or almost fully manifested

Demographic crisis
3 subgroups: - The first subgroup includes countries where there is still a rather favorable demographic situation, which is characterized by at least average birth rates.

Demographic policy
Demographic policy is a purposeful activity of state bodies and other social institutions in the field of regulation of population reproduction, designed to preserve

The largest countries in terms of population
China 1,343,239,000 (+0.5%) India 1,205,073,000 (+1.3%) USA 313,847,000 (+0.9%) Indonesia 248,645,000 (+1.0%) Brazil 199,321,000 (+1.1%) Pakistan 190 29

The sex structure of the world's population
The sex structure of the population, that is, the ratio of the number of men and women in it, is an important indicator that affects many demographic processes, especially marriage, and through it, birth

Human Resources
Labor resources is a term used in economics to designate that part of the country's population that has the necessary physical development, mental abilities

Population quality: health
Like any new concept, the concept of the quality of the population has not yet settled down, as they say. There is still no clear and generally accepted definition of it, complete clarity in the interpretation of its structure, components

Population quality: life expectancy
Scientists believe that the average species duration of human life is 110-115 and even 120-140 years. However, in reality - as a result of the impact of many biological and social

Population quality: education and qualifications
According to UNESCO data, in 1950 the proportion of elementary illiterates among the adult population of the world (over 15 years old) was 44%. By 1990, the illiteracy rate dropped to 26.9%, by 2000 - to 20,

Ethnic (national) composition of the world population
The study of the ethnic (national) composition of the population is carried out by a science called ethnology (from the Greek ethnos - tribe, people), or ethnography. The basic concept of ethnology is the concept of e

The main features of the modern geography of religions
Despite all the historical changes, modern geography religions are quite stable. Christianity is the most widespread in the world. In p

Population placement
The distribution of the population reflects the result of the process of population resettlement for a specific period of time. The people on the planet are extremely unevenly settled. More than two-thirds of humanity is concentrated

International and internal migrations
Population migration (resettlement) is the movement of people from one region (country, world) to another, in some cases in large groups and over long distances. People who migrate

Reasons for migration
The reasons for internal migration are job search, improved living conditions, improved living standards and lifestyle changes, etc. Internal migration is especially common in countries with extensive t

Current trends in international migration
the growth of illegal migration (a pronounced labor nature; the state also benefits: taxes are paid, but social benefits and benefits are not received); increase in forced migration (most of all from A

Scientific approaches to the study of migration
Demographic approach It studies migration from the point of view of reproduction and preservation of human populations, their numbers, gender and age structure. Processes in this area

Socio-economic and political consequences of migrations
The positive consequences of labor migration include:

City Criteria
1. Population (In Norway, a city is considered a settlement of 200 people, in India - from 20,000 people, in Russia - more than 12,000 people, of which at least 85% are not employed in agriculture) 2. Number of people

Agglomeration
A compact cluster of settlements, mostly urban, merging in places, united into a complex multicomponent dynamic system with intensive production, transport

Merging Criteria
mass labor, educational, household, cultural and recreational trips (pendulum migrations), 1.5-hour accessibility along transport corridors ( railways, roads, rivers and

metropolis
Megalopolis is the largest form of settlement, formed by the merging of a large number of neighboring urban agglomerations. Megalopolis - extremely urbanized, as a rule, sti

Walter Christaller's central place theory
Central place theory is a geographic theory that seeks to explain the number, size, and location of human settlements in an urban system. The theory was created by the German geographer Walt

world cities
A global city (the term world city is also used) or alpha is a city that is considered an important element of the world economic system. Such a city is usually of key importance for large

Spatial structure of the city
The spatial structure of the city reflects the location and relative position of various urban elements in space for the implementation of links in the process of development and functioning of the city.

Planning structure of the city
PLANNING STRUCTURE OF THE CITY - division of the city territory into planning areas, functional zones and areas of lower ranks, united by a system of citywide and local service centers

City models of Burgess, Harris, Hoyt
The concentric zone model, Burgess. Developed back in the 1920s, this model describes the development of an urban environment as a set of concentric circles, where each circle represents a way the land is used.

City types
City - locality, which has enough big number residents and performs mainly non-agricultural functions. The definition of a city varies from country to country. For example, in the USA the city

Types of natural boundaries:

2. The lines separating territorial waters from the waters of the high seas, that is, the lines of the outer limit of territorial waters, as well as the lines delimiting territorial waters between two neighboring states, are maritime state borders. Maritime boundaries coincide with the outer boundaries of territorial waters. In accordance with international law, Russia has established a 12-mile width for these waters. In Russia, the length of maritime borders is over 40,000 km.

3. An imaginary surface passing along the line of the state border perpendicular to the earth's surface serves border of the airspace of the respective State.

Types of borders by the way they are defined:

Orographic boundary- a line drawn along natural boundaries, taking into account the terrain, mainly along a mountain watershed and riverbed.

geometric border crosses the terrain without taking into account its relief (bypassing settlements).

geographic line passes through certain geographical coordinates (may coincide with a parallel or meridian). Geographical boundaries drawn along parallels and meridians are found in Africa and America, where they were established by the metropolitan states for the colonies.

Economic boundaries.

An example of an integration border is the border with Belarus, with which ties are being strengthened, goods are freely transported, and people move.

Many borders with former republics of the USSR "transparent", i.e., unguarded, poorly provided with customs institutions, are the former administrative borders with Ukraine and Kazakhstan.

Historical borders- the borders within which the country was once located.