Electronic methodical manual concept. The concept of an electronic textbook, its distinctive characteristics
Sections: Economy
The competitiveness of a person in the labor market largely depends on his ability to master new technologies and adapt to changing working conditions. In a situation of dynamic socio-economic development of the country, an analysis of community requests, students' requests and the state's existing order makes it possible to identify the need for new educational outcomes.
Modern society, according to many researchers (D. Bell, A. Toffler, V.N. Zinchenko, etc.), is at the stage of transition from the industrial type to the information one.
The issue of human adaptation to life in a highly dynamic society is becoming very relevant in our time. The information society requires information literate people. That is why the informatization of society dictates the need for significant changes in education, as it is the foundation for all areas of human activity. Modern humanity has joined the general historical process called informatization.
Informatization of education is the most important condition for the development of a post-industrial society, in which the objects and results of the work of the vast majority of the population are information resources and scientific knowledge. Informatization of education is the most complex and urgent material and technical, scientific and methodological, pedagogical, social and organizational problem. Informatization of education is a rather complicated process and requires a certain amount of time and phased implementation:
- mass development of new information technologies - the creation of computer classes, telecommunications, operational printing, interactive video systems, databases and software through basic training of teachers and students;
- active introduction of new information technologies into traditional academic disciplines, revision of the content of education, software development, computer courses; video and audio materials on CDs and DVDs;
- radical restructuring of continuous education, the introduction of distance learning, a change in the methodological basis of education, the replacement of verbal education with audiovisual.
Modern Russian society today is on the verge of a change in educational paradigms. Teachers are already facing the need to master the latest teaching technologies, such as teleconferences, e-mail, video books, teaching aids, educational games, etc. on laser disks, video lessons using satellite TV, multimedia systems, and much more. It is necessary, and has already begun, to revise the organizational forms of the educational process in the direction of increasing the share of independent, individual and collective work of students, the volume of practical and laboratory work of a search and research nature, and a wider holding of extracurricular activities.
The introduction of new information technologies in the educational process leads to a fundamental change in the functions of the teacher, who, together with the students, is increasingly becoming a researcher, programmer, organizer, and consultant.
The use of electronic learning tools in the educational process allows the teacher to achieve the following results:
- simplify the process of planning the individual work of the student and reduce the time for preparation, through the use of software;
- draw up a system of tasks for each student, taking into account his individual characteristics, increase the volume of tasks used, significantly reduce the time for their selection and replication;
- offer students additional visual and auditory information from multimedia media and from the Internet;
- when using the online version of the electronic manual in the lesson, it becomes possible to control the individual work of each child, make adjustments and evaluate his activities. Students can work at a pace that matches their natural inclinations and level of preparedness.
Our school has been working for the fourth year on the topic “Innovation-oriented teaching while maintaining the best traditions of the school - the way to improve the skills of the teacher and increase the knowledge of students”. We have accumulated some experience in introducing new information technologies into the educational process:
- The teachers of our school are the authors integrated exam informatics - other general education subjects (economics, technology, chemistry, physics, literature, geography, etc.) for 11th grade students in the form of an electronic study guide, approved by the City Information and Methodological Center on 20.05.02. This initiative has spread among teachers of the city in various areas.
- To increase the effectiveness of educational activities, together with the student teachers of the school, more than 30 electronic manuals on economics, the basics of consumer knowledge, technology, chemistry, physics, computer science, literature, geography, etc. have been developed. Including the ABC of consumer knowledge, electronic textbooks on economics : “Fundamentals of Marketing”, “Fundamentals of Management”, “Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship”, according to the technology “Secrets of Culinary”, “Fashion from A to Z”, “Professor (to help a graduate)”, “Handbook on organic chemistry”, “D.I. Mendeleev”, “Red Book of the Irkutsk Region” and others that are actively used in the educational process.
- A system of integrated lessons has been developed: computer science - other general education subjects. Particularly interesting and memorable are “Virtual tour of the city of Bratsk”, “Afghan experiment”, “Virtual makeup”, “Apartment design”, an electronic version of the business game “Price and demand”, etc.
- An information technology center has been created and is successfully operating (including: two computer classes, an Internet center and a video lecture hall equipped with satellite TV, video, DVD and computer equipment).
- School teachers constantly improve their professional and methodological level through refresher courses. 43 teachers completed short-term advanced training courses at the school under the guidance of the GIMNTs on the topic: “Development and implementation of pedagogical design, search and research activities and methodology of experimental work”, 37 teachers and 3 administrators completed courses on the basis of the Bratsk State Pedagogical College No. 1 on the topic “Information and communication and pedagogical technologies in professional activities."
Increasing the methodological and informational culture of teachers has a positive effect on the educational process and allows you to reach new level use of new information technologies.
This academic year, a group of teachers began work on the creation and implementation of electronic teaching aids in the educational process, in order to increase the share of independent work of students and test forms of distance learning to improve the quality of education.
To create benefits, case technology was chosen, which is one of the forms independent work students using electronic learning tools and additional sources of information. When choosing this technology, an approximate set of courses and modules was determined.
As an example, let's consider in more detail the electronic teaching aid "Fundamentals of Economics and Entrepreneurship". This manual contains a systematic presentation of the main sections of the comprehensive adapted program "Fundamentals of Economics and Entrepreneurship", which consists of five elective courses: "Fundamentals of Economics", "Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship", "Fundamentals of Management", "Fundamentals of Marketing" and "Fundamentals of Accounting".
It is those sections that are outside the curriculum of a comprehensive school for students in grades 8-9 and may affect the choice of a profile of education in grades 10-11.
This electronic manual is designed to help students learn the basic issues of economics and entrepreneurship, broaden their general horizons and help form a holistic view of the essence of economic activity and its application in the professional field, as well as contribute to the formation of economic thinking and information culture of students.
The training material of the manual is grouped into five main sections:
- A comprehensive program of elective courses in economics “Fundamentals of Economics and Entrepreneurship”;
- Guidelines for working with the electronic manual;
- Elective courses: "Fundamentals of Economics", "Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship", "Fundamentals of Management", "Fundamentals of Marketing" and "Fundamentals of Accounting";
- Dictionary of economic terms;
- List of used and recommended literature;
- Information about the authors of the benefit.
Each elective course, in turn, is divided into seven main subsections:
- Thematic course planning;
- Theoretical basis;
- Practical basics;
- Questions for self-consideration;
- Tasks for self-fulfillment;
- Recommended literature and other sources of information for self-study and deepening knowledge in this course.
This electronic manual is designed for a wide range of people interested in economic theory and practice, as well as teachers of technology, economics, social science and geography. When conducting training sessions as a stand-alone study guide, and as an additional material.
The advantages of this electronic teaching aid is that the information in it is presented non-linearly, and, therefore, you can open sections of the content in any order. The combination of text, the use of different fonts, highlighting, the presence of graphic images contribute to better assimilation of the material.
Using this manual is quite simple: to do this, select the section you like in the content (section names are hyperlinks) and click the left mouse button to go to the material of the selected section.
For the convenience of the user, the training material of the manual is grouped into five main sections, and each elective course, in turn, is divided into seven subsections.
The theoretical sections reveal the content of the main theoretical issues of these courses in an accessible, understandable form using examples from life, which facilitates the understanding of the factual material.
Performance practical tasks helps students to better understand the theoretical material, and contributes to the optimal choice of the profile of education in high school.
The developed teaching aid is being tested on the basis of the school as part of elective courses for 9th grade students. 50% of students who chose elective courses in economics chose this form of independent work. These are those students who successfully master information technology and have a computer at home.
Based on the above, the following can be done output that the introduction of case technology as a form of independent work of students contributes to:
- Individualization of the educational process, taking into account the level of preparedness, abilities, individual typological features of mastering the material, interests, employment and needs of students;
- Stimulating the desire of students for continuous self-improvement and readiness for independent learning;
- Strengthening interdisciplinary links in teaching, complex study of phenomena and events;
- Increasing the flexibility, mobility of the educational process, its constant and dynamic renewal.
Literature:
For the development of creative symbolic activity, we took as a basis the following types of tasks, which are based on the classification of D. Tollingerova: solving problem situations; posing questions and formulating tasks; problem solving based on your own thoughts. This group of tasks includes those that require independence in solving. Work with the use of special tasks was organized in the following way. Stage 1. At the first lessons of studying the topic "Non-metals", students were offered tasks for homework.
Stage 3. In subsequent lessons, tasks were offered to be completed in the class, in groups.
Stage 4. Fulfillment of individual tasks on cards in the class.
The technique was tested in the course of chemistry of the 9th grade (O.S Gabrielyan's program) on the basis of school No. 48 in Omsk. The results of the pedagogical experiment carried out testify to a significant increase in the proportion of students who completed creative tasks that require operating with chemical symbols.
List of used literature:
1. Pak M.S. Didactics of chemistry. - M.: Vlados, 2004. - 315 p.
2. Tollingerova D., Goloushkova D., Kantorkova G. Psychology of designing the mental development of children.
M.: Prague, 1994. - 48 p.
3. Filatova O.V. Chemical symbolism as a means of development creative activity schoolchildren // Abstract: Russian State Pedagogical University named after A.I. Herzen.
St. Petersburg, 2000. - 19 p.
© Makarova N.A., 2016
NOT. Otekina,
Senior Lecturer FGBOU VO "GAU Northern Trans-Urals", Tyumen, Russian Federation
USE OF THE ELECTRONIC TEACHING AID IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS
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The article considers the use of an electronic textbook in distance education.
Keywords Electronic educational edition, distance education.
The modern education system is increasingly using information technology and computer telecommunications. The distance education system is developing especially dynamically, which is facilitated by equipping educational institutions with powerful computers and the development of the Internet community.
The lecture-seminar form of education has long lost its effectiveness - practice has proven that almost 50% of study time is wasted. Studying foreign experience, one can single out the following important aspect: the teacher does not act as a distributor of information (as is traditionally accepted), but as a consultant, adviser, sometimes even a colleague of the student. This gives some
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL "INNOVATIVE SCIENCE" №11-2/2016 ISSN 2410-6070
positive aspects: students actively participate in the learning process, learn to think independently, put forward their points of view, simulate real situations.
The development of information technology has provided a new, unique opportunity for conducting classes - the introduction of distance learning. It, firstly, allows the learner himself to choose both the time and the place for learning; secondly, it gives an opportunity to receive education to persons who are deprived of traditional education for one reason or another; thirdly, to use new information technologies in teaching; fourthly, to a certain extent, reduces the cost of training. On the other hand, distance education enhances the opportunities for individualization of learning.
As a rule, electronic textbooks are used in distance learning. The advantages of these textbooks are: their mobility; availability of communication with the development of computer networks; adequacy to the level of development of modern scientific knowledge. On the other hand, creating electronic textbooks also contributes to the solution of such a problem as constant updating information material. They can also contain a large number of exercises and examples, illustrated in detail in the dynamics of various types of information. In addition, with the help of electronic textbooks, knowledge control is carried out - computer testing.
The practice of using electronic textbooks has shown that students qualitatively assimilate the material presented, as evidenced by the test results. Thus, the development of information technology provides ample opportunity for the invention of new methods of methods in education and thereby improve its quality.
An electronic publication is a collection of graphic, textual, digital, speech, music, video, photo and other information, as well as printed user documentation. An electronic publication can be executed on any electronic medium - magnetic, optical (CD-ROM, DVD, etc.), as well as published on the Internet.
Educational electronic publication should contain systematized material on the relevant scientific and practical field of knowledge, provide creative and active mastering of knowledge, skills and abilities by students and students in this area. The textbook should be distinguished by a high level of execution and artistic design, completeness of information, quality of methodological tools, quality of technical execution, clarity, logic and consistency of presentation.
An electronic textbook is the main educational electronic publication, created at a high scientific and methodological level, fully consistent with the federal component of the discipline of the State Educational Standard of Specialties and Directions, determined by the didactic units of the standard and the program.
Usually, an electronic textbook is a set of teaching, controlling, modeling and other programs placed on magnetic media of a PC, which reflect the main scientific content of the academic discipline. An e-textbook often complements a regular textbook and is effective when it: Provides near-instantaneous feedback; helps to quickly find the necessary information (including contextual search), which is difficult to find in a regular textbook; significantly saves time with repeated references to hypertext explanations; along with a short text - shows, tells, models, etc.
An electronic educational edition is an addition to traditional forms of education. This "electronic lecturer" is intended not only to preserve all the advantages of an ordinary book (textbook), but also to fully use modern information technologies, multimedia capabilities provided by a computer.
Any e-learning tool should include the following mandatory components:
Means of studying the theoretical foundations of the discipline;
Practical training support tools;
Knowledge control tools;
Means of interaction between the teacher and students;
Means of managing the process of studying the discipline.
Now, when there is a widespread introduction of new information technologies in high school and the educational process in general, there is an acute shortage of software tools. To enhance the effectiveness of this process, it is necessary to have developed and multi-purpose software, on the basis of which new approaches to learning using SNIT will be built. List of used literature:
1. Abdullaev S. G. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the distance learning system // Telecommunications and informatization of education. - 2007. - N 3. - S. 85-92.
2. Aleshkina O. V. The use of electronic textbooks in the educational process [Text] / O. V. Aleshkina // Young scientist. - 2012. - No. 11. - S. 389-391.
3. Bobrova I. I. Methods of using electronic educational and methodical complexes as a way to transition to distance learning // Informatics and education. - 2009. - N 11. - S. 124-125.
4. Vymyatnin V.M., Demkin V.P., Mozhaeva G.V., Rudenko T.V. Multimedia courses: methodology and technology of development
5. Grigoriev S.G. and [others] The concept of educational electronic publications and resources - a step towards quality education / Grigoriev S.G., Grinshkun V.V., Demkin V.P., Krasnova G.A., Makarov S.I., Robert I.V. // Portal "Information and Communication Technologies in Education" - (http://www.ict.edu.ru/vconf/index.php)
6. Zimina O.V. Printed and electronic educational publications in modern higher education: Theory, methodology, practice / O.V. Zimin. - M.: Iz-vo MPEI, 2013.
© Otekina N.E., 2016
Yu.M. Pakhomov, A.A. Polukarova, N.V. Gileva Kurgan State University
Kurgan, Russian Federation
FEATURES OF PROSODIC SPEECH OF OLDER PRESCHOOL CHILDREN WITH DYSARTRIA
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The scientific article investigated the state of the components of the prosodic side of speech in preschoolers with dysarthria. The features of the components of prosodic speech are determined. Directions for corrective work are indicated.
In speech therapy, the development of the prosodic side of speech has so far received much less attention than the formation speech sounds. Meanwhile, the features of the development of prosody in speech pathology must be studied, since it is not only closely related to all components of the language, but is also an essential, relatively independent element of speech behavior.
The problem of studying the prosodic organization of speech is the subject of research in linguistics, psycholinguistics (V.A. Artemov, V.I. Beltyukov, L.P. Blokhina, L.V. Bondarko, E.A.
e-tutorials
An electronic textbook is a key element of distance learning. Despite the fact that the term "Electronic computer textbook" is becoming more widespread, different authors give it a significantly different meaning.
Often this leads to the fact that products are created that are presented as electronic textbooks, but in fact they are not. Therefore, it seems appropriate to begin the presentation with a clarification of the basic concepts related to electronic educational materials.
eLearning Materials(EUM) - educational materials presented in the form of files on an electronic medium. They can include both separate text files, illustrations, audio and video fragments, as well as their ordered set, intended for studying a specific electronic training course or its fragment.
Textbook (U) - an educational publication containing a systematic presentation of an academic discipline or its section, part, corresponding to the state standard and curriculum and officially approved as this type of publication.
Electronic edition (EI) - it is a combination of graphic, text, digital, speech, music, video, photo and other information, as well as printed user documentation. An electronic publication can be executed on any electronic medium - magnetic (magnetic tape, magnetic disk, etc.), optical (CD-ROM, DVD, CD-R, etc.), as well as published on an electronic computer network.
Educational electronic edition (UEI) should contain systematized material on the relevant scientific and practical field of knowledge, provide creative and active mastering of knowledge, skills and abilities by students and students in this area. UEI should be distinguished by a high level of performance and artistic design, completeness of information, quality of methodological tools, quality of technical performance, clarity, logic and consistency of presentation.
Electronic textbook (EU) - the main UEI, created at a high scientific and methodological level, fully consistent with the federal component of the discipline of the State Educational Standard of specialties and areas, determined by the didactic units of the standard and the program.
Hypertext eBook - is a system of information, methodological and software tools for teaching a specific discipline, based on a personal computer.
Study guide (UP) - this is a publication that partially or completely replaces or supplements the textbook and is officially approved as this type of publication.
E-Learning Course (ELC) - This is a software and methodological complex that provides an opportunity to independently master a training course or its large section. It combines the properties of an ordinary textbook, reference book, problem book and laboratory practice. The main purpose of a computer training course is the formation and consolidation of new knowledge, skills and abilities in a specific subject area and to a certain extent on an individual basis, or with limited methodological assistance from a teacher (in particular, network consultations).
Program-methodical complex (PMC) - this is a set of educational programs, individual materials for students and guidelines for the teacher, ensuring the systematic use of elements computer technology when mastering the entire academic discipline or its large blocks.
Electronic Tutorial (ETU) - an electronic training course that partially or completely replaces or supplements the textbook and is officially approved as this type of publication.
E-tutorial - the most convenient way to present new theoretical material. Maximum efficiency is achieved with the wide use of graphic illustrations (photos, diagrams, drawings) provided with contextual explanations, as well as the use of audio explanations.
It must be said that the EPM is not an alternative, but an addition to traditional forms of education, and does not replace the student's work with books, notes, collections of tasks and exercises, etc. This “electronic lecturer” is designed not only to preserve all the advantages of a book or textbook, but also to fully use modern information technologies, multimedia capabilities provided by a computer. These possibilities include:
· presentation of physical, chemical, etc. processes in dynamics, visual representation of objects and processes that are inaccessible for direct observation (processes in the microcosm, cosmic processes, processes with very short or very long characteristic times, etc.);
computer modeling of processes and objects that require unique or expensive equipment, materials, reagents, as well as dangerous to human life and health, and their visual representation, audio commentary by the author of the textbook, inclusion of audio and video clips, animation in the educational material;
organization of context prompts, links (hypertext);
fast carrying out complex calculations with the presentation of results in digital or graphical form;
· operational self-control of student's knowledge while performing exercises and tests.
A modern electronic textbook is an integral didactic system based on the use of computer technologies and Internet facilities, which aims to provide students with individual and optimal training programs with the management of the learning process. Significant differences between the electronic manual and the traditional one include:
· a specific learning process management system included in the content of the manual, including means of non-linear structuring and optimization of educational material, diagnostics and knowledge correction tools, an extensive feedback network, etc.;
verbal methods that can significantly speed up cognitive processes;
graphical tools that provide the learning process high level visibility;
multimedia tools to organize a laboratory workshop.
Experience in the development and practical use of electronic manuals shows that those electronic teaching aids, the educational material in which is presented taking into account the principles of both its linear structuring and concentric ones, have a higher pedagogical effectiveness. The EPM at the first level should include: the main theoretical material that fully meets the requirements of the state standard; systems of exercises and tasks that allow developing appropriate practical skills and abilities; methods and means of managing the learning process; methods and means of the final assessment of the level of assimilation of basic knowledge. The second level of the EPM is - additional theoretical material that the student can refer to for in-depth study topics; sections of the course, the material of which must satisfy the professional and creative needs of the student; didactic means of managing the educational process.
What can be implemented on a computer to a greater extent than in a book? First of all, the personal openness of the teacher to the students. A computer can influence a person's feelings with a graphic image, sound and musical images, behind which associations of different levels can stand. The use of aphorisms, winged sayings also increases the effectiveness of learning, making it truly interesting and vital. Mastering the subject with this approach occurs in the course of living a certain part of life.
Compared to a regular textbook, the EUM has a number of additional requirements:
The text should be divided into pages, covering complete semantic portions;
It must be possible to call any page on the screen in any order;
· the text should be colorfully illustrated, key words, basic laws, formulas, graphs, illustrations should be highlighted, animation, etc. should be used.
Technologies for the development of electronic teaching aids
Creating a high-quality electronic textbook is a long process, very laborious and requiring substantial investments.
A relatively simple and cheap solution for building an EMS is the HTML format, which allows you to present an electronic publication on the Internet (WWW format).
The most common format of information now stored on Web pages all over the world is HTML.html (Hyper Text Markup Language - Hypertext Markup Language) allows you to create not just text pages, but pages containing various design elements: from simply setting text color or background, to complex graphic and audio elements. This greatly increases the saturation of information. HTML documents can be created both in simple text editors and in specialized software products that support HTML markup technology.
One of the main stumbling blocks of the technological side of creating such an electronic manual is that so far the best quality of an HTML file can only be obtained when it is created manually. This requires a very high qualification and a lot of experience.
The easiest way to simplify the process of creating quality electronic manuals is to use one of the currently available HTML editors. It is desirable that it be an editor that implements WYSIWYG technology - What You See Is What You Get ( what you see is what you get) For example, MS FrontPage, Dream Weaver, etc.
Creating electronic tutorials in HTML format allows you to work with them regardless of the computer architecture used and the installed operating system (provided that there are Web browsers for this operating system). In addition, HTML documents can contain graphics, sound, video, and user interaction tools, all of which are essential to creating a truly effective learning tool.
Local technologies integrated into HTML contain enough opportunities to create the simplest human-program feedback schemes necessary for self-learning.
Consider the general scheme for creating electronic textbooks of the specified type:
Preparatory stage. Definition by the methodologist of the goal and objectives of creating electronic textbooks and selection by the Web designer of design tools for electronic textbooks and forms of information presentation.
Shell creation stage. The shell created by the Web designer has a specific design and navigation scheme. For electronic textbooks, the non-linear navigation scheme is relevant. The availability of such systems as: an internal directory, keyword search, glossary, search in the so-called "knowledge model" (semantic graph) and so on - depend on the characteristics of a particular shell.
The stage of information content of electronic textbooks. Creation by a Web designer of Web pages, demonstration examples and models, feedback schemes, simulators, control and self-control systems.
The stage of combining elements of electronic textbooks. A web designer, guided by some algorithm, writes each Web page in the shell: places links and adjusts pages to a common style, writes other plug-ins.
Administration stage. Web-designer, over time, changes and additions are made to the electronic textbook. In this case, a partial repetition of steps 3 and 4 is performed.
It can be seen from this diagram that a Web designer (usually a programmer) - a specialist in the field of Web technologies - is busy at all stages of creating an electronic textbook. At first glance, it seems that a group of Web-technologists should be assembled to create a division of labor and increase the efficiency of developing electronic textbooks, but this is not so.
Of course, the stages of designing an electronic textbook and creating a shell cannot be performed qualitatively by anyone except for the relevant specialists, but the situation is different with other stages. For most e-learning tools, the participation of a Web designer at the content stage of the manual could be waived for the following reasons:
· Web pages with text, pictures, tables and other standard elements can be created by users who do not have special skills in creating sites.
· To create demos, you need to understand computer graphics, not Web design.
· Demonstration models, simulators, control and self-control modules can be created by specialists who have programming skills in languages chosen depending on the specific task.
In this case, the stumbling block is the stages of combining elements of electronic textbooks and administration. Indeed, in order to make changes to the shell, you need to know how it works. We are not talking about the simplest linear navigation schemes here, but even with the hierarchical navigation scheme of the EPG, collecting, adding or deleting Web pages without knowledge of HTML is a very difficult task. What can we say about the shells, where complex objects are registered, such as hanging windows, menus, glossaries, and so on.
The essence of the new approach is that you should come up with some intermediate form of electronic manuals, a kind of semi-finished product, the creation of which will be available to the Web designer and at the same time communication with him will be easy for the average user. This intermediate form can be a simple program or template.
A new stage is logical - 2.1 - shell-to-template translation step . Here, the Web designer should describe the process of adding a new Web page to the site using special language commands. This approach allows you to refuse the services of a Web designer after stage 2.1. This is a serious step, because. it leads to a division of labor and allows Web page creators to focus on the content of the work, and the Web designer to create high-quality skins.
To create simple electronic textbooks, which are the majority in practice, a Web designer will not be needed at all, because. over time, the number of typical templates may become quite large.
The rapid development of the global computer network has shown the promise of remote testing of students using interactive Web tests installed on servers connected to a local computer network or the Internet. The wider dissemination of such information technologies in education, which allows not only to increase the intensity and efficiency of the learning process, but also significantly expand the audience of potential students of the country's leading universities, is hindered by the laboriousness of the process of developing tests designed to work on the Web.
To create interactive Web-tests, the teacher, in addition to knowledge of the course for which the test is intended, requires special skills in the application of Internet technologies, or the assistance of an appropriate specialist is needed. When used for development teaching materials any of the many HTML creation and editing tools available, such as Netscape Composer or Microsoft FrontPage, require a basic understanding of hypertext and some programming skills. In addition, to give Web documents interactive properties that allow them to quickly respond to information entered by the user, the author will need even deeper knowledge of Internet technologies associated with the need to write handler programs using Java, JavaScript, or CGI applications. Thus, the creation of training materials for distance learning on the Web imposes very high requirements on the qualifications of a teacher-developer in the field of practical use of modern information technologies. Otherwise, the joint work of a team of specialists of various profiles is necessary. These circumstances significantly increase the complexity of creating Web-based tutorials and, to a certain extent, hinder the development of this form of distance education.
The development of electronic teaching aids has become an urgent task in the context of the development of the system of distance education and the widespread introduction of new information technologies in the educational process. In recent years, e-learning tools have taken an increasingly prominent place among other electronic publications. It seems appropriate to organize all components of distance learning, including electronic teaching aids, within a single information environment created using modern computer and telecommunication hardware.
With this approach, it is preferable to create pages not manually, but with special tools that ensure that a local copy of the Web site is maintained and updated as needed. Most educational institutions need Web sites that contain pages with variable or automatically updated content. Here we leave the realm of simple document layout and get very close to programming. The creation of such Web sites is best left to professionals.
In short, the content of the page is always more important than its design, and in the design, the measure and harmony are more important than flashiness and brightness. To get a starting point, it is usually worth visiting sites on the Internet with a wide variety of topics, paying attention, first of all, to their structure (ease of navigation within the site) and the techniques used in design.
How is a Web page organized? A web page is a text document. True, when viewing it on the browser screen, it is difficult to believe in it, but it is true. The screen representation of a Web page is formed using special HTML language commands that are interpreted by the browser. These commands can be used to display pictures, sound recordings, videos, and other objects in a document. That is, the Web page is actually displayed as a combined document.
Accordingly, when creating a Web page, two main approaches are possible. The first is to generate the document manually using a text editor and directly HTML commands. This is the most time-consuming, but also more versatile way. With it, you can implement everything that the HTML language allows. When creating voluminous or unusual Web-based manuals, you have to resort to this approach to one degree or another.
The second way to create a Web page is to use WYSIWYG editors. When working with such an editor, it is not necessary to know the HTML language. Document creation techniques are similar to those used in a word processor. Text is placed on the page, after which formatting commands are applied to it. This, of course, greatly simplifies the process of developing a Web page. No need to learn HTML, you can use existing skills practical work with text editors and word processors. In this case, the editor automatically generates HTML commands, and the page is immediately displayed on the screen in a way similar to how it will be observed by visitors to the Web site on the Internet.
It is clear that the quality of the HTML code in this case is provided not by the author of the page, but by the program. Some features of the HTML language lead to the fact that such a transformation is not always correct.
However, the world does not stand still, and modern WYSIWYG web page editors do their job more responsibly and efficiently. With the "mass" creation of Web pages, the manual method (even when using an HTML editor) can no longer provide the necessary performance, and professionals are already forced to use such editors. As already mentioned, this does not exclude the possibility of later manual editing of documents or manual creation of some of the pages of the electronic manual.
Consider automated tools (HTML editors), which can be recommended to both "amateurs" and "professionals".
Arachnophilia
Arachnophilia is a program for creating HTML documents. This program has a built-in WYSIWYG type editor, i.e. correspondence of the screen image to the finished document.
Features of Arachnophilia:
· Instant View function (Immediate viewing); if it is enabled, and the internal browser, which is also available in the program, is open, then all changes made to the HTML text are immediately reflected on the screen;
Automate the input of HTML tags.
Star Office Editor
System for creating and editing HTML files. Unlike other WYSIWYG editors, Star Office quite correctly removes unnecessary elements when the user cancels any actions and does not insert unnecessary comments. At the same time, he uses cascading style sheets (CSS) quite actively.
Star Office features:
· the ability to turn off the WYSIWYG mode and work with the original HTML text, in which all tags and their attributes are highlighted in red;
· at your own discretion, you can edit both the source text and the displayed result by switching between modes.
home site
One of the most remarkable software products for developing Web pages is the Homesite program, created by Allaire. The many available features are combined with exceptional user-friendliness.
However, it should be noted that the use of the Homesite program implies that the user has knowledge of the HTML language (and, if desired, Java Script, etc.) The program automates code entry, error checking, etc., but it cannot help if the user does not represent imagine what HTML is.
Homesite features:
Opening multiple files at the same time
viewing the site map;
Viewing tags
viewing pages in a browser;
Ability to work with templates
Netscape Composer Editor
Netsape Composer is a tool for creating and publishing documents on the Internet.
The Netscape Composer software suite includes the following features:
· Netscape Collabra - allows you to participate in electronic forums and create them. (Electronic forums are sort of like Use Net conferences);
· Netsape Composer - extended version of Netsape Navigator Gold. With Netscape Composer, you can create documents for the corporate network, the WWW, and Email;
· Netscape Conference - similar to the Net Meeting program (manufactured by Microsoft) provides the ability to communicate users in real time through collaborative documents, a slate and a window in which you can have a conversation;
· Netscape Messenger is a new e-mail client that is fully compatible with open standards and is closely related to the Composer program, allowing you to create e-mail documents based on HTML;
· Netsape Navigator is a popular browser with a highly customizable interface and powerful support for Java, Java Script and embedded objects.
Adobe GoLive Editor
A professional package for creating, editing and maintaining Web sites of any complexity. Includes tools for working with HTML, DBMS, special effects, graphics and animation. Ability to integrate with PhotoShop, Illustrator and Image Ready to process and optimize graphics for the Web.
Features of Adobe GoLive:
work with scripts and styles;
· dynamic editor allows creation of interactive page elements;
Possibility of convenient work with frame structures;
the ability to view pages in code mode;
· tab Outline (Structure) allows to view the tags available on the page in the form of a hierarchical tree structure;
The ability to view the created page in a browser.
Macromedia Flash
Vector graphics package for animation. A tool for creating multimedia, fully interactive materials, using both conventional raster and vector graphics, as well as audio and video elements (composing them into a single file - "Flash-clip"). Flash clips can contain text, graphics, animations, hotspots (buttons), forms, and other user-created controls.
Features of Flash technology:
· means of original and live registration of a Web-site;
the ability to create full-fledged video presentations;
Expanded possibilities of using sound and music;
· Using the vector format and working with objects can significantly reduce the file size of the clip, which allows it to quickly load and change its scale in accordance with the size of the monitor of a particular user.
Macromedia Dreamweaver
Dream Weaver is a visual hypertext document editor. This program has all the necessary tools for generating Web pages of any complexity and scale.
The Dream Weaver editor lets you create professional-quality Web publications. This editor has modern technology web publishing development, from designing a site to uploading it to a web server. Thanks to this, even a novice Web writer, working with Dream Weaver, gets used to working professionally.
Features Macromedia Dream Weaver:
viewing and editing a Web page in visual mode;
Viewing and editing a Web page in text mode;
· integration of two built-in code editors: Code View and Code Inspector;
development of interactive pages;
the ability to effectively create a site diagram and determine links between site pages in a special site management window;
use of graphic page layouts, templates, CSS;
Web site planning
Debug scripts in Java Script;
Integration with other Macromedia software tools;
page testing.
Microsoft Front Page
The Front Page program is designed to quickly create Web documents. It has a great tool that generates reports on the status of the node being created. In addition to purely statistical information (the total number of pages, images and links), the report will show dangling links, links to external sources, outdated pages, and even pages that load too slowly.
Front Page is a popular package for creating and maintaining Web sites and editing HTML pages. It has a familiar MS Office interface.
FrontPage features:
· Using FrontPage Explorer, you can customize the scheme of the Web server and get a variety of information about the server;
· FrontPage Editor - WYSIWYG type editor. In it, you can select one of the tabs that allow you to view in different views - Editor, HTML, Preview (this tab displays the real view of the page);
Ability to work with interactive multimedia tools and effects;
Ability to work with ready-made templates;
Microsoft Image Composer. This component allows you to work with graphics, including the use of Gif-animation and the WordArt tool;
TCP/IP Test utility. If the user is not sure about the reliability of the connection, then this program will quickly check;
· With FrontPage Web Server, you can validate a page locally before publishing it.
The tools and functions of the Front Page program allow you to quickly build a site of any complexity and place it on the Internet or in corporate intranets.
Working with the Front Page is pretty easy. Of course, some basic operations still have to be mastered. However, if you already know how to use the Word word processor, then there should be no difficulties. After all, editing an HTML page in the Front Page is akin to editing an ordinary document: styles, fonts, colors are also changed, pictures are added, etc.
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
State educational institution higher vocational education
BASHKIR STATE PEDAGOGICAL
UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER M.AKMULLA
FACULTY: SOCIO-HUMANITARIAN
DEPARTMENT OF CULTUROLOGY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC DISCIPLINES
TECHNOLOGY OF CREATING AN ELECTRONIC TUTORIAL
COURSE WORK on discipline: "Information resources"
Performed:
student of group 45
Yusupova R.
Specialty: "Library and information activities"
Checked by: Associate Professor
Yakimchuk R.P.
INTRODUCTION
1.3 Preparation and implementation in electronic form of material for the manual
CHAPTER 2. PREPARED FRAGMENT OF THE ELECTRONIC TRAINING MANUAL
2.1 Bibliographic studies of science
2.2 Information diagnostics
CONCLUSION
LIST OF USED LITERATURE
APPS
INTRODUCTION
The second half of the 20th century was a period of transition to information societies. The avalanche-like growth of the volume of information has assumed the character of an information explosion in all spheres of human activity.
The information explosion has given rise to many problems, the most important of which is the problem of learning. Of particular interest are issues related to the automation of learning, since "manual methods" without the use of technical means have long exhausted their capabilities. The most accessible form of learning automation is the use of computers, that is, the use of computer time for learning and processing the results of a control survey of students' knowledge.
The emergence of electronic teaching aids can be perceived as a qualitatively new stage in the informatization of education. The informatization of domestic education began in 1985 (with the state education reform of 1984), when an extremely important government decision was made to send several thousand of the first Soviet personal computers to the field of education. The initial adaptation stage, when the computer is considered as an object of study, was replaced by the second, modern stage, characterized by the use of a computer as a learning tool.
The creation of computer technologies in education is adjacent to the publication of new generation teaching aids that meet the needs of the student's personality. Educational publications of the new generation are designed to ensure the unity of the educational process and modern, innovative scientific research, i.e. the expediency of using new information technologies in the educational process and, in particular, various kinds of so-called "electronic textbooks".
Development of an active, active principle in learning, disclosure and use creativity of each student are carried out through the formation of cognitive needs by organizing the search for knowledge in the process of studying educational material and the satisfaction of these needs, which can be ensured by the creation of special electronic teaching aids.
This actualizes the problem of organizing professional training of a specialist in the process of studying various educational areas through electronic textbooks in various disciplines, in particular, in the discipline "Information and Analytical Technologies"
The object of this research work is the technology for the preparation and implementation of an electronic textbook. The subject is a fragment of the manual, built in accordance with the basic principles of the development of electronic teaching aids.
The purpose of the work is to prepare a fragment of an electronic textbook for subsequent inclusion in a common electronic shell.
Our goal involves the solution of a number of tasks:
1. Define the concept of "electronic textbook", study its features and principles of construction;
2. In accordance with the selected principles, select, systematize and express textual material in electronic form;
3. Choose a visual and reference material and link to the resulting text using hyperlinks.
The research work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of references (21 sources) and applications. The first chapter discusses the process of preparing and compiling an electronic training manual, the second contains directly compiled chapters. Applications include an additional layer of educational material, linked in the implemented manual by hyperlinks to the main text.
CHAPTER 1. PREPARATION AND COMPILATION OF THE ELECTRONIC TRAINING MANUAL
1.1 The concept of an electronic textbook, its distinctive characteristics
An electronic textbook is a software and methodological training complex that corresponds to a standard curriculum and provides the student with the opportunity to master the course or its section independently or with the help of a teacher. This product is created with a built-in structure, dictionaries, search capability, etc.
An electronic textbook can be designed for self-study of educational material in a particular discipline or to support a lecture course for the purpose of its in-depth study.
The simplest electronic textbook can be a teacher's lecture notes, typed by him (or even by students in order to reproduce a good summary in a large number of copies at minimal cost) and placed on a student server or on another public electronic site. However, such a textbook, in essence, does not differ in any way from the abstract reproduced by printed methods, and it does not use the specific features of the electronic edition. These main features include:
1. the ability to build a simple and convenient navigation mechanism within the electronic textbook;
2. developed search mechanism within the electronic textbook, in particular, when using the hypertext edition format;
3. the possibility of built-in automated control of the level of knowledge of the student;
4. the possibility of a special option for structuring the material;
5. the possibility of adapting the studied material of the textbook to the level of knowledge of the student, resulting in a sharp increase in the level of motivation of the student;
6. the possibility of adapting and optimizing the user interface for the individual needs of the student.
Additional features of the electronic textbook compared to the printed one include:
1. the possibility of including special fragments simulating the course of many physical and technological processes;
2. the ability to include audio files in the textbook, in particular, to bring together the process of working with the textbook and listening to lectures by the same teacher;
3. the possibility of including video fragments in the textbook to illustrate certain provisions of the textbook;
4. the inclusion of interactive fragments in the manual to ensure an operational dialogue with the student;
5. full-scale multimedia design of the textbook, including a dialogue on natural language, organizing, at the request of the trainee, a video conference with the author (authors) and consultants, etc.
Thus, in addition to different media, an electronic textbook has a number of fundamental differences from a printed textbook:
multimedia capability;
provision of virtual reality;
high degree of interactivity;
the possibility of an individual approach to the student.
The introduction of multimedia elements into the structure of the electronic manual allows for the simultaneous transmission of various types of information. This usually means a combination of text, sound, graphics, animation and video. Means of visual demonstration make it possible to improve the perception of new material, to include not only auditory, but also visual centers in the memorization process.
Many processes and objects in the electronic textbook can be presented in the dynamics of their development, as well as in the form of 2 or 3-dimensional models, which gives the user the illusion of the reality of the depicted objects.
Interactivity allows you to establish feedback from the user of information (student) to its source (teacher). Interactive interaction is characterized by an immediate response and visually confirmed reaction to an action, a message.
Thus, electronic manuals are of great practical value. With their help, one can not only communicate factual information provided with illustrative material, but also clearly demonstrate certain processes that cannot be shown using standard teaching methods. In addition, the student can use the electronic manual on their own, without the help of a teacher or supervisor, finding answers to their questions. Also, the importance of electronic aids lies in the fact that the teacher can quickly supplement and change textual or illustrative material when such a need arises, which is very important for such a dynamically changing discipline as "Information and analytical activity".
1.2 Principles of building an electronic training manual
An electronic manual (as, indeed, any electronic publication) for maximum effect should be composed somewhat differently compared to a traditional printed manual: chapters should be shorter, which corresponds to the smaller size of computer screen pages compared to books, then each section, corresponding to the headings of the lower level, should be divided into discrete fragments, each of which contains the necessary and sufficient material on a specific narrow issue. As a rule, such a fragment should contain one to three text paragraphs (paragraphs should also be shorter than book ones) or a figure and a caption to it, including a brief explanation of the meaning of the figure.
ELECTRONIC TUTORIAL
One of the directions of modern education is the use of computer tools and telecommunication technologies to obtain new knowledge at all levels of education. The use of information teaching aids provides good technical opportunities for the implementation of various didactic ideas and principles of organizing the educational process, fills the teacher's activity with a fundamentally new content. However, this is not an indication that the computer, which takes on part of the teacher's function, is able to displace the teacher from the learning process altogether. On the contrary, the use of information technology is designed to intensify the teaching process, increase students' interest in the discipline being studied and the effectiveness of the educational process. They will allow you to achieve a greater understanding of the material being studied. One of the elements and means of information education are electronic publications (textbooks, manuals, books) or Electronic educational resources (EER)
Today, no one doubts the fact that electronic teaching aids make it possible to enrich the course of study, supplementing it with various possibilities of computer technology, and thus making it more interesting and attractive to students.
An exceptionally high degree of clarity of the presented material, the interconnection of the various components of the courses, the complexity and interactivity make the programs indispensable assistants for both the student and the teacher.
Thanks to the complex of various multimedia features, the learning process becomes more effective and interesting.
Electronic reference guideis a virtual system designed for automated learning, covering the full or partial scope of the academic discipline.
EUP advantages:
1) the possibility of compact storage of a large amount of information;
2) the system quickly adjusts to a specific student;
3) easily updated (supplemented and expanded);
4) wide search possibilities;
5) the ability to perform interactive exercises and tests;
6) visibility: ample opportunities for building visual models, presenting graphic and audio information;
7) good structure (hypertext organization of information).
To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:
- To study the features of electronic teaching aids;
- Familiarize yourself with the requirements for them;
- Perform an analysis of the subject area, on the basis of which the material for the electronic textbook will be selected;
- Select programs and languages for creating a manual;
- Develop the structure of the electronic textbook;
- Determine the principle of textbook management;
- Define appearance study guide;
- Implement hypertext in electronic form using HTML language.
It is generally accepted that an electronic textbook is a new generation of literature that combines the advantages of traditional textbooks and the capabilities of computer technology. Electronic textbooks are a complex-purpose educational software system that ensures the continuity and completeness of the didactic cycle of the learning process, provides theoretical material, provides training training activities and control of the level of knowledge, as well as information retrieval activities, mathematical and simulation modeling with computer visualization and service functions for subject to interactive feedback.
An electronic textbook, as a rule, is an independent multimedia learning tool, so the structure of an electronic textbook should be presented at a qualitatively new level.
The use of illustrations is effective in conjunction with help ensuring that the label appears next to the element of interest. A mandatory element is additional video information or animated clips accompanying sections of the course that are difficult to understand in a text presentation. Video clips allow you to change the time scale and show phenomena in fast or slow motion.
The electronic textbook provides the ability to copy the selected information, edit it and print it without leaving the textbook itself.
As a rule, electronic training aids are built on a modular basis and include all the necessary information and contain several parts:
The theoretical part, this part is based on text, graphics (static diagrams, drawings, tables and pictures), animation, full-scale video recordings, as well as an interactive block;
· practical part, there should be a step-by-step solution of typical tasks and exercises for this training course with the content of minimal explanations;
control part - contains a set of tests, control questions on the theoretical part, but also the solution of problems and exercises in practice;
reference part, which may include: subject index, tables of basic constants, dimensions, physical and chemical properties, basic formulas for this training course and other necessary information in graphical, tabular or any other form.
You can also highlight a number of the following principles that should guide the creation of an electronic textbook:
Didactic principles
Name of the principle | Didactic (methodical) plan |
Principle visibility | The electronic textbook includes illustrations and various graphic schemes with a choice of colors and various design, as well as multimedia materials: audio and video files. |
Principle accessibility | All materials that are included in the EUP are quite accessible to students with a computer. The availability of training materials is ensured by the presentation and visibility, as well as the supply of various reference materials to the EPM. |
Principle systematic and sequences | Very accurately, electronic forms allow you to systematize all the material of the textbook, as well as arrange it in a convenient sequence for further study. |
The principle of connection between theory and practice | In order to consolidate all the knowledge gained in the study of theory, you need to smoothly connect knowledge with practice, namely, go to the section that contains practical questions and tasks to consolidate knowledge. |
Scientific principle | The EUM should be based on the latest achievements of science in a particular area. |
Principle consciousness and activity | Concluding that the EPM is intended for independent work, the student must approach it consciously. Test tasks for self-examination contribute to the activity of mastering knowledge. |
Strength principle | The strength of knowledge lies with the inclusion in the EPM of various tests and tasks on individual topics and on the main sections, as well as final assignments. The advantage of this principle in the EPM is that it is easy to return to the previously studied material. |
The main features include:
- the ability to build a simple and convenient navigation mechanism within the electronic textbook;
- a developed search mechanism within the electronic textbook, in particular, when using the hypertext edition format;
- the possibility of built-in automated control of the level of knowledge of the student;
- the possibility of a special option for structuring the material;
- the possibility of adapting the studied material of the textbook to the level of knowledge of the student, resulting in a sharp increase in the level of motivation of the student;
- the ability to adapt and optimize the user interface to the individual needs of the student.
Additional features of an electronic textbook compared to a printed one include:
- the possibility of including special fragments simulating the course of many physical and technological processes;
- the ability to include audio files in the textbook, in particular, to bring the process of working with the textbook closer and listening to lectures by the same teacher;
- the possibility of including video fragments in the textbook to illustrate certain provisions of the textbook;
- the inclusion of interactive fragments in the manual to ensure an operational dialogue with the student;
- full-scale multimedia design of the textbook, including a dialogue in natural language, organization of a video conference with the author (authors) and consultants at the request of the student, etc.
