"READING IN LIBRARIES OF RUSSIA Information publication Issue 6 ENTERTAINING READING IN LIBRARIES St. Petersburg 2007 1 UDC 028 LBC 78.303 Ch 77 Responsible compiler..."

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Russian National Library

READING

IN LIBRARIES

RUSSIA

Information edition

ENTERTAINING READING IN LIBRARIES

Saint Petersburg

1 UDC 028 LBC 78.303 Ch 77 Responsible compiler A. G. Makarova, scientific. collaborator

Compiled by: E. A. Voronina, scientific collaborator

A. S. Stepanova, Art. scientific collaborator

Editor: S. A. Davydova, Ph.D. philol. Sciences The sixth issue of the information publication "Reading in Russian Libraries"

continues to publish materials of the study of the same name, which since 1995 has been conducted by the Reading Center of the NMO RNL. The issue is dedicated to Russians reading literature of popular entertainment genres: science fiction, adventures, detective stories, romance novels.

The publication is addressed to the staff of the research base libraries, libraries of all systems and departments, as well as to a wide range of specialists interested in the problems of reading.

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Table of contents List of abbreviations ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………… Glukhova L. V., Libova O. S. Entertaining reading in the past and present ………………………………………………………………… …………. Makarova A. G. A love story and its readers ………………………………. Makarova A. G. Novels about love: a review of publishing houses and series ………………….. Voronina E. A., Stepanova A. S. Adventure literature …………….. Voronina E. A., Stepanova A S. Detective …………………………………… Voronina E. A., Stepanova A. S. Fiction …………………………………. Appendices ……………………………………………………………………… Authors and Compilers of the Collection ………………………………………………… ...

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

GBL - State Library of the USSR. IN AND. Lenina DS - Day of continuous accounting of reader demand ITR - engineering and technical worker KLF - club of science fiction lovers NIIKSI St. Petersburg State University - Research Institute for Comprehensive Social Research of St. Petersburg State University NMO - scientific and methodological department SF - science fiction – St. Petersburg branch of the Archive Russian Academy sciences R.p. – work settlement of the Republic of Belarus – regional library of the National Library of Russia – Russian National Library SPA – reference and search apparatus of St. Petersburg State University – St. Petersburg State University TsLS - Centralized Library System TsGB - Central City Library TsRB - Central District Library

continues a series of publications that has been carried out for a number of years by the research group of the Reading Center of the Russian National Library.

This issue is dedicated to reading entertainment literature - books that dominate both the book market and library demand. We considered it necessary to consider this large body of literature in the context of the attitude of philologists, literary critics, publishers, librarians and readers towards it.

Entertainment, mass literature in our country has long been treated with prejudice. Talking about literature and reading, the specialists practically did not pay attention to the analysis of books of entertainment genres, they focused on the classics or “serious”, “necessary” books. The publication (release) of this literature was under strict control and had a certain quantitative limit. The spread and popularity of the “light genre” was considered a fact of “grassroots” culture and, as a rule, this fact was explained by the undeveloped taste of a certain circle of readers, mainly teenagers and youth, as well as “common people”. It was believed that one had only to explain to the reader all the inconsistency of the genre, and he would move on to reading more “necessary”, “useful”, etc.

books. It seems that the entertainment genre was deliberately excluded from the analysis of the literary process.

In post-Soviet society, when censorship and state orders to publishing houses almost disappeared, the circulation of entertainment literature grew every year, since the commercial approach dictated its terms, and the demand for "unread"

the literature was huge. Even the poor selection of authors, bad (sometimes monstrous!) Translations foreign works, poor design and poor-quality paper did not become an obstacle for such books on the way to the reader. Gradually, the quality of publishing entertainment literature became higher, the publishing houses that survived in the competitive struggle produced an increasingly extensive repertoire of books, but the “light genre” still continues to lead in demand and supply in the book market.

This situation cannot but disturb the cultural community. However, a detailed analysis of what is happening is still ahead, although in last years for this hot topic dissertation research was carried out, monographs were published, many articles were published in the press. For our part, we invite readers to familiarize themselves with the facts and observations discovered during the study.

Libraries are in a difficult situation. On the one hand, an adult reader, a library visitor, is a consumer of entertainment literature of his own free will, no one forces him to choose B. Akunin, D. Dontsova, T. Ustinova, etc. On the other hand, there is a thesis supported by the statements of many authoritative scientists, about the harmfulness of such literature.

Since at the moment there are different opinions in society about mass literature, naturally, librarians also have different opinions. This also applies to the acquisition of entertainment literature, and its placement in the fund, and recommendations to readers. Initially, our research team did not consider it necessary to single out the “light genre” from the general reading repertoire of Russians.

But due to the fact that this literature has taken a significant place in the lending and library demand, we considered it possible to offer in this collection the material about reading it, obtained during the study. In particular, a survey of heads of acquisition departments, conducted in 2006 in 28 research base libraries, showed that the majority purchase books of these genres both on budgetary funds and on income from commercial activities (60.9% and 65.3%, respectively). ). Some libraries are of the opinion that acquisitions should be carried out in strict accordance with the reader's demand; in others, literature of an entertaining nature is acquired “according to the residual principle”, in fact, at the expense of the readers themselves - with the proceeds from paid services or a paid subscription, somewhere the fund of such literature is completed mainly at the expense of gifts from readers. But no one stands in the position of a complete rejection of the collection of such literature in the library. As a rule, works of “light” genres are distributed both for free and for a paid subscription, but some libraries provide most of the entertainment literature, including the latest, for free, others prefer to keep it on a paid subscription, this is also confirmed by the data of annual monitoring of reader demand in libraries.

But, despite the difference in approaches, all interviewed heads of recruitment departments complain about the lack of entertainment literature, its small number of copies in the existing high demand.

So, should libraries buy, and even more so offer the reader the fruits of mass culture, if the reader turned to him with a vague request - “give me something to read”? The answer to this question is up in the air. Actually, we share the negative attitude of many experts towards this literature in general, but at the same time we understand that no pedagogical tricks will help to “educate” the right reader and completely wean him from reading entertaining literature.

The databank collected during the study "Reading in Russian Libraries" in 1995-2006 made it possible to answer some questions: what areas of entertainment literature are preferred by the inhabitants of provincial Russia, whether authors of works that were popular in the past remained in the reading of Russians, and, most importantly, how readers and librarians treat such literature on library shelves.

Various methodologies were used to collect reading and reader data:

annual monitoring "Days of complete accounting of reader demand" (DS), analysis of reader forms, questioning of readers (1995 and 2003), questioning of librarians (1995, 2000, 2002, 2006, including questionnaires about book gifts, acquisition entertainment literature, etc.). Survey materials carried out thanks to long-term cooperation with NIIKSI St. Petersburg State University 1 made it possible to compare the data obtained in libraries with the opinion of Russian residents who do not visit libraries.

This issue includes articles dedicated to reading several popular genres: adventure, detective story, women's romance and fantasy, i.e. those genres that are at the top of the reader preference ratings in almost all modern library research.

The information edition opens with an article by L. V. Glukhova and O. S. Libova "Entertaining reading - in the past and present", in which an attempt is made to acquaint the library community with the views of Russian and foreign cultural figures of the past, starting from the 19th century, and the present on the place and the role of "easy" In 1998 - a questionnaire survey "Youth of Russia at the turn of the century"; in 1999 - “Fathers and Sons:

dialogue or conflict"; in 2001

2002 - "Youth and education in modern Russia»; in 2003 - "Social health of young Russians" and "Problems of extremism among Russian youth"; in 2005 - "Problems of social health of young Russians" and "Combating extremism and literature" in the reading repertoire of the general population. The article contains controversial material that gives food for thought. The authors chose the method of citing the opinions of writers, philologists, literary critics, culturologists and sociologists in order to illustrate a complex picture that does not allow both librarians and practicing librarians to draw hasty conclusions.

The articles "Adventure Literature", "Detective" and "Science Fiction" include a description of each genre, a brief overview of its directions and information about reading works of this genre. Articles "Adventure literature" and "Detective"

written jointly by A. S. Stepanova and E. A. Voronina, the article "Fiction" - E. A.

Voronina with the participation of A. S. Stepanova and A. G. Makarova.

The article by A. G. Makarova "Love novel and its readers" reveals the historical roots of the emergence of the romance novel genre, its development and state of the art, some information about the most famous authors and Internet resources, gives an idea about the readers and reading of a romance novel in the libraries of Russia, the state of the fund of these books. Its continuation is the article by the same author “Novels about love: a review of publishing houses and series”, useful, from our point of view, for librarians, information about publishing houses that issued love story since 1993 and romance novel series.

The proposed material is provided with tables summarizing the data collected during the study “Reading in Russian Libraries” and characterizing readers and reading entertainment literature.

The information publication is addressed to librarians and a wide range of professionals interested in the problems of reading.

Feedback and comments, please send to the address: 191069, St. Petersburg, Sadovaya, 18, Deputy Director for Research.

The research team of the Reading Center of the Russian National Library thanks the libraries-bases of the study "Reading in Libraries of Russia" for many years of joint work and expresses hope for further fruitful cooperation.

terrorism"; in 2006 - "Conditions and factors of extremist moods among young people". All questionnaires included a block of questions about reading, developed by the research group of the National Library of Russia.

The phenomenon of "mass literature" today attracts the attention of many culturologists, sociologists, bibliologists, and literary critics both in Russia and abroad. Publications on this subject include many books and articles. There is no doubt that "mass literature" as part of "mass culture" is a complex social, economic, sociopsychological and aesthetic phenomenon. One of the aspects of the problem of mass culture - the existence of the most common genres of the so-called "mass literature" in the reading of Russians - is directly related to librarianship. The data collected during the course of our unambiguous assessment of what is happening. Therefore, we first of all consider it necessary to recall the reflections of domestic and foreign writers, scientists, public figures about the place and role of entertainment literature in the reading of children and adults. The most controversial opinions are offered to your attention: this is rather an “invitation to reflection” than an answer to a question that concerns many.

For two hundred years, reading books has taken a different place in cultural life Russians. For a long time, for the inhabitants of our country, the attitude to the book determined the cultural status of a person in society. Now the image of "the most reading country in the world" has faded somewhat. However, according to the All-Russian survey of the adult population conducted by the Levada Center (May - June 2005), 29% of Russians constantly read books and 42% do it from time to time, non-readers make up 37% of the country's population. Among "active readers", according to the Levada Center, women are more common than men, although in the group of "non-readers"

Both are presented in the same way.

A study conducted by the Sociological Center of the Russian Academy of Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation (December 2004) showed that about half of the inhabitants of Russia believed that reading books, magazines, and newspapers was a typical form of recreation for them. This variant of the answer was met constantly, and gave way to the Study "Reading in Libraries of Russia", which since 1995 has been conducted by the NMO RNL in the cities of the Russian provinces.

Bulletin of Public Opinion: Data. Analysis. Discussions. 2005. No. 5. P. 44, 47. N = 2400 people were interviewed.

first place only "watching TV shows and videos" 1. Let's agree:

if half of the country's inhabitants say that they read books and newspapers during leisure hours, this is also not bad. Of course, in the event that what they read does not cultivate aggression, intolerance for dissent and the romance of the underworld. Has there ever been dangerous literature in the reading repertoire of the inhabitants of Russia? Does she exist now?

The library reading repertoire of Russians contains the most varied literature, from highly professional books and magazines to collections of jokes by contemporary kings of humor. The so-called "mass literature" occupies a large place in it. This term is used very widely today. In the monograph M.A.

Chernyak “The Phenomenon of Mass Literature of the 20th Century” states: “The term “mass literature” is rather arbitrary and does not mean the breadth of distribution of a particular publication, but a certain genre paradigm ...” It, the term, arose as a result of the demarcation of fiction according to its aesthetic quality and denotes “the lower tier of literature, which includes works that are not included in the official literary hierarchy of their time” 2. However, what is considered “the literary hierarchy of their time”? M. A. Chernyak considers a layer of literature, including the works of A. Verbitskaya and M. Artsybashev, A.

Marinina and B. Akunin, L. Gursky and T. Ustinova ... Maybe this is “grassroots literature”, we will not object, but in relation to what, that is the question?

"compensatory", evadist, escapist reading, which previously served as synonyms for "entertainment" literature. V explanatory dictionaries the adjective "compensatory" means "received in the form of compensation or reward for something" 3. Therefore, readers' attachment to books of a certain genre was rightly explained by the desire to compensate for what the reader is deprived of in life. Many choose literature that allows them to immerse themselves in the experiences of incredibly beautiful and rich heroes and heroines who belong to a circle far from Everyday life readers. Others rest, feeling like a participant Mitroshenkov O. Half a reading country // Culture. 2005. March 17-23. P. 5. A survey of young residents of Russia, conducted by NIIKSI St. Petersburg State University in the spring and summer of 2005, gave approximately the same results. Answering the question, “Which occupations do you prefer in free time?”, young people under the age of 30 put “Chatting with friends”, the second one – “Watching TV”, the third one – “Reading books”.

Chernyak M. A. The phenomenon of mass literature of the twentieth century. SPb., 2005. S. 3 - 4.

Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language. 7th ed. M., 1968. S. 281.

extreme events, defeating the forces of evil - real and unreal, etc. This is indisputable. However, for some readers, literature is compensatory." In Russia there have always been and probably will be readers for whom books that depict the events of quite real, even ordinary life play a compensatory role. The content of such works can be reduced to a typical plot-cliché. Without exception, all library science and sociological studies note the stable interest of readers in “Soviet” literature, the so-called epic novels (“Gypsy” by A. Kalinin, “Weeping Willow” by M.

Alekseeva, "Ivan Ivanovich" by A. Koptyaeva, "Hop", "Red Horse", "Black Poplar"

A. Cherkasov and P. Moskvitina, Y. German’s trilogy “I am responsible for everything”, novels by A.

Ivanov, I. Lazutin, and others), in which the fate of the heroes takes place against the backdrop of those historical upheavals, of which there were so many in our country. Attachment to the books of this genre, from our point of view, is explained by the desire to get a moral image of the events depicted in the works, with the actions of the characters, with an assessment of their actions. Just like lovers of action-packed literature, lovers of epic novels pass through the life of all the characters, i.e. live their lives.

Readers are attracted by the artistic features of these novels, written in the genre that we called "conservative realism." virtues over evil and money-grubbing, the Russian version of "happy ending". In contrast to the American, dictated by the laws of Protestant ethics, good in Russian novels wins. Psycholinguistic analysis of such texts gives the following characteristics:

"light", "simple", "active". From our point of view, the traditional interest of readers in books of this kind indicates that the term "compensatory reading" implies a motive wider than the desire for entertainment.

The terms evadist (from French - s "evader - to run away, avoid), escapist (from English escape - to leave, turn off, move away, withdraw into oneself) are applied to For more on this, see: Librarian and reader: communication problems. St. Petersburg. , 1993. S. 54 - 56;

Reading in the libraries of Russia. SPb., 2002. Issue. 3. S. 29 - 30.

those books that help to relax, perform a relaxation function (restores strength), carry a recreational load (promotes relaxation). Here, too, not everything is clear. These books are very different and, in terms of artistic features, and those moral tasks that their creators set themselves. Let's ask ourselves, does reading thrillers, scary literature contribute to relaxation? Could our ancestors have relaxed in the process of reading the novels of Paul de Kock or “The Diary of a Maid” and “The Garden of Torture” by O. Mirbeau, “Venus in Furs” by L. Sacher-Masoch? What is the name of this kind of literature? Entertaining? "Easy reading"? I don't want to think that reading such prose can have an entertaining or, even more so, compensatory value for the reader. Maybe they satisfy the need for acute experiences and sensations, “throw adrenaline into the blood”? The question remains open, but, in the general series of "frivolous reading", we consider such literature, meaning its "lower tier", works of deliberately low aesthetic quality 2.

There are other terms for this phenomenon. So, during a protest against the dominance of mass culture, one of its participants called "escapism"

"psychedelic culture" and "drug hedonism", others spoke of the "apotheosis of insolent obscenity", that in the United States at one time there was a "counterculture". But in Russia? The protesters came to the conclusion that mass culture is simply killing us, and not so much with aggressiveness as with disgusting vulgarity, the apotheosis of insolent obscenity 3.

In the end, we chose the term "entertainment literature" as the most appropriate in our case. How should the reader treat her and For the first time in Russian, the work of the Marquis de Sade was published in 1810 under the title “Featre for lovers, presented in historical, pleasant, curious and entertaining incidents that happened in France, Spain, England, Italy and Switzerland, composed by Mr. Sadiem. Here and below, references are made to the names of writers and titles of works that have completely disappeared from the reading repertoire of Russians. Writers and books that were popular in their time, especially those that have become "iconic", will not be deciphered.

Chernyak M. A. The phenomenon of mass literature of the twentieth century. SPb., 2005. S. 3-4.

Save our ears! Mass culture throws down the gauntlet to society. Society accepts the challenge // Neva time. 2006. 28 Apr.; see also: http://www.nevskoevremya.spb.ru/cgibin/pl/nv?art= librarian, if there are no frankly “harmful” elements in the works, but nevertheless it does not meet the high standards of art?

Writers, literary critics, librarians paid close attention to the question of the legitimacy of the presence of entertainment literature - "bad books" - in the reading circle of the "cultural public". Let's start with a discussion on the very right to existence of "entertaining reading", which was conducted by the leading writers in Russia and abroad throughout the 19th century.

N. M. Karamzin believed that any reading is beneficial, and, starting with trifles, you can gradually move on to more and more complex texts. He insisted: no matter what, how and why people read, the most important thing is that as many people as possible be involved in this process. “I don’t know about others, but I rejoice, if only they read! And the most mediocre novels, written even without any talent, contribute in some way to enlightenment. Whoever is captivated by "Nikanor, the wicked nobleman" stands even lower on the ladder of mental education than its author, and does well to read this novel: for, without any doubt, he learns something in thoughts or in their expression. As soon as the distance between the author and the reader is great, the former cannot strongly influence the latter, no matter how clever he may be. Everyone needs something closer: one Jean-Jacques, another Nicanor.

... Moral taste reveals to a person a true analogy of an object with his soul;

but this soul can rise gradually - and whoever starts as a wicked nobleman often reaches Grandison 1. Every pleasant reading has an influence on the mind, without which neither the heart feels nor the imagination imagines. In the worst novels there is already a certain logic and rhetoric: whoever reads them will speak better and more coherently than a complete ignoramus who never opened a book in his life. In addition, modern novels are rich in all kinds of knowledge. ... It is in vain to think that novels can be harmful to the heart: they usually represent the glory of virtue or a moralizing consequence. It is true that some characters in them are together and alluring and vicious; but in what way are they attractive? some good properties with which the author painted over their blackness: consequently, goodness in N. M. Karamzin means the novel by Samuel Richardson (1689-1761) “English Letters, or the History of Grandisson’s Cavalier” in 8 volumes, which was very popular in Russia in the first quarter of the 19th century.

the most evil triumphs. Our moral nature is such that you cannot please the heart by depicting bad people and you will never make them their favorites (emphasis added. L. G., O. S.). What novels do you like the most? Usually sensitive: tears shed by readers always flow from love for good and nourish it. No no! bad people don't read novels. Their cruel soul does not accept the meek impressions of love and cannot deal with the fate of tenderness.

... What is undeniable is that novels make both the heart and the imagination ... romantic:

what a trouble; so much the better in a sense for us, the inhabitants of the cold and iron north! Without a doubt, it is not romantic hearts that are the cause of that evil in the world, against which we hear complaints everywhere, but rude and cold, that is, completely opposite to them!

... In a word, it’s good that our public reads novels too” 1.

There are facts in the history of Russian book culture that make some of the writer's thoughts questionable. So, for example, it is impossible to consider all popular (entertainment) literature as a whole. Karamzin as Significantly more often than the sensitive story of "The Evil Nicanor", at that time crime novels devoted to the adventures of robbers were published.

For example, the novel by Matvey Komarov "A detailed and true description of the good and evil deeds of the Russian swindler, thief, robber and former Moscow detective Vanka Cain, his whole life and strange adventures", published not only under this title, was very popular among Russians. But was this book capable of making both hearts and imaginations "romantic"?

It seems appropriate to us to recall what the favorite of the Russian reading public, Charles Dickens, thought about this, whose opinion differed from that of N.M.

Karamzin. The moral and ethical impact on readers of "entertainment literature" each time depends on the plot of a particular book and on the principles that guided their author, Dickens believed. The English public of the first quarter of the 19th century, in his opinion, read too often crime novels, where the authors focused on galloping through the moorland bathed in moonlight, merry revels in a cozy cave, seductive outfits, lace, jackboots, raspberry waistcoats and other details which, from time immemorial, Op. Quoted from: Karamzin N. M. Selected articles and letters. M., 1982. S. 98 - 100. The article "On the book trade and the love of reading in Russia" was first published in 1802 in No. 9 of the Vestnik Evropy.

embellish the "high road". Dickens objected to books in which thieves are portrayed as "nice guys": "immaculately dressed, purse stuffed tight, connoisseurs of horses, self-confident, excel in gallant intrigues, masters of singing songs, drinking a bottle, playing cards or dice - beautiful society for the most deserving... This creates an incorrect picture of the everyday life of the Thief, serves as a temptation "for people young and with bad inclinations", for "stupid youths". The writer insisted: literature addressed to a wide range of readers, especially young people, is obliged "to draw the real members of the criminal gang in all their ugliness, with all their vileness, to show their miserable, impoverished life, to show them as they really are." In fact, according to Ch.

Dickens, thieves "are always sneaking ... overwhelmed with anxiety, along the dirtiest paths of life, and wherever they look, a big black terrible gallows looms before them." In his action-packed works, Dickens offered just such a series of images: “cold gray London night streets, in which one cannot find shelter; dirty and smelly lairs - the abode of all vices; haunts of hunger and disease; miserable rags that are about to crumble” 1.

Ch. Dickens' compatriot G. K. Chesterton, on the contrary, like N. M. Karamzin, spoke in "In Defense of Cheap Fiction" 2, including detective stories and crime novels. “Of all the genres of entertaining fiction, adventure literature most of all ... gets. This genre is subject to the most caustic attacks. … Denying people the opportunity to revel in literary series is the same as denying them the right to talk about everyday topics or have a roof over their heads.

The natural human need for an ideal world in which fictional characters operate without hindrance is immeasurably deeper, older than the verified postulates of literary skill. … Refusing to openly admit the well-known fact that unpretentious youth has always been and will be carried away by formless and endless romantic adventures, we indulge in lengthy discussions about the detrimental effect of “cheap fiction” on pure young souls. ... There is a custom, especially among judges, to attribute a good half of the crimes committed in the capitals to the harmful effects of cheap novels. The boys themselves, having repented, often blame the novels they read for everything ... ... Our hostility is based on the belief that Quotations. by: Dickens C. The Adventures of Oliver Twist // Full. coll. op. v. 4. M., 1958. S. 6 - 7.

Chesterton G.K. In defense of "cheap reading" // Writer in the newspaper. M., 1984. S. 35 - 39.

every novel designed for teenagers is criminal and low in spirit, which causes greed and cruelty. ... Nonsense from beginning to end. Among these stories there are those that sympathetically describe the adventures of robbers, robbers, pirates; in them, thieves and murderers appear in a sublime, romantic halo. … We know from our own experience that the turbulent life of the heroes of adventure literature delights young people not because this life is akin to their own, but because it is different from it. ... This trivial romantic literature is not at all the lot of the plebeians - it is the lot of everyone normal person. ... We examine entertainment literature as a kind of deadly disease, while it is only a mild ailment to which every reckless and courageous heart is subject. In this kind of literature, there is, in essence, nothing bad. She embodies the familiar combination of heroism and optimism.

The right to existence of entertaining reading was also defended by another famous English writer Jerome K. Jerome. He justified his views by defending lovers of melodrama. The writer urged to be indulgent towards books that take "us away from dusty roads real world to the flowering meadows of the world of dreams ... let our heroes and heroines be not what people are in reality, but what they should be. May Angelina remain impeccable, and Edwin always remain faithful. Let virtue triumph over vice in the last chapter, and let it be considered an indisputable truth that the wedding ceremony resolves all insoluble questions. familiarity with its geography helps little when we return to the country of harsh reality. … If literature is meant to help us, and not just serve as entertainment, … it should show us ourselves not as we want to appear, but as we are… What is the purpose of literature:

to flatter the reader or to explain himself to him? According to Jerome Jerome, both types of literature are necessary. But the reader must know which book he is holding in front of him.

Russian culturologists in late XIX in., unlike the English, were absolutely merciless to entertaining literature. “Western enlightenment is in the hands of the Maklaks, ibid. pp. 36, 37, 38.

publishers is reflected in it [literature published in Russia and addressed to the general public] in an extremely perverted form. The religious spirit is being replaced by a romantic spirit, in the form of naked cynicism, indecent love accidents. With this side, popular print publishers wanted to lure the rude, uneducated reader, to please his rude, illegible taste. The calculation, as one would expect, turned out to be correct - they liked the stories. Thanks to "sensitive publishers for profit, by the years ... [literature for the people] was a mixture of all unimaginable nonsense with greasy tales of love adventures and tricks of various knights, milords and merchant wives." The influx of such "nonsense" the author of these lines E.

Nekrasova rated it as "one shame." “Here everything is invented: both people and life itself,” she resents.

Publishers reacted little to the criticism of those who completely rejected the "lubok"

literature or questioned the literary merits of particular works. Obviously, G.K. Chesterton's argument was more convincing for them:

"Vulgar" literature is not vulgar, if only because it captures the ardent imagination of millions of readers. "literature for the people" was published in illustrated weeklies, popular dailies and serials. As already mentioned, works about robbers and criminals prevailed. For example, up to 60% of published novels were devoted to criminal stories and crimes in the St. Petersburg "Gazeta - Kopeyka". From 1909 to 1916 The cycle of novels about the robber Anton Krechet 1 enjoyed unheard of popularity.

At the turn of the XIX - XX century. in St. Petersburg, one of the most popular magazines was the weekly Nature and People published by P. P. Soikin. The fiction section of the magazine regularly published Russian adventure works and was intended for other purposes, therefore, from 1890 to 1915. P. P. Soikin produced the most popular series - “Library of novels. Adventures on land and at sea. Since 1910, Cit. by: Jerome J.K. Should writers tell the truth // Jerome J.K. Three in a boat (not counting the dog). As we wrote the novel. A haunted party. Stories. L., 1958. S. 542-543.

Nekrasova E. Folk books for reading in their struggle with popular prints. Vyatka, 1902. S.

Chesterton G.K. In defense of "cheap reading" // Writer in the newspaper. M., 1984. S. 35.

Exit World of Adventures. It, as the name implies, published adventure and science fiction stories, novels and stories of the classics of the genre: G. Wells, J. London, G. Chesterton, R. Sabatini, D. Conrad, R. Kipling, J. Verne , G. R. Haggard, A. Conan Doyle. “There was not a single famous master of fantasy and adventure who would not be printed on the pages of“ World of Adventures ”2. In addition to Wells and Conan Doyle, the stories of Mark Twain “The Circle of Death”, Rudhyar Kipling “The History of Pambe Seranga” were printed in it ”and others. Publishers also found new names, the magazine published the novel by Max Pemberton “The Diamond Ship”, the stories by W. Jacobs “Tiger”, Octave Belliard “Time Travel”.

P. P. Soykin published the complete works of Louis Boussinard in 40 books, 4 editions of the 36-volume collected works of Fenimore Cooper, 12-volume collected works of Gustave Aymar, 9-volume - Pascal Grousset (André Laurie), 88 volumes of the works of Jules Verne, collection works in 4 volumes by Max Pemberton, 2 editions of the collected works of Henry Rider Haggard, the complete works of Alexandre Dumas in 84 books, etc., etc. Ch. Dickens were the most serious claims. As for Russian culturologists, at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. they objected not only to adventure literature, but also to "romance novels," books like the Evil Nicanor. The writer, historian S. A. An-sky (S. A. Rappoport) considers “a category of books” that he calls pornographic to be an “extremely dirty stream” of entertaining literature. “The heroes here are no longer daring robbers and avengers with volcanic passions ... but simple lecherous scoundrels, card cheats and women without shame and honor. ... The purpose of life is debauchery and wealth, no matter how it is obtained; heroism - to deceive a husband or bring a woman to a fall.

... The novels of Pol-de-Cock are quite suitable for this category. more and more often they begin to decorate with the image of naked or semi-nude women, in J. Brooks. When Russia learned to read: literacy and folk literature // What do we read? What are we? SPb., 1993. Issue 1. pp. 151-171.

Admiralsky A., Belov S. Knight of the Book. Essays on the life and work of P. P. Soikin. L., 1970. S. 105.

See more in the book of Admiralsky A. and Belov S. S. 103-143.

different more than relaxed poses, or scenes representing hugs and kisses of the fair and fair sex, etc. At the same time, the ladies are usually depicted in ballroom or masquerade costumes (this is for the people!), Always decollete to the last degree " 2.

Thus, in Russia at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. there was a dual situation. Part of society read entertaining literature. There were publishers fully satisfying their requests, others considered such a situation unacceptable.

It is not surprising that people who share the views of A. S. Prugavin on the duties of the intelligentsia began to directly analyze the reading repertoire of the people, set up an experiment that was supposed to reveal “what is accessible to the understanding of the people, what they like and dislike, how they think about this or that question" 1.

At the end of the XIX century. the well-known researcher of reading H. D. Alchevskaya and her colleagues, Kharkov teachers, who studied the reading repertoire of the “common people” intently and with passion, bypassed the works of Dumas and Montepin. However, they included in their experiment several lubok books, choosing the most popular and typical ones: “The Battle of the Russians with the Kabardians”, “Guak or Irresistible Loyalty”, “The Story of the Brave Knight Frantsylo Venetian”, “The Tale of the Adventures of the English Milord George”. The observations are extremely interesting, like all Kh. D. Alchevskaya's, and extremely relevant. First of all, the researchers found out whether these “compositions” are in the personal use of the villagers, how much the owners value them. The villagers had these books, they valued them and repeatedly re-read them. The teachers then read three of the four books aloud and recorded the listeners' impressions.

The first two books, from Alchevskaya's point of view, "do not harm the people." They awaken in the simple-hearted hearts "noble feelings of courage, selflessness, determination and generosity." However, according to researchers, reprints require editing or additional literary processing. "Franzyl the Venetian" and "The Adventures of My Lord ..." Alchevskaya recognized as unsuitable for public libraries. The teachers did not even dare to read them aloud (which was a prerequisite for the experiment), because the plots of the books made such a negative impression on them. The audience nevertheless listened to “The Tale of the Adventure of the English Milord Rappoport SA (SA An-sky) Essays on Folk Literature. SPb., 1894. S. 40.

Cit. Cited from: Rappoport S. A. (S. A. An-sky) Essays on folk literature. SPb., 1894. S. 40.

George and the Brandenburg Margravine Friederike Louise” in the retelling of a girl who really liked the book. In her interpretation, "cynical scenes ... completely lost their unpleasant coloring and bore the character of simplicity and artlessness." However, Kh. D. Alchevskaya and her colleagues “would not want to see these [their] books in the hands of the people”, not recognizing in them “absolutely no merit” 2.

At the same time, in Russia there was an opinion that the literary preferences of readers are directly related to their social origin. Great attention to the specifics of the perception of entertainment literature by "people from the people"

devoted to S. A. An-sky. He argued, for example, rather speculatively (concrete data of his research are not given) that between the reader's tastes of workers and peasants there is a big difference. Workers for the sake of an enticing book, he thought, forget business, and food, and tea, and cards, and harmonica; the peasant is less impressionable and less susceptible to strong sensations. The villager is not averse to listening to an entertaining story, but no matter how complex and entertaining the plot of the story is, it does not capture the village listener as much as the worker, and remains entertainment for him, fun. He begins to take a book seriously only when he finds something useful in it: a lesson, an indication of how to live.

Therefore, they show less interest in novels and "another group close to novels - adventures." The worker "(miner, tramp) does not endure teaching, he puts forward artistic truth in the first place" 3.

The researchers' arguments based on the analysis of lending in Moscow reading rooms seem to us more convincing. “... Almost everywhere, the main demand is for a book that, without tiring the reader, would give him the opportunity to take a break from the conditions of everyday life and get other impressions that are more vivid than the surrounding reality gives. ... Unusual incidents, the virtues of heroes that do not occur in reality, cheer up the reader. In the description of virtue that does not exist in the world, the triumph of good, the punishment of evil, the reader seeks to satisfy his search for truth and goodness. This is the search for the ideal of a better future, trying it on with the present. This ideal of something Kh. D. Alchevskaya What should people read? Critical index of books for folk and children's reading. SPb., 1884. S. VI.

Cit. Quoted from: Mass reader and book. M., 1925. S. 42.

higher and purer serves him as a counterbalance to impressions from the life around him. In the world of fantasy, the possibility of realizing this ideal seems clearer, because the temporarily complex relationships that limit it in reality recede into the background, as if obscured. He is inspired by a certain hope for the best, and this hope raises his spiritual strength. There is a great demand for historical novels, in which the old way of life is picturesquely reflected, and in particular the time of the accelerated pace of life of the people, as Time of Troubles in Russia with their favorite heroes Minin and Pozharsky, 12 years old, Sevastopol defense, especially attract the reader, because, no doubt, they satisfy the needs of a purely ideal character.

Memoirs of childhood impressions in the memoirs of our famous compatriots can serve as a kind of illustration for revealing the true reasons for the popularity of entertainment literature. Maxim Gorky believed that entertainment literature served as a bridge for him to move on to reading higher examples of prose and poetry. His reader's biography could serve as an illustration for the article by N. M. Karamzin. The trilogy "Childhood", "In People", "My Universities" by M. Gorky is considered an autobiography. The second book of the trilogy contains a detailed analysis of the future writer's involvement in reading. The process of turning a semi-literate teenager into a demanding reader began with popular, "empty little books" by Misha Evstigneev "Guak, or Irresistible Loyalty" 2, "Franzyl the Venetian", I got it from the "commoners". Soon, the teenager developed a critical attitude towards popular literature, a feeling of “evil annoyance” arose: “it seemed that the book was mocking me like a fool, telling incredible things in heavy words” 3.

At the next stage of the reader's biography, he began to take books elsewhere, where the future writer was offered a number of adventure novels that were fashionable at that time. M. Gorky writes that he read with great interest the novel "Xavier de Montepin, long, like all his novels, full of people and events, depicting an unfamiliar, impetuous life." He puts in one row “thick Collection of Reviews of Books for Reading by the Commission of Free Reading Libraries of the Moscow Metropolitan Guardianship of People's Sobriety. M., 1904. Issue 1.

Cit. Quoted from: Gorky M. In people // Selected works. M., 1951. T. 3. S. 311, 316-329.

books” by Dumas-father, Ponson-de-Terraille, Montepin, Zaccone 1, Gaborio, Aimard, Boisgobay 2. Reading these authors, he felt like a participant in an extraordinary life.

“However, I very soon realized that in all these interestingly confusing books ... everything is about one thing: good people are unhappy and persecuted by bad people, bad people are always more lucky and smart than good ones, but, in the end, something elusive wins over bad people, and good ones will surely triumph. ... And suddenly Goncourt's novel "The Zemganno Brothers" fell into my hands, I read it right away, in one night, and, surprised by something that I had not experienced until now, I again began to read a simple, sad story ... my hands were trembling from pleasure to read this book ... I asked them to give me another one "3. The next "same" book was "The True Story of a Little Rag" by J. Greenwood4. and read the whole book to the end, rereading other pages two or three times. ... And soon after that I came across a real, "correct" book - "Eugene Grande". ... It was a shame that the book was so small. ... Goncourt, Greenwood, Balzac - there were no villains, there were no good people, there were just people, wonderfully alive; they did not allow any doubt that everything they said and did was said and done just like that and could not have been done otherwise. Thus, I realized what a great holiday a “good, right” book is. I wanted books that would excite and delight, like the wonderful Balzac.

books to "good". Most often, in the reader's biographies of adolescents, there are parallel books of different genres and artistic merit. At the end of the XIX century. F.

Chaliapin read the same books, but, unlike Gorky, entertaining literature and the classics ended up in his hands at the same time. The environment led Chaliapin to read: his comrades were "zealous readers", "literary Lawne - more often published under the name Law Pierre (1817-?), French writer, author of multi-page criminal novels" Boulevard Nights "," Bouvard, agent of the detective police " , "Madam Rocombol" and others.

Boisgobay Fortuné - Duboisgobey Fortuné (1821-1891) - French writer, author of numerous adventure, criminal and adventurous novels, such as The Devil's Chariot, Murder in a Masquerade, The dying years of the famous French detective Lecoq, Half-light during terror", etc.

Gorky M. In people // Selected works. M., 1951. T. 3. S. 327.

Greenwood James (1833-1929) English children's writer. His novel "The True Story of a Little Rag" was repeatedly reprinted in Russia throughout the 20th century, including in the retelling of K. Chukovsky.

Gorky M. In people // Selected works. M., 1951. T. 3. S. 329.

people". Constantly hearing talk about Pushkin, Gogol, Lermontov and not wanting to be left behind by his friends, the 12-year-old boy read The Government Inspector, Marriage, the first part of Dead Souls. He did not understand everything that is natural, but he became addicted to reading. In winter, on the stove, F.I. Chaliapin, together with a friend, “read The Quad, The Headless Horseman, The Deadly Shot, and many more similar works.” The boy and his friend liked these books "more than Gogol." “I will take the library catalog and choose from it the most tempting book titles. ... Thus, I read a bunch of novels, which described villains and robbers in cloaks and wide-brimmed hats, waiting for their victim in the dark streets; duelists who killed seven people in one evening; omnibuses, fiacres;

twelve strikes of the bell on the tower of Saint-Germain of Loxerrois and other horrors" 1.

An analysis of the reading repertoire, which combines both classical and popular literature, can also be found in S. Ya.

Marshak "At the beginning of life". Like Gorky, the 11-year-old was supplied with books by neighbors. The first was a craftsman, “a gray-moustached, strict and sensible dyer who had a large selection of third-rate novels full of cheap adventures [sic! - L. G., O. L.] from the appendices to the petty-bourgeois magazine Rodina. The neighbor was very proud of his books 2.

S. Ya. Marshak is trying to find an answer to the question, how " Captain's daughter”,“ Overcoat ”,“ Hero of Our Time ”“ peacefully coexisted ”in the mind of a teenager with“ base ”literature. Let's listen to these thoughts! “Perhaps, children's romantic stories 3, devoid of special depth, but full of events, were for me to a certain extent rest and entertainment. … Gustave Aimard, Mine Reed, and a little later Alexandre Dumas most of all fascinated me and my peers with the rapid development of the plot that modern children and adolescents find on the screen. … These story books with illustrations were our films before the invention of cinema. I swallowed them in one gulp, sometimes skipping lines and even whole pages, in order to quickly find out the denouement of a tangled tangle of events.

Like the Americans, I loved "happy endings." ... The most acute, mysterious, intricate plots I found in translated novels. Having overcome such a novel, Op. Quoted from: Chaliapin F.I. Memories. M., 2000. S. 47. One of Chaliapin's friends was friends with an employee of the Library of the Noble Assembly of Kazan and "got various books from him."

Cit. Quoted from: Marshak S. Ya. At the beginning of life. M., 1961. S. 95, 191, 192.

We are talking about "Little Lord Fauntleroy" by F. Burnet and "Prince Iliko" by V. Zhelikhovskaya.

I could retell its content in some detail, but my memory rarely retained lines of the original text, replicas actors" one.

These examples, taken from well-known memoirs, confirm that lovers of Mine Reed, Gustave Aimard, Alexandre Dumas, and even Ponson-du-Terraille and Montepin, do not necessarily remain fans of "entertainment literature." The French culturologist Emile Faguet wrote about the same.

First of all, he believed, we “should ask ourselves: “Why do we read?” Do we read to increase our knowledge? Or to criticize the work? Or to enjoy it? E. Faguet considers the presence of "serious" and "entertaining" books in the reading repertoire of a completely cultured public to be natural. “I was shown a very worthy follower of Montesquieu, enjoying Ponçon du Terrail,” 2 he writes.

Memoirs present us with more amazing cases. Sometimes, as a result of some strange metamorphosis, highly respected personalities made their way back - from Shakespeare to Montapin. We find a statement of this fact in the autobiography of Charles Darwin. Until the age of thirty, the scientist was fond of the works of Milton, Byron, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Shelley. V school years I read Shakespeare with great pleasure, especially his historical dramas.

But by the age of sixty, he noticed that he could not bring himself to read a single line of poetry, he "tried to read Shakespeare, but it seemed to me incredible, disgustingly boring." A scientist and philosopher, C. Darwin fell in love with novels and “fantasies of a not very high order”, which served him as “a wonderful source of comfort and pleasure” 3.

These facts give grounds for the assumption that a direct connection between literary tastes and the social origin of the reader is not confirmed. In addition, the predictions of those who considered excessive enthusiasm for entertainment literature as dangerous for teenagers did not always come true. However, in the XIX century. many shared the point of view of K. D. Derunov: “... a daredevil who set off into the boundless paper sea of ​​systematic reading of stupid and immoral books, if Citation. Quoted from: Marshak S. Ya. At the beginning of life. M., 1961. S. 95, 191, 192.

Fage E. How to read. M., 1912. P. 49. Emile Fage (1847-1916) - literary critic, specialist in reading, member of the French Academy. At the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. in Russia, his books and articles “How to Read”, “Reading Good Old Books”, “Political Thinkers and Moralists”, etc., were published in large editions.

Darwin C. Memories of the Development of My Mind and Character: (Autobiography): Diary of work and life. M., 1957. S. 147.

himself, then after 10 years of voyage, if he accidentally attacks a good and important book, he either does not understand it at all or misunderstands: so deeply will he have time to pervert his taste.

The Russian reading public - both commoners and aristocrats - themselves had to choose whose opinion to listen to, what to read and what to neglect.

Entertaining Literature in Library Collections: Theory and Practice of PFA RAS. F. 158. Op. 4. Unit ridge No. 9. L. 290.

encyclopedic Dictionary/ [F. A. Brockhaus, I. A. Efron]. SPb., 1893. T. XI.

The "library master" N. A. Rubakin devoted more than one page to him in the fundamental work "Among the Books" (the first issue of this book was published in 1906).

He believed that the collections of libraries should contain only those books that are the works of secondary and tertiary authors, whose names “may be known to fairly wide circles of the reading public, but it is hardly necessary to prove that the wide readability of one or another of these authors is still exactly says nothing about the literary and ideological merits of his works "2. Especially read authors - Montepin, Bouvier, Ponson-du-Terraille, A. Dumas-father and G. Born - N.A.

Rubakin defined them as “notorious literary rubbish” 3. From his point of view, their books of “extremely low literary merit” are known to millions of people by title, by the names of their authors, “even their content is more or less known to the reading crowd and passes from mouth to mouth, especially in the circles of a less cultured public. These "shoddy works" attract "many thousands of people" to the libraries who are eager to read them because they do not know about the existence of others, indeed good books. N. A. Rubakin developed a special system of serving readers who want to read entertaining literature. He spoke in favor of the presence in the fund of a few, "albeit crappy, but extremely books read”, calling his method - “books for wiring readers” 1.

The recommendations of N. A. Rubakin were as follows: firstly, such books should be in libraries in minimum quantity. These books should not be listed in catalogs, and "the library should not take any steps of its own to distribute them." They should be kept in a special cabinet and given out only in extreme cases and only to those readers who will not agree to replace them with any other books. At the beginning of the twentieth century. in the list of books "for wiring" N. A. Rubakin introduced "The Adventures of Rocombole" and "The Youth of Henry IV" Ponson du Terraille, "Three Encyclopedic Dictionary / [T-vo" Br. A. and I. Garnet and K "]. M., . T. 19. S. 350-351.

Rubakin N.A. Among the books. Experience of a reference manual for self-education and for the systematization and acquisition of general education libraries, as well as bookstores. SPb., 1906. S. 103.

There. S. 104.

Musketeer" A. Dumas, "Petersburg slums" Sun. Krestovsky, “Secrets of the Madrid Court” and “Secrets of the French Court” by G. Born, “The Mysterious Monk” and “Leonid” by R. Zotov, “Lecoq” by E. Gaborio, works by G. Aimard, Mine Reed, M.

Zagoskina, Vs. Solovyov, E. Salias. From his point of view, by observing these conditions, the library will not consider itself a distributor of "cheesy" books, on the contrary, it will do everything possible to prevent their distribution. At the same time, she will retain respect for the reader, "as a person who has his own needs, his own taste, his own horizons." Like N. M. Karamzin, N. A. Rubakin firmly believed: every person, no matter how low the level of “mental and spiritual” development he is, is capable of “further development”. The existence of "obviously hardened readers" who do not want to improve their taste, he attributed to the field of "reader's mythology." After reading the entire repertoire of “books for wiring”, “hard-nosed readers” will have to take on the best books or look for literary trash elsewhere 2.

The librarian A. A. Pokrovsky adhered to the same point of view. He developed the theoretical provisions of N. A. Rubakin and created a system that he taught beginner librarians. “Study the “lubok” and “tabloid” literature that is being distributed among the population of the city and the district where the library itself is located, those books that people buy at the market, from the offeni-peddler, in a kiosk on the city street, especially those books that which have great and lasting success (as, for example, in the villages - old books about Franzyl Ventian or about the English milord, about the robber Churkin or about the soldier who saved the life of Peter the Great; in the cities - some criminal novels and adventures of famous detectives, "The Secrets of the Madrid yard", "Letters for Lovers"; in Moscow, the works of Pazukhin, etc.). ... Moreover, of course, you still need to choose less bad “novels” from the “novels” beloved by the general public” 3.

“Most readers come to the library for books only “for easy reading”, and demand “entertaining novels”, “something more fun” ... ... The library should have, according to A. A. Pokrovsky, a sufficient selection of such books. S. 104.

There. S. 105.

Pokrovsky A. A. On the selection of books for public libraries (Advice to novice librarians) // Librarian. 1915. No. III-IV. pp. 251, 254.

books, “which, nevertheless, could not lower, but at least somehow raise their literary taste, their moral and social ideas” 1.

The well-known theorist of librarianship, bibliographer K. N. Derunov spoke out categorically against the acquisition of entertainment literature in the collections of mass libraries. He was a supporter of the ideal library, the idea of ​​which, from his point of view, was substantiated by J. Ruskin. Unfortunately, we did not find the quoted phrases in the works of J. Ruskin published before 1902 in Russian. The following statement seems to us closest in meaning to the position of K. N. Derunov: “Art is then only in its proper place when it is subordinated to use. His task is to teach, but to teach lovingly; and it is shameful, not sublime, when it is only pleasant for people, and does not help them discover the truth "2. An ideal library, according to K. N. Derunov, should consist of "beautiful volumes, light, elegant in strong bindings", and represent a rigorous "selection of a whole series of selected books of the best in each department" 3. Entertainment literature should not be on the shelves of such a library, even if these books are in great demand among millions of people. The arguments that readers "should be attracted to libraries in every possible way, attracted even adapting to them in order to ... lead them forward and upward" - the library theorist did not consider convincing. He thoroughly examines the idea of ​​N. A. Rubakin about “books for the distribution of readers” and gives his arguments against it: “what good can be expected from the champions of the so-understood “correctly organized” library, if the most fundamental reforms do not go further than ... a simple transfer of books from one closet to another? Even greater indignation sounds in the assessment of the theory of A. A. Pokrovsky. Here K. N. Derunov admits non-parliamentary expressions: “The restless Swiss“ lecture conversations ”, comfortably seated on a long workbench, one end of which rests on the Moscow“ department ”, and the other on the St. beginners” librarians: “for the sake of attracting readers ... to allow popular print books into the library - all these are in the same place. C. 254.

Tolstoy L. N. Thoughts of John Ruskin. Odessa, 1904. S. 3.

PFA RAS. F. 158. Op. 4. Unit ridge No. 9. L. 288v. Here and below it is emphasized by K. N. Derunov. All books and periodicals purchased by libraries, even rural ones, in Russia were customarily given to bookbinders.

An example library catalog. Collection of the best books in Russian since the 60s. by Mr. Excerpts from the preface to the 2nd part of the 1st edition. Cit. Quoted from: K. N. Derunov. Favorites.

Proceedings on library science and bibliography. M., 1972. S. 152.

The consequences of such complacency, according to Derunov, can be terrible: “the level of merit” of the book repertoire goes down and down, and more and more hopeless ... ignorance” 2. Confirming his fears, Derunov suggests opening the catalog of a “reasonably compiled” library. “Names: Gaborio, Heinze, Dumas, “Kok”, Leikin, Meshchersky, Montepin, Myasnitsky, Pazukhin, Ponson (du Terail) and many others like them - just pour in, and the “works” of some (Terail) - occupy three pages. But this is not enough. Expand after the printed catalog - handwritten with later acquisitions - and you will see that Montepin, Myasnitsky, etc. were bought, and even (like Paul de Kock) "complete works"! The library, when such authors are lost in it, is annoyed at the subscribers and grieves if it does not find the lost from second-hand booksellers; she gladly resumes them in the form of "complete works" - and this at a time when, as reported in the press - a complete collection. op. P. Du-Terraille "tightly" disperse in public. It means that his admirers have hatched out!… And what role do libraries play in our country? – Strange, incomprehensible, wild… We can see with our own eyes that the library of the modern type not only refuses any educational mission; it not only, like any shop, adjusts to the “low and coarse” tastes of buyers - No! She systematically tries to accustom the public to what she had just begun to wean; it, this library, is dragging the public back!!… Isn't this distortion in the organization of librarianship in our country unnatural? And is it tolerable? At the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. Practical librarians from the capitals and provinces often shared the position of K. N. Derunov. In a report for 1910-1911, an employee of the library of the Ligovsky People's House in the capital of the empire, St. Petersburg, notes the increased interest of readers in "novelties in fiction." However, in her opinion, this demand should be treated with great caution and respond with a refusal to the request of readers to issue the "Keys of Happiness" by A. Verbitskaya, "Selfless Hearts" by Paul Adam, or G. Man's trilogy (Diana, Minerva, Venus). These and other similar works, according to the librarian, “although they sometimes have an artistic Derunov K. N. Typical features in the evolution of the Russian “public” library. A separate print from the journal "Bibliographic News" M., 1924. P. 95. K. N. Derunov means the article by A. Pokrovsky, quoted above.

PFA RAS. F. 158. Op. 4. Unit ridge No. 9. L. 292v.

value, but completely unacceptable due to the frank cynicism of the content” 1. We find the following attack by a professional librarian addressed to, so to speak, public opinion curious: “... expert advice often suffers from one-sidedness ... Printed reviews can be even less trusted: they are very subjective, especially in evaluation of fiction. For example, I can refer to the laudatory reviews of the novels of Man [sic in the text - L.G., O.L.] (Trilogy:

Minerva, Diana, Venus), which are praised not only in Russians, but also in foreign countries, are pornographic, which surpasses everything that can be imagined in this kind.

And if the wishes of the reader were to be fulfilled, one would have to acquire the "Keys of Happiness", "Sanina" 2, etc. books or black-hundred magazines. On the one hand, it would seem that the adult reader has the right to decide for himself what to read; On the other hand, the Library cannot and must not be an indifferent transmitter of books that it recognizes as undesirable.

So thought the practitioners working in St. Petersburg. Their opinion was shared by those who created libraries in the provinces at the beginning of the 20th century. The need to open the Polish library-reading room (Arkhangelsk province, Onega district), according to its creators, “was caused by the love of reading noticed in the local literate population, which initially manifested itself in reading novels and all kinds of popular prints of immoral and fantastic content that many people involved in burlachstvo, in large quantities. 4. Of course, the libraries should have had other literature, first of all, that which was called “spiritual and moral”.

“The selection of books for libraries,” writes A. A. Pokrovsky, “essentially should be the business of the librarian himself, and not the business of the institution that owns the library, and not even the business of that team, committee, board, library commission, etc. P. - in whose hands is the general management of the library.

It is desirable, of course, that the lists compiled by the librarian of the books he offers for purchase be submitted to the collegium in charge of the library, so that this collegium Poshekhonova A. From the life of one free library // Librarian. 1913. No. 3. S. 178.

The melodramatic novels by A. Verbitskaya and M. Artsibashev received a sharply negative assessment from the so-called "progressive public".

There. S. 181.

could know and control the general nature of the selection of books. But the responsibility for the selection itself still remains with the librarian.

Attitude towards entertaining reading in 1917-1985.

In the very first days after the revolution of 1917, librarianship was in the hands of like-minded people K. N. Derunov and A. Poshekhonova. The creativity of all the authors of entertainment literature was declared harmful to the builders of the new society.

November 22 (December 5), 1917 People's Commissariat education adopted and submitted to the Council people's commissars a decree on copyright, in which "the most serious attention" was paid to "crowd out popular publications from the market" 2. On December 29, 1917, Gosizdat was created by decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The state (in the terminology of that time - the worker-peasant power) considered it necessary to take into its own hands not only political education, but also the education of workers and the satisfaction of their spiritual needs.

In the opinion of party leaders, the funds of pre-revolutionary libraries were completely unsuitable for workers, peasants, and Red Army soldiers. Chairman of the Central Library Commission M. Smushkova, on the pages of the newly resumed professional journal, which began to be called the Red Librarian, argues: “In order for the library to meet its purpose, it is necessary ... that the book composition be revised, many books need to be withdrawn” 3.

“... All the former school libraries,” she writes in an article published in the next issue of the magazine, “were equipped with books approved by the Ministry of Education of Tsarist Russia and published specifically for the reading of the people. … It is clear that the campaign to seize [books] … will not leave a stone unturned” 4 in their funds.

* p. Unfortunately, since then, the only one that has the right to exist has become the point of view of those who were in power: before allowing the people to use it, Pokrovsky A.A. On the selection of books for public libraries (Advice to novice librarians) // Librarian. 1915. No. III-IV. S. 245.

Bystryansky V. State Publishing House and its tasks // Book and Revolution. 1920. No. 1.

Smushkova M. Results and prospects of library work // Red Librarian. 1923. No. 1.

Smushkova M. The next task // Red librarian. 1923. No. 2-3. S. 25.

what now belonged to him had to be carefully cleaned out of everything that was harmful to the people to read. Literary preferences and evaluations of works of art by the "general reader" naturally could not change radically in the five to seven years that had passed since the October Revolution. Therefore, it is necessary to warn him against the rottenness of literature, reflecting fragments of the past, fragments of a dying class with its pathology, with its pederasty, nymphomania, onanism, neurasthenicity, ”wrote M. Alatyrtsev, author of the article“ The soil underfoot ”, published in 1923 in "Literary Weekly" 1. "Caution" and "education" meant protecting the reader from "harmful" literature, mainly by removing it or, in accordance with the terminology of that time, by "cleansing" library collections.

"Red Librarian" began to print "Tentative Lists of Books for Instructions for Cleaning Libraries." In the first list, “lubok”, “tabloid”, adventure literature was widely represented 2. “Luboka books of such a nature as“ English Milord Georg ”,“ Bova Korolevich ”,“ Eruslan Lazarevich ”... etc. publications were subject to seizure Balashov, Brilliantov, Zemsky, Konovalova, Sytin and others. "Lubok" songs ... of the same publishers. In addition, “issues of tabloid novels were confiscated somehow: ... Casanova”, ... Garibaldi, Nat Pinkerton, Nick Carter, Leuchtvis Cave, Secrets of the German Court 3.

included "novels of adventure and authors like" Burroughs "Tarzan", Jaccolai, Emar, Conan Doyle, Ferry, Karazin, Halgard. The works of such authors as Werner, Marlad, Gyp, Prevost, Onne, Bourget, Kolinz Locke…” and others. 4 We deliberately did not correct the distortion of the names of famous authors in order to make it more clear what was the book culture of those who now disposed of the library funds .

prescribed to remove “from pre-revolutionary literature” works “that do not represent significant artistic or social value, and especially Citations. Quoted from: Dobrenko E. Molding of the Soviet Reader. SPb., 1997. S. 228.

Red librarian. 1924. No. 1. S. 137-140.

Cit. Quoted from: Guiding Catalog for the Withdrawal of All Kinds of Literature from Libraries, Reading Rooms and the K.S.S.R. Book Market. Orenburg, 1924. S. 1, 3, 6. This catalog uses the same instruction that was published in the "Official Department" of the journal "Red Librarian" (1924. No. 1. S. 135-141).

those that, without having a major literary significance, are imbued with reactionary tendencies, religious, superstitious, nationalistic, militaristic, etc., eroticism, vulgar philistinism, etc.” 1 In addition to “lubok books” from small libraries serving mainly “poorly trained”

readers, "tabloid-type works" were to be withdrawn "even in those cases when they are covered with pseudo-revolutionary phraseology", when they give a "distorted idea of ​​the class struggle, about topical issues of our time", promote "alien ideology". "Even sometimes significant in terms of literary mastery" works were subject to seizure, "carrying out moods of disbelief in the creative possibilities of the revolution, moods of social pessimism." As examples, the "Diaboliad" by M. Bulgakov, the works of E. Zamyatin and S. Sergeev-Tsensky and "irrelevant in their ideological attitude» books by M. Proust, S. Lagerlöf, S. Zweig and others. This document, signed by N. K. Krupskaya and M. A. Smushkova, was based on the conclusions of theorists who directly linked the specifics of the perception of works of art with the class origin of readers.

reading studies even before the revolution. In the first post-revolutionary decade, it ousted all others. So, in the early works of E. Khlebtsevich we find the following rezume: “readers who are fond of the plot (a very common type). The meaning of the book is not important for them, they do not require ideological and scientific character; use almost exclusively fiction. For the Red Army, readers of this type are usually found among Red Army peasants and semi-intellectuals. Processing is poor. [highlighted by us - L. G., O. S.] ... Conscious readers ... on a class basis are most characteristic of the urban proletariat ”2. The author states:

“As for fiction, ... our experiments confirm An-sky's earlier findings in this regard. … Most of all books are read in the department (fiction). The following answers were given to the question of the questionnaire: historical, adventures and incidents, poetry, prose, dramatic works, “how people live in this world”, political, about love, military stories” 3.

Letter of instruction on the revision of the book composition of the mass political education trade union libraries. M., 1930. S. 32.

Khlebtsevich E. I. Studying the Readers' Interests of the Broad Masses (From the Experience of Library Work in the Red Army). M., 1923. S. 16, 19.

There. S. 25.

The desire to protect readers from "harmful books" is found even in the literature devoted to the classification and cataloging of fiction for public libraries. L. Kogan, for example, singled out three directions in the perception of fiction by readers: thematic, genetic and formal. According to L. Kogan, readers' interests were primarily determined by "class psychology", and readers of one class fell into "different strata". "Lamination" was determined by the influence of the profession, the degree of culture, age and environment. Thus, he drew the attention of librarians to the fact that the interests of a worker with great experience, a leader and a social activist differ from the interests of a worker who had just come to the factory from the countryside; the metal worker makes different demands on the book than the building worker, the old worker differs in his choice of books from the working youth. At the same time, the most dangerous thing for a librarian is to "go with the flow of readers' interests."

systematic and critical reading of selected literature, ideologically significant, and artistically standing at a fairly high level” 1.

B. Bank and A. Vilenkin adhered to the same positions. They gave recommendations not only to librarians, but also to publishers. The researchers saw a difference in the perception of fiction among young readers from the working and peasant environment. “The romance of adventure, of course, attracts peasant youth, but with its characteristic practicality and worldly realism, it reacts mainly to that adventure fiction that does not go beyond the real and whose action unfolds around a core that is socially close to it.

adventure fiction, a wary and suspicious attitude towards Blyakhin's "Red Devils" ("entertaining, although I think it's embellished") and adventure fiction" 1.

"bad taste" of the "bourgeois[th] semi-intelligentsia[and] and urban[th] philistinism[a], bearing[his] name of the "philistine". They “reacted to the revolution with hostility, nothing Kogan L. Library work with fiction. L., 1931. S. 12.

understood and did not participate. They try to be as far as possible outside of life, or in opposition to it. Everything modern, the present irritates them. They read “almost exclusively fiction, and fiction with a special bias. In the book, they look for love in all its varieties, they love old historical novels, high-ranking, illustrious heroes (counts, princes), situation, lack of ideas and mysticism. ... These are library gravediggers, book hyenas. If you haven't already purged the fiction in your library, rely on their instinct for dead things: they are asking for exactly the books that need to be removed:

Verbitskaya, Ponson-du-Terraille, Salias, Vsevolod Solovyov, Paul de Coq, Prince.

Golitsyn, Breshko-Breshkovsky, Prince. Meshchersky - these are their requests. If you have already cleaned out fiction, then it is these readers who are indignant that there are no “good” books left in the library, and, now taking a book, they look at the year of its publication: the older it is, the better the book. Everything Soviet repels them” 2.

In the professional press of that time, there is a rather rare technique:

characteristics of a small social group 3. Housewives were observed reading.

The researcher characterizes the group in the spirit of the time extremely pejoratively:

“The most conservative and backward stratum, both in terms of its familiarization with modernity, and in the direction of its readers' requests. The predominant interest here is the love of old pre-revolutionary novels. Particular preference is given to everyday and historical fiction. ... The difficult home environment with her work, which kills any initiative and lively interest, explains the phenomenon why housewives, having come to the library, in every possible way fight off any "politics". … Initial bewilderment about the confiscated authors then turns into dissatisfaction. There are cases when housewives who have been subscribers for many years leave libraries. They re-read the old, they stubbornly refuse to read the new. ... Their constant favorites are Hugo, Maupassant, Ozheshko, Dode, Balzac, Kuprin, Mamin-Sibiryak. 4. This is followed by a series of individual portraits, one of which we present in full. This reader, 34 years old, with an incomplete secondary education, the wife of an employee, is described as “the type Bank B., Vilenkin A. Peasant youth and the book (Experience in the study of reader interests). M., 1929. S. 58-59. Most of The conclusions in this book are based on a comparative analysis of the reading preferences of the "village poor" and "middle peasants".

Fridyeva N. Modern requests of the city reader and the activity of libraries (Observations and experience of the city district library) // Red Librarian. 1924. No. 1. S. 50-55.

Berliner V. Reader types // Red Librarian. 1927. No. 3. S. 45.

There. S. 46.

consciously hopeless" for the reason that "prefers to read old fiction - Bret-Hart, Balzac, d'Annunzio, Hamsun, Bourges, Loti, Lagerlöf.

Sometimes he takes a new one, but every time he returns a book, he tries, one way or another, to emphasize his intolerance towards new literature.... It was possible to find out that in the period 1919-1921. something offended Soviet power, hence the poorly disguised anger towards everything new. The attitude towards new literature is consciously malicious, not because it does not like it, but only because it is “new”. The type is completely hopeless in the sense of any familiarity with modernity.

From our point of view, the assertion that reading preferences are due to class origin is not justified. The material obtained in other studies in various ways contradicts the conclusions drawn.

There were articles and books by Yu. Obninskaya, L. S. Perepletchikova, V. Horowitz and M.

So, A. M. Toporov was sincerely outraged by the position of those who arrogated to themselves the right to talk about the artistic savagery of the working people. He writes: “Fiction is the branch of art most accessible to the working people. It is still the "rudeness" of the artistic tastes of the peasants and workers - a malicious invention of people who have distorted reality. ... Everything is undoubtedly the best and generally recognized in the old and post-revolutionary Russian and foreign fiction - and the peasants are revered as the best. ... Peasants deserve the highest praise for those works of art in which the sharp positions of the characters are happily intertwined, brief, accurate and clear descriptions, definitions and comparisons, stucco images, apt, characteristic dialogue, transparent, albeit multi-patterned psychological fabric:

"Taras Bulba" by Gogol, "Dubrovsky" by Pushkin, "The Man Who Laughs" by V.

Obninskaya, who studies the readers' interests of the peasantry, does not compare reviews of the books of the "poor" and "the middle peasants". Those situations that she encountered in the process of serving peasant readers seem to be quite relevant, only Toporov A. Peasants' speech about writers. M.; L., 1930. S. 21, 24, 34.

Library visitors are imbued with the flavor of the post-revolutionary era: “Many people read J. Verne, Bellamy, Wales, More, ask Mine Reed - “whatever and nonsense, but enticing.” Women are attracted to melodramatic plots, it has always been so, regardless of the level of well-being of the family in which they grew up. Individual reading preferences are inherent in readers of the same age.

Girls aged 17-19 sometimes ask and choose books “about a girl’s sad life,” states Yu. Obninskaya 1. Similar statements are also found in other observers: “But I would like something about love, I really like to read “about novels” ... passion as I love” 2. Other girls, the same age as lovers of melodramas, avoid books with bad endings. They take care of themselves, being afraid to "get upset", empathizing with the sad fate of literary characters. The librarian is asked to:

"Don't give languid"; “I won’t take Anta: Naska said she was sad”; "How do people live"

- the book is very good, divine, just don’t give it like that, I don’t like the dull ones with passion, and my mother didn’t tell me to take them, although they weren’t bought tears, but why waste it ”;

“How sad - so aside - I don’t want to”; “You won’t get rid of your own grief, but you are pathetic, well, him. About dead people? I won't take what to vote for them. 3. Obninskaya does not even try to look for the specifics of literary predilections among these readers, young peasant women, depending on which groups the era attributed them to - the middle peasants or the poor. Let us recall the reading circle of another provincial girl - dear Marfinka, the granddaughter of the landowner Berezhkova, a character in I. Goncharov's novel The Cliff, who, before reading the book, looked to the end, and if it was sad, she refused to read. Marthe and her own sister Vera grew up in the same conditions, but how different they are! And their literary tastes do not coincide in anything.

In the preface to the book by L. S. Perepletchikova "Reading youth of the city"

the usual political cliches are repeated: “There is no need to explain why the study of the reader is important for the proper conduct of the main line of publishing and librarianship. … It is important for us to understand the reader as a member of society, as a member of the class with its social, production setting” 4. However, Obninskaya Yu. Experience in studying the reader's interests of the peasantry // Red Librarian.

1925. No. 3. S. 65.

Rubina R. Books in the dining room // Red librarian. 1928. No. 9. S. 84.

Obninskaya Yu. Experience in studying the reader's interests of the peasantry // Red Librarian.

1925. No. 3. S. 66.

Perepletchikova L. S. Reading youth of the city. Research experience based on the materials of the Moscow Regional Library for 1928/29. M.; L., 1931. P. 3.

Analyzing the material characterizing the reading of workers, handicraftsmen, dependents of workers and dependents of employees, the author recorded the features common to all social groups. In particular, the great demand for adventure literature, “unfortunately, the least valuable”, confirmed the “brightly opposite” interests of men and women, etc. In contrast to women, men showed a predominance of demand for adventure literature. By publishing statistics, the author proposed his own classification of entertainment literature, which is quite controversial, but at the same time curious. L. S. Perepletchikova refers to the circle of names that became for that time a kind of classic of the genre. She singled out four groups of books: “a) life-giving, adventurous, revolutionary adventures (J. Verne, Kerwood, Conan Doyle, Haggard, Blyakhin, Grigoriev, Vasilchenko); b) historical and fantastic adventures (Dumas, Scott, Cooper, Mine-Reid); c) adventure travel (Henry, Gedin, Amundsen, Kozlov, Mstislavsky, Mamin-Sibiryak); d) adventures connected with science, utopias (Wells, A. Tolstoy, Kipling)" 1. From our point of view, these data give an idea not only about the reader's preferences, but also about the stock of libraries in the early 1930s. The most interesting reasoning about the reasons for the interest of Soviet teenagers aged 16-17 in entertainment literature. The conclusions of librarians basically coincide with the views of Karamzin: “It is clear why adventures are the most satisfying book for him [a teenager]. They are dynamic, heroic, full of dangerous moments and resourcefulness of the heroes, they give a colorful and fascinating plot. In addition, some of them are rich in interesting geographical and ethnographic material. They are rich in elements of cognition, putting forward scientific knowledge or making it a condition by virtue of which people achieve what they aspire to.

The reader needs a gripping story - this is the conclusion of many experts who studied the interests of library visitors in 1923-1931. At the same time, their assessments gradually become more objective, less and less associated with the “class approach”. So, in a large study conducted in Moscow trade union libraries, it is said: “Among the authors taken into account in the survey, we do not meet Melnikov-Pechersky, Scheller-Mikhailov, very few Mamin Sibiryak, D. Mordovtsev ... In order to avoid misunderstandings, it must be said that these authors are almost non-existent in libraries. There is a demand for them, but it always remains unsatisfied and gradually disappears. Mamin-Sibiryak is now being republished, and there is no doubt that a future survey will reveal a noticeable readability of this writer. If all the above authors were republished, they would be in demand - that's for sure" 1.

the need to remove entertainment literature from libraries is justified by the following reasons: piece of art acts emotionally, sensually. Criticism and logical conclusions fade into the background, and sometimes they are completely absent. The most powerful, exciting places are perceived uncritically. And if the novel depicts the luxurious life of rich idlers, then as a result of such reading, more than one reader will secretly sigh with sympathy: “I wish I could live such a life!” Because temptingly bright pictures of luxury and careless joys will make the greatest impression on him, and the hidden, instructive part of the novel, the idea of ​​the book, will be perceived pale and incomplete.

If one can agree with such reasoning, then the conclusion from the above is striking in its cynicism: “There should be a list of novels that are obviously harmful and should be completely removed. Let it be not very large, but it should be obligatory for all libraries [libraries]. Then you can be sure that nowhere, not in one mass library of the city, the reader will not receive useless and forbidden boulevards” 1. Thus, Derunov’s followers sought to put into practice his theory about the inadmissibility of “bad” books in the collections of libraries.

He confessed that he could not sleep for three nights after reading it, this cold oppressive idea disturbed him so much. Others have asked me how I can even wake up in the morning. A teacher from a distant country reproachfully wrote to me that his student came to him in tears after reading the same book, because it convinced her, of emptiness and ... "

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Articles

Zhukova V., Kononenko I.
More predictors.

[ Library. - 2001. - No. 7. - P.39-40]

In the Concept for the Development of Municipal Public Libraries in Saratov until 2002, youth is defined as a priority group of users. The study of its information needs is systematically carried out. Methods of study - questionnaires, surveys, days of continuous accounting of demand with subsequent analysis. The studies are valuable because they allow us to trace the dynamics of the development of the youth audience and its educational needs.
In 2000, a round table "Problems of information services for young people" was held at the CLS. In the course of its preparation, we once again organized a survey of readers of adolescence (14–21 years old): in the central library (youth information center, reading room and branch libraries). As a result, we found out that 80 percent of readers of this age turn to libraries for business reading In addition to completing academic tasks, they come for the purpose of self-education, reading for leisure (10% and 4%, respectively). “quick service”, “attentive staff”, “comfortable environment”.
80 percent of survey participants visit libraries once or twice a month or more. 14 percent - once a quarter. Only 2 percent come once a year.
A significant part of young people are familiar with information technologies, almost half use the Internet to search for information, 20 percent work with CDs. Young users turn to the library primarily with thematic requests (73%), for a specific book (40%), for factual references. The topics of their interests are diverse: from economics and law to international relations, international terrorism, national conflicts, philosophy, psychology, cultural studies, philology, ecology, etc. Their requests to the CBS are fully satisfied - 54 percent think so, partially satisfied - 29 percent are not satisfied - one percent. The results of the survey showed that users are mostly satisfied with the collection of periodicals (44%), while only 38% of respondents are completely satisfied with the book collection, and about 3% are completely dissatisfied. It is said about the insufficient number of special journals, for example, such as "Jurisprudence", "Economy and Law", "Accounting", "Medical Journal", "Bulletin of Engineering", even "Foreign Military Review".
According to young people, the CLS lacks sectoral literature, primarily on economics, jurisprudence, history, philosophy, and psychology. The demand for literature on ecology, astronomy, and medicine has noticeably increased. They noted that the missing technical literature, especially on computer technology, is not satisfied with the lack of literature in foreign languages ​​in the branches.
The most preferred forms of information services are thematic collections of literature on request, including on request, lists of materials from books and periodicals.
To the question "What positive can you note in the work of the library?" received many responses. Readers note the professionalism of the staff, high level culture, efficiency and speed of service. We can be proud of this, since the index of service speed in foreign libraries is considered one of the most important criteria in evaluating their activities. Young people are very sensitive to the emergence of modern information technologies. The presence of an electronic catalog, copiers (scanner, copier) in the library (in particular, in the central one) raises its prestige among young people. In addition to the survey, during the same period, the Day of Continuous Accounting for the Demand of Young Readers Who Visited the CLS Libraries was held. The results obtained that day repeated the findings of the survey.
We have interesting data as a result of the analysis of user forms of the Business Information Center, the opening of which was caused by a sharply increased interest in documents and materials on economics, law, and sociological sciences. Studies of this kind were necessary to make the conversation about the problems of information services for young people substantive and outline specific ways to improve our activities. The results obtained allow us to draw interesting, sometimes unexpected conclusions. For example, a young reader definitely knows why he goes to the library. The main goal at this period of his life is study, and visiting the library is somehow connected with this; it is important for the user to quickly and in in full find information on the problem of interest to him. To do this, we must create all the conditions. The reader is practically indifferent to which library he came to: whether it is a mass, scientific, or educational one. It is important that the request be satisfied. Perhaps that is why the line between the educational and mass libraries is now somewhat blurred. The latter largely took over the functions of the former. After all, there have never been so many young students in the reading rooms before.
As you can see, the demand for information of various kinds is quite high. Our main task now is to make it as accessible as possible for young citizens, and most importantly, to make it high-quality and efficient. Today it is impossible without the use of information technology. To this end, since 1996, library processes have been automated at the Central Library Library. During this time, a local computer network was created in the Central Library with 20 workstations in all departments. The process of processing book publications and periodicals is fully automated. An electronic catalog with databases "Books", "Articles", "Regulatory acts", "Local documents", "Local history", "Calendar of significant dates", "Subscription", etc. has been formed. words. Almost all employees are trained to work in the library and information system. The Central Library has access to the Internet and e-mail, legal information systems "Consultant Plus" and FAPSI.
Young users of the reading rooms are offered additional services: selection of material for term papers and theses, preparation of business information packages, compilation of bulletins on special requests, complex analytical reports.
But the local computer network and access to the created electronic reference and bibliographic apparatus are available only in the central library. There is an urgent need to connect the rest of the system libraries to databases. By connecting all the institutions of the CBS into a single computer network, it is possible to open access to information resources, their quick search for the population of all districts of Saratov. Currently, work is underway to computerize four branches.
Electronic catalog, information databases, CD-ROM editions, information services based on computer technology are very popular among young readers. But not every visitor knows how to dispose of them. The problem of forming the information culture of young people is one of the most important in solving the problems of its service. For this purpose, a youth information center has been created at the Central Bank, which has an extensive book fund in Russian and English, a unique collection of audio and video materials, the latest computer technology (six personal computers, three of which are included in the local network of the Central Bank, printer, scanner, modem, CD-ROM collection), Internet access, e-mail.
In addition, the center's employees teach their users the basics of working in the library and information system "Library" in order to speed up the search required documents and materials (by keywords, author, title), preparation of a list of documents in electronic form, their printing. Searching databases is a skill area that is not always introduced to students in educational institutions. The library fills this gap.
Time shapes a new generation of readers. The library, as a modern information center, serves them on the basis of computer technology, and as a center for educating culture, it is a good tool for preparing a new generation for life in the information age.
Experience address:
41ОО71, Saratov, st. Zarubina, 158/162.

2018

In the 2018 stage, 37 research bases out of 51 permanently working with MFN (~ 73%) took part.

The DS was conducted in April-October 2018 (the bases conducted the study on days that were convenient for them). 36 bases from 25 regions participated. 2518 people were surveyed.

The bulk of the book lending was fiction(approx. 86%). About 80% of this figure is domestic fiction, foreign - about 20%. The bulk of the issued fiction (both domestic and foreign) are books of entertainment genres (detective, romance, adventure).T. Polyakova, E. Vilmont, M. Metlitskaya became the leaders of the book distribution in the top three

Book lending of industry literature amounted to slightly more than 10% of the total book lending, 67 thematic requests were issued approx. 250 copies literature. The most common topics of requests are jurisprudence, history, medicine, psychology.

Questionnaire for the head (specialist) of the service department for working with industry literature - information was received from 35 libraries (40 questionnaires).

2017

In the 2017 stage, 37 research bases out of 51 permanently working with MFN (~ 73%) took part.

The DS was conducted in April-October 2017 (the bases conducted the study on days that were convenient for them). 35 bases from 23 regions participated. 2285 people were surveyed.

The main part of the lending was fiction (about 70%). About 80% of this figure is domestic fiction, foreign - about 20%.

D.Dontsova, V.Kolychev, T.Polyakova became the leaders of the book distribution in the top three.

106 thematic inquiries per industry literature were recorded, approx. 500 copies literature. The most common topics of requests are history, needlework, psychology.

Questionnaire for the head (specialist) of the acquisition department - information was received from 33 libraries.

Questionnaire for the head (specialist) of the service department - information was received from 34 libraries.

Questionnaire "Popular science literature in the collections of libraries and reading of Russians" - received information from 33 libraries.

2016

Day of complete registration of reader demand (information from 35 databases, 27 regions, 2536 people were surveyed)

Library Questionnaire for the Year of Russian Cinema (received information from 31 databases)

Questionnaire Survey of fellow countrymen for the Year of Cinema (received information from 23 databases)

2015

Day of complete accounting of reader demand (information from 34 databases, 20 regions, 2046 people were surveyed)

Questionnaire - characteristics of the library's work with literary and art journals (information was received from 26 databases, 20 regions)

Questionnaire - a description of the results of the Year of Literature in Russia (information was received from 31 databases).

2014

Day of complete accounting of reader demand (information from 31 bases, 22 regions, 2327 people were surveyed)

Characteristics of the library-base of the study (information was obtained from 31 databases, 22 regions)

Questionnaire - characteristics of the practice of the library in the electronic environment (information was received from 28 databases, 21 regions)

Questionnaire-characteristics of the results of the Year of Culture in Russia (received information from 21 databases).

2013

Day of complete accounting of reader demand (information from 35 bases, 21 regions, 2384 people were surveyed);

a questionnaire on reading science fiction (information was obtained from 35 databases, library staff - experts were interviewed);

reading questionnaire modern literature(works marked by the main Russian literary prizes over the past 5-7 years) (information was received from 34 databases, library staff - experts were interviewed);

Part of the 2012 Library Report - Reading Support Research Bases (received information from 19 bases).