Source - Wikipedia
People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR
(NKVD USSR)

general information
USSR country
Creation date July 10, 1934
Preceding agencyPeople's Commissariat for Internal Affairs of the RSFSR
Date of abolition around 1946
Replaced by the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR
Activities are managed by the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR
HeadquartersMoscow, Dzerzhinsky square, house number 2.

People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR (NKVD) - the central body
State Administration of the USSR for Combating Crime and Maintaining
public order in 1934-1946, later transformed into the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR.
During the period of its existence, the NKVD performed state functions, as
related to the protection of law and order and state security (its composition
included the Main Directorate of State Security, which was the successor
OGPU), and in the field of public utilities and the economy of the country, as well as in the field of
support for social stability.
Content
1 Development of the NKVD
2 Activities of the NKVD
2.1 Repression
2.2 Intelligence
2.3 Counterintelligence
2.4 NKVD during the Great Patriotic War
2.4.1 NKVD and partisan movement
2.4.2 NKVD and war economy
2.5 NKVD and the Soviet economy
3 Ranks and insignia of the NKVD
3.1 Ranks of state security agencies
3.2 Police ranks
4 See also
5 Literature
6 Notes
7 Links

Development of the NKVD
Cheka under the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR (1917-1922)
GPU under the NKVD of the RSFSR (1922-1923)
OGPU under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (1923-1934)
NKVD USSR (1934-1946)
GUGB NKVD USSR (1934-1941)
NKGB USSR (1941, 1943-1946)
MGB USSR (1946-1953)
Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR (1946-1954)
KGB under the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1954-1978)
KGB of the USSR (1978-1991)
SME, CSR and Border Committee (1991)

On July 10, 1934, the Central Executive Committee of the USSR adopted a resolution "On the formation of an all-Union
People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR, which included the OGPU
USSR, renamed the Main Directorate of State Security (GUGB).
Genrikh Yagoda was appointed People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR.
The following tasks were entrusted to the newly created NKVD:
ensuring public order and state security,
protection of socialist property,
registration of acts of civil status,
border guard,
maintenance and protection of labor camps.
As part of the NKVD were created:
Main Directorate of State Security (GUGB);
Main Directorate of the RKM (GU RKM);
Main Directorate of Border and Internal Security (GU PiVO)
Main Directorate of Fire Protection (GUPO);
main department of corrective labor camps (ITL) and labor settlements
(Gulag);
department of acts of civil status (see registry office);
administrative and economic management;
financial department (FINO);
Human Resources Department;
secretariat;
special department.
In total, according to the states of the central apparatus of the NKVD, there were 8,211 people.
The work of the GUGB was directed by the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR Yagoda himself. As part of the GUGB NKVD
included the main operational units of the former OGPU of the USSR:
special department (counterintelligence)
secret political department (combating political opponents)
economic department (combating sabotage and sabotage)
Foreign department (intelligence abroad)
operational department (protection of party and government leaders, searches,
arrests, surveillance)
special department (encryption work, ensuring secrecy in departments)
transport department (combating sabotage, sabotage in transport)
accounting and statistics department (operational accounting, statistics, archive)
Subsequently, reorganizations were repeatedly made, renaming as
departments and departments.

In September 1936, Nikolai Yezhov was appointed People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR.
Since December 1938, Lavrenty Beria was appointed People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR
February 3, 1941 by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the NKVD was divided into two
independent bodies: the NKVD (People's Commissar - Lavrenty Beria) and the People's Commissariat
State Security of the USSR (NKGB) (People's Commissar - Vsevolod Merkulov). Special
department of the NKVD (responsible for counterintelligence in the army) was divided into a department
ground forces and the Navy (RKKA and RKKF).
At the same time, the Special Department of the GUGB NKVD was disbanded, and instead they were
created the 3rd Directorate of the People's Commissariat of Defense (NPO) and the People's Commissariat of the Navy
(NK VMF) and the 3rd department of the NKVD (for operational work in the NKVD troops).
After the start of the Great Patriotic War on July 20, 1941, the NKVD and the NKGB were
merged into a single people's commissariat - the NKVD, Beria remained the people's commissar of internal affairs of the USSR,
and the former People's Commissar of State Security of the USSR Merkulov was appointed his first
deputy. The activities of the state security agencies were
focused on combating the activities of German intelligence at the front, identifying and
elimination of enemy agents in the rear areas of the USSR, reconnaissance and sabotage in
rear of the enemy. The NKVD subordinated to the troops for the protection of the rear.
On October 17, 1941, by a resolution of the State Defense Committee, Special
The meeting of the NKVD was given the right to pass sentences up to death
executions in cases of counter-revolutionary crimes against the order of government
USSR, provided for by Articles 58 and 59 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR. Decisions of the Special
meetings were final. This decision of the State Defense Committee has ceased to operate 1
September 1953 with the abolition of the Special Meeting.
On January 11, 1942, by a joint order of the NKVD and the NK VMF, the 3rd Directorate of the NK VMF was
transformed into the 9th Department of the UOO NKVD. (UOO - management of special departments created 17
July 1941 on the basis of the 3rd NPO Directorate).
On April 14, 1943, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, by separating from
The NKVD of the operational-Chekist departments and departments was again formed
independent People's Commissariat for State Security of the USSR (NKGB of the USSR) under
Merkulov's leadership.
On April 18, 1943, by a decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, military counterintelligence (UOO) was
transferred to the People's Commissariat of Defense and People's Commissariat navy USSR, where
the Main Directorate of Counterintelligence SMERSH was created - SMERSH NGOs of the USSR and the Directorate
counterintelligence SMERSH NK VMF.
In December 1945, Sergei Kruglov was appointed People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR.
At various times, the NKVD consisted of the Main Directorates, abbreviated as GU:
GUGB - Main Directorate of State Security;
GURKM - workers' and peasants' militia;
GUPiVO - border and internal protection;
GUPO - fire department;
GUSHosDor - highways;
Gulag - camps;
GEM - economics;
GTU - transport;
GUVPI - for prisoners of war and internees.
In 1946, the NKVD was transformed into the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and the NKGB into the MGB. Shortly after death
Stalin, on March 15, 1953, the two departments were merged into the Ministry of Internal Affairs,
headed by Beria. After the arrest of Beria, state security units were
finally withdrawn from the Ministry of Internal Affairs in March 1954 with the creation of the KGB.
The bodies of internal affairs and state security were finally separated
into two independent services:
USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs (Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR), responsible for security
public order, investigation of ordinary types of crimes, protection of places
deprivation of liberty, internal troops, fire protection, civil
defense, ensuring the passport regime;
KGB of the USSR (until 1977 - State Security Committee under the Council of Ministers
USSR, from 1977 to 1991 - USSR State Security Committee),
responsible for political investigation, counterintelligence, intelligence, personal protection
government leaders, security state border and special communications.
Activities of the NKVD
Repression
The NKVD was the main perpetrator of the massive political repressions of the 1930s.
Many citizens of the USSR imprisoned in Gulag camps or sentenced to death
executions, were convicted out of court by special troikas of the NKVD. Also NKVD
was the executor of deportations on a national basis.
Many members of the NKVD themselves became victims of repression; many, including
belonging to the top leadership were executed.
Hundreds of German and Austrian communists and anti-fascists who sought asylum in the USSR
from Nazism, were expelled from the USSR as "undesirable foreigners" and transferred
Gestapo along with documents on them.
During the Great Patriotic War, the border and internal troops of the NKVD
were used to protect the territory and search for deserters, as well as
directly participated in the fighting. On the liberated lands
arrests, deportations and executions of death sentences were carried out against
the underground left by the Germans and unreliable persons, for example, leaders and members
Home Army.
The intelligence services of the NKVD were engaged in the elimination of persons abroad, whom
Soviet authorities considered dangerous. Among them:
Leon Trotsky - political opponent of Joseph Stalin, the latter's rival in
struggle for the choice of the path of development of the USSR. After being expelled from the USSR, he fought against
Stalin - both in the public press and with the help of his many
supporters in the organs of Soviet power and the Red Army;

Intelligence service
Intelligence activities of the NKVD included the deployment of a wide
intelligence network with the help of the Comintern.

counterintelligence
On July 17, 1941, the State Defense Committee adopted Resolution No. 187 on
transformation of the organs of the Third Directorate of the People's Commissariat of Defense from
departments in divisions and above into special departments of the NKVD, and the Third Directorate into
Directorate of special departments of the NKVD.

NKVD during the Great Patriotic War
On the eve of the Great Patriotic War, the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR
along with the border troops included troops for the protection of railway
structures and especially important industrial enterprises, escort troops and
operational troops.
By the beginning of the war, the NKVD troops consisted of 14 divisions, 18 brigades and 21 separate
regiment for various purposes, of which 7 divisions were in the western districts,
2 brigades and 11 operational regiments of internal troops, on the basis of which
Baltic, Western and Kiev special districts before the war began
formation of the 21st, 22nd and 23rd motorized rifle divisions of the NKVD. In addition, on
the western border had 8 border districts, 49 border detachments and other units.
In the border troops of the NKVD, there were 167,600 military personnel, in the internal
troops of the NKVD - 173,900 military personnel, including:
operational troops (excluding military schools) - 27.3 thousand people;
guard troops railways- 63.7 thousand people;
troops for the protection of especially important industrial facilities - 29.3 thousand people.
The number of escort troops was 38.3 thousand people.
The task of the border troops of the NKVD was to protect the state border of the Soviet
Union, the fight against saboteurs and the identification of violators of the border regime.
The task of the operational troops of the NKVD was to combat banditry: to detect,
blocking, pursuing and destroying bandit formations. tasks
railway troops of the NKVD were both guarding and defending facilities, for which they
had, in particular, armored trains. The service of the NKVD troops for the protection of
important industrial facilities was carried out by the same methods as the protection
state border. The task of the NKVD escort troops was to escort
convicts, prisoners of war and deportees, protection of prisoner of war camps, prisons and
facilities where prisoner labor was used.
On June 22, 1941, 47 land and 6 naval
border detachments, 9 separate border commandant's offices of the NKVD.

A significant role in the formation of units of the Red Army (RKKA), especially in the first
year of the Great Patriotic War, played Gulag. At the request of the leadership of the NKVD
The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR twice, on July 12 and November 24, 1941, hosted
decrees on amnesty and the release of prisoners. According to these two decrees, until the end of 1941
about 420,000 amnestied were sent to staff the Red Army, which
equaled 29 divisions. In total, during the war years, the ranks of the armed forces were
about 975,000 amnestied persons were sent, due to which 67
divisions.
One of the first results of the work of the military counterintelligence of the NKVD was summed up on October 10
1941. Special departments of the NKVD for the protection of the rear detained 657,364
military personnel, including: spies - 1,505; saboteurs - 308; traitors - 2,621;
cowards and alarmists - 2,643; disseminators of provocative rumors - 3,987;
self-shooters - 1,671; others - 4 371.
The 41st separate
brigade of escort troops of the NKVD.
The 10th Infantry Division of the Interior took an active part in the defense of Stalingrad.
troops of the NKVD.
During the Great Patriotic War, the internal troops of the NKVD spent 9,292
operations against banditry, resulting in 47,451 killed and 99 captured
732 bandits, and in total 147,183 criminals were neutralized. The border troops were
liquidated in 1944-1945 828 gangs, with a total number of about 48,000
bandits. During the war, the railway troops of the NKVD guarded about 3,600
objects on the railroads of the USSR. Troop guards escorted trains with military
and valuable civilian cargo.
On June 24, 1945, in Moscow, at the Victory Parade on Red Square, he was the first to enter
consolidated battalion with banners and standards of the defeated German troops,
formed from military personnel of the NKVD troops.

NKVD and partisan movement
During the Great Patriotic War, the NKVD assisted the Soviet partisans in
occupied territories.
As a rule, in the partisan formation he organized intelligence and led it
Deputy Commander for Intelligence. Deputy commanders for intelligence and their
assistants were recommended to appoint people with experience in such work.
Preference was given to officers of the NKVD and the GRU.
Direct management of the activities of intelligence partisan detachments in
the scale of the regions was carried out by regional operational-intelligence groups with
underground obkoms.
The basis for improving the conduct of undercover intelligence was the order of the NPO of the USSR No. 00189
dated September 5, 1942 "On the tasks of the partisan movement", signed
Stalin. It prescribed the creation by partisans behind enemy lines of undercover
intelligence, its introduction into the organs of the occupation administration, enterprises and
enemy communications.
Operational
groups of state security organs thrown into the area of ​​action
partisan formations. Many operational groups of state security agencies
were based in the location of partisan brigades and detachments, which gave them
the ability to disguise their work in general intelligence activities
partisans, facilitated communication with scouts who worked on enemy targets.

NKVD and war economy
As of January 1, 1941, there were 1,929,729 in the camps and colonies.
prisoners, including approximately 1,680,000 men of working age. V
economy of the USSR during this period of time, the total number of workers was 23.9
million people, and industrial workers - 10 million people. In this way,
prisoners in the system (Gulag) of the NKVD of working age amounted to approximately
7% of the total number of workers in the Soviet Union.
By order of the NKVD No. 00767 of June 12, 1941, a mobilization
plan for the enterprises of the Gulag and Glavpromstroy for the production of ammunition. V
production was launched 50-mm mine, 45-mm buckshot and hand grenade RGD-33.

NKVD and the Soviet economy
Labor in the camps of the Gulag led to ambiguous consequences for the Soviet
economy and development of regions. On the one hand, he contributed to the development
Siberia, Far North and Far East. On the other hand, slave labor
difficult working conditions and economic inefficiency of projects led to
significant damage to the labor resources of the country and its economy. Many projects
were not completed, and those implemented were ineffective.

The most unusual achievement of the NKVD was its role in Soviet science and technology.
Many scientists and engineers were arrested, accused of political crimes
and put in special prisons, which were known as "sharashki", where they
forced to work in their specialty. Continuing my research there and
released later, some of them became world leaders in science and technology.
The prisoners of the "sharashka" were such outstanding scientists and engineers as Sergey
Korolev - the creator of the Soviet space program, and Andrei Tupolev -
famous aircraft designer.

Ranks and insignia of the NKVD
Until the beginning of the Great Patriotic War in the NKVD of the RSFSR and the NKVD / NKGB of the USSR
the original system of insignia and positions / ranks was used, excellent
from the military. During the time of Yezhov, personal ranks were established in the police and the GUGB
and insignia, similar to the army, but actually corresponding to two
rank above military rank(so, in 1940 the rank of captain
state security / police roughly corresponded to an army lieutenant colonel or
colonel, major of state security / police - colonel or brigade commander, senior
major of state security / police - brigade commander or divisional commander, then major general).
The General Commissar of State Security since 1937 wore marshal's badges
differences (before that - a large gold star on a red buttonhole with a gold
lumen). After Beria's appointment as People's Commissar, this system gradually
unified with the army.

Literature
Kolpakidi A., Sever A. KGB. - M.: Yauza Eksmo, 2010. - S. 235-341. - 784 p. -
(Encyclopedia of special services). - 3000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-699-37862-3
Aleksushin G. V. History of law enforcement agencies. - Samara: ANO Publishing House
"IA VVS" and ANO "Retrospektiva", 2005.
Rybnikov V. V., Aleksushin G. V. History of law enforcement agencies of the Fatherland.
- M.: "Shield-M", 2007.
Federal Archival Service. State archive of the Russian Federation. archive
modern history Russia. / Ed.: Kozlov, Vladimir Aleksandrovich and Mironenko
S. V. [Document Catalog Series]
T. 1: " Special folder» I. V. Stalin: From the materials of the Secretariat of the NKVD - the Ministry of Internal Affairs
USSR 1944-1953 Catalog of documents. - M., 1994;
T. 2: “Special folder” by V. M. Molotov: From the materials of the Secretariat of the NKVD - Ministry of Internal Affairs
USSR 1944-1956 Catalog of documents. - M., 1994;
T. 3: "Special folder" N. S. Khrushchev: From the materials of the Secretariat of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR
1954-1959 Catalog of documents. - M., 1995;
T. 4: "Special folder" L.P. Beria: From the materials of the NKVD Secretariat - Ministry of Internal Affairs
THE USSR. Catalog of documents: 1946-1949. - M., 1996.
Shamburov. V. E. Occult Roots October revolution. - M.: Algorithm. 2006.
- S. 11.
North. A. The great mission of the NKVD. - M.: Algorithm. 2008. - Ss. 177, 200. - ISBM
978-5-9265-0587-7
Martirosyan. A. B. To the decisive battles. - M.: Veche. 2008. - Ss. 71-73. - ISBM
978-5-9533-3436-5
Daines. V. O. Penal battalions and detachments of the Red Army. - M .: "Eksmo". 2008.-
pp. 55-57.
Beshanov. V.V. Tank pogrom of 1941. - Minsk: Harvest, 2001. - Ss. 158-159.
- ISBM 985-13-0277-5
Voznesensky. N. A. Military economy of the USSR during the Patriotic War. - M.:
OGIZ, 1948. - Ss. 108-119.
Ryabchikov, S.V. (2004). Thinking Together with Vasil Bykov // Open World, No.
49, p. 2-3. (in Russian)(The Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation prevents the establishment of a memorial plaque
on its building, in which the Cheka-NKVD committed mass crimes against
humanity. A "meat grinder" was installed there, with the help of which the corpses
dumped by Chekists into the city sewer.)
[edit] Notes
On the formation of the All-Union People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs
Decree of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR.
1 2 Petrov N. V., Skorkin K. V. Who led the NKVD, 1934-1941: a Handbook /
About-in "Memorial", etc.; Ed. N. G. Okhotin and A. B. Roginsky - M .: Links,
1999. - 504 p. - ISBN 5-7870-0032-3
Law of March 15, 1946. On the transformation of the Council of People's Commissars
USSR to the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Councils of People's Commissars of the Allied and Autonomous
republics - to the Councils of Ministers of the Union and Autonomous Republics (Russian) //
Gazette of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR: Sat. - 1946. - No. 10.
On the transformation of the ministries of the USSR: the law of the USSR of March 15, 1953 //
Collection of laws of the USSR and decrees of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR: (1938 - July
1956) / ed. Mandelstam Yu. I. - Moscow: State Publishing House
legal literature, 1956. - S. 78-80
On the formation of the State Security Committee under the Council of Ministers
USSR: decree of March 13, 1954 // Collection of laws of the USSR and decrees of the Presidium
of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR: (1938 - July 1956) / ed. Mandelstam Yu. I. -
Moscow: State Publishing House of Legal Literature, 1956. - P. 95
God's Playground: A History of Poland. Norman Davies. Columbia University
Press, 1984. ISBN 0-231-05353-3, 9780231053532 Page 444.
Between Two Fires: Europe's Path in the 1930s. David Clay Large. norton,
1991. ISBN 0-393-30757-3, 9780393307573. Page:306
1 2 3 Popov A. Yu. NKVD and partisan movement / reviewers - Doctor
legal sciences Academy of the FSB of Russia A. A. Ostroumov, Doctor of Historical Sciences
Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences E. S. Senyavskaya. - M.: [[OLMA Media Group |]], 2003. - S.
95,96,101. - 380 s. - (Series "Archive"). - ISBN 5-2240-4328-X
Office of the Archives of the Administration of the Bryansk Region (UDAABO) F.1650.
Op. 1. D.68. L.39
Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History (RGASPI),
F.69. Op.1. D.790. L.128
Korovin V.V., Shibalin V.I. Soviet state security agencies in
Great Patriotic War. - M., 1975. - S. 56 - p.
Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics
Decree of the CEC of the USSR N 20, SNK of the USSR N 2256 of 07.10.1935
SZ USSR. 1935 No. 54. Art. 440.
News. November 29, 1935, No. 277 (5830)
INSIGNIA OF THE GENERAL COMMISSIONER OF STATE SECURITY. Introduced by order
People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR No. 278 of July 15, 1937.
Shoulder straps of the commissioners of state security. Introduced by order of the People's Commissar
Internal Affairs of the USSR No. 126 of February 18, 1943.
http://bdsa.ru/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=670&Itemid=30
Decree of the Presidium of the USSR Armed Forces of 07/06/1945
Personal ranks and insignia in the state security bodies.
SZ USSR. 1936 No. 27. Art. 252; News. April 27, 1936, No. 99

Reorganization of the NKVD of the USSR

February 2, 1939
The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR adopted a resolution "On the reorganization of the management
border and internal troops”, according to which
The Main Directorate of the Border and Internal Troops was divided into
six chapters:
· Main Directorate of Border Troops of the NKVD of the USSR;
* Main Directorate of the troops of the NKVD of the USSR for the protection of railway facilities;
* Main Directorate of the troops of the NKVD of the USSR for the protection of especially important industrial enterprises;
* Main Directorate of the escort troops of the NKVD of the USSR;
* Main Directorate of Military Supply of the NKVD of the USSR;
The main military construction department of the NKVD of the USSR.
The overall management of the new main departments is entrusted to
Deputy People's Commissar of the USSR Internal Affairs for the troops I.I. Maslennikov.
February 20, 1939
2 special department of the NKVD of the USSR is divided into two independent departments: Department
operational equipment (2 special departments) and the Department of Laboratories (4 special departments).
March 9, 1939
The Gulag Forest Industry Administration was formed.
April 20, 1939
The Mobilization Department (Mob Department) of the NKVD of the USSR was formed.
May 3, 1939
By order of the NKVD of the USSR, the regulation "On the personnel department of the Union People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs" was announced.
The department was responsible for the selection, placement and
nomination of personnel of the central apparatus of the NKVD,
supervise the training and improvement of the skills of employees in
educational institutions to ensure the mobilization readiness of police officers.
June 19, 1939
Under the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR organized
Control and inspection group.
June 20, 1939
The 5th special department (Gokhran) of the NKVD of the USSR was organized.
June 22, 1939
The Department of Railway and Water Transportation of the NKVD of the USSR was organized.
August 5, 1939
The Investigation Department of the Main Transport Directorate of the NKVD was formed
THE USSR.
August 9, 1939
The resettlement department of the NKVD of the USSR was disbanded.
September 4, 1939
From the Investigative Unit of the NKVD of the USSR, the Investigative Unit of the GUGB and
Next part of the GEM NKVD of the USSR
September 15, 1939
The Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks approves the provisions “On the Political Administration
border troops of the NKVD of the USSR and the political departments of the NKVD troops for
protection of railway facilities, NKVD troops for the protection of important
industrial enterprises, escort troops, military supplies
troops of the NKVD, military construction of the troops of the NKVD (for peacetime)”
and “On the political department of the GURKM NKVD of the USSR”, as well as “Instructions on
the work of the political departments of the main departments and departments of the NKVD of the USSR.
September 19, 1939
The Directorate for Prisoners of War and Internees of the NKVD of the USSR was formed
(UPVI).
November 1939
By order of the NKVD, changes were made to police official ranks.
The titles of "Police Director", "Police Inspector" and some others
were abolished. At the same time, new job titles were introduced,
more accurately reflecting the specifics of the police service:
Commissioner, Operational Commissioner of Criminal Investigation,
senior detective of the OBKhSS, etc.
November 20, 1939
The “Regulations on the escort troops of the NKVD of the USSR” were approved.
Second half of 1939
Medical sobering-up stations were transferred from the People's Commissariat for Health to the NKVD of the USSR.
January 1940
The structure of the central apparatus of the NKVD of the USSR:
The leadership of the NKVD of the USSR (People's Commissar: Beria, Deputy People's Commissars:
Merkulov, Maslennikov, Chernyshev, Kruglov);
· Secretariat of the NKVD of the USSR (200 people, chief S.S. Mamulov);
· Secretariat of the OSO under the NKVD of the USSR (V.V. Ivanov);
Special technical bureau (OTB) under the NKVD of the USSR (72 people,
chief V.A. Kravchenko);
· Special Bureau under the NKVD of the USSR (42 people, P.A. Sharia);
· Control and inspection group under the NKVD of the USSR (10 people, N.I. Pavlov);
· Specially authorized NKVD of the USSR (70 people, A.G. Stefanov);
· Secretariat of the 1st Deputy NKVD of the USSR for GUGB Merkulov;
· Control and inspection group under the deputy of the NKVD of the USSR (M.D. Balyabin);
· Secretariat of the Deputy NKVD of the USSR V.V. Chernysheva;
Department for organized recruitment of labor under the deputy
NKVD of the USSR (3 people);
· Inspectorate for Boiler Supervision under the NKVD of the USSR (10 people, N.P. Struzhkov);
· Permanent Technical Commission under the NKVD of the USSR;
· Sector of Capital Works under the NKVD of the USSR (10 people, B.S. Vainshtein);
· Railway Department and water transportation of the NKVD of the USSR (15 people, S.I. Zikeev);
· Sector of consumer goods of the NKVD of the USSR (14 people, M. M. Mityushin);
GUGB of the NKVD of the USSR (1484 people, V.N. Merkulov);
GEM (629 people, B.Z. Kobulov);
· Next part of the GEM (P.Ya. Meshik);
GTU (496 people, S.R. Milshtein);
· Next part of the GTU (N.I. Sinegubov);
1 special department (accounting and statistics, 358 people, L.F. Bashtakov);
· 2 special department (operating equipment, 621 people, E.P. Lapshin);
· 3rd special department (searches, arrests, surveillance) (147 people, - D.N. Shadrin);
4 special departments (laboratories, 61 people, M.P. Filimonov);
· 5th special department (Goznak, Gokhran, 18 people, V.N. Vladimirov);
Mobility department (31 people, I.S. Sheredega);
Personnel department (362 people, S.N. Kruglov);
· Main Prison Department (225 people, A.G. Galkin);
· TsFPO (165 people, L.I. Berenzon);
· AHU (4088 people, Yu.D. Sumbatov-Topuridze);
GAU (233 people, I.I. Nikitinsky);
· GUPO (250 people, N.A. Istomin);
GURKM (1043 people, P.N. Zuev);
GULAG (2040 people, V.V. Chernyshev);
· GUSHOSDOR (920 people, V.T. Fedorov);
· TsOAGS (F.M. Solodov);
UKMK (1466 people, N.K. Spiridonov);
GUPV (552 people, G.G. Sokolov);
· Main Directorate of the NKVD Troops for the Protection of Railways. structures (180 people, A.I. Guliev);
Main Directorate of the escort troops of the NKVD (137 people, V.M. Sharapov):
· Main Directorate of the NKVD troops for the protection of industrial enterprises (141 people, E.V. Kozik);
GUVS (761 people, A.A. Vurgaft);
· GVSU (134 people, I.S. Any);
· UPVI (56 people, P.K. Soprunenko);
· The Central Council of the sports society "Dynamo" (126 people);
Moscow Department of Dalstroy (117 people);
· The Central Club of employees of the NKVD of the USSR (158 people, E.V. Shalyt).
Total for January 1, 1940 for the central office by state
there were 32642 people.

January 4, 1940
On the basis of the Railway Department the construction of the Gulag and the Railway Administration.
construction on Far East Headquarters was formed
railway construction camps (GULZhDS) of the NKVD of the USSR.
February 3, 1940
By the verdict of the Supreme Court of the USSR, the former People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR
N.I. Yezhov is convicted "as an enemy of the people" and sentenced to death
punishment. The sentence was carried out on 4 February.
The deputies of the “Iron People's Commissar” suffered the same fate. Agranov,
Frinovsky, Berman, Prokofiev, Volsky, Zhukovsky and Zakovsky were
shot, Kursky shot himself, Ryzhov died in prison while
under investigation.
One V.V. Chernyshev managed to avoid the fate of his colleagues -
Deputy People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR. Until his death on September 12, 1952.
V.V. Chernyshev worked as Deputy People's Commissar (Minister) of Internal Affairs
USSR and supervised mainly the work of the camp departments of the NKVD (MVD)
USSR: GULAG, Glavgidrostroy, GULZhDS, Glavpromstroy, etc.
5 April 1940
The training of command personnel of the police began in the newly opened
Moscow Central School and Novocherkassk Interregional School
NKVD USSR.
7 May 1940
By order of the NKVD of the USSR, for the leadership of the RKM, it was established
wearing improved uniforms. Right to receive
uniforms of an improved sample were possessed by chiefs and deputies
heads of departments of the Union republics, cities of Moscow and
Leningrad, heads of departments of autonomous republics, territories and regions.
June 1940
In accordance with the order of the NKVD of the USSR, the preparation of a personal
the composition of the internal affairs bodies at the camps. At summer camps
fees in 1940, 2,680 people of the senior commanding staff of the militia were retrained,
3,836 district inspectors and 1,311 freelance combat and physical training instructors.
August 17, 1940
As part of the NKVD of the USSR, the Main Directorate of Political Propaganda of the troops of the NKVD of the USSR was formed.
August 28, 1940
To manage the construction of aircraft factories in Kuibyshevskaya
region, the Department of Special Construction (Osobstroy) of the NKVD of the USSR was formed.
September 13, 1940
On the basis of the Hydrotechnical Department of the GULAG, the Main
Department of Hydrotechnical Construction (Glavgidrostroy) of the NKVD of the USSR
October 29, 1940
As part of the NKVD of the USSR, the Main Directorate of Local Air Defense (GUMPVO) was created.
October 31, 1940
Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR approved the badge "Honored Worker of the NKVD" and approved
position about it.
December 1940
Children's rooms are being created in the militia.
February 3, 1941
The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted a Decree on the division of the NKVD of the USSR
to the NKVD of the USSR and the NKGB of the USSR.
According to the Decree, the NKGB included:
* Intelligence Directorate,
* Counterintelligence Directorate,
* Secret political department,
* Investigative part,
* Commandant's office Moscow Kremlin,
1 department (government security),
Department 2 (accounting and statistics),
3 department (searches, arrests, surveillance),
4 department (operational equipment),
5th department (encryption),
* Human Resources Department,
* Secretariat,
· Administrative and economic and financial department.
V.N. is appointed People's Commissar for State Security of the USSR. Merkulov.
Remaining People's Commissar of Internal Affairs, L.P. Beria is appointed deputy
Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. He oversees the work of the NKVD, NKGB, NKlesprom,
NKtsvetmet, NKnefteprom, and NKrichflot.
The special department of the GUGB of the NKVD of the USSR was disbanded, and instead of it, the following were created:
3rd Directorate of the People's Commissariat of Defense (NPO) and the People's Commissariat of the Naval
fleet (NK VMF) and the 3rd department of the NKVD of the USSR (for operational work in the NKVD troops).
February 22, 1941
To conduct encrypted correspondence, the 6th department of the NKVD of the USSR was organized.
February 26, 1941
A new structure of the NKVD of the USSR was announced:
Leadership of the NKVD of the USSR (People's Commissar of Internal Affairs - L.P. Beria,
deputies: S.N. Kruglov, V.S. Abakumov, V.V. Chernyshev, I.I. Maslennikov; B.P. Obruchnikov),
Main Police Department (GUM) (A.G. Galkin),
Main Directorate of Fire Protection (GUPO) (E.V. Kozik),
Main Directorate of Local Air Defense (GUMPVO) (V.V. Osokin),
Main Archival Administration (GAU) (I.I. Nikitinsky),
Prison administration (M.I. Nikolsky),
Directorate for prisoners of war and internees (UPVI) (P.K. Soprunenko),
Main Directorate of Border Troops (GUPV) (G.G. Sokolov),
· The Main Directorate of the troops of the NKVD of the USSR for the protection of the railway. facilities and
especially important industrial enterprises (A.I. Guliev),
Department of Operational Troops (P.A. Artemiev),
Department of escort troops (V.M. Sharapov),
Department of agitation and propaganda of the NKVD troops (P.N. Mironenko),
Department of Military Supply of the NKVD Troops (A.A. Vurgaft),
Military construction department (I.S. Any)
3rd department of the NKVD of the USSR (A.M. Belyanov),
GULAG - (V.G. Nasedkin),
· Main Directorate of the railway camps. construction (GULZhDS) (N.A. Frenkel),
Glavgidrostroy (Ya.D. Rapoport),
Main Directorate of Camps for Mining and Metallurgical Enterprises (P.A. Zakharov),
Glavpromstroy (G.M. Orlov),
Management of fuel industry camps (S.N. Burdakov),
Management of forest industry camps (M.M. Timofeev),
Management of camps for the construction of Kuibyshev factories (A.P. Lepilov),
Main Directorate of Construction in the Far North (GUSDS)
"Dalstroy" (I.F. Nikishov),
GUSHOSDOR (V.T. Fedorov),
Administrative and Economic Department (AHU) (Yu.D. Sumbatov),
Department of technical supply of construction sites and camps (V.A. Poddubko),
Personnel department (B.P. Obruchnikov),
Central financial and planning department (CFPO) (L.I. Berenzon),
· Railway Department and water transportation (S.I. Zikeev),
Mobility department (I.S. Sheredega),
Department of State Storage (V.N. Vladimirov),
Special technical bureau (OTB) under the NKVD of the USSR (V.A. Kravchenko),
Secretariat of the Special Meeting (SCO) (V.V. Ivanov),
Control and inspection group under the NKVD of the USSR (N.I. Pavlov),
Secretariat of the NKVD of the USSR (S.S. Mamulov),
Mining technical inspection (P.V. Markov),
· Inspection for Boiler Supervision (N.P. Struzhkov).
February 28, 1941
In the NKVD of the USSR, the 1st special department (accounting and archival) was formed.
March 18, 1941
By order of the NKVD of the USSR, the Department of Educational Institutions (UUZ) of the NKVD of the USSR was organized.
March 24, 1941
The Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks was issued, entrusting the NKVD of the USSR
construction of airfields for the air forces of the Red Army.
By order of the NKVD of March 27, 1941, the NKVD of the USSR created
Main Directorate of Aerodrome Construction (GUAS) of the NKVD of the USSR.
April 1941
A department for combating
banditry, which consisted of five departments: four - in zones
USSR, fifth - investigative.
June 22, 1941
The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR issues a Decree on the introduction of military
position in the country. It was established in seven union republics,
sixteen regions, in the Crimean ASSR and in two cities - Moscow and
Leningrad.
In areas declared under martial law, all functions of the organs
state power in the field of defense, public
order and state security were transferred to the Military Councils
fronts, armies, military districts or high command of military
connections.
June 24, 1941
The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR adopted a resolution "On measures to combat
paratroopers and enemy saboteurs in the frontline
lane".
In most of the front-line republics and regions of the country,
the formation of extermination battalions from among the communists,
Komsomol members and employees of the NKVD (police). For guidance
fighter battalions in the NKVD created the Headquarters of fighter
battalions, and in the regions and republics, operational groups (later
headquarters). In total, in the summer of 1941, such battalions numbered
country 1,775, which included about 328 thousand people.
June 25, 1941
The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR decided to assign to the NKVD
functions of guarding the rear of the active Red Army. at the base of the troops and
bodies of the NKVD began the formation of special units and formations.
June 26, 1941
The NKVD of the USSR issues an order “On the restructuring of the work of educational institutions of the NKVD
USSR during wartime. The period of study in police schools was
reduced from 2 years to 9 months. For cadets of educational institutions
introduced a 12-hour working day, most of time was allotted
for practical exercises.
June 27, 1941
By order of the NKVD of the USSR to fight the enemy in the temporarily occupied
territory, a separate motorized rifle brigade of special
destination. 212 detachments and groups were sent to the rear of the enemy.
June 30, 1941
The State Defense Committee (GKO) of the USSR and L.P. Beria
is included in its composition.
July 1941
In the first days of the war, 35 percent of the personnel of the bodies were mobilized
internal affairs. The NKVD of the USSR formed 15 divisions for the Red Army.
The issue of
partial evacuation from Moscow of the central apparatus of the NKVD-NKGB of the USSR in
Kuibyshev, Chkalov, Ufa, Saratov, Kirov, Novosibirsk, Sverdlovsk,
Kazan, Penza, Molotov and Ulyanovsk.
With the staff of the central apparatus of the NKVD of the USSR in 10,000 people were subject to
evacuation of 7000 people, and with the staff of the central apparatus of the NKGB of the USSR
in 11,000 people, 7,500 people were to be evacuated. Total planned
evacuate 33,000 people of the NKVD - NKGB of the USSR and their members
families. By October 1941, small task forces remained in Moscow from
each structural unit of the NKVD, and only in March 1942, in
connection with the change in the situation at the front, almost the entire central
The apparatus of the NKVD of the USSR returned to Moscow.
July 6, 1941
The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted a Decree on responsibility for
distribution in war time false rumors that cause alarm
among the population. Based on his demands, the police led
resolute struggle against alarmists, provocateurs, talkers and other
disorganizers of the rear and violators of public order.
7 July 1941
The NKVD of the USSR issues a directive that defines the tasks of the police in
wartime period. It said that the military situation in
country requires that personnel at any time, in the most diverse
specific situation was ready for independent or jointly with
units of the Red Army to carry out combat operations on
elimination of sabotage groups, paratroopers and various
parts of the enemy.
July 10, 1941
The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR adopted a resolution "06 of the organization of the local
air defense in cities and towns of the RSFSR”, in
which indicated the need to create in the system a local
air defense (APVO) cities of law enforcement services and
security at the police station.
July 16, 1941
The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted the Decree “On the reorganization
bodies of political propaganda and the introduction of the institution of military
Commissars in the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army.
The institute of commissars and political officers was extended to all combat
police departments.
July 18, 1941
The Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of the Soviet Union (6) adopted a decision “On the organization of the struggle in the rear of the German
troops”, which determined practical tasks party organizations
in preparation for underground work and partisan actions on
temporarily occupied territory.
One of the sources of the formation of partisan detachments were
fighter battalions, which consisted in large part of
internal affairs officers, as well as fighters and commanders of the NKVD troops.
In a number of districts and regions, these battalions were fully aimed at
partisan struggle behind enemy lines. So, in the Leningrad region 25
fighter battalions were reorganized into partisan detachments.
July 20, 1941
By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the NKVD and the NKGB were united into
unified NKVD of the USSR.
L.P. remains the People's Commissar of the USSR VD. Beria, and the former People's Commissar of State Security of the USSR
V.N. Merkulov is appointed as his First Deputy.
Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of July 30, 1941 by deputies of the NKVD of the USSR
appointed: S.N. Kruglov, V.S. Abakumov, I.A. Serov, B.Z. Kobulov,
V.V. Chernyshev, I.I. Maslennikov, A.P. Zavenyagin, L.B. Safrazyan and B.P. Obruchnikov.
July 25, 1941
As part of the NKVD, the Main Directorate for the Protection of the Rear of the Army was created.
July 31, 1941
A new structure of the central apparatus of the NKVD of the USSR was announced:
Secretariat, Secretariat of the OSO under the People's Commissar, Control and Inspection
group under the People's Commissar;
Operational-Chekist departments and departments: 1 department (intelligence
abroad), 2 directorate (counterintelligence), 3 directorate
(secret-political), Office of special departments, Transport
management, Economic management (ECU), Special investigation
important cases (OVD), 1 department (government security), 1 c / o
(accounting and statistical), 2 s / o (operators), 3 s / o (searches, arrests,
outdoor surveillance), 4 s / o (special technical bureau, “HF” communication), 5 s / o
(ciphers), 6 s / o (Gokhran);
Administrative and operational departments: GUM, GUPO, GUMPVO,
State Archives Administration (CAA), Prison Administration, UPVI,
UKMK, Headquarters of the NKVD destroyer battalions.
Department of Troops: GUPV, Main Directorate of Internal Troops
(GUVV), Directorate of Operational Forces, Directorate of Military Supply
(UVS), Political Directorate of the NKVD Troops, Military Construction Department (VSO);
Management of corrective labor camps (ITL): GULAG, GUAS,
GULZhDS, Glavgidrostroy, Glavpromstroy, Main Directorate of Camps
Mining and Metallurgical Enterprises (GULGMP), Administration of Camps
Timber Industry (ULLP), Construction Camps Authority
Kuibyshev factories, Dalstroy;
GUSHOSDOR, Logistics Department (UMTS),
Economic Department (HOZU), Personnel Department, CFPO, Mob Department, Department
railway and water transportation.
August 23, 1941
To guide the construction of defensive structures assigned to the NKVD
structures, the Main Directorate of Defense Works was formed
(GUOBR) of the NKVD of the USSR, but already on October 15, 1941, this Glavk was transferred
to the NPO of the USSR;
August 26, 1941
Directorate of escort troops and Directorate of troops of the NKVD of the USSR for protection
railway structures and especially important industrial enterprises
reorganized into the Department of the escort service, the Department of the railway protection service.
objects and to the Department of Service for the Protection of Industrial Facilities of the GUVV NKVD of the USSR.
August 28, 1941
In connection with the mass resettlement of the Volga Germans, the Department
special resettlement (OSP) of the NKVD of the USSR. November 14, 1942 it was abolished,
and its functions were transferred to the Department of Labor and Special Settlements of the GULAG of the NKVD of the USSR.
September 5, 1941
For KGB maintenance of the production of mortar weapons
7th c / o of the NKVD of the USSR was formed, abolished on November 14, 1942
September 30, 1941
On the basis of the Department for Combating Banditry of the GUM NKVD of the USSR, a Department for
the fight against banditry (OBB) of the NKVD of the USSR. S.A. was appointed its head.
Klepov
October 3, 1941
To lead reconnaissance and sabotage groups operating
behind enemy lines, as part of the NKVD of the USSR, a 2nd department was organized.
October 17, 1941
The State Defense Committee (GKO) issued a resolution
the second paragraph of which said: “Give the Special Conference
NKVD USSR law with the participation of the prosecutor USSR on emerging
bodies of the NKVD cases “On counter-revolutionary crimes against
order of administration of the USSR”, provided for in Articles 58 and 59
of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR to issue appropriate penalties
up to the shooting. The decision of the Special Meeting shall be considered final.”
October 22, 1941
The State Defense Committee (GKO) of the USSR issues a decree on
education in the most major cities frontline and
the nearest rear of the city defense committees. They included
heads of departments (departments) of the NKVD.
October 24, 1941
Glavgidrostroy of the NKVD of the USSR was disbanded, and as part of Glavpromstroy
(GULPS) of the NKVD of the USSR, the Department of Hydraulic Works was created under the state
employees of 35 people.
November 1941
The permanent service of traffic police officers began and continued for 152 days
Leningrad on the "Road of Life", laid on the ice of Lake Ladoga.
60 posts served the track around the clock.
Under the command of police captain P.A. Orlova formed
police division of the NKVD workers of Moldova, Ukraine, Rostov
region and the Krasnodar Territory of the RSFSR. Fascist soldiers
testified that “the soldiers of the police division are fighting like hell and in
captivity does not surrender.
November 17, 1941
A GKO decree is issued, in which the Special Meeting of the NKVD of the USSR
granted the right to impose penalties in cases of
bodies of the NKVD in cases of counter-revolutionary crimes and especially
dangerous crimes against the order of government of the USSR up to
execution. This GKO resolution ceased to be valid only 1
September 1953 with the abolition of the Special Meeting.
November 19, 1941
The Mobilization Department of the NKVD of the USSR was abolished.
December 1941
In the battle for Moscow Active participation take four divisions of the NKVD,
fighter regiment, militia sabotage groups.
January 4, 1942
According to the decree of the GKO, the internal troops of the NKVD of the USSR are obliged to
organize and carry out garrison service in the cities liberated
parts of the Red Army.
January 11, 1942
By joint order of the NKVD and the NK VMF, the 3rd Directorate of the NK VMF
transformed into the Naval Counterintelligence Department of the UOO NKVD of the USSR.
January 18, 1942
By order of the NKVD of the USSR, on the basis of the 2nd department, the 4th Directorate of the NKVD was formed
USSR (intelligence, terror and sabotage behind enemy lines). chief
management appointed senior major GB P.A. Sudoplatov.
January 19, 1942
GUVV of the NKVD of the USSR was reorganized into:
Department of the NKVD troops for the protection of railways
Department of the NKVD Troops for the Protection of Particularly Important Industrial Enterprises
Department of escort troops
The Directorate of Operational Troops of the NKVD of the USSR was renamed the Directorate
internal troops of the NKVD of the USSR.
January 23, 1942
The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR adopted a resolution "On the placement of children left without
parents”, in accordance with which at the GUM NKVD of the USSR was formed
Central children's address desk and related units in the field.
April 28, 1942
NPOs and the NKVD of the USSR adopted a regulation “On the troops of the NKVD guarding the rear
active Red Army”, according to which on the basis of
The Directorate of Internal Troops of the NKVD of the USSR creates the Main Directorate
Internal Troops (GUVV) and the Directorate of Troops for the Protection of the Rear
active Red Army in its composition.
September 18, 1942
The central financial and planning department of the NKVD of the USSR is divided into two:
Central financial and planning departments of the NKVD of the USSR.
October 14, 1942
The GKO adopted a resolution on the formation of a separate army of the NKVD troops.
After its formation, it became known as the 70th Army.
November 3, 1942
On the basis of the 5th c / o of the NKVD of the USSR, the 5th Directorate (encryption) was formed.
November 17, 1942
To improve the use of vehicles as part of the NKVD of the USSR
organized by the Road Transport Sector, responsible for the technical
condition of NKVD vehicles.
By 1942, the central apparatus of the NKVD of the USSR served 682 vehicles,
of these, 52 trucks and 12 special vehicles (paddy wagons) 1 c / o NKVD of the USSR. Per
People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR L.P. Beria were assigned two
"Cadillac" and "Buick", for the First Deputy V.N. Merkulov - two
Buick and Dodge. The car park also consisted of
cars of such brands as: “Packard”, “Mercedes”, “Hudson”,
Lincoln, Ford, Chevrolet, Kreisler, Skoda, as well as from
domestic: ZIS-101 and. M-1.
December 2, 1942
The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR awarded the 10th
rifle division of the NKVD troops. Since December 5, it has become known as
10th Stalingrad Order of Lenin rifle division troops of the NKVD.
February 9, 1943
The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted a Decree, in accordance with
which for the personnel of the bodies and troops of the NKVD introduced shoulder straps and
established new special ranks.
For senior command staff: police commissioner 1st rank, police commissioner 2
rank and commissioner of militia of the 3rd rank. For senior officers: Colonel
militia, militia lieutenant colonel, militia major. For average
command staff: police captain, senior lieutenant of police, lieutenant
militia, junior lieutenant of militia. For junior officers -
foreman of militia, senior sergeant of militia, sergeant of militia, junior
police sergeant, senior policeman.
April 14, 1943
Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, "by separating from the NKVD
USSR Operational-Chekist Directorates and Departments”, re-formed
independent People's Commissariat of State Security of the USSR (NKGB
USSR), headed by V.N. Merkulov.
April 18, 1943
By a decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, military counterintelligence (UOO) was transferred to
People's Commissariat of Defense and People's Commissariat of the Navy of the USSR, where
the Main Directorate of Counterintelligence (GUKR) “Smersh” of the NPO of the USSR and
Counterintelligence Directorate (UKR) "Smersh" of the NK Navy.
April 19, 1943
By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, special places were introduced
imprisonment for accomplices of the Nazi occupiers.
April 28, 1943
The 2nd special department (encryption) of the NKVD of the USSR was formed.
4 May 1943
Directorate of troops for the protection of the rear of the active Red Army GUVV NKVD
The USSR was reorganized into the Main Directorate.
6 c / o NKVD of the USSR (Gokhran) was renamed into 3 c / o of the NKVD of the USSR.
5 May 1943
On the basis of the former 4th department of the Transport Administration of the NKVD of the USSR
The Department of Transport Police of the GUM NKVD of the USSR was formed. His
3rd rank police commissioner P.S. Bunin.
15 May 1943
On the basis of the 6th department of the former Directorate of Special Departments of the NKVD of the USSR
the Counterintelligence Department (ROC) of the NKVD of the USSR was formed.
June 10, 1943
On the basis of the Communications Directorate of the GUVV NKVD of the USSR, the Directorate
troops of government communications of the NKVD of the USSR.
June 18, 1943
To protect and comply with the requirements of the regime at enterprises
Narkomkhimprom in the NKVD of the USSR formed 5 c / o. Order of the NKVD dated 25
August 1945, the special department was disbanded.
June 21, 1943
Issued by order of the NKVD of the USSR "On the formation of the Department for the fight against child
homelessness and neglect."
January 12, 1944
The Department of Labor and Special Settlements of the GULAG was renamed the Department
special settlements (OSP) of the GULAG, later reorganized into the Department
special settlements of the NKVD of the USSR.
January 29, 1944
Control state archives renamed to Main
Archival Administration (GAU) of the NKVD of the USSR.
July 4, 1944
The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted a Decree that
the awarding of orders and medals of the USSR to generals was established,
admirals, officers, as well as sergeants and foremen of extended service
for years of service. For impeccable 10-year service in the Armed Forces
they were awarded the medal "For Military Merit", for the 15-year-old - the Order
Red Star, for 20 years - the Order of the Red Banner, for 25 years -
Order of Lenin, for 30 years of service - the second Order of the Red Banner.
The decree extended to the entire commanding staff of the militia.
August 5, 1944
Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR Leningrad city

August 28, 1944
To filter Soviet citizens returning from captivity at the base
The Department of Special Camps of the GULAG formed the Department of Special Camps of the NKVD of the USSR.
November 2, 1944
Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR Moscow City
The militia was awarded the Order of the Red Banner.
December 1944
For 1941-1944 bodies of internal affairs, state security and
internal troops on the territory of the USSR liquidated more than 7
thousand bandit groups, which consisted of about 90 thousand criminals.
In carrying out the operation to evict the peoples of the North Caucasus,
participation of 19 thousand operatives of the NKVD, NKGB and Smersh and up to 100
thousand servicemen of internal troops.
December 1, 1944
On the basis of the Department for Combating Banditry, the Main Directorate was formed
to combat banditry. Appointed head of the GUBB NKVD of the USSR
Commissar of State Security 3rd rank A.M. Leontiev.
December 5, 1944
The Department of Special Tasks of the NKVD of the USSR was formed, which existed until 20
December 1946
January 6, 1945
As part of the Main Directorate of Mining and Metallurgical Camps
enterprises (GULGMP) of the NKVD of the USSR, a Special Metal Administration was formed
(exploration, mining and processing of uranium). June 28, 1945
The Special Met Office was renamed the 9th Directorate of the NKVD of the USSR, and
by order of the NKVD of the USSR of October 10, 1945, the 9th Directorate was
transferred to the First Main Directorate under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR.
January 11, 1945
The Department for Military and Internee Affairs of the NKVD of the USSR was
reorganized into the Main Directorate (GUPVI) of the NKVD of the USSR.
February 14, 1945
By order of the NKVD, the regulation "On the garrison commandant's offices of the NKVD troops" was announced.
February 20, 1945
The Department of Special Camps of the NKVD of the USSR was renamed the Department
check-filtration camps (OPFL) of the NKVD of the USSR.
March 7, 1945
To monitor the work of special facilities of the NKVD of the USSR in the Crimea
organized by the 6th special department of the NKVD of the USSR.
March 28, 1945
The Department of Special Objects of the NKVD in the Crimea was formed
(management of the Livadia, Vorontsov and Yusupov palaces and
state farms of the NKVD "Red" and "Young Guard").
April 10, 1945
The Department of Military Supply of the NKVD of the USSR was reorganized into the Main
management (GUVS NKVD USSR).
May 1945
During the war years, the NKVD of the USSR sent 950 thousand soldiers to the Red Army.
prisoners, and they participated in battles as fighters and
commanders.
Losses of personnel of the bodies and troops of the NKVD of the USSR in the Great
Patriotic War amounted to 159,100 people.
For courage and heroism shown in the battles against the Nazi
invaders 270 thousand police officers were awarded orders and
medals of the USSR, over 30 people were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet
Union, and the former district commissioner S.S. Artemenko - twice.
22 May 1945
Department “F” was formed in the NKVD of the USSR to work on the territory of countries
liberated by the Red Army from the enemy. The department existed until August 30, 1945.
June 24, 1945
The Victory Parade took place on Red Square, in which, together with
the combined regiment of the NKVD also took part in the troops of the Soviet Army and Navy.
July 6, 1945
For the command staff of the NKVD - the NKGB, special ones were canceled and introduced
general army officer and general ranks. For army generals
and bodies of the NKVD - the NKGB introduced a uniform established for
generals of the Red Army
July 9, 1945
People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR L.P. Beria was awarded the title
Marshal of the Soviet Union.
August 9, 1945
To review the structure and staffing of the NKVD bodies, a commission was formed in
composed of S.N. Kruglova (chairman), V.V. Chernysheva, B.P.
Obruchnikova, A.N. Apollonova, L.B. Safrazyan, A.P. Zavenyagin, S.S.
Mamulova.
September 8, 1945
On the basis of the Construction and Operational Department of the GUPV of the NKVD of the USSR
the Military Construction Directorate (APU) of the NKVD of the USSR was formed.
September 27, 1945
To carry out special tasks, Department “C” of the NKVD of the USSR was formed (obtaining
and generalization of intelligence data on the creation of nuclear weapons).
Lieutenant General P.A. was appointed Head of the Department. Sudoplatov.
By order of the NKVD - NKGB of the USSR of January 10, 1946, Department "C" was transferred
in the NKGB.
October 13, 1945
The Main Directorate of the NKVD Troops for the Protection of the Rear was disbanded
active Red Army.
December 1945
Sergey Nikiforovich Kruglov appointed Minister of Internal Affairs of the USSR
December 8, 1945
Osobstroy of the NKVD of the USSR was transferred to the Main Directorate
airfield construction of the NKVD of the USSR.
December 19, 1945
As part of the Scientific and Technical Department of the Main Police Department
The NKVD of the USSR was formed Research Institute
criminalistics. Initially, he was tasked with
the introduction of scientific and technical means in the activities of the police,
development of new and improvement of existing methods and means
detection and examination of physical evidence, production
repeated and most complex examinations for internal affairs bodies.
The initial staff consisted of 29 people, headed by a Ph.D.
B.M. Komarinets, the only employee at the institute who had
academic degree.

Introduction

The thirties of the last century are a difficult time not only in the history of our state, but also in the history of the development of internal affairs bodies, the police. During that period of time, the formation of the bodies of the NKVD of the USSR falls.

The theme of the history of the creation of the bodies of the NKVD of the USSR is very relevant in our time. This is due to the fact that the study modern structure MIA is impossible without knowledge historical paths development of these organs in different periods of time. It is necessary to know how these structures developed, what were their positive and negative sides.

The purpose of the work: a comprehensive study of the formation and development of the NKVD in the period 1934-1941.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve a number of tasks:

• - to consider the stages of the creation of the bodies of the NKVD of the USSR;
• - to characterize their functions and main structural elements;
• - to consider the features of the fight against criminal crime in the 30s.

This topic is well and in detail consecrated by the works of many domestic historians and lawyers. For example: Kuritsyn V.M. (History of the state and law of Russia, 1929-1940), Korovin V.V. (History of domestic security agencies), etc.

Structurally, the work is represented by an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion and a bibliography.

Creation of the NKVD of the USSR, its structure and functions

According to a historical reference published in the Lubyanka 1917-1960 reference book, Lubyanka: VChK - OGPU - NKVD - NKGB - MGB - MVD - KGB, 1917 - 1960: Directory / Comp. A.I. Kokurin, N.V. Petrov; Ed. R.G. Pikhoya. M., 1997. S. 267., in 1934 the All-Union People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs was formed, it included the OGPU and the Main Police Department under the OGPU. At the same time, the financing of the militia was already transferred in 1932 from the local budget to the union one.

At a meeting of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks on February 20, 1934, Stalin I.V. A decision was made to organize an allied people's commissariat of internal affairs with the inclusion of the reorganized OGPU in it. Important changes were that the draft resolution provided for the abolition of the so-called judicial board of the OGPU. The project noted that the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR did not have judicial bodies, which should have been evidence of a sharp mitigation of the punitive policy pursued by the Soviet state.

Finally, on July 10, 1934, the Central Executive Committee of the USSR adopted a resolution "On the Formation of the All-Union People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs", which included the creation of the Main Directorates of State Security, Workers' and Peasants' Police, Border and Internal Guards, Fire Protection, Correctional Labor Camps and Labor Settlements and some other services

Main actors The NKVD of the USSR were appointed: G. Yagoda, N. Yezhov, L. Beria.

According to Kokurin, Kokurin A.I., Petrov N.V. VChK - KGB: Structure, functions, personnel (1917-1967) // Svobodnaya mysl'. 1997. No. 6. S. 77., the typical structure of the NKVD and UNKVD was announced by order of the NKVD No. 0044 of August 21, 1934 and was as follows:

• - Department of State Security (UGB), subdivided into departments (or departments) of SPO, IVF, NGO, etc. along the “lines” of work;
• - Inspection of internal security troops (where they were provided);
• - Police Department;
• - Inspection of reserves;
• - Inspection of fire protection;
• - Department of acts of civil status;
• - Department of communications;
• - Financial department;

Secretariat;

Maintenance department.

In some UNKVD departments (departments) of labor settlements were also provided.

The NKVD was entrusted with ensuring order and state security, protecting public property, recording acts of civil status, and border guards. The NKVD was in charge of the management of highways and dirt roads, cartography, the management of weights and measures, resettlement and archival affairs. With the creation of the Gulag, the NKVD became the manager of a huge labor army from prisoners in colonies and camps and from “special settlers” (until the 1930s, places of detention were under the jurisdiction of the republican NKVD).

At the time of the formation of the NKVD of the USSR, there was a practice in the relationship between the Prosecutor's Office of the USSR and the OGPU, which was a deviation from the "Instructions for provincial, military and military transport prosecutors to monitor the bodies of the GPU", approved by the People's Commissar of Justice of the RSFSR D. I. Kursky and Deputy Chairman of the GPU I. S. Unshlikht November 1, 1922. The instruction, adopted in follow-up to the decision of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of October 16, 1922, on granting the GPU the right to extrajudicial reprisals against bandits caught red-handed at the scene of a crime, provided for the notification of the prosecutor's office of arrests made by the GPU in cases of political and espionage no later than 14 days. Thus, the Prosecutor of the USSR proposed not only to significantly limit the extrajudicial powers of the NKVD of the USSR, but also to increase the role of prosecutorial supervision.

Studying the history of the creation of the NKVD of the USSR, it should be noted that it was in 1934, for the second time in the history of the Soviet state, that the state security and internal affairs agencies were merged into one department. The first time this was done in 1922-1923, when the NKVD of the RSFSR and the GPU was headed by F.E. Dzerzhinsky.

A special meeting at the NKVD consisted of: the deputy of the NKVD, the authorized representative of the NKVD for the RSFSR, the head of the GURKM, the prosecutor of the USSR and his deputy. A special meeting considered cases in absentia.

"Troikas" were created in the field from the 1st secretary of the regional committee or the Central Committee, the head of the corresponding NKVD, the prosecutor of the territory, region or republic. The creation of special repressive bodies was necessary to intimidate the population, they often delivered acquittals and did not violate the procedural order. Military tribunals are activated.

Republican people's commissariats of internal affairs were created in the Union republics. The Judicial Collegium of the OGPU was abolished, and all cases at the end of the investigation were to be sent to the judicial authorities according to their jurisdiction. However, under the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR, a Special Conference was created, which was given the right to apply administrative expulsion, exile, imprisonment in labor camps for up to five years and expulsion from the USSR. Thus, this administrative body was endowed with judicial powers, which could not but lead to violations of the law and the rights of citizens.

The NKVD of the USSR at that time turned into the largest economic and construction department. He also sent prisoners to construction sites and enterprises of other departments.

Also, the development of the police is closely connected with the history of the formation and development of the NKVD. In 1930, the people's commissariats of internal affairs of the union and autonomous republics were abolished, which were in charge of very diverse branches of government: public utilities, fire protection, the fight against crime, etc. Based on them structural divisions sectoral bodies were created, directly subordinate to the councils of people's commissars of the republics, including the police department and the criminal investigation department.

In 1931, the Regulations on the Workers' and Peasants' Militia of the USSR were issued, which for the first time regulated its organization and activities throughout the Union. The regulation provided for a more complete subordination of the militia to its central bodies. Centralization was strengthened even more Malygin A.Ya. Development of the system of internal affairs bodies in the prewar years // Police and militia of Russia: pages of history. M., 1995. S. 146.

In 1932, the Main Directorate of the Workers' and Peasants' Militia under the OGPU was created, subordinating the republican police departments. When the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR was formed in 1934, the Main Police Department was included in its structure. center directives.

The NKVD was very swollen, besides, he had to lead very diverse areas of government. This explains the separation from the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs in early 1941 of the Main Directorate of State Security, which became an independent people's commissariat.

During this period, the control bodies were also reorganized. Independent Party Control Commissions and Soviet Control Commissions under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR were created. Party control was thus separated from state control.

In 1940, the Commission of Soviet Control was liquidated, and the People's Commissariat of State Control was created instead.

At the same time, there was a whole sphere in which lawlessness, which assumed monstrous forms, developed at that time on an enormous scale. This concerned the activities of the NKVD bodies, which, in essence, got out of any party and state control and carried out only the will of the ruling elite, which caused enormous damage to both millions of Soviet citizens and the Soviet state itself. The blame for this falls both on the top leaders of the party and the state, primarily on Stalin himself, and on the persons who were at the head of the OGPU-NKVD: G. Yagoda, N. Yezhov, L. Beria. Especially noteworthy is Yezhov, during whose short reign the peak of repression falls, which was popularly called "Yezhovism". This figure, who, according to experts, was “criminally incompetent” in matters of state security, seemed to be the least interested in the matter, it was more important to exterminate more innocent people, including those highly valuable for the country and the state . Edited by O.I. Chistyakov. M.: Publishing house BEK, 1999.S. 411..

NKVD officers, 1930s

from the archives of the Orthodox St. Tikhon University for the Humanities

On July 10, 1934, the Central Executive Committee of the USSR adopted a resolution "On the Formation of the All-Union People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs." It became the central body of state administration of the USSR to combat crime and maintain public order until 1946, ITAR-TASS reports.

Some archival photographs, documents and memoirs about the work of one of the most controversial state structures of the USSR.

Structure and tasks of the NKVD

In December 1917, the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission headed by Felix Dzerzhinsky was formed to combat counter-revolution and sabotage in Soviet Russia. In February 1922, the commission was transformed into the State Political Administration under the NKVD of the RSFSR.

And in 1923, instead of the GPU, the United State Political Administration was created under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR.

Later, the OGPU became part of the All-Union People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs, created 80 years ago - in July 1934. Instead of the NKVD of the RSFSR, the institution of the Authorized People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR began to operate.

The structure of the NKVD included internal troops, the Main Directorate of State Security, the Main Directorate of Militia, the Main Directorate of Camps (GULAG), as well as the Directorate for the construction of highways, fire protection, cartography and geodesy, border and internal security, for prisoners of war and internees (in the years Great Patriotic War).

The NKVD of the USSR was entrusted with "ensuring revolutionary order and state security, protecting public (socialist) property, registering acts of civil status (registration of births, deaths, marriages and divorces) and border guards."

Also in the sphere of responsibility of the NKVD were political investigation and the right to pass sentences out of court, the system of execution of punishments, foreign intelligence, border troops, counterintelligence in the army.

"Simplified procedure" for the consideration of cases

The NKVD was the main perpetrator of the massive political repressions of the 1930s. Only under Article 58 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR (counter-revolutionary activity) in the period from 1921 to 1953, about 3.8 million people were convicted.

Many citizens of the USSR were convicted extrajudicially by NKVD troikas - these are criminal prosecution bodies operating at the level of the republic, territory or region. For example, the regional troika consisted of the head of the regional department of the NKVD, the secretary of the regional committee and the regional prosecutor.

Since December 1934, a "simplified procedure" for considering cases of "enemies of the people" was introduced, according to which the investigation had to complete its work within ten days, the indictment was handed over to the accused a day before the trial, cases were heard without the participation of the parties, and requests for pardon were prohibited. .

Gulag prisoners

photo chronicle TASS

People's Commissar Genrikh Yagoda: dispossession and Gulag, arrests and charges of Yagoda, execution

One of the first leaders of the Soviet state security agencies was Genrikh Yagoda, People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR (1934-1936). He was an associate of Joseph Stalin and led the defeat of anti-Stalinist demonstrations in October 1927.

He was also one of the organizers of the dispossession of peasants in the Volga region, in Ukraine, in Central Asia, Kazakhstan, the Caucasus and other regions. When suppressing the uprisings, Yagoda used the most cruel methods (including mass executions and deportations of entire villages to concentration camps). Under the leadership of Yagoda in 1930, the Main Directorate of Correctional Labor Camps (Gulag) was organized.

dispossession of peasants in the Donetsk region, 1931

photo chronicle TASS

In March 1937 Yagoda was arrested. Initially, he was accused of committing "anti-state and criminal crimes", later he was also accused of organizing a Trotskyist-fascist conspiracy in the NKVD, preparing an assassination attempt on Stalin and preparing a coup d'état and intervention.

Yagoda was also accused of murdering the son of the writer Maxim Gorky, Maxim Peshkov.

In February 1938, the trial of Yagoda took place. He pleaded not guilty to espionage.

FROM THE JUDICIAL REPORT ON THE THIRD MOSCOW PROCEDURE

"Vyshinsky*: Tell me, traitor and traitor Yagoda, in all your vile and treacherous activities have you never felt the slightest regret, not the slightest repentance? And now, when you are finally answering before the proletarian court for all your vile crimes, you not the slightest regret about what you did?

Yagoda: Yes, I'm sorry, I'm very sorry...

VYSHINSKY: Attention, Comrade Judges. Traitor and traitor Yagoda regrets. What do you regret, spy and criminal Yagoda?

Yagoda: I'm very sorry ... I'm very sorry that when I could do this, I didn't shoot all of you."

public prosecutor in this case. Diplomat, lawyer, one of the organizers Stalinist repressions. In 1935-1939 he was a member of the secret commission of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks for judicial cases. The Commission upheld all sentences death penalty in USSR.

Yagoda was sentenced to death. The sentence was carried out on March 15, 1938 in the Lubyanka prison of the NKVD.

People's Commissar Nikolai Yezhov: appointment and repression, execution

In September 1936, Nikolai Yezhov was appointed People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR. Later he was awarded the title of General Commissioner of State Security.

Yezhov acted as one of the organizers of the mass repressions of 1937-1938, contributed to the widespread use of measures of physical pressure on prisoners, permitted in the practice of the NKVD since 1937 by a circular of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.

Mikhail Kalinin, People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR Nikolai Yezhov and Pavel Postyshev*, 1938

photo chronicle TASS

FROM THE BOOK "NKVD INSIDE. NOTES OF THE CHEKIST" (AUTHOR - MIKHAIL SHREIDER)

"... I, like many other Chekists, was surprised by the sensational news of the appointment People's Commissar Internal Affairs of the USSR, an employee of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks Nikolai Ivanovich Yezhov and the transfer of Yagoda to the post of People's Commissar of Communications. Huge portraits of Yezhov and Yagoda and large articles devoted to both were placed on the front pages of the central newspapers.

Most of the old Chekists were convinced that with the arrival of Yezhov in the NKVD, we would finally return to the traditions of Dzerzhinsky, get rid of the unhealthy atmosphere and careerist, disintegrating and lipish tendencies implanted in last years in the organs of Yagoda. After all, Yezhov, as secretary of the Central Committee, was close to Stalin, in whom we then believed, and we believed that the organs would now have a firm and faithful hand of the Central Committee. At the same time, most of us believed that Yagoda, as a good administrator and organizer, would bring order to the People's Commissariat of Communications and bring great benefits there.

These hopes of yours were not destined to come true. Soon such a wave of repressions began, to which not only the Trotskyists and Zinovievites were subjected, but also the workers of the NKVD, who were badly fighting them.

During Yezhov's tenure as head of the NKVD, former members of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks Yan Rudzutak, Stanislav Kosior, Vlas Chubar, most of the members of the Central Committee, people's commissars, secretaries of regional committees, military command, heads of major enterprises were also repressed. In 1937-1938, several high-profile trials took place against the former leadership of the country, which ended in death sentences (Karl Radek, Leonid Serebryakov, Nikolai Bukharin, Mikhail Tukhachevsky, Genrikh Yagoda, and others).

*Soviet state and party leader. In 1938 he was recognized as a member of the Right-Trotskyist organization in Ukraine. In 1939 he was shot, in 1956 he was completely rehabilitated.

People's Commissar Lavrenty Beria: deportation of peoples, Beria is an enemy of the people

In 1939-1940, under the leadership of Beria, a mass deportation was carried out from the western regions of Belarus and Ukraine, the Baltic states. In 1940, a mass execution of Polish prisoners of war was organized in Katyn near Smolensk.

In 1944, Beria led the deportation of Chechens, Ingush, Karachays, Kalmyks, Tatars and other peoples from the Caucasian republics and Crimea.

"How much has been written about the deportation of peoples - and Chechens, and Ingush, and Kalmyks, and Crimean Tatars... And about the participation in this baseness of Zhdanov, Khrushchev, in general, the party apparatus - not a word. And who started all this, who gave orders? It is already known that the decision was taken by the Politburo. When the question of deportation was just discussed, in the presence of many people, although he always watched his speech and never cursed, he could not stand it and, without choosing literary expressions, expressed everything that he thinks about the eviction of the peoples of the Caucasus to one of those who actively carried out this vile politics. This man was Shcherbakov.

You're an idiot, - said the father, - don't you understand that you are being used as the last fool?!"

Gulag prisoners

photo chronicle TASS

From 1938 to 1941, Beria, as People's Commissar of Internal Affairs, led the foreign intelligence of the USSR. Thanks to him, it was possible to create a wide agent network in Europe, Japan and the USA.

In February 1941, the NKVD was divided into the People's Commissariats for State Security and Internal Affairs. Foreign intelligence was transferred to the People's Commissariat for State Security (NKGB). Lavrenty Beria remained at the head of the NKVD. At the same time, he was appointed deputy chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, supervised the timber and oil industries, non-ferrous metallurgy, and the river fleet.

In July of the same year, state security issues were again transferred to the jurisdiction of a single body - the NKVD of the USSR. In April 1943, the People's Commissariat of State Security of the USSR, headed by Vsevolod Merkulov, was again separated from the NKVD.

After Stalin's death in 1953, Beria became the first deputy chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Minister of Internal Affairs of the USSR (this ministry united the former departments of internal affairs and state security). Then, at the initiative of Beria, an amnesty was announced for a significant number of prisoners, the passport regime was relaxed, the Gulag system was transferred to the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Justice, the rehabilitation of victims of repression began, and a commission was created to consider cases of deportation from Georgia.

Funeral of Joseph Stalin. In the guard of honor Kliment Voroshilov, Lavrenty Beria and Georgy Malenkov, 1953

photo chronicle TASS

In 1953, Beria was accused of anti-party, anti-state activities, spying for Great Britain, organizing illegal repressions. The Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU removed him from the Central Committee. Beria was expelled from the party and stripped of all titles.

In December 1945, Sergei Kruglov replaced Beria as People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR.

In 1946, the NKVD was renamed the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and the NKGB was renamed the Ministry of State Security of the USSR. In March 1953, the departments were merged into a single Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR.

A year later, security agencies left the subordination of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and the State Security Committee was created.

In December 1991, the KGB of the USSR was abolished.

Special services of the first years of the USSR. 1923–1939: On the way to the great terror Simbirtsev Igor

First People's Commissar in the NKVD

First People's Commissar in the NKVD

Stalin's appointment as head of the NKVD on July 10, 1934, Yagoda clearly took it for granted, not suspecting that his path to the scaffold had begun. In the meantime, at the peak of his greatness, he became a member of the Central Committee of the party, and soon the people's commissar of internal affairs with the rank of general commissar of state security, which, according to the Chekist ranks of that time, was equated with the rank of marshal in the army - he received this gift from the authorities a little later, already in 1935 . Yagoda generally toyed with the idea of ​​uniting the Chekists in the NKVD into a kind of close-knit caste. According to his decision, the decision was pushed through that not a single employee of the department could be arrested and put on trial without the sanction of himself as a people's commissar. The massacre of 1937 will turn all this into a convention, he made his title of “General Commissar of State Security” given for life and subject to removal only by a court decision - this did not prevent his arrest with the removal of the title.

At the same time, he lives in the Kremlin and is in favor with Stalin himself, on some newsreels he even allows himself to sit in the presence of the standing “leader of the peoples”, a completely uncharacteristic episode in the then Soviet elite. He flaunts in the white tunic of the general commissar of state security tailor-made for him. In the 30s, he no longer indulges himself in pleasures, rumors circulate in society about the predilections of the People's Commissar of the NKVD for expensive overseas wines, for relaxing on picnics with selected girls of easy morals, about his stormy romance with Gorky's daughter-in-law, with whom Genrikh Grigoryevich falls in love seriously.

At that time, Stalin needed such a business executive and pragmatist in the main chair at the Lubyanka. In 1934, when appointing the head of the unified NKVD, he chose between Anastas Mikoyan, a member of the Central Committee of the party loyal to him (under whom Yagoda was to become deputy and chief consultant on the specifics of Chekist work) and the head of the past GPU, Yagoda himself. And yet he chose the second one - but both of them, with their pragmatism, prudence and obedience to Stalin, are in many ways similar in type, hence the alternative between them in this competition in the eyes of Stalin.

In Yagoda, in these very eyes of Stalin, in addition to devotion Soviet power and the general secretary personally, in addition to being ready to act by any means, had another obvious advantage - he was very efficient and accurate in document management. Apparently, Joseph Vissarionovich was also satisfied with the fact that his “Faithful Heinrich” (as Hitler later called the namesake of Yagoda and his “Yagoda” named Heinrich Himmler) well grasps his hints and half-hints, with which Stalin increasingly liked to communicate with his closest associates . But the main thing is that Yagoda capital letter. It was precisely this that was very valuable to Stalin before the beginning of the Great Terror, it was not yet necessary to arrest, torture and shoot from morning to night, and the huge Gulag system had to be built and debugged. Yagoda became the “chief engineer” of this gigantic Stalinist project, and others who were more suitable for that would be called to torture and shoot.

They say that Yagoda, in Stalin's eyes, had no chance of becoming the commander of the Great Terror because, despite his well-known rudeness and indifference to many things, he was not personally cruel, he was not a blood-loving sadist. This is rather doubtful, rather Yagoda was thrown out of the chair and clip of the Stalinist team for the Great Terror not by these principles of his and not even by his origin from the Leninist guard of party members with pre-revolutionary experience, but by Stalin's distrust of him and proximity to Bukharin's group of rightists in the party.

True, unlike his successor in the NKVD, Yezhov, there really is no information about Yagoda that he personally participated in interrogations with the use of torture or in executions. In the book “KGB: Chairmen of the State Security Organs”, Leonid Mlechin noted this ambiguity in the image of Yagoda in the chapter dedicated to him, citing examples of Yagoda’s humane attitude towards the arrested. There Yagoda, on a memorandum that an NKVD officer took the prisoners in the camp out into the cold naked, wrote a resolution: “Where do you find such scoundrels? Women in the cold?! Who allowed?!” Although this can hardly be considered evidence of the philanthropy of Commissar Yagoda, such "humanist" resolutions would later appear in the NKVD and from the pen of Yezhov or Beria. Although at the end of the 1920s he did indeed write several circulars to the GPU on strengthening supervision over the rule of law, on imposing discipline in the ranks of the GPU, on the obligation to treat visitors and his own subordinates politely (he himself was often simply the first boor to his employees). In 1926, the deputy chairman of the GPU, Yagoda, took the initiative to strengthen the rule of law in relation to the detention of those arrested on cases of the GPU, proposing to reduce the period of detention during the investigation, and threatening all those who were arrested during the investigation for more than two months with disciplinary penalties. In 1928, Yagoda again wrote a memo to the head of the Secret Department of the GPU Deribas: “The issue of loading our prisons is again acute, it is necessary to apply not only measures of indoctrination, but also repressive measures to those of our comrades who cannot and do not want to understand: the content in the prison of a person unreasonably long lies on us as a stain. There are dozens of orders prohibiting detention for more than 24 hours, but they keep them for 7 days or more without registration.” There are such documents from the pen of Yagoda in his archival legacy, and it would be wrong not to take them into account. Although it is not completely clear what is more here: a humane attitude towards the arrested, an ideological perception of communist legality, just concern for the honor of the GPU uniform, or the same craving of an official to do everything according to the letter of the instruction.

There is also a steady rumor that Yagoda seemed to call in his circle to adhere not only to laws and instructions, but also to Lenin's precepts in the party, and called the excessive elevation of Stalin's personality from the end of the 20s wrong and immodest. And it was as if these abandoned phrases of the first deputy chairman of the GPU were conveyed to Stalin himself, to which Stalin pointedly said: "But for now he is very useful, let him work." Although this story is not too hard to believe, if only because it is really very difficult to suspect Yagoda of true ideological Bolshevism in his soul, and he himself, in his addictions, did not really strive for the modesty bequeathed by Lenin in everyday life, and the asceticism of his predecessor Dzerzhinsky in the People's Commissar of the NKVD and not closely observed.

Yagoda no longer had the intelligence of Menzhinsky or the harsh charisma of Dzerzhinsky. This nervous and thin man in a jacket with a brushed mustache was overwhelmed, often simply rude with his subordinates, bursting into shouting at an opportunity and obscene op in his Lubyanka office, was no stranger to a passion for intrigues even inside the GPU, where by the time he came there were still remnants of the spirit of the Chekist stern brotherhood laid down by Dzerzhinsky. Many still in the GPU were struck by his haughty arrogance, which over the years grew stronger in him. Dzerzhinsky did not yell at his subordinates that he would rot them, and Lenin could not educate Dzerzhinsky with the words: “Otherwise I’ll punch you in the face!” As Stalin, according to the testimony of many eyewitnesses of such conversations, often ended regular debates with Yagoda.

In general, it is difficult to call Heinrich Yagoda a narrow-minded person, he really loved literature and was friends with writers. Although this did not prevent him from arranging orgies with his mistresses or hanging church icons in the bathhouse at his dacha, so that the naked People's Commissar of Internal Affairs with the guests would gladly fire at them from revolvers, training in shooting accuracy. After the arrest and execution of Yagoda, the NKVD will set up a secret facility at his dacha, where during the days of the Great Terror they no longer shot at silent icons, but shot hundreds of convicts brought here at night from Moscow prisons. Having shot faith, they took up the population of the country without pity.

Yagoda fully corresponded to the type of head of the secret service for cleaning up the country, only by the will of Stalin he became more a victim than an executor of the Great Terror, although the blood of the executions of the 20-30s and the victims of the "great construction" of the White Sea Canal, for which Yagoda received his Order of Lenin, lies and on it. All Yagoda's flirtations with the intelligentsia, all his ostentatious friendship with Maxim Gorky, conversations with Romain Rolland, joint drinking with Soviet poets did not save him from these accusations. Romain Rolland, who visited the USSR in 1935, with whom Yagoda tried to make friends, wrote later that the head of the NKVD made a very ambivalent impression on him: he had very honest and piercing eyes, good manners and intelligent speech, but he inspired Rolland with some inexplicable horror. “A mysterious man,” the Frenchman summed up his impression of Heinrich Yagoda.

After the December 1934 murder of Kirov in Leningrad, Stalin for the first time very sharply expressed to Yagoda his dissatisfaction with his work. Then, throughout 1935, Yagoda actively leads the NKVD, organizes the first mass arrests of the opposition and categories of " former people”, finishes building the Gulag car, but with the beginning of 1936, the Secretary General criticizes and scolds him more and more often. In addition, a vacuum is gradually forming around Yagoda in the Soviet elite, the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs actually does not have a single friend or ally in the Stalinist Central Committee: Mikoyan, Voroshilov, Molotov, Yezhov and all others openly do not want to get close to him and more and more often "bite" for errors. Yagoda little by little resembles a lone wolf, but he does not have the support of the bulk of the Chekists in the NKVD behind his back, and he remained a stranger there for many.

From the book Moscow Underground author Burlak Vadim Nikolaevich

"Little People's Commissar" After Genrikh Yagoda was arrested in 1937, Nikolai Yezhov became the new head of the NKVD. It was rumored that the "little people's commissar" loved not only to shoot from a pistol, but also to climb dungeons. He paid no less attention to the security of the subway than

author Kalashnikov Maxim

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author Mlechin Leonid Mikhailovich

People's Commissar LEAVES FOR TREATMENT Chicherin was appointed two deputies - more were not allowed in those years. The entire collegium of the people's commissariat consisted of four or five people. The first deputy was the old Bolshevik Maxim Maksimovich Litvinov, the second - Lev Mikhailovich Karakhan. With Karakhan

From the book of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Ministers of Foreign Affairs. Secret diplomacy of the Kremlin author Mlechin Leonid Mikhailovich

ONLY THE NARCOMIST DOES NOT Escape Chicherin's condition worsened, and at last it became clear that it was impossible to cure him. Now the attitude towards him in Moscow has changed. He ceased to be needed, and immediately it became a pity to spend money on him. In addition, another problem arose in the Politburo.

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People's Commissar and His Deputies Not only the People's Commissar himself, but also the collegium of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs, which consisted of five people, was approved by the Politburo, the heads of departments - the Organizing Bureau of the Central Committee. The board of the NKID consisted of the people's commissar himself, his first deputy Nikolai Krestinsky

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Annex 5. Extract from the Instruction on the relationship between the NKVD troops for the protection of the rear of the active Red Army and parts of the internal troops of the NKVD of the USSR

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From the book life path Christian Rakovsky. Europeanism and Bolshevism: an unfinished duel author Chernyavsky Georgy Iosifovich

5. Head of Government and People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of Ukraine Upon his return to Moscow, Rakovsky was awaiting new appointments. In the deep autumn of 1918, Lenin's government sent him to Berlin, assuming that from there he would leave for Vienna as the plenipotentiary of the RSFSR, which was already

Over time in conducting the NKVD many other units were transferred. So, on August 17, 1934, the Central Executive Committee of the USSR adopted a resolution on the inclusion of escort troops in the internal guard of the NKVD of the USSR. On the basis of the decision of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of November 22, 1934, the Department of Forest Protection of the NKVD of the USSR was formed, which on March 15, 1936 was included in the Main Directorate of the Workers' and Peasants' Militia, and on July 2, 1936 was transferred to the Main Directorate of Forest Protection and Forest Plantations under the Council of People's Commissars THE USSR. On December 29, 1934, the Main Inspectorate of the Border, Internal Guard and Militia of the NKVD of the USSR was formed. On May 31, 1935, the Department of labor colonies for minors was established as part of the Administrative and Economic Department. On July 15, 1935, the Main Directorate of State Surveying and Cartography was formed (it was under the jurisdiction of the NKVD until September 1938). January 15, 1936 - Department of special construction (construction of bakeries for the storage of the inviolable fund of grain). On January 28, 1936, the Office of the Commandant of the Moscow Kremlin was transferred from the NPO to the NKVD. On March 3, 1936, the Main Directorate for the Construction of Highways was formed. On June 26, 1936, the Central Directorate of Weights and Measures was transferred to the NKVD.

Based on the decisions of the February-March (1937) Plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks on reorganization of the apparatus of the NKVD, "taking into account the most important national economic and defense importance of railway transport." The transport department of the GUGB of the NKVD of the USSR was exempted from "protection of public order in railway transport, from duty at railway stations, from the fight against theft of socialist property, hooliganism and child homelessness." These duties were assigned to the newly created railway police, and the Main Directorate of State Security (GUGB) retained the functions of combating the "counter-revolution in transport." The railway police department as part of the GURKM was formed on the basis of a joint order of the NKVD and the NKPS dated June 26, 1937.

The most frequently reorganized GUGB . In December 1936, simultaneously with the change in the structure of the GUGB, its divisions were assigned numbers for the purpose of secrecy. In the course of another reform in the middle of 1938, the 6th department was created as part of the 1st Directorate (State Security) for the "operational security service" of the police, fire protection, and military registration and enlistment offices.

By the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of April 16, 1938, the Central Archival Administration was transferred to the jurisdiction of the NKVD, and on April 17 - the Intourist joint-stock company.

In 1939 in structure of the NKVD of the USSR, headed by that time L.P. Beria, included:

1) The leadership of the people's commissariat with several secretariats;

2) GUGB with departments: a) protection of leading party and Soviet workers (24 departments); b) secret-political (12 departments); c) counterintelligence (19 departments); d) special (12 departments); e) foreign (17 branches); f) encryption (8 departments);

3) Main economic management with 6 departments by major industries National economy(industry, Agriculture, defense industries, Goznak, etc.);

4) Main transport department with 3 departments.

In addition, the NKVD of the USSR had 5 special departments in charge of accounting, statistics, communications, technology, etc.

In accordance with the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of February 2, 1939, the Main Directorate of the Border and Internal Troops of the NKVD was divided into 6 directorates: 1) the Main Directorate of the Border Troops; 2) Main Directorate of Troops for the Protection of Railway Structures; 3) Main Directorate for the Protection of Particularly Important Industrial Enterprises; 4) Main Directorate of escort troops; 5) Main Directorate of Military Supply; 6) Main military construction department.

The NKVD of the USSR also included: the Main Archive Directorate, the Main Directorate of Fire Protection, the Main Directorate of Highways, the Main Directorate of Camps. General Prison Directorate, Central Department of Civil Status Acts. Office of the Commandant of the Moscow Kremlin, Office for Prisoners of War and Internees, Main Directorate of the Workers' and Peasants' Militia.

The staff of the central apparatus of the NKVD of the USSR increased by 1940 by almost four times compared with 1934 and exceeded 32,500 people.

In February 1941, state security agencies were separated from the NKVD system of the USSR. At the same time, the People's Commissariat for State Security of the USSR was formed.

Militia bodies

After the abolition in December 1930 of the NKVD of the RSFSR, the leadership of the militia and the criminal investigation department was entrusted to the police department and the criminal investigation department, created under the Council of People's Commissars of the Union and Autonomous Republics.

On December 31, 1930, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars adopted a resolution "On measures arising from the liquidation of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the RSFSR and the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the Autonomous Republics", which established the Main Directorate of Police and Criminal Investigation, created under the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, was entrusted with the leadership and management of police and criminal investigation agencies, the implementation of protection public order and security and the protection of the personal security of citizens, their rights and property, the protection of state and public property and the special protection of property of institutions and enterprises of state importance, as well as the fight against crime and the investigation of crimes within the limits specified by the Code of Criminal Procedure of the RSFSR, management of the enforcement of court sentences, organization of exile without forced labor, registration of deportees and exiles, assistance to state bodies in carrying out the duties established by law and training of police and criminal investigation personnel.

According to this resolution, the local administrative departments (departments) were reorganized into the departments of the police and the criminal investigation department, acting on the rights of the departments of the executive committees of the respective Soviets.

Simultaneously with the decision of December 15, 1930 on the liquidation of the NKVD of the Union and Autonomous Republics, the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR adopted a secret decree "On the management of the OGPU bodies by the activities of the police and the criminal investigation department." On the basis of this resolution, the OGPU of the USSR and its local bodies received the right not only to appoint, transfer and dismiss senior employees of the criminal investigation and police bodies, to inspect and control them, but also to use for their own purposes the open composition and covert network of the police and the criminal investigation, their capabilities in areas of fingerprinting and photography.

At the end of 1931, such relations between the police and the OGPU were "legalized" by creating in the composition OGPU USSR Main Inspectorate for Police and Criminal Investigation. Thus, a rigid centralization of the leadership of the police was ensured, the weakening of its ties with the authorities different levels. Something happened that the OGPU had been striving for back in the 1920s and that was rejected as not in accordance with the Constitution. Such significant changes in the system of police bodies made it possible to bring under the construction of the police throughout the country a single legal framework. On May 25, 1931, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR approved the first all-Union "Regulation on the Workers' and Peasants' Militia" (valid until 1962), which established that the central bodies were the main police departments of the union republics, created under the councils of people's commissars, and local - district, city, regional and regional police departments, as well as police departments of the autonomous republics.

The regulation summarized the experience of the formation of the Soviet militia from the moment of its creation. The main task of the workers' and peasants' militia, according to the Regulations, was to "protect the revolutionary order and public safety."

“The workers’ and peasants’ militia,” the Regulations said, “oversees the implementation of the laws and orders of the central and local authorities regulating the revolutionary order and public security, fights crime and investigates cases of crimes, guards state and public property, and as well as the personal security of citizens and their property.

On October 4, 1931, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR approved the regulation on the Main Directorate of the Workers' and Peasants' Militia under the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. These legal acts openly organizational connection militia with the OGPU is not mentioned. But already on December 27, 1932, the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR adopted a resolution "On the Formation of the Main Directorate of the Workers' and Peasants' Militia under the United State Political Directorate (OGPU) of the USSR." Thus, for the first time, an all-Union central body of sectoral administration was created, which was entrusted with the overall leadership of the militia throughout the country. At the same time, the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR approved the "Regulations on the Main Directorate of the Workers' and Peasants' Militia under the OGPU of the USSR." It regulated in detail the rights and basic duties of the all-Union police headquarters.

The further organizational development of the Soviet militia, the improvement of its structure, forms and methods of activity was associated with the above-mentioned formation on the basis of a decree of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR of July 10, 1934 of the Union-Republican People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR.

On July 23, 1935, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR decided that "in order to resolutely combat accidents, misuse and predatory attitudes towards vehicles" the State Automobile Inspectorate was formed in the system of the Central Administration of Highways and Unpaved Roads and Automobile Transport. In the union and autonomous republics, territories and regions, Moscow and Leningrad, an institution of authorized traffic police was established, in the regions - state traffic inspectors. In March 1936, the State Traffic Inspectorate was transferred to the Main Directorate of the Workers' and Peasants' Militia.

In July 1936, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR approved the "Regulations on the State Automobile Inspectorate of the Main Directorate of the Workers' and Peasants' Militia of the NKVD of the USSR." According to this Regulation, traffic police officers were endowed with all the rights established for police officers. They could impose monetary fines on violators of the rules for operating vehicles, as well as raise the issue of depriving drivers of the right to drive vehicles for a systematic gross violation of the established rules for driving vehicles before the qualification commission.

Many changes in the police system were associated with the adoption of the USSR Constitution of 1936, which established that socialist property, being the economic basis of the Soviet system, needs all-round protection.

To solve this problem, special police units were created to combat the theft of socialist property and speculation (BHSS). During the first year of its existence, the fight against petty sabotage was entrusted to the apparatuses of the BHSS, which in 1938 was transferred to the GUGB of the NKVD of the USSR.

Fast development transport has set new tasks for the police to protect law and order, combat theft and other crimes in transport communications. This required the improvement of organizational forms of activity and certain structural changes in the police. In 1937, railway police departments were formed. Somewhat later, departments (departments) of the police were created in ports and marinas.

The militia bodies continued to pay the most serious attention to the fight against child neglect and juvenile delinquency. On May 31, 1935, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks adopted a special resolution on measures to intensify the fight against child homelessness. It revealed shortcomings in this work, outlined measures for its radical improvement. Basically, they were focused on the prevention of child homelessness and neglect, the prevention and suppression of delinquency among adolescents. All responsibility for the organization and implementation of such measures rested with

directly to the heads of the police. In 1940, taking into account the experience gained in this field of activity, special units for the prevention and prevention of delinquency among adolescents, for work with minors, were created at the service departments in the police departments. Militia bodies were entrusted with duties, according to which they had to carefully find out the specific reasons for child homelessness and neglect, carefully examine the living conditions of juvenile delinquents, provide assistance to families in which it was difficult for parents to raise children, and involve the public for this.

The search for new organizational forms of combating crime led to the creation of specialized units. In the 1930s, following Moscow, teams (detachments) of night guards began to form in large industrial centers. In the capital, such a team of 150 people was formed in 1931, it was supported by deductions from households. Employees carried out patrols along established routes on foot or in cars. From April 1 to July 6, 1931, they detained 1993 people for hooliganism, 574 offenders at the crime scene.

New significant changes occurred in the pre-war period in the criminal investigation system. At the end of the 30s, the criminal investigation departments of the regional police departments had an average of about 20 employees and structurally consisted of three departments created according to the territorial principle. However, in June 1940, the work of the criminal investigation apparatus was again reorganized according to a linear principle. The UR department began to include four departments (one of them was for combating juvenile crime), and an investigative group was also created in its composition.

The expansion of work on the investigation of crimes made it necessary to look for ways to provide organizational support for this important area of ​​the fight against crime. On the ground, they took the path of dividing the criminal investigation apparatuses into parts: operational-search and investigative. Summarizing this experience, People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR decided to organize investigative groups in the criminal investigation departments and departments of the BHSS. In accordance with the order of the NKVD of the USSR of August 27, 1939, investigation groups were created from the available staff in the criminal investigation departments of the police departments of the republics, territories, regions and road police departments. Their leadership was entrusted to the deputy heads of criminal investigation departments. The most trained employees were included in the investigation teams.

The department for combating banditry of the GURKM, created in April 1941, was built in a similar way. NKVD USSR. It consisted of five departments: four - for the zones of the USSR, the fifth - investigative.

Over time, the structure of the Main Directorate of the Workers' and Peasants' Militia itself became more complicated. In 1941, the GURKM included the criminal investigation department, the BKhSS department, the external service department, the political department, the traffic police department, the railway police department, the passport office, the local air defense department, the scientific and technical department, the department for combating banditry (established in April 1941). On September 30, 1941, it became an independent department of the NKVD of the USSR, and on December 3, 1944, the Main Directorate was created on its basis.