Interventions during the civil war of 1917. Civil war and military intervention in Russia (1918-1922)

30.10.2019

To clarify the goals and objectives of the opposing sides (White and Red), it will be interesting to compare the program settings of the Whites and the measures of the Bolshevik government.

The program of the white movement was drawn up at the headquarters of the Volunteer Army of A.I. Denikin. Its main provisions were:

1. the destruction of Bolshevik anarchy and the establishment of a legal order in the country;

2. restoration of a powerful united and indivisible Russia;

3. convocation of the People's Assembly on the basis of universal suffrage;

4. decentralization of power through the establishment of regional autonomy and broad local self-government;

5. guarantee of complete civil liberty and freedom of religion;

6. implementation of land reform;

7. introduction of labor legislation, protection of workers from exploitation by the state and capital.

The most important problem in the study of the Civil War is the rationale for the decisive factor in the outcome of the Civil War.

Both whites and reds faced a powerful peasant insurgency. Therefore, victory in the Civil War largely depended on the flexibility of the opposing sides in resolving the so-called peasant question: the alternative to suppressing the peasant revolt was opposed by satisfying the economic demands of the peasants.

Answering the question - what happened main reason Red victories and white defeats in the Civil War? - determine the significance of the change by the Bolshevik government of the policy of "war communism" to the policy of "alliance with the middle peasants" and the new economic policy - NEP. Faced with the threat of losing power, the Bolsheviks decided to change direction domestic policy, thereby making a concession to the peasant majority of the population of Russia.

At the final stage of preparation, the main conclusions should be drawn.

The Bolsheviks won a military-political victory, the White Guard armies and interventionist forces were defeated. Soviet power established itself on the territory of the Soviet Republic and in most national regions. The power of the Bolsheviks was strengthened. A terrible price was paid for this victory: huge human losses (about 8 million people were killed, died of starvation and disease), mass emigration (more than 2.5 million people); economic devastation, rupture of spiritual and historical traditions in society.

The policy of "war communism": a conscious choice or a necessity?

It is important to understand that this is a set of emergency measures aimed at centralizing state control and management of all spheres of economic life. The measures constituting this policy are: the introduction of a surplus appropriation (essentially, the confiscation of food from the peasants for the needs of the army), universal labor conscription, the militarization of labor, the prohibition of private trade, the nationalization of medium and even small enterprises, and a course towards curtailing commodity-money relations.

The goals of the policy of war communism:

1) militarization of the economy, mobilization of all resources in the fight against whites and interventionists; 2) a fast and direct path to socialism.

Canceled in March 1921 due to mass discontent in the country, the threat of loss of power by the Bolsheviks.

Economic, social and political crisis of the end of 1920 - beginning of 1921. New economic policy (NEP): theory, practice, results.

It is advisable to start studying the main models of socialist construction by answering the question - what economic problems did the country face at the final stage of the Civil War?

Analyze the changes over the five years in the Russian economy presented in the table:

Based on the knowledge gained in the process of studying the Civil War, identify the political reasons that, at the final stage of the Civil War, led the Bolsheviks to realize the need to change economic policy. Describe V.I. Lenin as a politician capable of an adequate assessment of the situation in the country and a sharp change in the internal political course during a crisis of power. Try to explain the inconsistency of Lenin's statements: “NEP is a “temporary retreat” before capitalism” - “NEP was introduced “in earnest and for a long time” - “The Bolsheviks have yet to return to “economic terror””.

A comparative table of the “new economic policy” and the “policy of war communism” will help you characterize the activities of the NEP:

The policy of "war communism"	NEP
Prodrazverstka	Tax in kind
Nationalization of the entire industry - "Red Guard attack on capital"	In a limited amount, the lease of land and the use of hired labor were allowed. Individuals were allowed to rent small and medium-sized industrial and commercial enterprises.
Complete centralization of economic management	Partial decentralization of management. Large state-owned enterprises were transferred to self-financing (after fulfilling the state order, they sold their products on their own).
Destruction of private capital	Concessions - attraction of foreign investors
Labor service (mobilization) of the population	Free employment of labor force, creation of a labor exchange.
"Equalization" in wages	Wages were set depending on the qualifications and the number of products produced.
Prohibition of free trade. Direct product exchange between city and countryside	Monetary reform, restoration of the State Bank. Forced regulation of prices by the state - "price scissors"
The Essence of Politics
Liquidation of commodity-money relations	Partial restoration of commodity-money relations. The revival of a mixed economy. Preservation of "commanding heights" in the economy in the hands of the state.

By introducing the NEP, the Bolsheviks sought to solve two main tasks: to preserve Soviet power and restore the country's economy. To understand the degree of possibility of modernization of the USSR on the basis of the NEP economy, it is necessary to analyze the contradictions of the NEP. To do this, answer the following questions: 1) Did the Bolsheviks manage to solve the tasks; 2) Thanks to what it was possible in short term restore key economic indicators; 3) What methods were used to strengthen the political regime during the years of the NEP; 4) Are the Bolsheviks justified in their fears that the results of social changes under the NEP are contrary to theirs? ideological attitudes?

Until recently, the main contradiction of the NEP was the discrepancy between a multi-structural economy and a one-party political regime. However, modern economics(given the experience of the modern economy of Sweden, and especially China) is no longer so categorically rejecting the viability ideas of a two-sector economy. In this regard, try to identify and evaluate possible alternatives to creating the economic foundation of socialism.

Education of the USSR. Features of the Soviet national policy and the model of the national state structure

Association preconditions:

Ø Common economic ties and the historical division of labor between the republics

Ø The uniformity of the state structure and the concentration of power in the center and in the republics in the hands of a single political party

Ø Striving for a unified external security of the republics

Association projects

Key dates

December 27, 1922- the signing of the Union Treaty (RSFSR, Ukrainian SSR, BSSR, ZSFSR) on the formation of the USSR. Defense issues were transferred to the jurisdiction of the Union, foreign policy, state security, border protection, foreign trade, transport, budget, communications and money circulation. At the same time, the right to freely secede from the USSR was declared.

December 30, 1922─ at the First All-Union Congress of Soviets, the Declaration on the formation of the USSR as part of the RSFSR, Ukrainian SSR, BSSR, TSFSR (Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan) was approved.

1924- The Constitution of the USSR.

Ticket

- Civil War and military intervention of 1917-1922 in Russia - an armed struggle for power between representatives various classes, social strata and groups of the former Russian Empire with the participation of the troops of the Quadruple Union and the Entente.

1. Causes of the war and its content.

The main causes of the Civil War and military intervention were:

· the intransigence of the positions of various political parties, groups and classes in matters of power, the economic and political course of the country;

· the rate of opponents of Bolshevism on the overthrow of Soviet power by force of arms with the support of foreign states;

· the desire of the latter to protect their interests in Russia and prevent the spread of the revolutionary movement in the world; the development of national separatist movements on the territory of the former Russian Empire;

The radicalism of the Bolsheviks, who considered one of the essential funds to achieve their political goals, revolutionary violence, the desire of the leadership of the Bolshevik Party to put into practice the ideas of the world revolution.

(Military Encyclopedia. Military Publishing. Moscow. In 8 volumes - 2004)

After Russia's withdrawal from the First World War, German and Austro-Hungarian troops in February 1918 occupied part of Ukraine, Belarus, the Baltic States and southern Russia. In order to maintain Soviet power, Soviet Russia agreed to the conclusion of the Brest Peace (March 1918). In March 1918 Anglo-French American troops landed at Murmansk; in April, Japanese troops in Vladivostok; in May, a rebellion of the Czechoslovak corps began, following along Trans-Siberian Railway to the East. Samara, Kazan, Simbirsk, Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk and other cities along the entire length of the highway were captured. All this created serious problems for new government. By the summer of 1918, numerous groups and governments had formed on 3/4 of the country's territory, opposing Soviet power. The Soviet government began to create the Red Army and switched to the policy of war communism. In June, the government formed the Eastern Front, in September - the Southern and Northern Fronts.

By the end of the summer of 1918, Soviet power remained mainly in the central regions of Russia and in part of the territory of Turkestan. In the second half of 1918, the Red Army won its first victories on the Eastern Front, liberated the territories of the Volga region, part of the Urals.

After the revolution in Germany that took place in November 1918, the Soviet government annulled the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Ukraine and Belarus were liberated. However, the policy of war communism, as well as decossackization, caused peasant and Cossack uprisings in various regions and made it possible for the leaders of the anti-Bolshevik camp to form numerous armies and launch a broad offensive against the Soviet Republic.

In October 1918, in the South, the Volunteer Army of General Anton Denikin and the Don Cossack Army of General Pyotr Krasnov went on the offensive against the Red Army; Kuban and the Don region were occupied, attempts were made to cut the Volga in the Tsaritsyn region. In November 1918, Admiral Alexander Kolchak announced the establishment of a dictatorship in Omsk and proclaimed himself the supreme ruler of Russia.

In November-December 1918, British and French troops landed in Odessa, Sevastopol, Nikolaev, Kherson, Novorossiysk, Batumi. In December, Kolchak's army intensified its operations, seizing Perm, but the Red Army troops, having captured Ufa, suspended its offensive.

In January 1919, the Soviet troops of the Southern Front managed to push back from the Volga and defeat Krasnov's troops, the remnants of which joined the Armed Forces of the South of Russia created by Denikin. In February 1919, the Western Front was created.

At the beginning of 1919, the offensive of the French troops in the Black Sea region ended in failure, during French squadron revolutionary fermentation began, after which the French command was forced to evacuate its troops. In April, the British units left Transcaucasia. In March 1919, Kolchak's army went on the offensive along the Eastern Front; by the beginning of April, she had mastered the Urals and was advancing towards the Middle Volga.

In March-May 1919, the Red Army repulsed the offensive of the White Guard forces from the east (Admiral Alexander Kolchak), south (General Anton Denikin), west (General Nikolai Yudenich). As a result of the general counteroffensive of the units Eastern Front The Red Army in May July occupied the Urals and in the next six months, with the active participation of partisans, Siberia.

In April-August 1919, the interventionists were forced to evacuate their troops from the south of Ukraine, from the Crimea, Baku, Central Asia. The troops of the Southern Front defeated Denikin's armies near Orel and Voronezh, and by March 1920 pushed their remnants back to the Crimea. In the autumn of 1919, Yudenich's army was finally defeated near Petrograd.

At the beginning of 1920, the North and the coast of the Caspian Sea were occupied. The Entente states completely withdrew their troops and lifted the blockade. After the end of the Soviet-Polish war, the Red Army delivered a series of blows to the troops of General Pyotr Wrangel and expelled them from the Crimea.

In the territories occupied by the White Guards and the interventionists, a partisan movement was active. In the Chernigov province, one of the organizers partisan movement was Nikolai Shchors, in Primorye, the commander-in-chief of the partisan forces was Sergey Lazo. The Ural partisan army under the command of Vasily Blucher in 1918 carried out a raid from the region of Orenburg and Verkhneuralsk across the Ural Range to the Kama region. She defeated 7 regiments of whites, Czechoslovaks and Poles, disorganized the rear of the whites. After passing 1.5 thousand km, the partisans joined with the main forces of the Eastern Front of the Red Army.

In 1921-1922, anti-Bolshevik uprisings were suppressed in Kronstadt, in the Tambov region, in a number of regions of Ukraine, etc., and the remaining centers of interventionists and White Guards in Central Asia and the Far East were liquidated (October 1922).

Consequences of the war.

By 1921, Russia was literally in ruins. The territories of Poland, Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Western Ukraine, Belarus, Kars region (in Armenia) and Bessarabia departed from the former Russian Empire. According to experts, the population in the remaining territories barely reached 135 million people. Since 1914, losses in these territories as a result of wars, epidemics, emigration, and a reduction in the birth rate have amounted to at least 25 million people.

During the hostilities, the Donbass, the Baku oil region, the Urals and Siberia were especially affected, many mines and mines were destroyed. Factories stopped due to lack of fuel and raw materials. The workers were forced to leave the cities and go to the countryside. In general, the level of industry has decreased by 5 times. The equipment has not been updated for a long time. Metallurgy produced as much metal as it was smelted under Peter I.

Agricultural production decreased by 40%. Almost the entire imperial intelligentsia was destroyed. Those who remained urgently emigrated to avoid this fate. During the Civil War, from hunger, disease, terror and in battles (according to various sources) from 8 to 13 million people died, including about 1 million Red Army soldiers. Up to 2 million people emigrated from the country. The number of street children increased sharply after the First World War and the Civil War. According to some data, in 1921 there were 4.5 million homeless children in Russia, according to others, in 1922 there were 7 million homeless children. Damage national economy amounted to about 50 billion gold rubles, industrial production fell to 4-20% of the level of 1913.

Losses during the war (table 1)

Results of the intervention

“Some exotic African troops peacefully walked along the streets of this beautiful seaside city: Negroes, Algerians, Moroccans, brought by the French invaders from hot and distant countries, indifferent, carefree, poorly understanding what was going on. They did not know how to fight and did not want to. They went shopping, bought all sorts of rubbish and cackled, talking in guttural language. Why they were brought here, they themselves did not know for sure.

Alexander Vertinsky about the French intervention in Odessa, early 1919

The leaders of the White movement were in fact in a hopeless situation regarding the question of accepting or not accepting the help of the “allies”: a ruined economy that required huge financial costs; basing all, without exception, the White Guard state formations on the outskirts of the empire, without fail, with a rear at sea, which did not have an industrial and material base - in contrast to the position of the Bolsheviks, who were based in the center of the country with its factories and military depots during the First World War. Unable to manage on their own, they were forced to put themselves in a strategic dependence on the interventionists, who, as Ph.D. N. S. Kirmel, in solidarity in this matter with Doctor of Historical Sciences. N. A. Narochnitskaya, at a difficult moment, betrayed the White movement.

An important factor skillfully used by the Bolsheviks against the White movement in the propaganda struggle was the very presence on the territory of Russia of limited contingents of foreign troops, who, in addition, did not want to fight the Red Army, and therefore brought the fact of their presence nonetheless White movement not so much good as harm, since they only discredited the anti-Soviet governments among the masses and gave the Soviets a powerful propaganda trump card. The Bolshevik agitators presented the White Guards as alleged proteges of the world bourgeoisie, trading in national interests and natural resources, and their struggle as allegedly patriotic and fair.

List of used literature

1. Goldin V. I. Russia in the Civil War. Essays on the latest historiography.-

M.-2000.-276s.

2. Civil war in documents and memoirs.-M.-1998.

3. History of the USSR. / Edited by Ostrovsky V.P. - M .: Prosvet, 1990.

4. Konovalov V. Civil war in Russia (1917-1922): myths and

reality // Dialogue.-1998.-№9.-p.72-76

5. Levandovsky A.A., Shchetinov Yu.A. Russia in the XX century: Proc. Moscow: Vlados,

6. Our Fatherland. The experience of political history. T.2 - M .: Prosvet, 1991.

7. National history/ Under the editorship of A.A. Radugin. – M.: Academy, 2003.

8. Manual on the history of the Fatherland / Ed. Kuritsina V.M. - M.: Prostor,

9. Shevotsukov P. A. Pages of the history of the Civil War.-M.-1995.

Similar information.

armed struggle for power between representatives of dec. classes, social layers and gr. ex. Ros. empire with the participation of the troops of the Quadruple Alliance and the Entente.

GV in Russia began immediately after Oct. revolution in Petrograd. In Ekat. the transfer of power into the hands of the Bolshevik Soviet took place peacefully, but for this it was necessary to create a coalition revolutionary committee, which dissolved itself on November 21. 1917. The peaceful transition of power into the hands of the Bolsheviks ensured the presence of neg. slave. Cr. guards and the support of a significant number of soldiers of the local garrison (see Garrison). In con. 1917 - early. 1918 they were used to establish owls. authorities on Wed. U., as well as to repulse the Cossack formations of A.I. Dutov in the South. W. For this, in Ekat. two Urals were formed. fighting squads sent to fr.

In con. Jan. 1918 in Ekat. created. Ural. region military the commissariat (together with F.I. Goloshchekin), which became the C. of the formation of Ch. Kr.Arm. At first it was desks. and factory. squads (included in the 1st exemplary battalion of the Uralobkom RCP (b), later - the regiment named after I.M. Malyshev). In Apr. 1918 in Ekat. created. 1st Ural. shooter regiment, which went in May to Dutov Fr. In June 1918, the 3rd Yekat was formed. shooter regiment. In March-July 1918 in Yekat. was evacuated Acad. Gene. Headquarters (head of A.I. Andogsky). From Apr. 1918 in Ekat. open artil. and machine gun courses. May 4, 1918 by decree of the Council of People's Commissars created. Ural. military env. from C. to Ekat. (evacuated to Perm in July). From June 13, the headquarters of the North-Ural.-Sib. was located in the city. fr. (comm. R.I. Berzin), transformed on July 20 into the headquarters of the 3rd army. Vost. fr.

Soon after the speech of the Czechoslovak corps and early. full-scale GW in con. June - early July 1918 launched an attack on Ekat. Cossack and Czechoslovak neg. from Chelyabinsk (Sultaevsky detachment regiment V.V. Kruchinina, company of Czechoslovaks). From the side of Tyumen - Irbit, the part of the Steppe Sib was advancing. corps (590 bayonets and sabers, 14 machine guns). Rebel forces joined them. All R. July they opened the way to Ekat. with Z. As a result, the anti-Bolshevik forces on June 24, 1918 consisted of reconnaissance units. headquarters of the 3rd army. in 12–15 thousand bayonets, 2 thousand sabers, 20 guns, 140 machine guns, three armored platforms, two armored cars and an aircraft detachment. Throughout June, the opponents of the Bolsheviks did not have superiority in manpower, they were also much inferior in firepower (the kr. - 300 machine guns, 30 guns, armored trains).

On the night of July 16-17 in Yekat. were shot ex. imp. Nikolai Romanov with his family and servants (see the Execution of Nicholas II and his family in Ekat.). On July 24–25, an anti-Bolshevik uprising took place in the city. July 25 cr. hours left Ekat. July 28 Sultaevsky otr. and Czechoslovak units of S.N. Voitsekhovsky entered the city without a fight.

Aug 13 1918 in Ekat. arr. Temporary region pr-in U. in Ch. with cadet P.V. Ivanov. It focused on the restoration of democracy. beginning, but did not acquire strong influence due to the lack of its own troops. The masters of the situation in Ekat. became authorized Sib. (Omsk) production (gen.-m prince V.V. Golitsyn, colonel S.A. Domontovich and others) and teams. Ekat. gr. troops of Sib. arm. (Colonel S.N. Voitsekhovsky, General-Mr. R. Gaida - from January 1, 1919, command. Sib. Arm). Oct.–Nov. in Ekat. turned out ok. 60 dep. Vseros. Constituent Assembly (VUS), to-rye were preparing the congress of members. VUS. Their work was headed by pr. Socialist-Revolutionaries - before. VUS V.M. Chernov and before. Congress V.K.Volsky. After the coup on 18 Nov. 1918 in Omsk, they called for a fight against A.V. Kolchak, but were arrested or dispersed.

Nov 10 1918 Provisional region pr-in U. was abolished Ufim. directory. He was replaced by A.V. Kolchak appointed Ch. head of the Urals. edge (on the rights of the general-governor) engineer. S.S. Postnikov. In the summer of 1918 in Yekat. mountain was restored. Duma (presiding P.A. Kroneberg), measures were taken to improve the economy. The mountains were restored. militia. The military criminal investigation department, as well as the county, acted in contact with her. militia. Ekat. became one of the C. military. management and formation of Sib. arm. In the spring of 1919 in Ekat. the garrison was 30 thousand soldiers. From Aug. 1918 formed four regiments of buglers. shooters 7th Ural. div., then - Ekat. personnel brigade of two regiments and two artillery divisions. In addition, the 1st Ekat was formed here. Lancer Regiment, Det. shock immortal battalion, two shock Sib. brigades. In 1919 in Yekat. worked: school. ensigns of the infantry, uch. instructor school, headquarters of the Tyumen rear military. env., headquarters of formations and h., including Czechoslovak, British and Polish. A.V. Kolchak was also preparing to transfer his headquarters here.

In response to the repressions of the whites in Ekat., as well as in Ukraine as a whole, an illegal army was deployed. subversive work, which was led by the Ural-Siberian Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b). When retreating from Ekat. the Bolsheviks abandoned the party. gr. in ch. with V.D. Tveritin, K.P. Chudinova, K.P. Ilmer. Participated in illegal work and lion. Socialist-Revolutionaries, Anarchists, Bundists. Mn. underground workers were tracked down, arrested and killed. A single underground organization in Yekat. managed to create only in Jan. 1919. Headed by its member. RCP(b) A.Ya.Valek. The organization consisted of at least one hundred people. Her secret cells were available in all kr. pr-ties of the city, among railway workers and students, in bats, military units, prisoner of war camps (Hungarians, Germans), in the police. Contacts were maintained with Chelyab., Sib. underground, with a number of c. on Wed. U. However, in April. 1919 pl. underground workers were arrested and executed. By the summer of 1919 there were up to 3,000 prisoners in the city.

July 5-20, 1919 during the offensive Ekat. operations of the left wing East. fr. busy h. Kr. Arm. July 14, 1919 247th regiment of the 2nd brigade of the 28th div. (head-to V.M. Azin), as noted in the order of the RVSR, “knocked down the enemy from fortified positions near the village. Sieves for 50 miles, by the evening he took Ekat., recaptured several. counterattack on this city and firmly secured it for us. Ekat. C. became a newly formed one. lips. Created in Ekat. military roar. set in ch. with P.M. Bykov, then L.S. Sosnovsky, S.A. Novoselov, launched work on the restoration of the former owls. governing bodies. In con. Aug. 1919 restored Ekat. mountains to-t RCP (b), in Oct. -Ekat. mountains council (chaired by A.I. Paramonov). The existence of opposition polit. org-tions in the city were not allowed. Only three SRs made it to the Soviet. In March 1920 in Yekat. formed gr. party roar. Communists, but soon ceased to exist due to persecution. From the day of the occupation of the city to July 1920 Ekat. Cheka filed 3777 cases with total. number of defendants 6229 people. 122 people were sentenced to death. In May 1920 Prez. GubChK with the consent of the Gubkom RCP (b) and Yekat. provincial executive committee created. the first in the Urals. region concentration camp.

Since the summer of 1919 in Yekat. the Priural headquarters was placed. military env. (military commissars S. A. Anuchin, A. Ya. Semashko, Yu. arm. labor, in which in Jan. 1920 reorganized 3rd arm. Previous her Revolutionary Council became L.D. Trotsky, deputy. - G.L. Pyatakov. In Apr. 1920 Ural was founded. bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), which supervised the work of Ekat., Perm., Chelyab., Ufim. and Tyumen. lips. part. org-tions. In Ekat. the region also worked. Bureau of the Central Committee of the RKSM, Uralpromburo of the Supreme Economic Council.

As a result, the GW went out of order most of ural. industry. Restoration of prom. production was hampered by a shortage of qualified personnel. In 1921, there was a period when not a single blast furnace out of 97 operated at U. In the beginning. 1920 out of 72,407 citizens, 6,300 were ill with typhus. Almost all doctors (113 out of 120) left the city with whites, so training courses for auxiliary medical staff were organized. By 1921, an epidemic of typhus in Yekat. almost stopped. The use of labor. on pro-ve did not give the desired effect. Compulsory-voluntary subbotniks became widespread.

The formation and sending to fr. military units and formations. In the course of the con. Jan. 1920 in Ekat. "weeks fr." collected 627 pairs of boots, pl. coats, fur coats, other things and money.

The situation in the city's economy gradually improved. Cr. success was the restoration in the summer of 1920 railway. Ekat. - Kazan. major event cult. life of the city was the opening in October. 1920 Ural. state university

Lit .: Red Banner Ural. History of the Ural Military District. M., 1983; Ural in the civil war. Sverdlovsk, 1989; Plotnikov I.F. Middle Urals during the Civil War (1918–1920). Sverdlovsk, 1990; He is. Alexander Vasilyevich Kolchak: Life and work. Rostov-on-Don, 1998; Ural antiquity: Literary and local history almanac. Issue. 1. Ekaterinburg, 1994; Issue. 2. Yekaterinburg, 1996; Yekaterinburg. Historical essays. Yekaterinburg, 1998.

S.I. Konstantinov, I.F. Plotnikov, N.N. Popov

- was caused by the aggravation of deep contradictions watered. and social economy...
Ural Historical Encyclopedia
- organized armament fight for the state power between classes and social groups within the country, the most acute form of class struggle. In class antagonistic...
Philosophical Encyclopedia
- The Constitution of the RSFSR 1918. , Constitution of the USSR 1924, Constitution of the RSFSR 1925 , Constitution of the USSR 1936 . Constitution of the RSFSR 1937, Constitution of the USSR 1977. Constitution of the RSFSR 1978 ...
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Economics and Law
- the armed overthrow of the Provisional Government and the coming to power of the Bolshevik Party, which proclaimed the establishment of Soviet power, the beginning of the liquidation of capitalism and the transition to socialism ...
Political science. Dictionary.
- armed the struggle of the workers and peasants of the Soviet. Russia in defense of the gains of the Great October Socialist Revolution against the armament. forces int. counter-revolutions and foreign interventionists...
- was undertaken by foreign imperialists with the aim of tearing Transcaucasia away from the Soviets. Russia and turning it into a springboard for counter-revolution. After Oct. revolution of the Soviet power in Transcaucasia was established only in ...
Soviet historical encyclopedia
- armed foreign wrestling imperialism and internal counter-revolution against the socialist revolution in Russia in order to eliminate the Sov. state-va, restoration of the landowner-bourgeois. building, dismembering and enslaving the Owls ....
Soviet historical encyclopedia
- was an integral part of the imperialist struggle. powers against the Soviets. Russia. Ch. the role in it was played by the imperialists of Japan and the USA, who shared serious contradictions ...
Soviet historical encyclopedia
- was undertaken by foreign imperialists in order to turn Ukraine and Crimea into their semi-colony and create a springboard here for the fight against the Soviets. Russia...
Soviet historical encyclopedia
- see the Great October Socialist Revolution ...
Soviet historical encyclopedia
- see the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 ...
Soviet historical encyclopedia
- see Internecine war ...
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron
- organized armed struggle state power between classes and social groups within a country, the most acute form of class struggle...
- in Russia, the struggle of workers and working peasants Soviet Russia under the leadership of the Communist Party for the gains of the Great October Socialist Revolution, the freedom and independence of the Soviet ...
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- CIVIL WAR AND MILITARY INTERVENTION 1917-22 in Russia - an armed struggle between social groups led by the Bolsheviks, who came to power as a result of the October Revolution, and their opponents ...
Big encyclopedic Dictionary
- ...
orthographic dictionary Russian language

"CIVIL WAR AND MILITARY INTERVENTION IN RUSSIA (1917–1922)" in books

CHAPTER III Civil war and military intervention. 1918–1920s

From the book History of Russia XX - early XXI centuries author Tereshchenko Yury Yakovlevich

CHAPTER III Civil war and military intervention. 1918–1920s The civil war as a process of open armed confrontation between various classes, estates and groups of the population in the struggle for power and property began in Russia in 1917. Armed uprisings in the capital in

Chapter 2. Civil war and military intervention 1918-20 in Russia

From the book The Formation and Disintegration of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics author Radomyslsky Yakov Isaakovich

Chapter 2. The Civil War and Military Intervention of 1918-20 in Russia

From the book History. Russian history. Grade 11. A basic level of author

§ 10. CIVIL WAR AND MILITARY INTERVENTION Causes and participants of the war. After the overthrow of the monarchy, traditional foundations were destroyed, old values were rejected, the dark instincts of the crowd came out, and the contradictions between individual segments of the population escalated. Politics

§ 10. CIVIL WAR AND MILITARY INTERVENTION

From the book History of Russia. XX - the beginning of the XXI century. Grade 11. A basic level of author Kiselev Alexander Fedotovich

§ 10. CIVIL WAR AND MILITARY INTERVENTION Causes and participants of the war. The civil war in Russia was closely intertwined with foreign military intervention, which gave it a special intensity and influenced the behavior of the masses, their self-determination on one side or another of the fronts.

§ 13 - 14. CIVIL WAR AND MILITARY INTERVENTION

From the book History of Russia. XX - the beginning of the XXI century. Grade 9 author Kiselev Alexander Fedotovich

§ 13 - 14. CIVIL WAR AND MILITARY INTERVENTION Prerequisites for armed confrontation. In late 1917 - early 1918, the Cossacks of the Don, Kuban and South Urals came out against the Bolsheviks. The dispersal of the Constituent Assembly and the conclusion of the Brest peace, accompanied by

§ 13-14. CIVIL WAR AND MILITARY INTERVENTION

From the book History of Russia. XX - beginning of the XXI century. Grade 9 author Kiselev Alexander Fedotovich

§ 13-14. CIVIL WAR AND MILITARY INTERVENTION Prerequisites for armed confrontation. In late 1917 - early 1918, the Cossacks of the Don, Kuban and South Urals came out against the Bolsheviks. The dispersal of the Constituent Assembly and the conclusion of the Brest peace, accompanied by the occupation

From the book History of Russia in the XX - early XXI century author Milov Leonid Vasilievich

Chapter 6. Revolution and Civil War in Russia 1917-1920

Civil War 1917–1922/23

From the book Questions and Answers. Part II: History of Russia. author Lisitsyn Fedor Viktorovich

Civil War 1917–1922/23 ***> Was the Civil War inevitable after October 1917? It became inevitable BEFORE October - Order No. 1 and the redistribution of property in the village by deserters - already brought down the system.> Small pogroms eventually gave way to confrontation of large forces

Chapter 9. The October Revolution of 1917 and the Civil War in Russia

From the book History of Russia author Munchaev Shamil Magomedovich

§ 2. Civil war and foreign military intervention. Opposing Forces

From the book History of Russia author Munchaev Shamil Magomedovich

§ 2. Civil war and foreign military intervention. Opposing Forces The biggest drama of the 20th century - the Civil War in Russia - attracts the attention of scientists, politicians, and writers to this day. However, there are still no unequivocal answers to the questions about what

Topic 15. Revolutions of 1917 and the Civil War in Russia

From the book Domestic History: Lecture Notes author Kulagina Galina Mikhailovna

Topic 15. Revolutions of 1917 and the Civil War in Russia 15.1. February revolution Causes of the revolution. The abdication of Nicholas II and the fall of the monarchy. The revolutionary events of 1917 were caused by the insufficient development of the economy, the lack of stability and sustainability of social

XIII. military intervention. Civil War

From the book History of the USSR. Short course author Shestakov Andrey Vasilievich

XIII. military intervention. Civil war 55. The struggle of the Soviets for peace. Capture of Ukraine by the Germans Peace with Germany. Although the war continued, the old Russian army was no longer able to fight, the soldiers fled to their homes. On the roofs of wagons, on the buffers and brakes of trains

CIVIL WAR IN RUSSIA (1917-1922)

From the book 100 great wars author Sokolov Boris Vadimovich

CIVIL WAR IN RUSSIA (1917-1922) The war between the Bolshevik government led by V.I. Lenin and various anti-communist forces. In fact, the beginning of the Civil War was the armed seizure of power in Petrograd on the night of November 7-8, 1917 and

Civil war and military intervention 1918-20

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (GR) of the author TSB

Chapter 3 Civil War in Russia (1917-1922)

From the book of the USSR and Russia in the slaughter. Human losses in the wars of the XX century author Sokolov Boris Vadimovich

Chapter 3 Civil War in Russia (1917-1922) There is no reliable data on human losses during the Civil War in Russia. There is only a summary of the losses of the Red Army, but it is rather incomplete. As for the losses of the whites who opposed her

The civil war began in October 1917 and ended with the defeat of the White Army in the Far East in the autumn of 1922. During this time, various social classes and groups in Russia used armed methods to resolve the contradictions that arose between them.

The main reasons for the start of the Civil War include:

inconsistency between the goals of the transformation of society and the methods for achieving them;
refusal to create a coalition government;
dispersal of the Constituent Assembly;
nationalization of land and industry;
liquidation of commodity-money relations;
the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat;
creation of a one-party system;
the danger of the revolution spreading to other countries;
economic losses of the Western powers during regime change in Russia.

In the spring of 1918 British, American and French troops landed in Murmansk and Arkhangelsk. within the limits Far East the Japanese invaded, the British and Americans landed in Vladivostok - the intervention began.

On May 25, there was an uprising of the 45,000th Czechoslovak corps, which was transferred to Vladivostok for further shipment to France. A well-armed and well-equipped corps stretched from the Volga to the Urals. Against the backdrop of decayed Russian army he became the only one real power on that moment. The corps, supported by the Social Revolutionaries and the White Guards, put forward demands for the overthrow of the Bolsheviks and the convening of a Constituent Assembly.

In the south, the Volunteer Army of General A.I. Denikin, who defeated the Soviets in the North Caucasus. Troops P.N. Krasnov approached Tsaritsyn, in the Urals the Cossacks of General A.A. Dutov captured Orenburg. In November-December 1918, an English landing landed in Batumi and Novorossiysk, the French occupied Odessa. In these critical conditions, the Bolsheviks managed to create a combat-ready army by mobilizing people, resources and attracting military specialists from the tsarist army.

By the autumn of 1918, the Red Army had liberated Samara, Simbirsk, Kazan, and Tsaritsyn.

The revolution in Germany had a significant impact on the course of the Civil War. Recognizing its defeat in , Germany agreed to annul and withdrew its troops from the territory of Ukraine, Belarus and the Baltic states.

support for the national outskirts and Russian peasants, deceived by the Bolshevik slogan "Land to the peasants";
creation of a combat-ready army;
lack of general command among the "whites";
support from labor movements and communist parties in other countries.

The main reasons for the start of the civil war include the discrepancy between the goals of transforming society and the methods for achieving them, the refusal to create a coalition government, the dispersal of the Constituent Assembly, the nationalization of land and industry, the elimination of commodity-money relations, the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat, the creation of a one-party system, the danger of the revolution spreading to other countries, the economic losses of the Western powers during the regime change in Russia.

In the spring of 1918 British, American and French troops landed in Murmansk and Arkhangelsk. The Japanese invaded the Far East, the British and Americans landed in Vladivostok - intervention began.

On May 25, there was an uprising of the 45,000th Czechoslovak corps, which was transferred to Vladivostok for further shipment to France. A well-armed and well-equipped corps stretched from the Volga to the Urals. In the conditions of the decayed Russian army, he became the only real force at that time. Supported by the Social Revolutionaries and the White Guards, the corps put forward demands for the overthrow of the Bolsheviks and the convening of the Constituent Assembly.

In the South, the Volunteer Army of General A.I. Denikin was formed, which defeated the Soviets in the North Caucasus. The troops of P.N. Krasnov approached Tsaritsyn, in the Urals, the Cossacks of General A.A. Dutov captured Orenburg. In November-December 1918, an English landing landed in Batumi and Novorossiysk, the French occupied Odessa. In these critical conditions, the Bolsheviks managed to create a combat-ready army by mobilizing people and resources and attracting military specialists from the tsarist army.

By the autumn of 1918, the Red Army had liberated the cities of Samara, Simbirsk, Kazan, and Tsaritsyn.

The revolution in Germany had a significant impact on the course of the civil war. Recognizing its defeat in the First World War, Germany agreed to annul the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and withdrew its troops from the territory of Ukraine, Belarus and the Baltic states.

The Entente began to withdraw its troops, providing only material assistance to the Whites.

By April 1919, the Red Army managed to stop the troops of General A.V. Kolchak. Driven into the depths of Siberia, they were defeated by the beginning of 1920.

In the summer of 1919, General Denikin, having captured Ukraine, moved towards Moscow and approached Tula. The troops of the first cavalry army under the command of M.V. Frunze and the Latvian riflemen concentrated on the Southern Front. In the spring of 1920, near Novorossiysk, the "Reds" defeated the Whites.

In the north of the country against the Soviets led fighting troops of General N.N. Yudenich. In the spring and autumn of 1919 they made two unsuccessful attempts to capture Petrograd.

In April 1920, the conflict between Soviet Russia and Poland began. In May 1920, the Poles captured Kiev. Troops of the Western and Southwestern Fronts launched an offensive, but failed to achieve a final victory.

Realizing the impossibility of continuing the war, in March 1921 the parties signed a peace treaty.

The war ended with the defeat of General P.N. Wrangel, who led the remnants of Denikin's troops in the Crimea. In 1920, the Far Eastern Republic was formed, by 1922 it was finally liberated from the Japanese.

The reasons for the victory of the Bolsheviks: support for the national outskirts and Russian peasants, deceived by the Bolshevik slogan "Land to the peasants", the creation of a combat-ready army, the absence of a common command among the whites, support for Soviet Russia from the workers' movements and communist parties of other countries.