Peter 1 as a commander. Tsar Peter - the great commander
Battles and victories
“Peter attracts our attention first of all as a diplomat, as a warrior, as an organizer of the victory,” Academician E. Tarle said about him. Peter the Great created a new regular Russian army and navy, defeated the Swedes and "cut a window" to Europe. From the reign of Peter begins a new - imperial - period of our history.
The entire course of the 21-year war with Sweden was determined by the will and instructions of Tsar Peter. All campaigns and battles took place with his detailed instructions and under his guiding hand. And often - with his direct participation.
Pyotr Alekseevich Romanov, who entered the world history as Emperor Peter I the Great (1682-1725), was born on May 30, 1672 in Moscow in the family of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (1645-1676) and his second wife Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina. The death of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and the accession of his eldest son Fyodor (from Tsarina Maria Ilyinichna, nee Miloslavskaya) pushed Tsarina Natalya Kirillovna and her relatives, the Naryshkins, into the background. Tsarina Natalya was forced to go to the village of Preobrazhenskoye near Moscow.
Young Peter had to fight for his right to be the autocrat of Russia. On his way there was a hostile court group, and at first he had to share the kingdom with his half-brother Ivan. The imperious and vain princess Sophia, who took care of the young princes (also Peter's half-sister), herself dreamed of the royal crown. So the young and fragile Peter, before achieving his goal, had to learn early lies, deceit, betrayal and slander and go through a series of intrigues, conspiracies and riots that were most dangerous for his life.
Hence his suspiciousness, distrust and suspicion of others, hence his recurring epileptic seizures from time to time - the result of a fright experienced in childhood. Therefore, distrust of his subjects, who could fail, fail to obey orders, betray or deceive, was simply in Peter's blood. Therefore, he had to control everything, if possible, take everything upon himself and do everything himself.
He is extremely cautious, he calculates his steps forward and tries to foresee the dangers that threaten him from everywhere and take appropriate measures. Peter practically did not receive any education (Nikita Zotov taught him to read and write), and the tsar had to acquire all his knowledge after ascending the throne and in the process of leading the country.
The people gathered on the road and waited for the leader.
Characteristics of pre-Petrine Russia by the historian S.M. Solovyov
The hobbies of the lad Peter were of a constructive nature: his lively mind was interested in military, naval, cannon and weapons business, he tried to delve into various technical inventions, was interested in science, but the main difference between the Russian tsar and all his contemporaries was, in our opinion, in motivation his activities. The main goal of Peter I was to bring Russia out of centuries of backwardness and to introduce it to the achievements of European progress, science and culture and to introduce it on an equal footing into the so-called. European concert.
There is nothing surprising in the fact that the king made a bet on foreigners. To command regiments and study military science We needed knowledgeable and experienced people. But among the Russian courtiers there were none. The German settlement, which was so close to his palace in Preobrazhensky, was Europe in miniature for young Peter. Since 1683, his entourage includes the Swiss Franz Lefort, the Holsteiner Theodor von Sommer, the Scot Patrick Gordon, the Dutch Franz Timmerman and Carsten Brandt. With their help, "amusing" regiments were created - Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky, which later became the imperial guard, bombardment company, the amusing fortress of Preshburg was built.
Then, in 1686, the first amusing ships appeared near Preshburg on the Yauza - a large shnyak and a plow with boats. During these years, Peter became interested in all the sciences that were associated with military affairs. Under the guidance of the Dutchman Timmerman, he studied arithmetic, geometry, and military sciences. Having discovered a boat in a barn shed in Izmailovo, the sovereign was carried away by the idea of creating a regular fleet. Soon, on Lake Pleshcheyevo, near the city of Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, a shipyard was founded and a “funny fleet” began to be built.
Communicating with foreigners, the king became a great admirer of the laid-back foreign life. Peter lit a German pipe, began attending German parties with dancing and drinking, and began an affair with Anna Mons. Peter's mother strongly opposed this. In order to reason with her 17-year-old son, Natalya Kirillovna decided to marry him to Evdokia Lopukhina, the daughter of the okolnichi. Peter did not contradict his mother, but he did not love his wife. Their marriage ended with the tonsure of Empress Evdokia as a nun and her exile to a monastery in 1698.
In 1689, Peter, as a result of a confrontation with his sister Sophia, became an independent ruler, imprisoning her in a monastery.
The priority of Peter I in the first years of autocracy was the continuation of the war with the Ottoman Empire and the Crimea. He decided instead of campaigns against the Crimea, undertaken during the reign of Princess Sophia, to strike at the Turkish fortress of Azov, located at the confluence of the Don River into the Sea of Azov.
The first Azov campaign, which began in the spring of 1695, ended unsuccessfully in September of the same year due to the lack of a fleet and the unwillingness of the Russian army to operate far from supply bases. However, already in the autumn of 1695, preparations began for a new campaign. In Voronezh, the construction of a rowing Russian flotilla began. In a short time, a flotilla was built from different ships, led by the 36-gun ship "Apostle Peter". In May 1696, the 40,000-strong Russian army under the command of Generalissimo Shein again besieged Azov, only this time the Russian flotilla blocked the fortress from the sea. Peter I took part in the siege with the rank of captain in a galley. Without waiting for the assault, on July 19, 1696, the fortress surrendered. So the first exit of Russia to the southern seas was opened.
The result of the Azov campaigns was the capture of the fortress of Azov, the beginning of the construction of the port of Taganrog, the possibility of an attack on the Crimean peninsula from the sea, which significantly secured the southern borders of Russia. However, Peter failed to get access to the Black Sea through the Kerch Strait: he remained under the control of the Ottoman Empire. Forces for the war with Turkey, as well as a full-fledged navy, Russia has not yet had.
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To finance the construction of the fleet, new types of taxes were introduced: landowners were united in the so-called kumpanships of 10 thousand households, each of which had to build a ship with their own money. At this time, the first signs of dissatisfaction with the activities of Peter appear. The conspiracy of Zikler, who was trying to organize a streltsy uprising, was uncovered. In the summer of 1699, the first large Russian ship "Fortress" (46-gun) took the Russian ambassador to Constantinople for peace negotiations. The very existence of such a ship persuaded the Sultan to conclude peace in July 1700, which left the fortress of Azov to Russia.
During the construction of the fleet and the reorganization of the army, Peter was forced to rely on foreign specialists. Having completed the Azov campaigns, he decides to send young nobles for training abroad, and soon he himself sets off on his first trip to Europe.
As part of the Great Embassy (1697-1698), which had the goal of finding allies to continue the war with the Ottoman Empire, the tsar traveled incognito under the name of Peter Mikhailov.
Peter I with the sign of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called on a blue St. Andrew's ribbon and a star on his chest
Artist J.-M. Natya. 1717
Peter studied artillery in Brandenburg, built ships in Dutch and English shipyards, visited mines, factories, government agencies, met with the monarchs of European countries. For the first time, the Russian tsar undertook a journey outside the borders of his state. The embassy recruited several hundred shipbuilding specialists to Russia and purchased military and other equipment.
He was primarily interested in the technical achievements of Western countries, and not in the legal system. Having visited the English parliament incognito, where the speeches of the deputies before King William III were translated for him, the tsar said: “It’s fun to hear when the sons of the patronymic tell the king clearly the truth, this should be learned from the British.”
And yet, Peter was an adherent of absolutism, considered himself the anointed of God and vigilantly monitored the observance of his royal privileges. He was a man who early "saw through" life from its negative side, but also early matured from the consciousness of the state burden.
The English historian J. Macaulay Trevenyan (1876-1962), comparing Tsar Peter with King Charles, wrote that "Peter, for all his savagery, was a statesman, while Charles XII was just a warrior and, moreover, not wise."
Peter himself put it this way:What a great hero who fights for his own glory, and not for the defense of the fatherland, wishing to be the benefactor of the universe!
Julius Caesar, in his opinion, was a more reasonable leader, and the followers of Alexander the Great, who "wanted to be a giant of the whole world", were waiting for "unfortunate success." And his catchphrase: "Brother Charles always dreams of being Alexander, but I am not Darius."
The Grand Embassy did not achieve its main goal: it was not possible to create a coalition against the Ottoman Empire due to the preparation of a number of European powers for the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714). However, thanks to this war, favorable conditions were created for Russia's struggle for the Baltic. Thus, there was a reorientation of Russia's foreign policy from the south to the north.
After returning from the Grand Embassy, the tsar began to prepare for a war with Sweden for access to the Baltic Sea. In 1699, the Northern Alliance was created against the Swedish king Charles XII, which, in addition to Russia, included Denmark-Norway, Saxony, and, since 1704, the Commonwealth, headed by the Saxon elector and the Polish king Augustus II. The driving force behind the union was the desire of August II to take away Livonia from Sweden, Frederick IV of Denmark - Schleswig and Skane. For help, they promised Russia the return of lands that previously belonged to the Russians (Ingermanland and Karelia). No one then suspected that the Great Northern War (1700-1721) would last for twenty-one years.
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Two giant figures towered in the first quarter of the 18th century, obscuring all the acting characters of both the Northern War and Europe in general - the Russian reformer Tsar Peter I and the Swedish warrior king Charles XII. Each of them in their own country and in their field left an indelible mark in the minds of their descendants, although not always a grateful memory.
Fate brought them into a cruel and uncompromising confrontation, from which one came out victorious and lived to the unanimous and universal reverence and recognition of his subjects, and the second found his premature and dramatic death, either from an enemy bullet, or as a result of an insidious conspiracy, providing his subjects with a pretext for fierce and still ongoing disputes regarding their deeds and personality.
Peter I demonstrated in the confrontation with Charles XII the genuine art of a talented and cautious (but far from cowardly, as Charles XII mistakenly believed) strategist. It seems to us that the king already at an early stage unraveled the explosive and carried away character of the king, who was ready to put everything at stake for the sake of a fleeting victory and satisfaction of his vanity (a vivid example of this is the assault on the insignificant fortress of Veprik), and countered it with cautious maneuvering, far-sightedness and cold calculation. “The search for a general battle is very dangerous, because in one hour the whole thing can be refuted,” he instructs the diplomatic representatives of Baron J.R. who were in Poland. Patkul and Prince G.F. Dolgorukov.
Peter cherishes his army and constantly reminds his generals to be careful in contacts with the Swedish army. “From the enemy to be in fear and to have every caution and send for the sake of conducting frequent parties and having truly found out about the enemy’s condition and his strength and asking God for help, repair the enemy as far as possible,” he teaches the quite experienced General Rodion Bour in 1707 d. “Non-fear harms a person everywhere,” he never tires of repeating on the eve of Poltava.
At the same time, he correctly and boldly recommends to his generals not to sit behind the walls of fortresses, because sooner or later any fortress surrenders or is taken by storm, and therefore it is necessary to seek meetings with the enemy in open battle: “True, the fortress rebuffs the enemy, but the Europeans not for long. Victory will be decided by the art of war and the courage of the commanders and the fearlessness of the soldiers ... It is convenient to sit behind the wall against the Asians.
Peter is a talented diplomat, his policy towards all European powers was balanced and cautious. There is no hint of adventurism in his diplomacy. He knew, for example, that Augustus II was an unreliable ally who deceived him at every turn, but Peter understood that he had no other allies. And he needed August, on the one hand, to distract the Swedes from the invasion of Russia longer, and on the other, as a counterbalance to Stanislav Leshchinsky, the henchman of Charles XII, in order to have at least part of the Poles on his side. After Poltava, he worked hard and hard to recreate the destroyed anti-Swedish coalition and achieved success. He also skillfully played on the interest of Holland and England in trade relations with Russia and significantly neutralized the hostility of these countries to his plans.
And one more thing: Peter was constantly learning, especially from Karl and in general from the Swedish army and state. The Narva of 1700 served him as a great lesson. Peter looked at the war as a school for the people, in which teachers (Swedes) gave hard lessons to Russians, and they severely beat them for a poorly learned lesson, but then the students must study more diligently until they start beating their teachers.
The result of his far-reaching conclusions was the creation of a modern combat-ready army and navy. At the same time, suppressing his pride, he was ready to admit his mistakes, as, for example, he did after the unsuccessful Prut campaign: “Now I am in the same condition as my brother Karl was at Poltava. I made the same mistake as he did: I entered the enemy's land without taking the necessary measures to maintain my army.
Peter was a very gifted military leader. Of course, his military abilities were discovered after Narva. Gaining experience, he became more and more convinced that it was dangerous to blindly rely on foreign generals - what a mercenary like Field Marshal de Croix cost him near Narva! In the future, he increasingly began to take on the most important decisions, relying on the advice and recommendations of his associates. After Narva, almost the entire course of the war was determined by the will and instructions of Tsar Peter, and all major campaigns and battles did not take place without his knowledge, detailed instructions and guiding hand.
As the most striking evidence of Peter's talent as a commander, one can cite his idea of building 10 redoubts in the forefield of the Poltava battle, which played an almost decisive role in the defeat of the Swedish army. And his idea of artillery as a particularly important type of weapon? It was thanks to him that powerful artillery appeared in the Russian army, which was given exceptionally great importance both during the sieges of fortresses, and in field and naval battles. Recall what a big role artillery played in the battle of Poltava, in which the Swedish army was forced to oppose the Russians with only a few guns, and even those without charges.
Of course, the invited foreigners greatly contributed to Peter's victories, but all or almost all military tasks were solved by the tsar himself and only by him. Turenne, as he said, over time he had his own, Russians - only there was not a single Sully!
The enumeration of Peter's military merits could be continued. Peter understood very well: if he died in battle, his whole work would be lost. Nevertheless, we recall that the tsar, already during the capture of Shlisselburg and Noteburg, was nearby, in the same ranks, with the besiegers of these fortresses. Near Poltava, he was ahead of his regiments, repulsing the attack of Levenhaupt's infantrymen, and in the battle they shot his hat. What about Lesnaya, Nyuenschantz, Narva (1704), Gangut (1714)? Was he not there at the head or in front of the troops? Peter took a direct part in naval battles.
In 1710, Turkey intervened in the war. After the defeat in the Prut campaign in 1711, Russia returned Azov to Turkey and destroyed Taganrog, but due to this, it was possible to conclude another truce with the Turks.
On August 30 (September 10), 1721, the Peace of Nystadt was concluded between Russia and Sweden, which ended the 21-year war. Russia received access to the Baltic Sea, annexed the territory of Ingria, part of Karelia, Estonia and Livonia. Russia became a great European power, in commemoration of which, on October 22 (November 2), 1721, Peter, at the request of the senators, took the title of Father of the Fatherland, Emperor of All Russia.
Compared with Charles XII, with the legacy of Peter the Great in Russia, the situation is still more or less unambiguous. With only rare exceptions, he is criticized for carrying out his reforms too quickly and mercilessly, goading and spurring Russia like a driven horse, paying no attention to either human losses or material and moral costs. Now it is easy to say that the introduction of the country to European values could have been carried out more deliberately, systematically and gradually, without the use of violence. But the question is: did Peter have such an opportunity? And would Russia not have slipped to the margins of world development and become an easy prey for its European neighbors, if it were not for Peter with his accelerated and costly reforms?
You are fighting not for Peter, but for the state handed over to Peter. And about Peter, know that life is not dear to him, if only Russia lived, her glory, honor and prosperity!
The famous appeal of Peter to the soldiers in front of Poltava
Peter I, who constantly pushed his ideas to his assistants and ministers, was not truly understood by any of his contemporaries. The king was doomed to loneliness - such is always the lot of people of genius. And he was outraged and unbalanced.
Peter carried out a reform of state administration, reforms were carried out in the army, a navy was created, a reform of church administration was carried out, aimed at eliminating church jurisdiction autonomous from the state and subordinating the Russian church hierarchy to the Emperor. Financial reform was also carried out, measures were taken to develop industry and trade.
Seculars began to appear schools translations of many books into Russian, the first Russian newspaper was founded. Success in the service of Peter made the nobles dependent on education.
Peter was clearly aware of the need for enlightenment, and took a number of decisive measures to this end. On January 14, 1700, a school of mathematical and navigational sciences was opened in Moscow. In 1701-1721. artillery, engineering and medical school in Moscow, engineering school and Marine Academy Petersburg, mining schools at the Olonets and Ural factories. In 1705, the first gymnasium in Russia was opened. The goals of mass education were to be served by the digital schools created by decree of 1714 in provincial cities, called upon "to teach children of all ranks to read and write, numbers and geometry." It was supposed to create two such schools in each province, where education was supposed to be free. For soldiers' children, garrison schools were opened, for the training of priests, starting from 1721, a network of theological schools was created. Peter's decrees introduced compulsory education for nobles and clergy, but a similar measure for the urban population met with fierce resistance and was canceled. Peter's attempt to create an all-estate elementary school failed (the creation of a network of schools ceased after his death, most of the digital schools under his successors were redesigned into class schools for the training of the clergy), but nevertheless, during his reign, the foundations were laid for the spread of education in Russia.
Peter created new printing houses, in which for 1700-1725. 1312 book titles were printed (twice as many as in the entire previous history of Russian book printing). Thanks to the rise of printing, paper consumption increased from 4,000 to 8,000 sheets at the end of the 17th century to 50,000 sheets in 1719.
There have been changes in the Russian language, which included 4.5 thousand new words borrowed from European languages.
In 1724, Peter approved the charter of the Academy of Sciences being organized (opened in 1725 after his death).
Of particular importance was the construction of stone St. Petersburg, in which foreign architects took part and which was carried out according to the plan developed by the tsar. He created a new urban environment with previously unfamiliar forms of life and pastime (theatre, masquerades).
The reforms carried out by Peter I affected not only politics, economics, but also art. Peter invited foreign artists to Russia and at the same time sent talented young people to study "arts" abroad. In the second quarter of the XVIII century. "Peter's pensioners" began to return to Russia, bringing with them new artistic experience and acquired skills.
Peter tried to change the position of women in Russian society. He by special decrees (1700, 1702 and 1724) forbade forced marriage and marriage. Legislative prescriptions 1696-1704 about public festivities introduced the obligation to participate in the celebrations and festivities of all Russians, including "female".
From the "old" in the structure of the nobility under Peter, the former serfdom of the service class remained unchanged through the personal service of each service person to the state. But in this enslavement, its form has somewhat changed. Now they were obliged to serve in the regular regiments and in the navy, as well as in the civil service in all those administrative and judicial institutions that were transformed from the old ones and arose anew. The decree on uniform inheritance of 1714 regulated the legal status of the nobility and secured the legal merger of such forms of land ownership as an estate and an estate.
Portrait of Peter I
Artist P. Delaroche. 1838
From the reign of Peter I, the peasants began to be divided into serfs (landlords), monastic and state peasants. All three categories were recorded in the revision tales and subjected to a poll tax. Since 1724, the owner's peasants could leave their villages to work and for other needs only with the written permission of the master, witnessed by the zemstvo commissar and the colonel of the regiment that was stationed in the area. Thus, the landowner's power over the personality of the peasants received even more opportunities to increase, taking both the personality and property of the privately owned peasant into their unaccountable disposal. From that time on, this new state of the rural worker received the name of the "serf" or "revisionist" soul.
In general, Peter's reforms were aimed at strengthening the state and introducing the elite to European culture with the simultaneous strengthening of absolutism. In the course of the reforms, Russia's technical and economic backwardness from a number of other European states was overcome, access to the Baltic Sea was won, and transformations were carried out in many areas of Russian society. Gradually, among the nobility, a different system of values, worldview, aesthetic ideas took shape, which was fundamentally different from the values and worldview of most representatives of other estates. At the same time, the people's forces were extremely exhausted, the preconditions were created (Decree on the succession to the throne of 1722) for the crisis of the supreme power, which led to the "epoch of palace coups". The decree of 1722 violated the usual way of succession to the throne, but Peter did not have time to appoint an heir before his death.
V last years reign, Peter was very ill. In the summer of 1724, his illness intensified, in September he felt better, but after a while the attacks became more painful. (An autopsy after death showed the following: “a sharp narrowing in the region of the back of the urethra, hardening of the neck of the bladder and anton fire.” Death followed from inflammation of the bladder, which turned into gangrene due to urinary retention).
In October, Peter went to inspect the Ladoga Canal, against the advice of his life physician Blumentrost. From Olonets, Peter traveled to Staraya Russa and in November went to St. Petersburg by water. At Lakhta, he had to, standing waist-deep in water, rescue a boat with soldiers that had run aground. The attacks of the disease intensified, but Peter, not paying attention to them, continued to deal with public affairs. On January 17, 1725, he had such a bad time that he ordered a camp church to be built in the room next to his bedroom, and on January 22 he confessed. The strength began to leave the patient, he no longer screamed, as before, from severe pain, but only moaned.
At the beginning of the sixth hour in the morning on January 28 (February 8), 1725, Peter the Great died in his Winter Palace near the Winter Canal. He was buried in the Cathedral of the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg. The palace, cathedral, fortress and city were built by him.
BESPALOV A.V., Doctor of History, Professor
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Internet
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He brilliantly put into practice the tactics developed by Major General I.V. Panfilov of fighting with small forces against an enemy many times superior in strength, which later received the name "Momyshuly's spiral".
Shein Mikhail Borisovich
He led the Smolensk defense against the Polish-Lithuanian troops, which lasted 20 months. Under the command of Shein, repeated attacks were repulsed, despite the explosion and a breach in the wall. He held and bled the main forces of the Poles at the decisive moment of the Time of Troubles, preventing them from moving to Moscow to support their garrison, creating an opportunity to assemble an all-Russian militia to liberate the capital. Only with the help of a defector, the troops of the Commonwealth managed to take Smolensk on June 3, 1611. The wounded Shein was taken prisoner and was taken away with his family for 8 years in Poland. After returning to Russia, he commanded an army that tried to return Smolensk in 1632-1634. Executed on boyar slander. Undeservedly forgotten.
Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich
The Greatest Commander and Diplomat!!! Who utterly defeated the troops of the "first European Union" !!!
Bobrok-Volynsky Dmitry Mikhailovich
Boyar and governor of the Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy. "Developer" of the tactics of the Battle of Kulikovo.
An outstanding military leader of the 17th century, prince and governor. In 1655 he won his first victory over the Polish hetman S. Pototsky near Gorodok in Galicia. leading role in organizing the defense of the southern border of Russia. In 1662, he won the biggest victory in the Russian-Polish war for Ukraine in the battle of Kanev, defeating the hetman-traitor Y. Khmelnitsky and the Poles who helped him. In 1664, near Voronezh, he forced the famous Polish commander Stefan Czarnecki to flee, forcing the army of King Jan Casimir to retreat. Repeatedly beat the Crimean Tatars. In 1677 he defeated the 100,000-strong Turkish army of Ibrahim Pasha near Buzhin, in 1678 he defeated the Turkish corps of Kaplan Pasha near Chigirin. Thanks to his military talents, Ukraine did not become another Ottoman province and the Turks did not take Kiev.
Chuikov Vasily Ivanovich
Soviet military commander, Marshal Soviet Union(1955). Twice Hero of the Soviet Union (1944, 1945).
From 1942 to 1946 commander of the 62nd Army (8th guards army), who especially distinguished himself in the Battle of Stalingrad. He took part in defensive battles on the distant approaches to Stalingrad. From September 12, 1942 he commanded the 62nd Army. IN AND. Chuikov received the task of defending Stalingrad at any cost. The front command believed that Lieutenant General Chuikov was characterized by such positive traits, as decisiveness and firmness, courage and a broad operational outlook, a high sense of responsibility and consciousness of one's duty. The army, under the command of V.I. Chuikov, became famous for the heroic six-month defense of Stalingrad in street battles in a completely destroyed city, fighting on isolated bridgeheads, on the banks of the wide Volga.
For unparalleled mass heroism and steadfastness of personnel, in April 1943, the 62nd Army received the guards honorary title of Guards and became known as the 8th Guards Army.
Suvorov Alexander Vasilievich
For the highest art of military leadership and boundless love for the Russian soldier
I beg the military-historical society to correct the extreme historical injustice and add to the list of 100 best commanders, the leader of the northern militia who did not lose a single battle, who played an outstanding role in liberating Russia from the Polish yoke and unrest. And apparently poisoned for his talent and skill.
Wrangel Pyotr Nikolaevich
Member of the Russo-Japanese and World War I, one of the main leaders (1918−1920) white movement during the years of the Civil War. Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army in the Crimea and Poland (1920). General Staff Lieutenant General (1918). Georgievsky Cavalier.
Eremenko Andrey Ivanovich
Commander of the Stalingrad and South-Eastern fronts. The fronts under his command in the summer-autumn of 1942 stopped the advance of the German 6th field and 4th tank armies on Stalingrad.
In December 1942, the Stalingrad Front of General Eremenko stopped the tank offensive of the group of General G. Goth on Stalingrad, in order to unblock the 6th army of Paulus.
Suvorov Alexander Vasilievich
according to the only criterion - invincibility.
Khvorostinin Dmitry Ivanovich
The commander who did not have defeats ...
Chuikov Vasily Ivanovich
Commander of the 62nd Army in Stalingrad.
Ivan III Vasilievich
He united the Russian lands around Moscow, threw off the hated Tatar-Mongol yoke.
Rurikovich (Grozny) Ivan Vasilyevich
In the variety of perceptions of Ivan the Terrible, they often forget about his unconditional talent and achievements as a commander. He personally led the capture of Kazan and organized military reform, leading the country, which simultaneously waged 2-3 wars on different fronts.
Ermolov Alexey Petrovich
Hero of the Napoleonic Wars and the Patriotic War of 1812. Conqueror of the Caucasus. Smart strategist and tactician, strong-willed and brave warrior.
Grand Duke Russian Mikhail Nikolaevich
Feldzeugmeister General (Commander-in-Chief of the Artillery of the Russian Army), the youngest son of Emperor Nicholas I, Viceroy in the Caucasus since 1864. Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army in the Caucasus in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 Under his command, the fortresses of Kars, Ardagan, and Bayazet were taken.
Peter the Great
Because he not only won the lands of his fathers, but also approved the status of Russia as a power!
Svyatoslav Igorevich
Grand Duke of Novgorod, from 945 Kiev. Son of Grand Duke Igor Rurikovich and Princess Olga. Svyatoslav became famous as a great commander, whom N.M. Karamzin called "Alexander (Macedonian) our ancient history».
After the military campaigns of Svyatoslav Igorevich (965-972), the territory of the Russian land increased from the Volga region to the Caspian Sea, from North Caucasus to the Black Sea, from the Balkan Mountains to Byzantium. Defeated Khazaria and Volga Bulgaria, weakened and frightened Byzantine Empire, opened the way for trade of Russia with Eastern countries
Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich
Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War. Under his leadership, the Red Army crushed fascism.
Zhukov Georgy Konstantinovich
He made the greatest contribution as a strategist to the victory in the Great Patriotic War (it is also the Second World War).
Yulaev Salavat
The commander of the Pugachev era (1773-1775). Together with Pugachev, having organized an uprising, he tried to change the position of the peasants in society. He won several dinners over the troops of Catherine II.
Gagen Nikolai Alexandrovich
June 22 echelons with units of the 153rd rifle division arrived in Vitebsk. Covering the city from the west, the Hagen division (together with the heavy artillery regiment attached to the division) occupied a 40 km long defense zone, it was opposed by the 39th German motorized corps.
After 7 days of fierce fighting, the battle formations of the division were not broken through. The Germans no longer contacted the division, bypassed it and continued the offensive. The division flashed in the message of the German radio as destroyed. Meanwhile, the 153rd Rifle Division, without ammunition and fuel, began to break through the ring. Hagen led the division out of the encirclement with heavy weapons.
For the steadfastness and heroism shown during the Elninsk operation on September 18, 1941, by order of the People's Commissar of Defense No. 308, the division received the honorary name "Guards".
From 01/31/1942 to 09/12/1942 and from 10/21/1942 to 04/25/1943 - commander of the 4th Guards Rifle Corps,
from May 1943 to October 1944 - commander of the 57th Army,
from January 1945 - the 26th Army.
The troops under the leadership of N. A. Hagen participated in the Sinyavino operation (moreover, the general managed to break out of the encirclement for the second time with weapons in his hands), the Battles of Stalingrad and Kursk, battles in the Left-Bank and Right-Bank Ukraine, in the liberation of Bulgaria, in Iasi-Kishinev, Belgrade, Budapest, Balaton and Vienna operations. Member of the Victory Parade.
Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich
Certainly worthy, explanations and proofs, in my opinion, are not required. It's amazing that his name isn't on the list. was the list prepared by representatives of the USE generation?
Saltykov Pyotr Semyonovich
The commander-in-chief of the Russian army in the Seven Years' War, was the main architect of the key victories of the Russian troops.
Comrade Stalin, in addition to the atomic and missile projects, together with General of the Army Antonov Alexei Innokentyevich, participated in the development and implementation of almost all significant operations of the Soviet troops in the Second World War, brilliantly organized the work of the rear, even in the first difficult years of the war.
Rurikovich Svyatoslav Igorevich
He defeated the Khazar Khaganate, expanded the boundaries of Russian lands, successfully fought with the Byzantine Empire.
Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich
He was the Supreme Commander during the Great Patriotic War, in which our country won, and made all strategic decisions.
Kotlyarevsky Petr Stepanovich
General Kotlyarevsky, son of a priest in the village of Olkhovatka, Kharkov province. He went from private to general in the tsarist army. He can be called the great-grandfather of the Russian special forces. He carried out truly unique operations ... His name is worthy of being included in the list of the greatest commanders of Russia
Antonov Alexey Innokentievich
He became famous as a talented staff officer. Participated in the development of almost all significant operations of the Soviet troops in the Great Patriotic War since December 1942.
The only one of all the awarded Soviet military leaders with the Order of Victory in the rank of army general, and the only Soviet holder of the order who was not awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
Grachev Pavel Sergeevich
The hero of the USSR. May 5, 1988 "for the performance of combat missions with minimal casualties and for the professional command of a controlled formation and the successful actions of the 103rd Airborne Division, in particular, to occupy the strategically important pass Satukandav (Khost province) during the military operation" Highway " "Received the Gold Star medal No. 11573. Commander of the Airborne Forces of the USSR. In total, during his military service, he made 647 parachute jumps, some of them while testing new equipment.
He was shell-shocked 8 times, received several wounds. Suppressed the armed coup in Moscow and thereby saved the system of democracy. As Minister of Defense, he made great efforts to preserve the remnants of the army - a task that few people had in the history of Russia. Only because of the collapse of the army and a decrease in the number of military equipment in the Armed Forces, he could not end the Chechen war victoriously.
Barclay de Tolly Mikhail Bogdanovich
Participated in the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-91 and the Russian-Swedish war of 1788-90. He distinguished himself during the war with France in 1806-07 at Preussisch-Eylau, from 1807 he commanded a division. During the Russo-Swedish War of 1808-09 he commanded a corps; led a successful crossing through the Kvarken Strait in the winter of 1809. In 1809-10, the Governor-General of Finland. From January 1810 to September 1812, the Minister of War, did a lot of work to strengthen the Russian army, singled out the intelligence and counterintelligence service into a separate production. In the Patriotic War of 1812 he commanded the 1st Western Army, and he, as Minister of War, was subordinate to the 2nd Western Army. In the conditions of a significant superiority of the enemy, he showed the talent of a commander and successfully carried out the withdrawal and connection of the two armies, which earned such words from M.I. Kutuzov as THANK YOU FATHER !!! SAVE THE ARMY!!! SAVE RUSSIA!!!. However, the retreat caused discontent in the noble circles and the army, and on August 17, Barclay handed over the command of the armies to M.I. Kutuzov. In the Battle of Borodino, he commanded the right wing of the Russian army, showing stamina and skill in defense. He recognized the position near Moscow chosen by L. L. Bennigsen as unsuccessful and supported the proposal of M. I. Kutuzov to leave Moscow at the military council in Fili. In September 1812 he left the army due to illness. In February 1813 he was appointed commander of the 3rd, and then the Russian-Prussian army, which he successfully commanded during the foreign campaigns of the Russian army of 1813-14 (Kulm, Leipzig, Paris). He was buried in the Beklor estate in Livonia (now Jõgeveste Estonia)
Paskevich Ivan Fyodorovich
The armies under his command defeated Persia in the war of 1826-1828 and completely defeated the Turkish troops in Transcaucasia in the war of 1828-1829.
Awarded all 4 degrees of the Order of St. George and the Order of St. Apostle Andrew the First-Called with diamonds.
Peter I the Great
Emperor of All Russia (1721-1725), before that, Tsar of All Russia. He won the Great Northern War (1700-1721). This victory finally opened free access to the Baltic Sea. Under his rule, Russia (the Russian Empire) became a Great Power.
Barclay de Tolly Mikhail Bogdanovich
In front of the Kazan Cathedral there are two statues of the saviors of the fatherland. Saving the army, exhausting the enemy, the battle of Smolensk - this is more than enough.
Uvarov Fedor Petrovich
At the age of 27 he was promoted to general. Participated in the campaigns of 1805-1807 and in the battles on the Danube in 1810. In 1812 he commanded the 1st artillery corps in the army of Barclay de Tolly, and later - the entire cavalry of the combined armies.
Yuri Vsevolodovich
Suvorov Alexander Vasilievich
Outstanding Russian commander. He successfully defended the interests of Russia both from external aggression and outside the country.
Bennigsen Leonty Leontievich
Surprisingly, a Russian general who did not speak Russian, who made up the glory of Russian weapons at the beginning of the 19th century.
He made a significant contribution to the suppression of the Polish uprising.
Commander-in-Chief in the Battle of Tarutino.
He made a significant contribution to the campaign of 1813 (Dresden and Leipzig).
Osterman-Tolstoy Alexander Ivanovich
One of the brightest "field" generals of the early 19th century. Hero of the battles of Preussisch-Eylau, Ostrovno and Kulm.
Kotlyarevsky Petr Stepanovich
Hero of the Russo-Persian War of 1804-1813
"General Meteor" and "Caucasian Suvorov".
He fought not in numbers, but in skill - first, 450 Russian soldiers attacked 1,200 Persian sardars in the Migri fortress and took it, then 500 of our soldiers and Cossacks attacked 5,000 askers at the crossing over the Araks. More than 700 enemies were exterminated, only 2,500 Persian fighters managed to escape from ours.
In both cases, our losses are less than 50 killed and up to 100 wounded.
Further, in the war against the Turks, with a swift attack, 1000 Russian soldiers defeated the 2000th garrison of the Akhalkalaki fortress.
Then again, in the Persian direction, he cleared Karabakh of the enemy, and then, with 2,200 soldiers, defeated Abbas-Mirza with a 30,000-strong army near Aslanduz, a village near the Araks River. In two battles, he destroyed more than 10,000 enemies, including English advisers and artillerymen.
As usual, Russian losses were 30 killed and 100 wounded.
Kotlyarevsky won most of his victories in night assaults on fortresses and enemy camps, preventing the enemies from coming to their senses.
The last campaign - 2000 Russians against 7000 Persians to the fortress of Lankaran, where Kotlyarevsky almost died during the assault, lost consciousness at times from blood loss and pain from wounds, but still, until the final victory, he commanded the troops as soon as he regained consciousness, and after that he was forced to be treated for a long time and move away from military affairs.
His feats for the glory of Russia are much cooler than the "300 Spartans" - for our generals and warriors more than once beat the 10-fold superior enemy, and suffered minimal losses, saving Russian lives.
Rokhlin Lev Yakovlevich
He headed the 8th Guards Army Corps in Chechnya. Under his leadership, a number of districts of Grozny were taken, including the presidential palace. For participation in the Chechen campaign, he was presented with the title of Hero of the Russian Federation, but refused to accept it, saying that “he has no moral right to receive this award for military operations on the territory of his own country".
Chuikov Vasily Ivanovich
"There is a city in vast Russia to which my heart is given, it went down in history as STALINGRAD ..." V.I. Chuikov
Chapaev Vasily Ivanovich
01/28/1887 - 09/05/1919 life. Head of a division of the Red Army, participant in the First World War and the Civil War.
Cavalier of three St. George's crosses and the St. George medal. Cavalier of the Order of the Red Banner.
On his account:
- Organization of the county Red Guard of 14 detachments.
- Participation in the campaign against General Kaledin (near Tsaritsyn).
- Participation in the campaign of the Special Army against Uralsk.
- An initiative to reorganize the Red Guard detachments into two regiments of the Red Army: them. Stepan Razin and them. Pugachev, united in the Pugachev brigade under the command of Chapaev.
- Participation in battles with the Czechoslovaks and People's Army, which recaptured Nikolaevsk, renamed in honor of the brigade in Pugachevsk.
- Since September 19, 1918, the commander of the 2nd Nikolaev division.
- From February 1919 - Commissar of Internal Affairs of the Nikolaevsky district.
- From May 1919 - brigade commander of the Special Alexander-Gai Brigade.
- Since June - the head of the 25th Infantry Division, which participated in the Bugulma and Belebeev operations against Kolchak's army.
- The capture by the forces of his division on June 9, 1919 of Ufa.
- The capture of Uralsk.
- A deep raid by a Cossack detachment with an attack on the well-guarded (about 1000 bayonets) and located in the deep rear of the city of Lbischensk (now the village of Chapaev, West Kazakhstan region of Kazakhstan), where the headquarters of the 25th division was located.
Stalin (Dzhugashvili) Joseph Vissarionovich
He was the Supreme Commander of all the armed forces of the Soviet Union. Thanks to his talent as a Commander and an Outstanding Statesman, the USSR won the bloodiest WAR in the history of mankind. Most of the battles of the Second World War were won with his direct participation in the development of their plans.
Antonov Alexey Inokent'evich
Chief strategist of the USSR in 1943-45, practically unknown to society
"Kutuzov" World War II
Humble and dedicated. Victorious. The author of all operations since the spring of 1943 and the victory itself. Others gained fame - Stalin and the commanders of the fronts.
Miloradovich
Bagration, Miloradovich, Davydov - some very special breed of people. Now they don't do that. The heroes of 1812 were distinguished by complete recklessness, complete contempt for death. And after all, it was General Miloradovich, who went through all the wars for Russia without a single scratch, who became the first victim of individual terror. After Kakhovsky's shot on Senate Square, the Russian revolution followed this path - right up to the basement of the Ipatiev House. Removing the best.
Slashchev-Krymsky Yakov Alexandrovich
Defense of the Crimea in 1919-20 “The Reds are my enemies, but they did the main thing - my business: they revived great Russia!” (General Slashchev-Krymsky).
Dragomirov Mikhail Ivanovich
Brilliant crossing of the Danube in 1877
- Creation of a tactics textbook
- Creation of the original concept of military education
- Leadership of the NAGSH in 1878-1889
- Huge influence in military matters for the whole 25th anniversary
Kazarsky Alexander Ivanovich
Captain Lieutenant. Member of the Russian-Turkish war of 1828-29. He distinguished himself in the capture of Anapa, then Varna, commanding the Rival transport. After that, he was promoted to lieutenant commander and appointed captain of the Mercury brig. On May 14, 1829, the 18-gun brig "Mercury" was overtaken by two Turkish battleships"Selimiye" and "Real Bey" Having accepted an unequal battle, the brig was able to immobilize both Turkish flagships, one of which was the commander of the Ottoman fleet himself. Subsequently, an officer from the Real Bey wrote: “In the continuation of the battle, the commander of the Russian frigate (the infamous Raphael, which surrendered without a fight a few days earlier) told me that the captain of this brig would not give up, and if he lost hope, then he would blow up the brig If in the great deeds of ancient and our times there are feats of courage, then this act should overshadow all of them, and the name of this hero is worthy to be inscribed in gold letters on the temple of Glory: he is called Lieutenant Commander Kazarsky, and the brig is "Mercury"
Dzhugashvili Joseph Vissarionovich
Gathered and coordinated a team of talented military leaders
Shein Mikhail Borisovich
Governor Shein - the hero and leader of the unprecedented defense of Smolensk in 1609-16011. This fortress decided a lot in the fate of Russia!
Romanov Alexander I Pavlovich
The actual commander in chief of the allied armies that liberated Europe in 1813-1814. "He took Paris, he founded a lyceum." The Great Leader who crushed Napoleon himself. (The shame of Austerlitz is not comparable to the tragedy of 1941.)
Kondratenko Roman Isidorovich
Warrior of honor without fear and reproach, the soul of the defense of Port Arthur.
Platov Matvei Ivanovich
Military ataman of the Don Cossack army. Started valid military service from the age of 13. A member of several military companies, he is best known as the commander of the Cossack troops during the Patriotic War of 1812 and during the subsequent Foreign Campaign of the Russian Army. Thanks to the successful actions of the Cossacks under his command, Napoleon's saying went down in history:
- Happy is the commander who has Cossacks. If I had an army of Cossacks alone, then I would conquer all of Europe.
Rurikovich Svyatoslav Igorevich
The great commander of the ancient Russian period. The first Kiev prince known to us, having a Slavic name. The last pagan ruler Old Russian state. He glorified Russia as a great military power in the campaigns of 965-971. Karamzin called him "Alexander (Macedonian) of our ancient history." The prince freed the Slavic tribes from vassalage from the Khazars, defeating the Khazar Khaganate in 965. According to the Tale of Bygone Years, in 970, during the Russian-Byzantine war, Svyatoslav managed to win the battle of Arcadiopol, having 10,000 soldiers under his command, against 100,000 Greeks. But at the same time, Svyatoslav led the life of a simple warrior: “On campaigns, he didn’t carry carts or cauldrons with him, he didn’t cook meat, but, thinly slicing horse meat, or beast, or beef and roasting it on coals, he ate like that; he didn’t have a tent , but slept, spreading a sweatshirt with a saddle in their heads - the same were all the rest of his warriors... And sent to other lands [envoys, as a rule, before declaring war] with the words: "I'm going to you!" (According to PVL)
Belov Pavel Alekseevich
He led the cavalry corps during the Second World War. It proved to be excellent during the Battle of Moscow, especially in defensive battles near Tula. He especially distinguished himself in the Rzhev-Vyazemsky operation, where he left the encirclement after 5 months of stubborn fighting.
Romanov Mikhail Timofeevich
The heroic defense of Mogilev, for the first time all-round anti-tank defense of the city.
Chernyakhovsky Ivan Danilovich
The only one of the commanders, who on 06/22/1941 carried out the order of the Stavka, counterattacked the Germans, threw them back in his sector and went on the offensive.
Stalin (Dzhugashvilli) Joseph
Benigsen Leonty
An unfairly forgotten commander. Having won several battles against Napoleon and his marshals, he drew two battles with Napoleon, losing one battle. Participated in the battle of Borodino. One of the contenders for the post of commander-in-chief of the Russian army during the Patriotic War of 1812!
Voronov Nikolai Nikolaevich
N.N. Voronov - commander of the artillery of the Armed Forces of the USSR. For outstanding services to the Motherland Voronov N.N. the first in the Soviet Union were awarded the military ranks of "Marshal of Artillery" (1943) and "Chief Marshal of Artillery" (1944).
... carried out the general leadership of the liquidation of the Nazi group surrounded near Stalingrad.
Bagration, Denis Davydov...
The war of 1812, the glorious names of Bagration, Barclay, Davydov, Platov. An example of honor and courage.
Vladimir Svyatoslavich
981 - the conquest of Cherven and Przemysl. 983 - the conquest of the Yatvags. 984 - the conquest of the natives. 985 - successful campaigns against the Bulgars, the taxation of the Khazar Khaganate. 988 - the conquest of the Taman Peninsula. 991 - the subjugation of the White Croats. 992 - successfully defended Cherven Rus in the war against Poland. in addition, the saint is equal to the apostles.
Your shield is on the gates of Tsaregrad.
A.S. Pushkin.
Shein Alexey Semyonovich
The first Russian generalissimo. Leader of the Azov campaigns of Peter I.
Baklanov Yakov Petrovich
The Cossack general, the "thunderstorm of the Caucasus", Yakov Petrovich Baklanov, one of the most colorful heroes of the endless Caucasian war of the century before last, fits perfectly into the image of Russia familiar to the West. A gloomy two-meter hero, a tireless persecutor of mountaineers and Poles, an enemy of political correctness and democracy in all their manifestations. But it was precisely such people who obtained the most difficult victory for the empire in a long-term confrontation with the inhabitants of the North Caucasus and the unkind local nature.
Kolchak Alexander Vasilievich
Alexander Vasilievich Kolchak (November 4 (November 16), 1874, St. Petersburg - February 7, 1920, Irkutsk) - Russian oceanographer, one of the largest polar explorers late XIX- early XX centuries, military and political figure, naval commander, full member of the Imperial Russian geographical society(1906), admiral (1918), leader of the White movement, Supreme Ruler of Russia.
Member of the Russo-Japanese War, Defense of Port Arthur. During the First World War, he commanded the mine division of the Baltic Fleet (1915-1916), the Black Sea Fleet (1916-1917). Georgievsky Cavalier.
The leader of the White movement both on a national scale and directly in the East of Russia. As the Supreme Ruler of Russia (1918-1920), he was recognized by all the leaders of the White movement, "de jure" - by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, "de facto" - by the Entente states.
Supreme Commander of the Russian Army.
Istomin Vladimir Ivanovich
Istomin, Lazarev, Nakhimov, Kornilov - Great people who served and fought in the city of Russian glory - Sevastopol!
Yudenich Nikolai Nikolaevich
October 3, 2013 marks the 80th anniversary of the death in the French city of Cannes of a Russian military figure, commander of the Caucasian Front, hero of Mukden, Sarykamysh, Van, Erzurum (due to the complete defeat of the 90,000th Turkish army of Russia, Constantinople and the Bosphorus with the Dardanelles retreated), the savior of the Armenian people from the complete Turkish genocide, holder of three orders of George and the highest order of France, the Grand Cross of the Order of the Legion of Honor, General Nikolai Nikolayevich Yudenich.
Budyonny Semyon Mikhailovich
Commander of the First Cavalry Army of the Red Army during the Civil War. The First Cavalry Army, which he led until October 1923, played an important role in a number of major operations Civil war to defeat the troops of Denikin and Wrangel in Northern Tavria and Crimea.
Kolchak Alexander Vasilievich
A person who combines the totality of knowledge of a naturalist, scientist and great strategist.
Oktyabrsky Philip Sergeevich
Admiral, Hero of the Soviet Union. During the Great Patriotic War, the commander of the Black Sea Fleet. One of the leaders of the Defense of Sevastopol in 1941 - 1942, as well as the Crimean operation of 1944. During the Great Patriotic War, Vice Admiral F.S. Oktyabrsky was one of the leaders of the heroic defense of Odessa and Sevastopol. Being the commander of the Black Sea Fleet, at the same time in 1941-1942 he was the commander of the Sevastopol Defense Region.
Three orders of Lenin
three orders of the Red Banner
two orders of Ushakov 1st degree
Order of Nakhimov 1st class
Order of Suvorov 2nd class
Order of the Red Star
medals
Kolchak Alexander Vasilievich
Prominent military leader, scientist, traveler and discoverer. Admiral of the Russian Fleet, whose talent was highly appreciated by Sovereign Nicholas II. The Supreme Ruler of Russia during the Civil War, a real Patriot of his Fatherland, a man of tragic, interesting fate. One of those military men who tried to save Russia during the years of unrest, in the most difficult conditions, being in very difficult international diplomatic conditions.
Vasilevsky Alexander Mikhailovich
Alexander Mikhailovich Vasilevsky (September 18 (30), 1895 - December 5, 1977) - Soviet military leader, Marshal of the Soviet Union (1943), chief of the General Staff, member of the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command. During the Great Patriotic War, as Chief of the General Staff (1942-1945), he took an active part in the development and implementation of almost all major operations on the Soviet-German front. From February 1945 he commanded the 3rd Belorussian Front, led the assault on Königsberg. In 1945, the commander-in-chief of the Soviet troops on Far East in the war with Japan. One of the greatest commanders of World War II.
In 1949-1953 - Minister of the Armed Forces and Minister of War of the USSR. Twice Hero of the Soviet Union (1944, 1945), holder of two Orders of Victory (1944, 1945).
Dolgorukov Yury Alekseevich
An outstanding statesman and military leader of the era of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, prince. Commanding the Russian army in Lithuania, in 1658 he defeated hetman V. Gonsevsky in the battle of Verki, taking him prisoner. This was the first time after 1500 when a Russian governor captured the hetman. In 1660, at the head of an army sent under Mogilev, besieged by the Polish-Lithuanian troops, he won a strategic victory over the enemy on the Basya River near the village of Gubarevo, forcing hetmans P. Sapieha and S. Czarnetsky to retreat from the city. Thanks to the actions of Dolgorukov, the "front line" in Belarus along the Dnieper was preserved until the end of the war of 1654-1667. In 1670, he led an army sent to fight against the Cossacks of Stenka Razin, in the shortest possible time suppressed the Cossack rebellion, which later led to the Don Cossacks swearing allegiance to the tsar and the transformation of the Cossacks from robbers into "sovereign servants".
Muravyov-Karssky Nikolai Nikolaevich
One of the most successful commanders of the middle of the 19th century in the Turkish direction.
Hero of the first capture of Kars (1828), leader of the second capture of Kars (the biggest success of the Crimean War, 1855, which made it possible to end the war without territorial losses for Russia).
Denikin Anton Ivanovich
Russian military leader, political and public figure, writer, memoirist, publicist and war documentary.
Member of the Russo-Japanese War. One of the most productive generals of the Russian Imperial Army during the First World War. Commander of the 4th Rifle "Iron" Brigade (1914-1916, since 1915 - deployed under his command into a division), 8th Army Corps (1916-1917). Lieutenant General of the General Staff (1916), commander of the Western and Southwestern fronts(1917). An active participant in the military congresses of 1917, an opponent of the democratization of the army. He expressed support for the Kornilov speech, for which he was arrested by the Provisional Government, a member of the Berdichevsky and Bykhov sittings of generals (1917).
One of the main leaders of the White movement during the Civil War, its leader in the South of Russia (1918-1920). He achieved the greatest military and political results among all the leaders of the White movement. Pioneer, one of the main organizers, and then commander of the Volunteer Army (1918-1919). Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia (1919-1920), Deputy Supreme Ruler and Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army, Admiral Kolchak (1919-1920).
Since April 1920 - an emigrant, one of the main politicians Russian emigration. The author of the memoirs "Essays on Russian Troubles" (1921-1926) - a fundamental historical and biographical work about the Civil War in Russia, the memoirs "The Old Army" (1929-1931), the autobiographical story "The Way of the Russian Officer" (published in 1953) and a number of other works.
Rumyantsev Petr Alexandrovich
Russian military and statesman, during the entire reign of Catherine II (1761-96) who ruled Little Russia. During the Seven Years' War he commanded the capture of Kolberg. For the victories over the Turks at Larga, Kagul and others, which led to the conclusion of the Kyuchuk-Kainarji peace, he was awarded the title of "Transdanubian". In 1770 he received the rank of Field Marshal. Cavalier of the orders of the Russian St. Andrew the Apostle, St. Alexander Nevsky, St. George 1st class and St. Vladimir I degree, the Prussian Black Eagle and St. Anna I degree
Suvorov Mikhail Vasilievich
The only one who can be called GENERALLISIMUS ... Bagration, Kutuzov are his students ...
Golenishchev-Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich
(1745-1813).
1. GREAT Russian commander, he was an example for his soldiers. Appreciated every soldier. "M. I. Golenishchev-Kutuzov is not only the liberator of the Fatherland, he is the only one who outplayed the hitherto invincible French emperor, turning the "great army" into a crowd of ragamuffins, saving, thanks to his military genius, the lives of many Russian soldiers."
2. Mikhail Illarionovich, being a highly educated person who knew several foreign languages, dexterous, refined, able to inspire society with the gift of words, an entertaining story, served Russia as an excellent diplomat - ambassador to Turkey.
3. M. I. Kutuzov - the first to become a full cavalier of the highest military order of St. George the Victorious of four degrees.
The life of Mikhail Illarionovich is an example of service to the fatherland, attitude towards soldiers, spiritual strength for the Russian military leaders of our time and, of course, for the younger generation - the future military.
Romodanovsky Grigory Grigorievich
There are no outstanding military figures of the period from the Troubles to the Northern War on the project, although there were such. An example of this is G.G. Romodanovsky.
Descended from the family of Starodub princes.
Member of the sovereign's campaign against Smolensk in 1654. In September 1655, together with the Ukrainian Cossacks, he defeated the Poles near Gorodok (not far from Lvov), in November of the same year he fought in the battle of Ozernaya. In 1656 he received the rank of roundabout and headed the Belgorod category. In 1658 and 1659 participated in hostilities against the betrayed hetman Vygovsky and the Crimean Tatars, besieged Varva and fought near Konotop (Romodanovsky's troops withstood a heavy battle at the crossing over the Kukolka River). In 1664, he played a decisive role in repelling the invasion of 70 thousand army of the Polish king on the Left-Bank Ukraine, inflicted a number of sensitive blows on it. In 1665 he was granted a boyar. In 1670, he acted against the Razintsy - he defeated the detachment of the ataman's brother, Frol. Crown military activities Romodanovsky - the war with the Ottoman Empire. In 1677 and 1678 troops under his leadership inflicted heavy defeats on the Ottomans. An interesting moment: both main defendants in the battle of Vienna in 1683 were defeated by G.G. Romodanovsky: Sobessky with his king in 1664 and Kara Mustafa in 1678
The prince died on May 15, 1682 during the Streltsy uprising in Moscow.
Skopin-Shuisky Mikhail Vasilievich
During his short military career, he practically did not know failures, both in battles with the troops of I. Boltnikov, and with the Polish-Liovo and "Tushino" troops. The ability to build a combat-ready army practically from scratch, train, use Swedish mercenaries on the spot and during the time, select successful Russian command personnel for the liberation and defense of the vast territory of the Russian northwestern region and the liberation of central Russia, persistent and systematic offensive, skillful tactics in fight against the magnificent Polish-Lithuanian cavalry, undoubted personal courage - these are the qualities that, despite the little-knownness of his deeds, give him the right to be called the Great Commander of Russia.
Shein Mikhail
Hero of the Smolensk Defense 1609-11
He led the Smolensk fortress in the siege for almost 2 years, it was one of the longest siege campaigns in Russian history, which predetermined the defeat of the Poles during the Time of Troubles
Rokossovsky Konstantin Konstantinovich
Because it inspires many by personal example.
Romanov Petr Alekseevich
Behind the endless discussions about Peter I as a politician and reformer, it is unfairly forgotten that he was the greatest commander of his time. He was not only an excellent rear organizer. In the two most important battles of the Northern War (the battles of Lesnaya and Poltava), he not only developed battle plans himself, but also personally led the troops, being in the most important, responsible areas.
The only commander I know of was equally talented in both land and sea battles.
The main thing is that Peter I created a national military school. If all the great commanders of Russia are the heirs of Suvorov, then Suvorov himself is the heir of Peter.
The Battle of Poltava was one of the greatest (if not the greatest) victory in Russian history. In all other great predatory invasions of Russia, the general battle did not have a decisive outcome, and the struggle dragged on, went to exhaustion. And only in the Northern War did the general battle radically change the state of affairs, and from the attacking side the Swedes became the defender, decisively losing the initiative.
I think that Peter I deserves to be in the top three in the list of the best commanders of Russia.
Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich
After Zhukov, who took Berlin, the brilliant strategist Kutuzov, who drove the French out of Russia, should be second.
In the battle of Kunersdorf, having defeated the Prussian king Frederick II the Great, Berlin was taken by the troops of Totleben and Chernyshev.
Dovmont, Prince of Pskov
On the famous Novgorod monument to the Millennium of Russia, he stands in the section "military people and heroes."
Dovmont, Prince of Pskov, lived in the 13th century (died in 1299).
Descended from the family of Lithuanian princes. After the assassination of the Lithuanian prince Mindovg, he fled to Pskov, where he was baptized under the name of Timothy, after which the Pskovites elected him their prince.
Soon Dovmont showed the qualities of a brilliant commander. In 1266 he utterly defeated the Lithuanians on the banks of the Dvina.
Dovmont participated in the famous Rakovor battle with the crusaders (1268), where he commanded the Pskov regiments as part of the united Russian army. When the Livonian knights besieged Pskov, Dovmont, with the help of the Novgorodians who came to the rescue, managed to defend the city, and the Grand Master, wounded in a duel by Dovmont himself, was forced to make peace.
To protect against attacks, Dovmont fortified Pskov with a new stone wall, which until the 16th century was called Dovmontova.
In 1299, the Livonian knights unexpectedly invaded the Pskov land and devastated it, but were again defeated by Dovmont, who soon fell ill and died.
None of the Pskov princes enjoyed such love among the Pskovites as Dovmont.
The Russian Orthodox Church canonized him as a saint in the 16th century after the Batory invasion on the occasion of some miraculous phenomenon. The local memory of Dovmont is celebrated on May 25. His body was buried in the Trinity Cathedral in Pskov, where his sword and clothes were kept at the beginning of the 20th century.
Traditionally, Peter I is considered both in historiography and in public opinion as a great commander. In the final part of a large post dedicated to debunking the myths about Peter, I propose to deal with the fact that how great was Peter the Great based on historical facts.
It was under Peter I that Russia waged the second longest war (21 years) in its history - northern (the longest was the Livonian War under Ivan the Terrible - 35 years).
Do you remember how the Northern War began for Russia? From the most shameful defeat near Narva on November 19, 1700
(all dates are given according to the Julian calendar).
Why do I consider this defeat shameful?
Well, judge for yourself.
The Swedish garrison of the Narva fortress was 1.900 people, the army of Charles XII consisted of about 9 thousand man with 37 guns. The Russian army that laid siege to Narva numbered up to 40 thousand people with 195 guns.
A. E. Kotzebue
"Battle of Narva in 1700"
How did this first of the major battles of the Northern War end, in which the overwhelming advantage both in armaments and in manpower was on the Russian side? Complete, as they said then, embarrassment . The Russian army was utterly defeated, which can be seen at least from the ratio of losses.
Swedish losses amounted to about 2 thousand people , and the Russians lost up to 7 thousand , as well as all artillery pieces and that especially shameful, all banners and standards , 3/4 of which were taken by the Swedes during the surrender, and not lost in battle.
Someone may try to justify Peter by the fact that he did not take a direct part in the Battle of Narva, since the day before he left for Novgorod, entrusting command of the army to the mercenary duke Carl-Eugen von Croix, who did not want this appointment at all and surrendered to the Swedes in the midst of the battle.
But I do not think that this can serve as an excuse for the king. Moreover, this only emphasizes Peter's inability to understand people and his helplessness in matters of both tactics and strategy.
Gustav Sederström
"Victory of the Swedes at the Battle of Narva"
The main battle of the Northern War is considered the famous Battle of Poltava June 27, 1709
.
But if it was the decisive victory of the Russian army over the Swedes, then how to explain the fact that after it the war continued for another 12 years?
Yes, is it worth being proud of a victory if it was won over an enemy that was obviously weak at the time of the battle?
Denis Marten
"Battle of Poltava" (1726)
In the battle of Poltava, the Swedes took part 16.800 soldiers with 41 guns , of which only 4 could fire (for the rest there were no charges or gunpowder - they were used up during the siege of Poltava). The army of Charles XII was opposed by the Russian 46 thousandth army with 302 guns .
It would be surprising if, with such superiority, the Russian army could not win!
A. E. Kotsubu
"Poltava victory"
But at the same time, as rightly wrote Boris Bashalov
: "Poltava Victoria is not at all the turning point of the Northern War, but the finishing off of the remnants of the Swedish army, exhausted by repeated Sheremetev and other commanders. Peter's military genius in all these defeats is not visible through any magnifying glass."
To Poltava, - as he wrote V. O. Klyuchevsky
, - came "30 thousand emaciated, worn out, demoralized Swedes. This rabble besieged Poltava for two months. Charles XII stormed Poltava three times and did not succeed."
By the way, Poltava was defended by a 4,000-strong garrison , who was assisted by about the same number of inhabitants armed with anything. Then the Poltava battle began with the hungry, demoralized Swedes. But even at the same time, the success of the Poltava "Victoria" was decided not by Peter I, but Field Marshal B.P. Sheremetev , who commanded all Russian troops during the battle.
Equestrian portrait of Field Marshal B. P. Sheremetev
works by K. Schurman (1710)
The mediocrity of Peter I as a strategist and commander is best described by his Prut campaign of 1711 .
Already accustomed to winning battles with a significant superiority over the enemy, Peter with his 80 thousandth army (160 guns) faced in Moldova with 190 thousand Turkish-Crimean troops (440 guns) and, of course, was defeated.
Because of the cap-taking plans of the Russian Tsar, the Russian army found itself in a completely catastrophic situation. When Peter himself finally realized this, he agreed to the most humiliating terms of peace with the Ottoman Empire. So, Peter agreed to return to Turkey recently (in 1696) the conquered Azov and adjacent territories; give Sweden Livonia except Ingria, where a new capital was being built - St. Petersburg (as compensation for Ingermanland Peter was ready to hand over Pskov to the Swedes!) .
Only thanks to the talents of the Russian diplomat P. P. Shafirova and the venality of the Turkish pashas, the conditions of the Prut Peace were not so deplorable.
Pyotr Pavlovich Shafirov (1669 - 1739),
Russian diplomat, Vice-Chancellor, holder of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called
Thus, it turns out that, as a diplomat, Peter I was weaker than his own boyars.
As you know, the Northern War, which lasted for 21 years, ended with the signing of August 30, 1721 Treaty of Nystadt
, according to which Russia received significant territorial increments: Estonia, Livonia, Ingermanland and part of Karelia.
But at the same time, it is somehow not customary to mention that Russia returned Finland, which had already been conquered by this time, to Sweden, and most importantly, had to pay Sweden monetary compensation
for the lands conquered during the long war in the amount of 2 million efimki
(1.3 million rubles). A lot or a little, judge for yourself: efimok - silver thaler
had a weight of 28 to 32 grams of high-grade silver.
This is the only case in world history when a victorious country pays an indemnity defeated in the war side!
That is, it turns out that Did Peter I simply buy from Sweden what Russia got during a long and bloody war?
So why then was it necessary to fight for 21 years? And where is the "great military talent" of Peter the Great? Somehow I can't see him.
In this assessment of the military genius of Peter I am by no means alone.
In his book Robespierre on the Throne, B. Bashilov wrote: "The war of Peter I with Sweden was the most mediocre war in Russian history. Peter did not have the talent of a commander at all. If in Time of Troubles, having no government, Russia expelled the Poles in 6 years, then Peter I, having a huge superiority in strength, fought in Sweden for 21 years. The wars of Peter I are an example of his mediocrity as a commander."
About the Northern War, V. O. Klyuchevsky writes as follows: "Rare war has taken even Russia so unawares and was so poorly thought out and prepared."
Well, there is nothing more to add to this.
Thank you for attention.
Sergei Vorobyov.
Participation in wars:
Azov campaigns. 1695-1696. Northern war with Sweden 1700-1721. Russian-Turkish war 1710-1713. Persian campaign 1722-1723.
Participation in battles:
Narva battle. Poltava battle. Battle of Gangut. Battle of Gregham. Prut campaign
(Peter the Great) Russian Tsar (from 1682), Emperor (from 1721)
Tsar Peter is one of the most prominent personalities in Russian history. During his reign, changes took place in almost all areas of the life of the Russian state. He himself was a tireless worker and saw the meaning of life in strengthening the state. He did not put human life in anything and was a cruel ruler. But this allowed him to create a powerful empire and become an absolute monarch himself.
One of the first reforms he carried out were those related to the army and navy. After the palace coup, arranged by the archers, Peter I settled with his mother in Preobrazhensky. He received his primary education under the guidance of Nikita Zotov, who taught him the alphabet, scripture, arithmetic, and history. Starting to visit the German Quarter, he got acquainted with geometry, fortification and a number of other sciences. At that time, he often said: "I am in the rank of those who teach and teach me." During his life, Tsar Peter mastered 14 specialties.
While in Preobrazhensky, Peter created two " amusing regiment”, which soon became the best Russian regiments of the new model - Semenovsky and Preobrazhensky. And the old boat he found in 1688 became the ancestor of the created Russian fleet. The first Russian ships began to be built on Lake Pleshcheyevo and near Arkhangelsk.
Around Peter began to form a circle of people who became his companions and friends. Among them were both foreigners - F. Ya. Lefort, and compatriots - A. D. Menshikov, F. M. Apraksin other. Many of those with whom the young king shared his amusements later became famous generals.
In 1689, Peter becomes sovereign ruler. Concerned about the good of the state, he decides that it is necessary for Russia to have maritime borders.
In 1695, Peter began a war with Turkey, in order to provide Russia with access to the Black Sea. Military operations were supposed to be carried out on Azov. The first attempt to capture Azov ended unsuccessfully, but Peter ordered the construction of a galley fleet and in 1696 he won and achieved the fall of Azov.
These military campaigns convinced Peter even more of the need to reform the army, and after they ended, he carried out a number of military reforms regarding weapons, uniforms and the general structure of the army.
In 1697, Peter I sent the Great Embassy to Europe, consisting of 250 people, headed by the "land admiral" Lefort and General Golovin. With this embassy he goes himself as an unofficial person. In Brandenburg, he studies artillery and receives a diploma as a "gunsmith". In Amsterdam, he personally works at the shipyards, comprehending all the subtleties of building ships. In England, he gets acquainted with the arrangement of factories, workshops, arsenals, studying and adopting the latest technical achievements. In addition to personal experience, he leaves young Russian nobles and "children of the boyars" to study in Europe, in order to then have his own specialists in Russia in various fields. During the visit of the Grand Embassy of European countries, more than 900 specialists, including the military, were hired to serve in Russia. In addition, one of the main tasks of the embassy was the search for Russia's military allies.
Returning to Russia and preparing for the war with Sweden, in 1699 he announced the recruitment of "free people" as soldiers into the army and the collection of "private people".
After concluding a peace treaty with Turkey, as well as signing agreements with Denmark and Saxony on an alliance against Sweden, on August 19, 1700, Peter officially declared war on Sweden. This was the beginning of the Northern War of 1700-1721. Three days later, together with the army, he set out from Moscow to Narva. Russian troops were defeated near Narva, but the first failures did not stop Peter. With even greater enthusiasm, he takes on the reform of the army and the construction of the navy. His tireless energy contributed to the creation of a regular Russian army, which soon began to smash the Swedes. In 1702, Russian troops took the city of Oreshek, renamed Shlisselburg. The following year, the city of Nyenschanze was taken, which became Schlotburg. Then the Russian troops won a victory near Yam (Kingesepp), Koporye and Marienburg (Aluksne). In 1708 - victory over the Swedes at Lesnaya; 1709— Poltava battle and the complete defeat of the army Charles XII; 1714 - sea battle of Gangut and the victory of the new Russian fleet. In 1720, the Swedish fleet was again defeated in battle of gregham. This war lasted 21 years and ended with the signing of peace in the city of Nystadt. Under the terms of the peace, Russia received part of the territory of Finland and Karelia, and most importantly, access to the Baltic Sea.
In all major battles, Peter I personally took part as commander-in-chief, and if circumstances so required, he led the regiments into the attack. So, for example, during Poltava battle at the critical moment of the battle, he himself stood at the head of the battalion of the Novgorod infantry regiment and led it into battle. During this attack, one of the bullets hit the king in the chest, but did not even wound him, as it hit the pectoral cross.
During the Northern War in 1711, Peter I undertook Prut campaign against Turkey. This campaign was unsuccessful, but Russian diplomats managed to make peace with Turkey, and hostilities again moved to the Baltic.
After graduation Northern war Continuing the imperial policy, Peter I organized and successfully carried out in 1722-1723 Persian campaign, which resulted in the conquest of the coast of the Caspian Sea.
Having created a regular army and navy, having won wars, Russia became one of the most powerful countries in Europe, and Peter I himself received the title of emperor.
Biography
Re: 1672
7
date: 30.01.2020 / 21:40:22
Well, it’s the Romanovs who came up with him
"The historian Alexander Alekseev believed that the bloodthirsty image of Ivan 4 was created by the Romanovs in order to discredit the Rurik dynasty. In fact, Ivan 4 used life imprisonment as a capital punishment, and for minor violations of the block. There is a description of how Mikhail Romanov after class throne hired foreign historians, who, using information about the period of Ivan 4, made up his bloodthirsty image, largely focusing on the image of Vlad Tepes from Romania.
A similar technique was used by the Angles during the Norman invasion of Britain. There, the Normans were attributed such executions as the "bloody eagle" and winding the guts on a pole, which the Scandinavians themselves do not mention. "
6 date: 19.01.2020 / 14:01:37
Facts about World War II
1 Stalin himself wanted to attack Germany, otherwise he would not have made a common border with Germany, he would not have destroyed the map of Europe, he would not have concluded the Molotov-Ribentrop pact. The Bolsheviks need a world revolution. Until 1941, Stalin attacked Finland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, along with Germany, Romania, Mongolia - 7 countries. Prior to that, in 20 years to Poland. After the war, for some reason, the liberators did not leave, but remained throughout Eastern Europe. One invader took the place of another. Under the USSR were Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Romania, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Moldova, Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany - 10 countries. For comparison: Germany fought with 16 countries - Poland, Norway, Sweden, France, Holland, Italy, Yugoslavia, Greece, Denmark, USA, England, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Bulgaria, Romania, the USSR - 16. Under the USSR there were executions. local dissenters everywhere.
2 Stalin helped Germany even before the Molotov-Ribentrop Pact. He trained German pilots and so on.
3 The radicalism of the Germans would not have been so high in relation to the USSR if the communists from the USSR had not climbed everywhere with their crazy ideas. The whole world saw what the Holodomor and the Gulag are. Communists organized the Bavarian Socialist Republic in Germany in the 1920s. They shot local residents and destroyed cultural monuments.
4 The leadership of the Red Army dreamed of getting rid of Stalin during the entire period of the war. Zhukov went to negotiate with the Germans in the fall of 1941. The same reason the war lasted so long. The generals did not want to fight for Stalin, and his orders were simply sabotaged. Therefore, documents under Putin are closed, and maybe destroyed.
4 More Russians fought in the ROA than in the Red Army because people remembered the actions of the Bolsheviks in the 1920s and 1930s, such as repressions and famines. Losses in the ROA were 5 times less than in the Red Army.
5 Hitler never wanted to flood Moscow. Stalin wanted to do this and indeed flooded the Moscow region in the autumn of 1941, which did not allow the Germans to leave for Moscow. But it killed about 50,000 people.
6 Hitler did not consider the Slavs less developed than the Germans. The OST plan, the Untermensch book, the photographs of the Holocaust are Soviet forgeries. The West then did not argue with the understanding of the USSR, because it did not want its further advancement. The National Socialists are the enemies of the International Socialists because they don't want to feed Africa, but only their own people. The National Socialists will always have support, because there are no fools. Therefore, the very word national socialism in the USSR was replaced by obscure fascism.
7 Stalin is to blame for the deaths of the inhabitants of Leningrad from the blockade and Stalingrad, since he forbade the civilian population to leave these cities. There was no blockade of Leningrad, since the Germans left a passage for people, and from Leningrad there was a flow of supplies for the Red Army. There was a typical conspiracy between the leadership of Army Group North and the leadership of Leningrad. There was food in the warehouses of Leningrad, Leningrad could be provided with food. Communists always blame others for their sins, as in the case of the Moscow flood.
8 All stories of heroism in the USSR are fictional. For example, such as Kosmodemyanskaya. The NKVD threw people under the threat of reprisals against the family and put it into a state of drug intoxication, as they had previously knocked out testimonies from people. It was not a voluntary move. 99% of people will do what they demand if they see a weapon at their temple - life is not a movie that scoops do not understand. This is the same technology as the Islamists forcibly make people martyrs. The same story with the so-called Panfilovites. There were many heroes, but Soviet propaganda needs those who, like cannon fodder, allegedly sacrifice themselves, and do not harm the enemy, remaining alive. After all, then you need to adopt western methods waging war, treat people not as slaves. Nobody wanted to fight for the USSR.
9 20 years after the war, May 9 was not celebrated at all as a holiday.
5 date: 09.10.2018 / 01:33:00
History of democracy in Russia
Ivan 4 the Wise (according to a number of versions, the Wise)
He signed the so-called "Free Truth", an analogue of the English Magna Carta, which protected the rights of the free population. Moreover, she actively introduced mechanisms for getting out of dependence, as a result of which, according to a number of estimates, the proportion of serfs decreased from 50% at the beginning of his reign to 15% at the end of his reign.
Ivan 4 the Wise also limited his power by transferring some of the powers to the Zemsky Sobors, which were convened regularly, and not as later distorted by a part of the Romanovs from time to time. All estates sat in them, and not just the nobles.
Ivan 4 the Wise did not wage a single unjust war. Same Livonian war was preceded by lengthy negotiations during which he tried to convince the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to give access to Russia to the Baltic. Up to 70% of Russia's exports went through this corridor.
Oprichnina was created to control the private armies of nobles who did not want to comply with the new laws. Locally, they were controlled by elected bodies of power, which in turn were elected by the peasants.
The image of Ivan the 4th the Wise, as a national liberal would be called today, was later demonized beyond recognition by a number of the Rimanovs.
Romanovs
The Romanovs should be divided into those who contributed to the prosperity of the common man, and those who did not.
Adequate Romanovs are Peter 1, Peter 3, Pavel 1, Alexander 2. Inadequate are mainly Catherine 2, Alexander 1 and Nicholas 1.
Peter 1 was not a despot, but continued the democratic traditions of Ivan 4 the Wise. Later, he was specially demonized by Anna Ivanovna and Catherine 2. Paul 1 completely canceled serfdom for which he was killed. In fact, his decree was hushed up. An attempt with great preparations was successful only for Alexander 2, who, as you know, was blown up. Who? Hired by the great-power-slave-owning nobles, ostensibly revolutionaries.
But Catherine, Alex 1 and Nicholas 1 only exacerbated the pressure on their own people. Then, for the first time, the term “self-colony” was born, where the Russians do not receive anything as the people of the metropolis, but bear greater costs than the colonies themselves.
It is not surprising that to this day history is not taught in schools in this vein. It does not answer the question of what is profitable at one time or another. common man, but tells us about the need to lay down one's life for the Empire. Because the revolution and civil wars Stepan Razin, who was not actually executed and he achieved his goals, and Pugachev, who was executed and, alas, he did not achieve the goals of the people, are called uprisings, riots, etc. The adequate Romanovs hated the inadequate with fierce hatred, as can be seen from their records.
4 date: 02.01.2018 / 01:06:41
An excerpt from an interview with Georgy Zhukov given to Roman Grigoriev in 1971
Fragment taken in the USA
Georgy Konstantinovich, after the lapse of years, what were the most unpleasant moments for you during the War?
Now I do not want to consider all this point by point again. As for the commander, the most unpleasant moment is Moscow. And so the entire initial period, and even wider all the moments. I will say that, for example, in the Mozhaisk direction near Moscow, there were no forces at all that could stop the Germans. This is a strategic miscalculation! If someday they approach this without fanfare, analyze it from the point of view of military science, then everything will become clear. And we have heroism, yes heroism. But this cannot explain the victories or failures of the warring parties. We have many heroes, although it would be better if they were not! It is better when the army is so ready that no heroes are needed. So that such difficult situations do not arise. The fact that Soviet society is given out as heroes is far from the truth.
It's clear. Question about losses. Could they be smaller?
You know, now many people say that here I am, other generals are to blame for the fact that big losses were. I will say that it is tactless. Do you understand that all this depended on Stalin? All operations, be it the liberation of Kiev, or the capture of Berlin, all final plans depended on Stalin. And if I would have acted differently, then it would be an accusation of softness. Well, I would have objected, and what would have happened? It is known why Stalin had such fundamental questions and how quickly they ended. This is a system. Another would have come to my place and it would have been the same. I tried my best to save lives. I regret the dead and should naturally ask every mother and their children for forgiveness.
They say that one of the reasons for the failure in 1941 was the so-called "army purges". Did they weaken the army?
I have a negative attitude towards these “purges”. This army weakened. As I said, Stalin did not consider himself guilty for the failure in 1941. No. He bled the country in the 30s, so they got the 41st year. But all the victories of Steel attributed to himself. For good, in 1945 it was necessary to turn the army against the party and arrest Stalin.
Georgy Konstantinovich, you mentioned that the Germans themselves proposed this in 1941. Is it really so?
In 1941, many considered the possibility of peace with Germany, especially in October. Especially, remembering the 30s. And such proposals were received from the German leadership. I, like many others, considered various possibilities.
What were these proposals?
With us Stalin's arrest, then they went back. If we remove the political regime, then the Germans leave the territory of the USSR.
Now do you think that it could pass? Would they leave?
Yes, that could be a good option. Especially in light of what we are seeing right now. The Germans had already experienced problems with holding territories at that time. We haven't gotten anything good in twenty years of these experiments. What did the Russian people get? Within the framework of the USSR, other peoples have their own republics. Ukrainians have it, Belarusians have it, Armenians have it. And when will the Russian people feel good about themselves? Under the tsars, there was serfdom, that is, the Russian people did not live well. And the same thing happened under Stalin.
That is, do you agree with the justifications of the Germans in some way?
I talked after the victory with the Germans. These are not stupid people and not everyone there was crazy, as they show us. I can tell you that they had sound ideas. But Hitler spoiled everything with his fanaticism. If they did not climb everywhere, they would live well. They could not cope with the conquered territories. They had such a Straser, whom Hitler killed, was Rem. They offered good solutions. And the Russians must constantly ensure someone's future, then clean Europe of the Germans, now we are helping someone. The common man gets nothing out of this. My native Maloyaroslavets, as he lived badly, lives on. On the other hand, the German generals are wrong when they say that they defended themselves.
What do you have in mind?
Stalin could have attacked Germany himself.
But this is from the theory of probability!
There are facts. There are documents. There was Finland, and Poland, and the Baltic states. And then did we leave those fears that we freed from fascism? No.
Georgy Konstantinovich, many accuse you of suppressing the uprising in Hungary. Your reward again.
I don't have a star for that. It's all nonsense. And Konev led everything. I think that it was necessary to negotiate with these people.
How are you now?
Constantly under surveillance. I go for a walk, someone is watching you. You go to the toilet too. Even under Stalin, this was not the case for me! I have not asked for anything since 1957. True, Nikita Sergeevich also got it, but he did the same with me.
What about your interviews? Were they heavily censored?
Well, how! Lacquered so that you are amazed. German generals write more truthfully, although they, of course, have their own vision. And allies mean nothing. But we received 300,000 vehicles from the Americans alone.
Georgy Konstantinovich, but what can be done about it. All the same, you are a marshal of the Soviet Union!
You can't do anything here. I'm out. Two bulls come up to you and say, Georgy Konstantinovich, let's not be so-and-so. And then a lot of things can happen to Masha, but we cannot prevent everything and always. Galina somehow went to the store, she was sprayed with something chemical. Then a man comes to me again and says, you understand that we cannot contain all the hooligans ...
It's clear. Let me ask a question that may not seem entirely appropriate to you, perhaps as a continuation of the previous one. What do you say about the fact that some accuse you of not quite legal enrichment in 1945?
They are spreading these rumors. All these are the same. I wrote a letter of apology, which I was then forced to write! I have a family, relatives. And they do not know the limit in their methods. My assistant Syomochkin was beaten half to death, Rybalchenko was shot. You know that in the cinema everyone is holding on, but life is different. Here Abakumov denied that he was the initiator ...
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION OF RUSSIA
Siberian State University
telecommunications and informatics
on the topic: Peter I - the great reformer, commander.
Completed by: Timonin K.S. group RA-05.
Checked by: Kondratieva L.R.
Novosibirsk 2000.
1. Introduction. ................................................. ............. 3
2. Coming to power. Opposition. ........................….. 5
3. Creation of the army and navy. .................................…. 9
4. Reforms of power, life, culture. ................…..14
5. Conclusion. ................................................. ..........21
6. List of references. ...............................................22
Introduction
The transformations of Peter the Great, his activities, personality, role in the fate of Russia are questions that interest and attract the attention of researchers of our time no less than in past centuries.
‘’ Recently, many writers and publicists, continuing the traditions of Slavophile and Narodnik historiography in this regard, write that if it were not for Peter and his transformations, the development of Russia could have taken a different, less dramatic path. The question is to what extent the transformations were accidental or regular, whether they meant a radical break in the continuity of the historical process or, on the contrary, were its logical continuation, whether Peter was a great reformer or a tyrant arose long ago, almost in the very era of transformations.'' The answer to these questions, in my opinion, must be sought both in the personality of Peter, and in the circumstances with which he was surrounded, in those objective tendencies of the Russian historical process that influenced the course of reforms, in many respects gave them such a swift, sometimes inconsistent character. This topic attracted me with its versatility, versatility and depth. On the example of this topic, we can consider the process of development, formation and strengthening of the state, growing to the level of a Great Power; the formation of absolutism, and it is also possible to single out an aspect of this topic that is relevant today - the role of the individual in history.
Various historians evaluate Peter and his activities in different ways. Some, admiring him, overshadow his shortcomings and failures, while others, on the contrary, seek to put all his vices in the first place, accuse Peter of making the wrong choice and criminal acts.
Considering the life and work of Peter, we must not forget what he did in the conditions of internal and external struggle: external - constant hostilities, internal - this is opposition. The dissatisfied boyars formed opposition circles, and later Tsarevich Alexei joined them. It was difficult for Peter's contemporaries to understand him: the tsar was a carpenter, the tsar was a blacksmith, the tsar was a soldier who sought to delve into all the little things he did. The image of the "anointed of God" - the king-father, reigning in the minds of people, constantly came into conflict with the real figure of the new king.
It is not surprising that many did not understand Peter, his style of thinking, his ideas, which often lived in a different political space.
Peter was not like his predecessors either in appearance or lively and open character. The personality of Peter is very complex and contradictory, but at the same time Peter I was a very integral nature. In all his undertakings, sometimes very contradictory, there was still a rational grain. As mentioned above, it is impossible to consider the activities of Peter without taking into account the fact that out of the 35 years of his reign, only about 1.5 years Russia was in a state of complete peace. Constant hostilities influenced the course of reforms and, in general, all domestic and foreign policy.
The old never voluntarily leaves the public scene, and the new is always born in tough battles with the obsolete. Peter had to contend with many prejudices and remnants, which sometimes proved too strong to break them with the first blow.
The era of Peter I is of great interest for study and research, because. considering it, we are behind the process of development and growth of the state. The transformation of Russia from the wild despotic kingdom of Moscow into great empire. Built over several decades new system management, an education system is being created, periodicals are being formed, regular army, there is a navy. Industry is developing, foreign trade is being activated, the economy is stabilizing. Thanks to foreign policy Peter, political isolation was ended, and the international prestige of Russia was strengthened.
Peter's foreign policy, as noted in the "History of the Russian Army", except for the rejection of Turkish proposals in the Prut campaign, is impeccable. The advantage of Russia is the only criterion that guided the first Russian emperor in his relations with foreign powers.
Peter shows himself throughout the war as a loyal ally. He does not like to bind himself in advance with promises and agreements, but once he has given his word, he keeps it holy.
The allies were rescued by the Russians more than once during various periods of the war, however, as soon as the tsar saw that they did not reciprocate at all and really only wanted to exploit Russia, he immediately broke off all relations with them and subsequently waged war completely separately.
The genius of Peter was fully reflected in military affairs, in the organization of the armed forces and in their leadership. A brilliant organizer and a major commander, according to Kersnovsky, Peter was far ahead of his era in all respects.
In the reorganization of the army, Peter assigned the main place to the element of quality, which he achieved by the greatest involvement in the guards of the estate that best preserved military traditions and was intended from ancient times to perform military service.
This applies to the Petrine decree, which introduces compulsory, personal and lifelong service for the nobles. Having established personal military service for the nobility, Peter I gave the recruitment service of other classes a communal character. Each community, rural or petty-bourgeois, was obliged to appoint one recruit from a certain number of households, deciding by their sentence who to go to the service.
The recruit had to be between 20 and 35 years old, nothing else was required of him: military receivers had to accept "whom the payers would announce and put in return."
The community collected money for the recruit, usually 50-200 rubles, which at that time was a large amount, five times more than the bonuses of Western European mercenaries.
The service delivered from slavery, and under Peter there were many hunters to serve from fugitive serfs. Under Queen Elizabeth, the fugitives were no longer accepted, and those who appeared were flogged and sent back to the landowners, which, according to the author of the History of the Russian Army, was a huge psychological mistake.
So, Peter retained the basic principle of the structure of the Russian armed force - the compulsory nature of compulsory military service, which sharply differed at all times from the mercenary recruitment system Western countries. Moreover, this principle was even more clearly shaded by Peter: the service was declared lifelong and permanent (whereas in Moscow Russia it was only temporary).
The recruitment system was definitely territorial in nature. In 1711, the regiments were assigned to the provinces and maintained at the expense of these provinces. Each regiment had its own recruiting district - a province that gave the regiment its name. The Pskovites served in the Pskov regiment, and the soldiers' children of the Butyrskaya Sloboda served in the Butyrsky regiment. In Ingermanlapdsky - residents of the northern Novgorod possessions.
Peter appreciated the importance of the sense of fellowship developed in the Russian people. Unfortunately, after the death of Peter, due attention was not paid to the preservation of the territorial system. The regiments constantly changed their quarters and their recruitment districts, going from one end of Russia to the other.
By the middle of the 18th century, this system had completely died out, and as a result, Russia was the only country that had early XVIII century territorial system, in the XX century was the only country that did not have this system.
The advantages of Peter I, as the organizer of the Russian armed forces, Anton Kersnovsky refers to the fact that the ground forces in the Peter's army were divided into the active army and local troops - garrison troops, land militia and Cossacks.
Landmilitsia was formed from the remnants of the former military estates (gunners, soldiers, reiters) in 1709 and settled in Ukraine to protect the southern borders. After the rebellion of Bulavin, Peter did not particularly trust the Cossacks, but, realizing the great importance of the Cossacks in the life of the state, he settled the Cossacks on the outskirts.
The unsuccessful campaign of Buchholz in Central Asia resulted in the establishment of the Siberian Cossack army, and the result of the Persian campaign was the resettlement of a part of the Don Cossacks to the Terek, where the Terek army was subsequently formed.
General Leer claimed that Peter was "a great commander who knew how to do everything, could do everything and wanted to do everything." Peter's military talent was only one of the sides of his multifaceted genius.
Anton Kersnovsky does not question the presence of Peter's mind on a national scale. The tsar, in his opinion, combined in himself a politician, a strategist and a tactician - a great politician, a great strategist, a great tactician. This combination, rare in history, was found after him only by two great commanders - Frederick II and Napoleon.
Charles XII was in this respect the exact opposite of Peter. Karl was a brilliant tactician, a leader who dragged his subordinates with him, but he was neither a strategist nor a politician. The Swedish king waged war only out of love for war, and this "physical" love for war, due to the complete lack of a statesman's mind, eventually led his army to death, and his country to decline.
In 1706, Karl had every opportunity to end the war with an honorable peace for Sweden, but did not want to use it, and eight years later, after Poltava, when the situation in Sweden became desperate, its unbridled
stubbornness set against himself a new enemy - Prussia.
Analyzing the policy of the Swedish king, A. Kersnovsky finds that he lacks a strategic eye.
For four consecutive years, the Swedish king wandered in Poland, driving Augustus II from place to place (and giving a valuable rest to the Russian army, which in the meantime was learning to fight at the expense of the ill-fated Schlippenbach), instead of immediately disarming his enemy with a blow to Saxony.
The young king had no organizational skills, the concept of an organized base was absent. He did not know how to keep the conquered territory for himself, and therefore all his victories turned out to be fruitless.
As soon as he leaves any locality in Poland, the enemy immediately occupies it, or rather, it again plunges into anarchy, the elements of which immediately begin outside the Swedish camp.
Having received from his father a small but wonderfully organized and trained army of veterans, Charles XII brilliantly uses it, but does not spare it at all.
In the winter of 1707-1708. with a poorly dressed and poorly supplied army, Karl rushes into the dense Lithuanian forests and starts a completely senseless guerrilla war against the population, solely to satisfy his thirst for adventure and not sparing the army at all.
At the beginning of the war, Karl was 19 years old, he was an ardent young man, stubborn and unrestrained, possessing extraordinary abilities and not accepting advice from anyone. The role model for the young Swedish king was Alexander the Great.
However, Voltaire noted that Charles "was not Alexander, but was worthy to be the first soldier of Alexander."
If Charles wages war "for the sake of war", then with Peter the conduct of war is entirely subordinated to his policy. He does nothing for nothing, always guided only by the interests of "the state entrusted to Peter."
Charles XII received his army ready-made from his father, Peter I created his own. Knowing how to demand from the troops, when necessary, superhuman efforts (up to the transfer of ships on his hands for hundreds of miles), Peter never wastes their strength in vain. The aspirations of the commander, in his own words, should be directed towards winning a victory "with little bloodshed."
As a talented tactician, Peter is far ahead of his time. He starts horse artillery 100 years before Napoleon and half a century before Frederick. In all his instructions to the troops, the idea of mutual assistance and support of units - "seconding the one to the other" - and the coordination of the actions of various types of weapons are a red thread.
During the first period of the war, Peter acted in the highest degree prudently. The quality of the Swedish army was still too high, and Peter understood main reason tactical superiority of the Swedes over the Russians - their "closeness". Peter, not without success, opposes the Swedes with his field fortification, which ensured the success of the Poltava battle.
Anton Kersnovsky also draws attention to the device of Peter's cavalry. Under Peter, all of it was exclusively of the dragoon type and superbly trained both on horseback and on foot. Dragoons were the favorite branch of Peter's troops. In general, the element of active defense prevailed in Peter's tactics, which corresponded to the circumstances of that era. A purely offensive principle was introduced into Russian tactics only in Seven Years' War Rumyantsev.
