This statesman was born in 1879 and studied. Birth of Soviet statesman and party leader Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin

13.09.2020

December 21, 1879 135 years ago Joseph Stalin was born, Soviet statesman and military leader, head of the USSR (1924-1953)

Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin(Dzhugashvili) (pseudonym - Koba and others) (December 21, 1879, Gori, now Georgia - March 5, 1953, Moscow), Soviet statesman and party leader, Hero of Socialist Labor (1939), Hero Soviet Union(1945), Marshal of the Soviet Union (1943), Generalissimo of the Soviet Union (1945). From a shoemaker's family.

“Of the three sons, Mikhail and Georgiy, died without even a year, only Soso (Joseph) remained. But he, too, having fallen ill with smallpox at the age of five, barely survived, giving the gendarmes reason to write regularly in the column “special signs”: “a pockmarked face, with pockmarks.” As I. Iremashvili wrote, the Georgian Menshevik, who knew the young Joseph Dzhugashvili, Stalin's father, a handicraft shoemaker, drank heavily. Mother and Soso were often severely beaten. The drunken father, before falling asleep, strove to give a crack to the wayward boy, who clearly did not love his father. Even then, Soso learned to be cunning, avoiding meetings with a drunken father. The unfair beatings of the father hardened the son...

... Soon there was a final break between the mother and father, he moved to Tiflis, where he died in obscurity in a rooming house and was buried at public expense. Volkogonov D. Triumph and tragedy. political portrait I.V. Stalin. - Roman newspaper, 1990, N 19 (1145), p.3

Stalin's mother Ekaterina Georgievna, nee Geladze, just like her husband, came from a peasant family. She made a living sewing and washing clothes. She didn't have time to raise her son, and Soso most spent the day outside. As a child, he suffered from smallpox, which left marks on his face. Among the various nicknames under which Stalin later appeared in police documents was the nickname "Pockmarked". In an accidental traffic accident, twelve-year-old Stalin injured his left arm, and over time it became shorter and weaker than his right. Stalin carefully concealed his partial dry-handedness, tried not to undress in public and rarely showed himself even to doctors. He did not like to swim and did not learn how to swim. While relaxing by the Black Sea, he usually walked along the coast without taking off his clothes.

From childhood, Stalin stood out for his stubbornness and desire for superiority over his peers, he read a lot. Short and physically weak, he could not count on success in boy fights and was afraid of being beaten. From an early age he became secretive and vindictive and disliked tall and physically strong people all his life. But he was poor, was a "foreigner" and understood that a poor Georgian youth from a small provincial town could achieve little in tsarist Russia. The young Stalin was greatly impressed by the books of the Georgian writer A. Kazbegi, especially the novel "Paricide" - about the struggle of mountaineer peasants for their independence and freedom. One of the heroes of the novel - the fearless Koba - also became a hero for the young Stalin, he even began to call himself Koba. This name was his first party nickname; Even in the 1930s the old Bolsheviks (and Molotov and Mikoyan even later) often referred to Stalin as Koba. Stalin had a lot of party nicknames - "Ivanovich", "Vasily", "Vasilyev". But the name Koba and the pseudonym Stalin remained.

When the boy was eight years old, his mother assigned him to the Gori Theological School. The four-year course of the school Joseph completed in six years. It was difficult for him, since the training was conducted mainly in Russian. Stalin wrote Russian well, but he never learned to speak fluently: he spoke Russian slowly, quietly, and with a strong Georgian accent. In 1894, Joseph entered the Tiflis Theological Seminary. In the theological school, and especially in the seminary, an atmosphere of obscurantism, hypocrisy, everyday petty control and mutual denunciations reigned. There was strict order and almost military discipline. Not surprisingly, the seminaries in Russia educated not only faithful servants of the regime and the church, but also revolutionaries.

The seminary undoubtedly influenced Stalin in another respect as well - it developed the resourcefulness, cunning, and rudeness that were previously characteristic of him. Dogmatism and intolerance, as well as the style of catechism inherent in his articles and speeches, also developed, no doubt, not without the influence of church education. From an early age, Stalin was completely devoid of a sense of humor. “This is a strange Georgian,” his seminary friends later said. He doesn't know how to joke at all. He does not understand jokes and responds with curses and threats to the most innocent.

As a seminarian, Stalin entered into contact not only with the first circles of Marxists, but also with the first working groups formed at the enterprises of Tiflis, became a member of the Mesame-dasi, the first Georgian social democratic organization. Medvedev Roy. About Stalin and Stalinism. Historical essays. - Banner, 1989, N1, pp. 160-161.

After graduating from the Gori Theological School (1894), Joseph Dzhugashvili studied at the Tiflis Theological Seminary (expelled in 1899). In 1898 he joined the Georgian Social Democratic organization Mesame Dasi. In 1902-13 he was arrested and exiled six times, and fled from places of exile four times. After 1903 he joined the Bolsheviks. In 1906-07, he led the expropriations in Transcaucasia. In 1907, one of the organizers and leaders of the Baku Committee of the RSDLP. An ardent supporter of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, on whose initiative in 1912 he was co-opted to the Central Committee and the Russian Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP. In 1917 he was a member of the editorial board of the Pravda newspaper, the Politburo of the Bolshevik Central Committee, and the Military Revolutionary Center. In 1917-22 People's Commissar for Nationalities, at the same time in 1919-22 People's Commissar state control, RKI, since 1918 a member of the RVSR. In 1922-53 General Secretary of the Party Central Committee. In the 1920s in the course of the struggle for leadership in the party and the state, using the party apparatus and political intrigues, he headed the party and established a totalitarian regime in the country. Joseph Stalin carried out forced industrialization of the country and forced collectivization. In con. 20-30s Stalin destroyed real and alleged rivals, the initiator of mass terror. From con. 30s pursued a policy of rapprochement with Nazi Germany(cm. Soviet-German treaties 1939), which led to the tragedy of the people in the Great Patriotic war. Since 1941, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (CM) of the USSR, during the war years, Chairman of the State Defense Committee, People's Commissar of Defense, Supreme Commander. In 1946-47 Minister of the Armed Forces of the USSR. During the war he went to create anti-Hitler coalition; After the end of the war, he contributed to the rise of the Cold War. At the 20th Congress of the CPSU (1956), N. S. Khrushchev sharply criticized the so-called. personality cult and Stalin's activities.

“On December 1, 1934, at six in the evening, Stalin gathered the members of the Politburo and informed them of what had happened. He was shocked. Usually, Stalin rarely traveled anywhere, but then he ordered a train to be in Leningrad on December 2. Voroshilov, Molotov, Zhdanov, Yagoda, Yezhov, General Secretary of the Komsomol Central Committee Kosarev, Khrushchev, Vyshinsky went with him. Appearing at Smolny and frightened by the murder, Stalin ordered Yagoda to go forward. People's Commissar of the NKVD with a revolver walked along the corridor, shouting to everyone who came along the way: “Stop! Face to the wall! Hands at the seams! Nikolaev had already been arrested by that time. Fyodor Fomin, deputy head of the NKVD Directorate, wrote about the first hours of Nikolaev after his arrest: “For a long time after being brought to consciousness, the killer screamed, chatted, and only in the morning began to speak and shout:“ My shot rang out all over the world. On the same day, December 2, Stalin interrogated Nikolaev right in Smolny in the presence of Zhdanov, Molotov, Yagoda and other close associates.

“No official records of the interrogation of Nikolaev in Smolny were kept. But the report of the NKVD officer who guarded Nikolaev in the cell was preserved. After the latter came to his senses, he said: “Stalin promised me life, what nonsense, who will believe the dictator. He promises me life if I betray my accomplices. I have no accomplices." This is very important information for understanding everything that happened next. Stalin needed to make sure with whom his wards would have to work. The directive issued by Stalin to Nikolaev is also very important: if there are accomplices, lives will be saved. By that time, Stalin had already decided on accomplices. Yes, a Zinoviev team was needed. Nikolai Bukharin: “On the second day, if I’m not mistaken, I knew that Nikolaev was a Zinovievite: Stalin told me both his last name and the Zinoviev stamp when he called to the PB (watered bureau) ...” Nikolai Yezhov recalled: “The first - began Comrade Stalin, as I remember now, called me and Kosarev and said: "Look for murderers among the Zinovievites." I must say that the Chekists did not believe in this and, just in case, they insured themselves somewhere else and along a different line, along a foreign line ... They didn’t really want to show us the investigation. Comrade Stalin had to intervene in this matter. Comrade Stalin called Yagoda and said: “Look, we’ll beat your face!” The characterization of the direction of the entire investigation, as they say, is exhaustive. Nizovsky A.Yu., Nepomnyashchy N.N. 100 great secrets. - M.: Veche, 2000, p. 475 - 476.

“... indicative is the speech of I. V. Stalin on May 5, 1941 in the Grand Kremlin Palace at a solemn meeting dedicated to the graduation of commanders who graduated from military academies. Speaking about the complexity of the international situation, about the possibility of any surprises, he called for increased vigilance, for strengthening the combat readiness of the troops. It was obvious that war with Germany was inevitable. Samsonov A.M. Second World War 1939-1945 Feature article major events. - M.: Nauka, 1985, p. 102.

“On May 5, 1941, when Stalin’s appointment was a foregone conclusion (and perhaps already took place), he delivers a speech in the Kremlin at a reception in honor of graduates of military academies. Stalin says 40 minutes. Considering Stalin's ability to remain silent, 40 minutes is an unusually long time. That's an amazing amount. Stalin spoke to graduates of military academies not every year. There have only been two such performances in history. The first time was in 1935: Kirov was killed a few months ago, a punitive ax was raised over the country, the Great Purge was secretly being prepared, and Comrade Stalin gave a speech to graduates of military academies: cadres decide everything. It is unlikely that anyone then could understand the true meaning of Stalin's words. And Stalin conceived nothing more, nothing less, but an almost complete change of his cadres with a bloody ending for the majority of Stalin's listeners.

And in May 1941, for the second time, Stalin said something important to graduates of military academies. Now a more serious and darker matter is being planned, and therefore Stalin's speech is secret this time. Stalin's speech has never been published, and this is an additional guarantee of its importance. Stalin spoke about the war. About the war with Germany. Suvorov V. Icebreaker. Who started World War II? Non-fiction story-document. - M.: Publishing house "New time", 1993, p. 173.

On March 1, 1953, Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin, lying unconscious, was discovered by the guards of the Kuntsevo dacha.

Stalin was dying. Lying on the floor of the dining room at the dacha in Kuntsevo, he no longer tried to get up, but only occasionally raised his left hand. Like asking people for help. The half-open eyelids of the leader could not hide the desperation of the look that squinted at the front door. The lips of the mute mouth moved soundlessly and feebly. Several hours have passed since the impact. But there was no one near Stalin. Finally, worried about the long absence of signs of life outside the windows of the mansion, his bodyguards timidly entered the room. However, they did not have the right to call doctors. One of the most powerful men in all of human history couldn't count on it. Beria's personal order was needed. They searched for him for a long time. But he considered that Stalin was just fast asleep after a heavy nightly dinner. Only ten or twelve hours later, frightened doctors were brought to the dying leader. Volkogonov D. Triumph and tragedy. Political portrait of I.V. Stalin. - Roman newspaper, 1990, N 19 (1145), p.1.

End. Funeral. Posthumous glory.
On March 2, 1953, Joseph Stalin had a stroke. But his physicians were arrested. The guards did not immediately dare to enter his room, where for a long time he found himself without medical care. When the top leaders of the party found out about what had happened, they began to play for time before allowing doctors to see Stalin. When this was done, it was no longer possible to help Stalin. March 5, 1953 he died.

The news of the death of the leader shocked the country. Farewell to Stalin ended tragically. The queue to the body blocked the central streets of Moscow. There was a stampede in which many people died. On March 9, 1953, Stalin was buried in the Lenin Mausoleum, which became the Lenin-Stalin Mausoleum. His body remained there until 1961, after which he, already convicted at the Twentieth and Twenty-second Congresses of the CPSU, was reburied near the Kremlin wall. But the name of Stalin and decades after his funeral remains a factor in the ideological and political struggle. For some people, he is a symbol of the country's power, its accelerated industrial modernization, and its merciless fight against abuses. For others, Stalin is a bloody dictator, a symbol of despotism, a madman and a criminal. Only at the end of the 20th century scientific literature this figure began to be considered more objectively. A. V. Shubin

Stories of humor from the life of Comrade. Stalin
1. On Stalin's trips, the security guard Tukov often accompanied him. He sat in the front seat next to the driver and had a habit of pretending to be asleep on the way. Once Voroshilov, who was riding with Stalin in the back seat, looked back several times at the guard, then at Stalin, loudly (so that the guard would hear) remarked:
- Comrade Stalin, I don't understand which of you is guarding whom?
- What's more, - answered Iosif Vissarionovich, - he also tries to push his pistol into the pocket of my overcoat - take it, they say, just in case!
At the same time, guard Tukov did not even change his position, he still sat with his eyes half closed.

2. Once Stalin was informed that Marshal Rokossovsky had a mistress and this was the famous beauty actress Valentina Serova. And what are we going to do with them now? Stalin took the pipe out of his mouth, thought a little and said:
- What will we, what will we ... we will envy!

3. Stalin walked with the First Secretary of the Central Committee of Georgia, A. I. Mgeladze, along the alleys of the Kuntsevskaya dacha and treated him to lemons, which he himself had grown in his lemongrass:
- Try, here, near Moscow, grew up! And so several times, between conversations on other topics:
- Try good lemons! Finally, it dawned on the interlocutor:
- Comrade Stalin, I promise you that in seven years Georgia will provide the country with lemons, and we will not import them from abroad.
- Thank God, I figured it out! Stalin said.

4. The designer of artillery systems V. G. Grabin told me how on the eve of 1942 he was invited by Stalin and said:
- Your cannon saved Russia. What do you want - a Hero of Socialist Labor or a Stalin Prize?
- I don't care, Comrade Stalin.
They gave both.

5. During the war, the troops under the command of Baghramyan were the first to reach the Baltic. In order to present this event in a more pathetic way, the Armenian general personally poured water from the Baltic Sea into a bottle and ordered his adjutant to fly with this bottle to Moscow to see Stalin. That one flew. But while he was flying, the Germans counterattacked and threw Bagramyan away from the Baltic coast. By the time the adjutant arrived in Moscow, they were already aware of this, but the adjutant himself did not know - there was no radio on the plane. And now the proud adjutant enters Stalin's office and pathetically proclaims: - Comrade Stalin, General Bagramyan is sending you Baltic water! Stalin takes the bottle, turns it over in his hands for a few seconds, after which he gives it back to the adjutant and says: - Give it back to Bagramyan, tell him to pour it where he took it.

6. In 1939, watching the movie "The Train Goes East". The film is not so hot: a train rides, constantly stops at various stations and all the passengers joyfully sing a song at each station ..
- What station is this? Stalin asked.
- Demyanovka - answered Bolshakov, responsible for viewing
“That's where I'll get off,” Stalin said and left the hall.

7. When developing the Pobeda car, it was planned that the name of the car would be Rodina. Upon learning of this, Stalin ironically asked: "Well, how much will our Motherland be?" The name of the car was immediately changed.

8. The candidacy for the post of Minister of the Coal Industry was discussed.
They suggested the director of one of the mines Zasyadko. Someone objected:
- Everything is fine, but he abuses alcohol!
- Invite him to me, - said Stalin. Zasyadko came. Stalin began to talk to him and offered him a drink.
- With pleasure, - said Zasyadko, poured a glass of vodka: - To your health, Comrade Stalin! - drank and continued the conversation.
Stalin took a sip and, carefully observing, offered the second one. Zasyadko - sip the second glass, and not in one eye. Stalin offered a third, but his interlocutor pushed his glass aside and said:
- Zasyadko knows the measure.
We talked. At a meeting of the Politburo, when the question of the candidacy of the minister again arose, and the abuse of alcohol by the proposed candidate was again announced, Stalin, walking around with a pipe, said:
- Zasyadko knows the measure!
And for many years Zasyadko headed our coal industry ...

9. In the first months after the end of the war, Major General Alexei Sidnev reported to Stalin on the state of affairs. Stalin looked very pleased and nodded approvingly twice. After finishing the report, the commander hesitated. Stalin asked: "Do you want to say anything else?"
"Yes, I have a personal question. In Germany, I took away some things that interested me, but they were detained at the checkpoint. If possible, I would ask them to return them to me."
"It's possible. Write a report, I'll impose a resolution."
The Major General pulled out a prepared report from his pocket. Stalin imposed a resolution. The petitioner began to express his gratitude.
"No thanks," Stalin remarked.
After reading the resolution written on the report: "Return the major to his junk. I. Stalin," the general turned to the Supreme Commander: "There is a typo, Comrade Stalin. I am not a major, but a major general."
"No, everything is correct here, Major," Stalin replied.

10. When deciding what to do with the German navy, Stalin offered to divide, and Churchill made a counter proposal: "Sink".
Stalin replies: "Here you are drowning your half."

11. Academician A. A. Bogomolets put forward the theory of longevity, and Stalin gave him an institute for this work. However, the academician himself died in 1946, having lived only 65 years.
- He fooled everyone! Stalin said upon learning of his death.

12. The People's Commissar for Agriculture of Ukraine was summoned to the Politburo, He asked:
- How should I report: briefly or in detail?
- As you wish, you can briefly, you can detail, but the time limit is three minutes, - Stalin answered.

13. Actor Abrikosov at a reception in the Kremlin shouted:
- To your health, Comrade Stalin! - and drank a glass of vodka in one gulp.
Stalin quietly told him:
- Think about yours.

14. Once foreign correspondents asked Stalin:
- Why is Mount Ararat depicted on the coat of arms of Armenia, because it is not located on the territory of Armenia?
Stalin replied:
- The crescent moon is depicted on the coat of arms of Turkey, but it is also not located on the territory of Turkey.

15. Admiral I. Isakov since 1938 was the deputy people's commissar Navy. One day in 1946, Stalin called him and said that there was an opinion to appoint him chief of the Main Naval Staff, renamed in that year to Main Headquarters Navy.
Isakov replied: "Comrade Stalin, I must report to you that I have a serious shortcoming: one leg has been amputated."
"Is this the only shortcoming that you consider necessary to report?" - the question followed.
"Yes," the admiral confirmed.
"We used to have a chief of staff without a head. Nothing, he worked. You just don't have a leg - it's not scary," Stalin concluded.

Sources -

» in 1918-1920. applies to:

1) freedom of trade;

2) tax in kind from peasants;

3) universal labor service;

4) private enterprise.

v) The course towards complete collectivization meant:

1) resettlement of workers in the countryside;

2) the transfer of all land to state farms;

3) association of individual farmers into collective farms;

4) creation of large peasant farms.

G) A radical change in the course of the Great Patriotic War was achieved as a result of the defeat of the fascist troops:

1) near Moscow;

2) in Belarus and in the Crimea;

3) in East Prussia;

4) near Stalingrad and on the Kursk salient.

1. At the beginning of the 20th century. the Russian economy was characterized high level per capita income.

4. At the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets in 1917, the Decree on Land was adopted.

5. In the USSR in the 1920s-1930s. the abbreviated name GULAG was used, meaning a system concentration camps for political
and criminal prisoners.

6. The Great Patriotic War was in 1941-1945.

7. One of the main tasks of the first post-war five-year plan was the priority financing of agriculture.

8. The restoration of the good name and rights of illegally convicted people that began during the “thaw” is called glasnost.

9. A consequence of the strengthening of administrative methods of managing the economy in the 1970s and early 1980s. there was an increase in labor productivity in enterprises.

10. The policy of the leadership of the USSR, carried out in the second half of the 1980s, was called perestroika.

a) S. Yu. Witte, I. L. Goremykin, P. A. Stolypin, V. N. Kokovtsov

b) 1953, 1956, 1968

a) Leaders white movement:

1) A. V. Kolchak;

3) M. V. Frunze;

2) P. N. Wrangel;

4) A. I. Denikin.

b) Features foreign policy USSR in 1953-1964:

1) normalization of relations with Yugoslavia;

2) economic assistance to the countries of the "third world";

3) promotion of the concept of "peaceful coexistence" of capitalism and socialism;

4) recognition of the inevitability of a third world war.

a) abdication of Nicholas II from the throne;

b) the signing of an agreement on the creation of the USSR;

c) the 10th Congress of the RCP(b);

d) dissolution of the Constituent Assembly;

e) the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany.

a) over-centralization of economic life;

b) a sharp increase in production in heavy industry;

c) democratization political life;

d) retrofitting with the latest technology light industry;

e) emergence and flourishing of new political parties;

f) widespread use of measures of non-economic coercion.

7. About whom (what) in question?

a) This revolutionary-obsessed politician graduated with honors from the gymnasium in Simbirsk, the law faculty of St. Petersburg University. He did not practice as a lawyer for long. His older brother was executed as one of the members of the Narodnaya Volya group, which organized an assassination attempt on the king. In 1917, he headed the government, insisted on signing peace with Germany in 1918. He was the initiator of the transition to the NEP. Died 1924

b) The state of confrontation between the two superpowers, the USSR and the USA, and their allies, in which the parties tried to harm each other by all means except direct military aggression

Final testing for the course “History of Russia. XX century»

Second option

a) World War I was in:

1) 1905-1907

2) 1914-1918

3) 1916-1921

4) 1918-1922

b) The policy of "war communism" assumed:

1) equalization in wages;

2) introduction of private enterprise;

3) universal suffrage;

4) the introduction of a tax in kind.

v) The process of combining individual peasant farms into large public farms was called:

1) nationalization;

2) collectivization;

3) cooperation;

4) socialization.

G) Consequence of the Moscow battle in the Great Patriotic War:

1) there was a radical change in the war;

2) Germany lost its allies in the war;

3) the German plan of "blitzkrieg" was thwarted;

4) the blockade of Leningrad was broken.

2. Choose the correct statements from the proposed statements. Write down their numbers.

1) Agriculture Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. (until 1905) was characterized by communal peasant land ownership.

2) The agrarian reform of P. A. Stolypin is characterized by the preservation of the redemption payments of the peasants.

3) Russia was proclaimed a republic in 1917 by decision of the Constituent Assembly.

4) At the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets in 1917, a decision was made to withdraw Poland and Finland from Russia.

5) The concept of "Great Break" refers to the transition to a multi-structural economy.

6) The Great Patriotic War was in 1941-1945.

7) The standard of living of the population of the USSR in the first years after the Great Patriotic War was characterized by a systematic increase in prices.

8) The period in the history of the USSR from the mid-1950s. until the mid-1960s, characterized by the beginning of the renewal of the spiritual life of society, the exposure of the personality cult, was called the period of new political thinking.

9) The main reason for the failure of the economic reform of A. N. Kosygin was the weakening of state control over the activities of enterprises.

10) The concepts of “glasnost”, “voucher privatization”, “re-Stalinization” are associated with the implementation of the perestroika policy in the USSR.

3. By what principle are the rows formed?

a) P. N. Milyukov, A. I. Guchkov, V. M. Chernov,. I. Dubrovin, V. I. Lenin

b) 1924, 1936, 1977

4. Who (what) is extra in the row?

a) General (in 1953-1966, the first) secretaries of the Central Committee of the party:

1) V. I. Lenin;

2) I. V. Stalin;

3) N. S. Khrushchev;

4) L. I. Brezhnev.

b) Features of the foreign policy of the USSR in 1964-1985:

1) participation of Soviet representatives in the Final Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe;

2) promotion of the doctrine of "limited sovereignty" of the socialist countries;

3) an attempt to defuse tension in relations with Western countries;

4) pro-Israeli position in the Arab-Israeli wars.

5. Arrange the events in chronological order:

a) a rebellion led by General L. G. Kornilov;

b) the creation of the Provisional Government headed by G. E. Lvov;

c) adoption of the Decree on peace;

d) an uprising of sailors in Kronstadt under the slogan "Soviets without communists";

e) approval of the Declaration of the Rights of the Working and Exploited People.

6. Mark the results of the development of the USSR in the 1930s:

a) a sharp increase in the production of consumer goods;

b) a sharp increase in disproportions in the economy;

c) creation of a system of material interest in the results of one's work;

d) unification and ideologization of culture;

e) creation of a system that ensures an effective fight against dissent in the country;

e) moderate limitation of market mechanisms.

7. Who (what) is it about?

a) This statesman was born in 1879. He studied at an Orthodox seminary, but did not finish it. He was persistent to the point of stubbornness. Selfish, capricious, with incredible self-conceit. He concentrated unlimited power in his hands. Marshal, then Generalissimo. The hero of the USSR.

b) The name of the participants in the movement (in the USSR in the 1960s-1970s) for political and civil liberties. In his note to the Central Committee of the CPSU, Yu. V. Andropov gave them the following description: “About 1968 - early 1969, a political core was formed from opposition-minded elements ... which, according to them, has three signs of opposition ... has leaders, activists and relies on a significant number of sympathizers ... sets itself certain goals and chooses certain tactics, achieves legality ... "

8. Set the correct match:

Answers to the final test on the course “History of Russia. XX century»

First option

a) Years of reign of Nicholas II:

1881 - 1894 3) 1896 - 1905

1894 - 1917 4) 1896 - 1918

b) Toward the policy of "war communism" in 1918-1920. applies to:

freedom of trade

tax in kind from peasants

universal labor service

private enterprise

c) The course towards complete collectivization meant:

resettlement of workers in the countryside

transfer of all land to state farms

association of individual farmers into collective farms

creation of large peasant farms

d) A radical change in the course of the Great Patriotic War was achieved as a result of the defeat of the fascist troops:

under Moscow

in Belarus and Crimea

in East Prussia

near Stalingrad and on the Kursk Bulge

2. Choose the correct statements from the proposed statements. Write down their numbers.

1. At the beginning 20th century Russia's economy was characterized by a high per capita income.

The agrarian reform of P. A. Stolypin was characterized by the elimination of landownership.

The consequences of the February Revolution of 1917 include Russia's withdrawal from the First World War.

On the The II All-Russian Congress of Soviets in 1917 adopted the Decree on Land.

In the USSR in the 1920-1930s. the abbreviated name GULAG was used, which meant a system of concentration camps for political
and criminal prisoners.

The Great Patriotic War was in 1941-1945.

One of the main tasks of the first post-war five-year plan was the priority financing of agriculture.

The restoration of the good name and rights of illegally convicted people, which began during the “thaw”, is called glasnost.

The consequence of the strengthening of administrative methods of managing the economy in the 1970s - early 1980s. there was an increase in labor productivity in enterprises.

10. The policy of the leadership of the USSR, carried out in the second half of the 1980s, was called perestroika.

a) S. Yu. Witte, I. L. Goremykin, P. A. Stolypin, V. N. Kokovtsov

b) 1953, 1956, 1968

a) Leaders of the White movement:

1) A. V. Kolchak 3) M. V. Frunze 2) P. N. Wrangel 4) A. I. Denikin

b) Features of the foreign policy of the USSR in 1953-1964:

normalization of relations with Yugoslavia

economic aid to third world countries

promotion of the concept of "peaceful coexistence" of capitalism and socialism

recognition of the inevitability of a third world war

a) abdication of Nicholas II from the throne

b) signing an agreement on the creation of the USSR

v) X Congress of the RCP(b)

d) dissolution of the Constituent Assembly

e) the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany

a) over-centralization of economic life

b) a sharp increase in production in heavy industry

c) democratization of political life

d) re-equipment with the latest technology of light industry

e) emergence and flourishing of new political parties

f) widespread use of measures of non-economic coercion

7. Who (what) is it about?

a) This revolutionary-obsessed politician graduated with honors from the gymnasium in Simbirsk, the law faculty of St. Petersburg University. He briefly practiced as a lawyer. His older brother was executed as one of the members of the Narodnaya Volya group, which organized an assassination attempt on the king. In 1917 he headed the government, insisted on signing peace with Germany in 1918. He was the initiator of the transition to the NEP. Died 1924

b) The state of confrontation between the two superpowers, the USSR and the USA, and their allies, in which the parties tried to harm each other by all means except direct military aggression

1) the transfer of Crimea to Ukraine, the creation of economic councils, the entry of Soviet troops into Hungary

A) 1945-1953

2) accelerating socio-economic development, withdrawal

Soviet troops from Afghanistan, explosion at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant

B) 1985-1990

3) the entry of troops of the ATS countries into Czechoslovakia, the beginning
economic reform

A. N. Kosygina

B) 1991-1996

4) the fight against cosmopolitanism, the transformation of the Council of People's Commissars

to the Council of Ministers, the case of "poison doctors"

D) 1953-1964

D) 1965-1985

Final testing for the course “History of Russia. XX century»

Second option

1. Choose the correct answer.

a) World War I was in:
1) 1905-1907 3) 1916-1921
2) 1914-1918 4) 1918-1922

b) The policy of "war communism" assumed:

equal pay

introduction of private enterprise

universal suffrage

introduction of a tax in kind

c) The process of uniting individual peasant farms into large public farms was called:

1) nationalization 2) collectivization 3) cooperation 4) socialization

d) The consequences of the Moscow battle in the Great Patriotic War:

there was a turning point in the war

Germany lost its allies in the war

The German plan for a "blitzkrieg" was thwarted

the blockade of Leningrad was broken

2. Choose the correct statements from the proposed statements. Write down their numbers.

Agriculture in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. (until 1905) was characterized by communal peasant land ownership.

The agrarian reform of P. A. Stolypin is characterized by the preservation of the redemption payments of the peasants.

Russia was proclaimed a republic in 1917 by decision of the Constituent Assembly.

On the The II All-Russian Congress of Soviets in 1917 decided to withdraw Poland and Finland from Russia.

The concept of the "Great Break" refers to the transition to a multi-structural economy.

The Great Patriotic War was in 1941-1945.

The standard of living of the population of the USSR in the first years after the Great Patriotic War was characterized by a systematic increase in prices.

9) The main reason for the failure of the economic reform of A. N. Kosygin was the weakening of state control over the activities of enterprises.

10) The concepts of "glasnost", "voucher privatization", "re-Stalinization" are associated with the implementation of the perestroika policy in the USSR.

3. By what principle are the rows formed?

a) P. N. Milyukov, A. I. Guchkov, V. M. Chernov,. I. Dubrovin, V. I. Lenin

b) 1924, 1936, 1977

4. Who (what) is extra in the row?

a) General (in 1953-1966 the first) secretaries of the Central Committee of the party:

V. I. Lenin

I. V. Stalin

N. S. Khrushchev

L. I. Brezhnev

b) Features of the foreign policy of the USSR in 1964-1985:

participation of Soviet representatives in the Final Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe

promotion of the doctrine of "limited sovereignty" of the socialist countries

an attempt to defuse tensions with Western countries

pro-Israel stance in the Arab-Israeli wars

5. Arrange the events in chronological order:

a) a rebellion led by General L. G. Kornilov

b) the creation of the Provisional Government headed by G. E. Lvov

c) adoption of the Decree on peace

d) an uprising of sailors in Kronstadt under the slogan "Soviets without communists"

e) approval of the Declaration of the Rights of the Working and Exploited People

6. Mark the results of the development of the USSR in the 1930s:

a) a sharp increase in the production of consumer goods

b) a sharp increase in disproportions in the economy

c) creation of a system of material interest in the results of their work

d) unification and ideologization of culture

e) creation of a system that ensures an effective fight against dissent in the country

f) moderate restriction of market mechanisms

7. Who (what) is it about?

a) This statesman was born in 1879. He studied at an Orthodox seminary, but did not graduate from it. He was persistent to the point of stubbornness. Selfish, capricious, with incredible conceit. He concentrated unlimited power in his hands. Marshal, then Generalissimo. The hero of the USSR.

b) The name of the participants in the movement (in the USSR in the 1960s-1970s) for political and civil liberties. In his note to the Central Committee of the CPSU, Yu. V. Andropov gave them the following description: “Approximately in 1968-early 1969, a political core was formed from opposition-minded elements ... which, according to them, has three signs of opposition ... has leaders , activists and relies on a significant number of sympathizers ... sets itself certain goals and chooses certain tactics, achieves legality ... "

8. Set the correct match:

1) the policy of glasnost, the XIX All-Union Party Conference, the abolition of

Article 6 of the Constitution of the USSR

a) 1953-1964

2) the creation of the CMEA, "Leningrad business", renaming

VKP(b) in the CPSU

b) 1965-1982

3) Suez crisis, launch of the world's first artificial Earth satellite, liquidation of MTS

c) 1985-1990

4) the adoption of the third Constitution of the USSR, the expulsion of dissidents abroad,

detente

d) 1991-1996

e) 1945-1953

Answers to the final testat the rate"Russian history.XXcentury"

First option

1: a-2, b-3, c-3, d-4.

2: 4, 5, 6, 10

3: a-chairmen of the Council of Ministers of the early 20th century, b-years of anti-Soviet speeches in Eastern Europe

4: a-3, b-4,

5: a, d, e, c, b

6: a, b, e

7: a-about Lenin, b- about the cold war

8: 1-d, 2-b, 3-d, 4-a

Second option

1: a-2, b-1, c-2, d-3

2: 1,6

3: a- leaders of political parties at the beginning of the 20th century, b- years of adoption of the constitutions of the USSR

4: a-1, b-4

5: b, a, c, e, d

6: b, d, e

7: a- about Stalin, b-about dissidents

8: 1-c, 2-d, 3-a, 4-b

Option 1

A1. What did the introduction of state acceptance in the second half of the 1980s entail?

1) increase in labor productivity

2) achievement of world quality standards of goods

3) strengthening labor discipline

2) transfer of banks to private hands

3) creation of economic councils

4) liquidation of collective farms and state farms

A3. What is the name of the economic program, an excerpt from which is given?

Our society has accumulated a large negative experience of economic reforms... The implementation of the proposed program should refute this sad experience. ..it is based on a fundamentally new economic doctrine. the movement towards the market is primarily at the expense of the state, and not at the expense of ordinary people.

1) restructuring

2) "thaw"

A4. What is the name of the transfer of state property to private owners?

1) monopolization

2) nationalization

3) privatization

4) militarization

IN 1. The economic course proclaimed in 1985 was called the "strategy ________________________________________________

Test number 7 on the topic:« Economic reforms»

Option 2

4) introduced state acceptance of manufactured products

A2. What did the economic reform of 1987 imply?

1) expanding the independence of enterprises

2) the introduction of parallel circulation of the dollar on a par with the ruble

3) permission for private ownership of land

4) privatization of the public sector

A3. Who was the initiator of the adoption of the quoted decree?

Drinking alcoholic beverages at work ... or being drunk at work entails the imposition ... of a fine in the amount of thirty to fifty rubles.

1) M. Gorbachev 3) G. Yanaev

2) B. Yeltsin 4) L. Brezhnev

A4. What is the depreciation of money and the depreciation of the national currency called?

1) bankruptcy 3) emission

2) corruption 4) inflation

IN 1. What word is missing from the excerpt from the 500 Days program?

Mankind has not been able to create anything more efficient than the _____________ economy... Its inherent self-regulation mechanisms ensure the best coordination of the activities of all economic entities, rational use labor, material and financial resources, the balance of the national economy.

___________________________________________________________________________

Answers to the test on the topic:« Economic reforms»


					acceleration
					market

Test No. 8 Final testing for the course “History of Russia. XX century»

Option 1

Part A.

I. Choose the correct answer.

1) Years of reign of Nicholas II:

a) 1881 - 1894 b) 1894 - 1917 c) 1896 - 1905 d) 1896 - 1918

2) Toward the policy of "war communism" in 1918-1920. applies to:

a) freedom of trade b) tax in kind from peasants

c) universal labor service d) private enterprise

Z. The restoration of the good name and rights of illegally convicted people, which began during the "thaw", is called glasnost.

I. A consequence of the strengthening of administrative methods of managing the economy in the 1970s and early 1980s. there was an increase in labor productivity in enterprises.

K. The policy of the leadership of the USSR, carried out in the second half of the 1980s, was called perestroika.

III

B) 1924, 1936, 1977, 1993

1) Leaders of the White movement:

e) emergence and flourishing of new political parties

f) widespread use of measures of non-economic coercion

VII. Who (what) are you talking about?

b) The state of confrontation between the two superpowers, the USSR and the USA, and their allies, in which the parties tried to harm each other by all means except direct military aggression

c) A brilliant officer, an outstanding scientist, the Supreme Ruler of Russia, came face to face with the complete collapse of the country and the army, a brutal murder royal family, a nobleman, served in the naval artillery, did not have a fortune and was a “serving officer”, a Russian naval artilleryman. At the first news of the outbreak of hostilities against Japan, he turned to the naval department with a request to send him to the front.

VIII

1) a) astronaut

2) b) economist

3) c) biologist

4) d) designer in the field of rocket science

e) a writer

IX. Set the correct match:

Cut Collectivization Repatriation cold war Lend-lease "Perestroika" Iron Curtain Plan "Uranus" Dissidents Tax in kind

Test #8 Final testing for the course “History of Russia. XX century»

Option 2

Part A.

I. Choose the correct answer.

1) World War I was in;

a) 1905-1907 b) 1914-1918 c) 1916-1921 d) 1918-1922

2) The policy of the NEP assumed:

B) The agrarian reform is characterized by the preservation of the redemption payments of the peasants.

C) Russia was proclaimed a republic in 1917 by decision of the Constituent Assembly.

D) At the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets in 1917, a decision was made to withdraw Poland and Finland from Russia.

E) The concept of "Great Break" refers to the transition to a multi-structural economy.

E) The Great Patriotic War was in 1941 - 1945.

G) The standard of living of the population of the USSR in the first years after the Great Patriotic War was characterized by a systematic increase in prices.

H) The period in the history of the USSR from the mid-1950s. until the mid-1960s, characterized by the beginning of the renewal of the spiritual life of society, the exposure of the personality cult, was called the period of new political thinking.

I) The main reason for the failure of economic reform was the weakening of state control over the activities of enterprises.

K) With the implementation of the perestroika policy in the USSR, the concepts of "glasnost", "voucher privatization" are associated.

III. On what basis are the rows formed?

b) 1924, 1956, 1964, 1985

IV. Who (what) is extra in the row?

1) General (in 1953-1966 the first) secretaries of the Central Committee of the party:

2) Features of the foreign policy of the USSR in 1964-1985:

a) the participation of Soviet representatives in the Final Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe b) the promotion of the doctrine of "limited sovereignty" of the socialist countries c) an attempt to defuse tensions in relations with Western countries d) a pro-Israeli position in the Arab-Israeli wars

V. Arrange the events in chronological order:

a) Kornilov rebellion b) Belo B. Pasternak c) creation of the First Provisional Government

G) February revolution e) XX Party Congress f) Battle of Stalingrad g) Stolypin reform h) Cuban missile crisis i) non-aggression pact j) adoption of the Constitution of the Russian Federation k) entry of troops into Afghanistan m) Germany's capitulation in WWII n) 500 days program o) Tehran Conference

VI. Mark the results of the development of the USSR in the 1930s:

a) a sharp increase in the production of consumer goods b) a sharp increase in disproportions in the economy c) the unification and ideologization of culture

d) systems of material interest in the results of their work

e) creation of a system that ensures an effective fight against dissent in the country

f) moderate restriction of market mechanisms

VII. Who (what) are you talking about?

b) A policy that glorifies one person, which is mainly characteristic of a totalitarian regime and promotes the exclusiveness of the ruler, his omnipotence and unlimited power, attributing to him during his lifetime a decisive influence on the course of historical development, eliminating democracy

c) the most famous1 commander of the Second World War, whose name is associated with most of the high-profile victories in the war. Four times Hero of the USSR, holder of two Orders of Victory and many other Soviet and foreign orders and medals. In the post-war period, he served as Commander-in-Chief ground forces, commanded the Odessa, then the Ural military districts. After Stalin's death, he became First Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR, and from 1955 to 1957 - Minister of Defense of the USSR. In 1957, he was expelled from the Central Committee of the Party, removed from all posts in the army, and in 1958 was dismissed.

VIII. Set the correct match:

1) a) writer

2) b) physicist

3) c) astronaut

4) d) chemist

e) composer

IX. Set the correct match:

1) the policy of publicity, XIX All-Union Party Conference, the abolition of the 6th article of the Constitution of the USSR	a) 1953-1964 b) 1965-1982
2) the creation of the CMEA, the "Leningrad affair", the renaming of the CPSU (b) into the CPSU	c) 1985-1990 d) 1991-1996
3) Suez crisis, launch of the world's first artificial Earth satellite, liquidation of MTS	e) 1945-1953
4) adoption of the third Constitution of the USSR, expulsion of dissidents abroad, detente of international tension

X. Explain the meaning of terms

Khutor Occupation Cooperation Capitulation Denationalization Industrialization Marshall Plan "Thaw" Iron Curtain Prodrazverstka

Answers to test No. 8 on the topic: “History of Russia. XX century»

option number 1	option number 2
part A	part A




part B

Generalissimo of the Soviet Union. Marshal of the Soviet Union.

Iosif Dzhugashvili was born on December 21, 1879 in the city of Gori, Georgia. The boy grew up in a shoemaker's family. He graduated from the Gori Theological School and was enrolled in an Orthodox seminary in Tiflis, but was soon expelled from there "for promoting Marxism."

At twenty-five, Stalin becomes a Bolshevik. He was repeatedly arrested, exiled, fled from exile, participated in revolutions, and closely communicated with Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. During this period, Joseph Dzhugashvili uses the pseudonym "Stalin". In April 1922, the Plenum of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party of Bolsheviks elected Stalin General Secretary of the Central Committee.

Initially, this position meant only the leadership of the party apparatus, while the leader of the party and government was Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. But after his death in 1924, Stalin greatly strengthened his position and became the permanent General Secretary of the Central Committee. And Soviet propaganda created around Secretary General halo of "great leader and teacher". Cities, factories, collective farms, cars were named after him.

The period when Stalin was in power still does not have an unambiguous assessment of the Russian society and historians. On the one hand, it was marked by the industrialization of the country, victory in the Great Patriotic War, massive labor and front-line heroism, the transformation of the USSR into a superpower with significant scientific, military and industrial potential, and the strengthening of our country's geopolitical influence in the world.

On the other hand, this is a period of a dictatorial regime, mass repressions directed against entire ethnic groups, forced collectivization, which led to a sharp decline in the economy and famine, numerous casualties, the complete eradication of religion in the country and the destruction of churches, the establishment of pro-Soviet communist regimes in Eastern Europe.

The development of Soviet science and technology under Stalin can be described as a takeoff. The established network of scientific - research institutes, design bureaus and university laboratories, as well as prison and camp design bureaus, covered the entire front of research. Scientists have become the true elite of the country.

Under Stalin, the first metro in the USSR was built, he paid personal attention to the construction of the Moscow State University, at his direction, a deep restructuring of the entire system was undertaken humanities. Great attention was paid to nuclear physics: the creation atomic bomb, the construction of the world's first Nuclear Power Plant in Obninsk and the subsequent development of nuclear energy.

At the same time, entire sciences such as genetics and cybernetics were declared "bourgeois pseudosciences". The result was the arrests, executions and removal of prominent Soviet scientists. The Russian genetic school, which was considered one of the best in the world, was completely destroyed.

Estimates of the personality of the "Leader of the Peoples" are contradictory. The party intelligentsia of the Lenin era put him extremely low. On the other hand, people who communicated with him later spoke of him as a versatile educated and extremely smart person. Stalin maintained personal contacts with many cultural figures.

Joseph Stalin died on March 5, 1953 in Moscow. According to the medical report, death was the result of a cerebral hemorrhage. The embalmed body of the leader was placed in Lenin's Mausoleum, but then Stalin's body was buried near the Kremlin wall.

Joseph Stalin awards

Heroes of the Soviet Union

Heroes of Socialist Labor

Cavalier of the Order "Victory"

Cavalier of the Order of Lenin

Cavalier of the Order of the Red Banner

Cavalier of the Order of Suvorov, 1st class

Awarded with the medal "XX Years of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army"

Awarded with the medal "For the Defense of Moscow"

Awarded with the medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945."

Awarded with the medal "For the Victory over Japan"Heroes of the MPR

Knight of the Order of the Republic (TNR)

Cavalier of the Order of Sukhbaatar

Awarded with the medal "For the Victory over Japan" (MPR)

Awarded with the medal "25 Years of the Mongolian People's Revolution"

Cavalier of the Order of the White Lion 1st class (Czechoslovakia)

Cavalier of the Order of the White Lion "For Victory"

Knight of the Czechoslovak Military Cross 1939