Alexey Brusilov World War I main facts. General Brusilov - one of the strangers

11.11.2019

Born in Tiflis, son of a general. He was educated in the page corps, from where he was released into the 15th Tver Dragoon Regiment. In 1877-1878. participated in the Russian-Turkish war. In 1881 he entered the St. Petersburg Cavalry School. In subsequent years, Brusilov held the positions of senior teacher of riding and horse dressage, head of the department of squadron and hundred commanders, assistant head of the school, rose in rank to major general (1900), was assigned to the staff of the Life Guards. He was known and appreciated by the leaders of the War Ministry, the chief inspector of the cavalry Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich. Brusilov writes articles about cavalry science, visits France, Austria-Hungary and Germany, where he studies the experience of riding and the work of stud farms. In 1902, Brusilov was rightfully nominated to the post of head of the St. Petersburg Cavalry School. The "Horse Academy", as it was jokingly called in the army, under his leadership became a recognized training center commanders Russian cavalry.

In 1906, Brusilov, under the patronage of V.K. Nikolai Nikolaevich, was appointed head of the 2nd Guards cavalry division, where he earned great respect from his subordinates with his commanding art and respectful attitude towards officers and soldiers. But the personal drama is the death of his wife, as well as the oppressive atmosphere of life in St. Petersburg after the revolution of 1905-1906. pushed him to the decision to leave the ranks of the capital's guards for the army: in 1908, Brusilov was appointed to the Warsaw Military District as commander of the 14th Army Corps with promotion to lieutenant general. In 1912, Alexey Alekseevich accepted the offer to take the post of assistant commander of the Warsaw Military District. Friction with Governor-General Skalon and other "Russian Germans" at the district headquarters forced him to leave Warsaw and take up the post of commander of the 12th Army Corps in the neighboring Kiev military district. Brusilov wrote to his wife: “I have no doubt that my departure will cause a sensation in the troops of the Warsaw District ... Well! What's done is done, and I'm glad I broke out of this cloaca of Skalonian court atmosphere."

With the announcement on July 17, 1914 of the general mobilization, the Russian General base deployed the troops of the North-Western and South-Western fronts, and as part of the latter, Brusilov was instructed to command the 8th Army. With the outbreak of hostilities, the army took part in the Battle of Galicia. On August 2, Brusilov received an offensive order, and three days later his troops moved from Proskurov to the border with Austria-Hungary: the Galich-Lvov operation began, in which the 8th army acted jointly with the 3rd army of General Ruzsky. At first, the Austro-Hungarian troops offered little resistance, and units of the 8th Army advanced 130-150 kilometers deep into Galicia in a week. In mid-August, near the Golden Linden and Rotten Linden rivers, the enemy tried to stop the advance of the Russian armies, but was defeated during fierce battles. Brusilov reported to the front commander: “The whole picture of the enemy’s retreat, big loss killed, wounded and captured vividly testify to his complete breakdown. Austro-Hungarian troops left Galich and Lvov. Galicia, native Russian land Kievan Rus, has been released. For victories in the Battle of Galicia, Aleksey Alekseevich was awarded the Orders of St. George of the 4th and 3rd degrees. By the will of fate, Brusilov's associates in the ranks of the 8th Army were the future leaders of the White movement: A.I. Denikin, commander of the 12th Cavalry Division - A.M. Kaledin, the 48th Infantry Division was commanded by L.G. Kornilov.

In the winter - spring of 1915, Brusilov led the 8th Army in the Carpathian operation of the Southwestern Front. On the Hungarian Plain, Russian troops ran into a counter offensive of the Austro-Hungarian and German corps. In the winter cold and spring slush, the 8th Army fought stubborn oncoming battles with the enemy; she ensured the preservation of the blockade of the Przemysl fortress and thereby predetermined its fall, repeatedly conducted successful offensive operations.

Brusilov often appeared in advanced units, not caring about personal safety. In his orders, the "first duty" of all commanders subordinate to him, he put the care of the soldier, his food and crackers. When Nicholas II visited Galicia, Brusilov was awarded the rank of adjutant general, which he was not particularly happy about in anticipation of imminent complications at the front.

As a result of the Gorlitsky breakthrough of the German troops, by the middle of summer 1915, the Russian armies left Galicia. The stubborn resistance of the 8th and other armies of the Southwestern Front evened out the situation. A long series of positional battles dragged on, which did not bring any tangible success to either side and was called the "positional dead end".

In March 1916, the inactive and cautious commander of the front, General N.I. Ivanov was replaced by Brusilov, who enjoyed authority, becoming famous for his famous offensive in the summer of 1916 (Brusilov breakthrough). The weak support of other fronts and the lack of reserves forced Brusilov to stop the offensive and go on the defensive. But the Brusilovsky breakthrough was, in fact, a turning point in the First World War, the scales tipped in favor of the Entente. For the defeat of the Austro-Hungarian army and the capture of heavily fortified positions in Volhynia, Galicia and Bukovina, Aleksey Alekseevich was awarded the St. George weapon, decorated with diamonds.

During the events of the February Revolution, he took a prominent part in putting pressure on Emperor Nicholas II to sign the abdication. After the dismissal of General Alekseev, on May 21, 1917, he was appointed Supreme Commander. However, Brusilov found himself in a difficult situation: on the one hand, the commander still stood for the continuation of the war to a victorious end, on the other hand, he supported democratization in the army, which, in the face of growing revolutionary propaganda, led to a drop in discipline and combat effectiveness of the troops. That is why on July 19 he was replaced in this post by the more "solid" Kornilov and recalled to Petrograd as a military adviser to the government.

In 1919 he joined the Red Army. Since 1920, he served in the central apparatus of the People's Commissariat of War, in 1923-1924. - Inspector of the cavalry of the Red Army, since 1924 he was for special assignments at the Revolutionary Military Council. He died in Moscow from pneumonia. The Soviet authorities treated the former tsarist commander with respect: he was buried with full military honors at the Novodevichy cemetery.

Brusilov Alexey Alekseevich (1853-1926), Russian military leader, cavalry general (1912).

Born on August 31, 1853 in Tiflis (now Tbilisi) in a noble family. He graduated from the Corps of Pages in St. Petersburg and in 1872 was hired as an ensign in the 15th Tver Dragoon Regiment. As a cavalryman, he participated in the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878. on the Caucasian front.

In 1881-1906 served in an officer cavalry school, where he successively held positions from a riding instructor to the head of the school. In 1906-1912. commanded various military formations. At the beginning of the First World War, he was appointed commander of the 8th Army, in March 1916 he took the post of commander in chief of the Southwestern Front and became one of the best commanders.

The offensive of the troops of the Southwestern Front in 1916, which brought the Russian army the biggest success in the war, went down in history under the name of the Brusilov breakthrough, but this brilliant maneuver did not receive strategic development. After February Revolution In 1917, Brusilov, as a supporter of continuing the war to a victorious end, was appointed Supreme Commander, but due to the failure of the June offensive and an order to suppress calls for non-compliance with military orders, he was replaced by L. G. Kornilov.

In August 1917, when Kornilov moved part of his troops to Petrograd with the aim of introducing a military dictatorship, Brusilov refused to support him. During the fighting in Moscow, Brusilov was wounded in the leg by a shell fragment and was ill for a long time.

Despite his arrest by the Cheka in 1918, he refused to join the White movement and since 1920 began to serve in the Red Army. Headed the Special Meeting under the Commander-in-Chief of all armed forces RSFSR, which developed recommendations for strengthening the Red Army. Since 1921 he was the chairman of the commission for the organization of pre-conscription cavalry training, since 1923 he was with the Revolutionary Military Council to carry out especially important assignments.

First World War

Revolutionary years

perpetuation of memory

(August 19 (31), 1853, Tiflis - March 17, 1926, Moscow) - Russian military leader and military teacher, cavalry general (from December 6, 1912), adjutant general (from April 10, 1915), chief inspector of the cavalry of the Red Army (1923) . Nicknames "Fox"

Biography

Born in Tiflis in the family of a general. Mother, Maria Luiza Antonovna (Maria Luiza Niestojemska), came from the family of a Pole, collegiate assessor A. Nestoemsky. In 1867 he entered the page corps. He graduated in 1872 and was released into the 16th Tver Dragoon Regiment. In 1873-1878. - adjutant of the regiment. Member of the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878. in the Caucasus. He distinguished himself in the capture of the Turkish fortresses of Ardagan and Kars, for which he received the Order of St. Stanislav 3rd and 2nd degree and the Order of St. Anna 3rd degree. In 1878-1881. - head of the regimental training team.

Since 1883, he served in the St. Petersburg officer cavalry school: adjutant, assistant chief (since 1890), head of the riding and dressage department; head of the dragoon department (since 1893). From November 10, 1898 - assistant head, from February 10, 1902 - head of the school. Brusilov became known not only in Russia, but also abroad as an outstanding connoisseur of cavalry riding and sports. Major General (1900). K. Mannerheim, who served at the school under him before the Russo-Japanese War, recalled: “He was attentive, strict, demanding of subordinate leaders and gave very good knowledge. His military games and exercises on the ground were exemplary in their design and execution and extremely interesting.

Having no prior experience of commanding either a regiment or a brigade, only thanks to the patronage of Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolayevich, who had exclusive influence on the appointment of senior cavalry commanders before the war, on April 19, 1906, he was appointed head of the 2nd Guards Cavalry Division. From January 5, 1909 - commander of the 14th Army Corps. Since December 5, 1912 - Assistant Commander of the Warsaw Military District. General of the cavalry (Art. December 6, 1912). From August 15, 1913 - commander of the 12th Army Corps.

He was seriously engaged in occultism, constantly emphasizing "his purely Russian, Orthodox beliefs and beliefs."

He actively intrigued and slandered against his immediate superior, the Warsaw Governor-General, Adjutant General G.A. Skalona, playing on his ethnicity, as well as his wife - Maria Iosifovna Korf. However, Emperor Nicholas II, when he received Brusilov's complaints, instructed the general to bow to G.A. Skalon. Brusilov, who did not understand anything, later admitted that this order of the Sovereign “extremely surprised and offended” him.

World War I

During the First World War, the commander of the 8th Army in the Battle of Galicia. During this period, due to a lack of experience in managing large formations, he was completely under the influence of the chief of staff. On August 15-16, during the Rogatin battles, he defeated the 2nd Austro-Hungarian army, capturing 20 thousand people. and 70 guns. Galich was taken on August 20. 8th Army takes Active participation in the battles at Rava-Russian and in the Battle of Gorodok. In September he commanded a group of troops from the 8th and 3rd armies. September 28 - October 11, his army withstood the counterattack of the 2nd and 3rd Austro-Hungarian armies in the battles on the San River and near the city of Stryi. During the successfully completed battles, 15 thousand prisoners were taken prisoner, and at the end of October his army entered the foothills of the Carpathians.

In early November, having pushed back the troops of the 3rd Austro-Hungarian Army from positions on the Beskidsky ridge, the Carpathians occupied the strategic Lupkovsky Pass. In the Krosnensky and Limanovsky battles, he defeated the troops of the 3rd and 4th Austro-Hungarian armies. In these battles, his troops captured 48 thousand prisoners, 17 guns and 119 machine guns.

In February 1915, in the battle near Boligrod-Liski, he thwarted the enemy’s attempts to release his troops besieged in the Przemysl fortress, capturing 30 thousand people. In March, he captured the main Beskid ridge of the Carpathian Mountains and by March 30 completed the operation to force the Carpathians. The German troops fettered his troops in the most difficult battles near Kazyuvka and thereby prevented the advance of the Russian troops into Hungary. When the catastrophe broke out in the spring of 1915 - the Gorlitsky breakthrough and the heavy defeat of the Russian troops - Brusilov began an organized retreat of the army under the constant pressure of the enemy and led the army to the river. San. During the battles at Radymno, at the Gorodok positions, he opposed the enemy, who had an absolute advantage in artillery, especially heavy artillery. On June 9, Lvov was abandoned. Brusilov's army retreated to Volhynia, successfully defending itself in the Sokal battle against the troops of the 1st and 2nd Austro-Hungarian armies and in the battle on the river. Goryn in August 1915. In early September, in the battle of Vishnevets and Dubno, he defeated the 1st and 2nd Austro-Hungarian armies opposing him. On September 10, his troops took Lutsk, and on October 5, Czartorysk. He was awarded the Order of St. George 4th (VP 08/23/1914) and 3rd (VP 09/18/1914) degree.

In the summer and autumn of 1915, at the request of the commander of the 8th Army, Brusilov, repeated attempts were made to expand the scale of deportations of the local German population geographically and numerically; A special meeting of such categories of German colonists as the elderly over 60 years old, widows and mothers of those killed at the front, the disabled, the blind, the crippled. According to General Brusilov, they "undoubtedly spoil the telegraph and telephone wires." 20 thousand people were deported within 3 days.

From March 17, 1916 - Commander-in-Chief of the Southwestern Front. In 1916, he conducted a successful offensive of the Southwestern Front, the so-called. Brusilovsky breakthrough, while applying a previously unknown form of breakthrough of the positional front, which consisted in simultaneous advance of all armies. The main blow, in accordance with the plan developed by Brusilov, was delivered by the 8th Army under the command of General A. M. Kaledin in the direction of the city of Lutsk. Having broken through the front on the 16-kilometer sector Nosovichi - Koryto, the Russian army occupied Lutsk on May 25 (June 7), and by June 2 (15) defeated the 4th Austro-Hungarian army of Archduke Joseph Ferdinand and advanced 65 km. This operation went down in history under the name Brusilovsky breakthrough (also found under the original name Lutsk breakthrough). For the successful conduct of this offensive, A. A. Brusilov, by a majority vote of the St. George Duma at the Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, was presented for the award of the Order of St.. George 2nd degree. However, Emperor Nicholas II did not approve the submission (at the Headquarters they knew the "authorship" of the Lutsk breakthrough - General M.V. Khanzhin was promoted to lieutenant general), and A.A. Brusilov, along with General. A.I. Denikin was awarded the St. George weapon with diamonds, which subsequently nourished Brusilov's dislike for the Tsar.

Revolutionary years

During the February Revolution, he supported the removal of Nicholas II and the coming to power of the Provisional Government. He was an ardent supporter of the creation of the so-called. "shock" and "revolutionary" parts. So, on May 22 (June 4), 1917, Brusilov gives an order on the front No. 561, which stated:

On May 22, 1917, he was appointed by the Provisional Government as the Supreme Commander-in-Chief instead of General Alekseev. Last Protopresbyter Russian army and the fleet of Georgy Shavelsky recalled Brusilov's meeting at the train station at headquarters (Mogilev) after the appointment:

After the failure of the June offensive, Brusilov was removed from his post as Supreme Commander and replaced by General Kornilov. After his retirement, he lived in Moscow. During October revolution was accidentally wounded by a shell fragment that hit his house during the fighting between the Red Guards and the junkers.

In the Red Army

Since 1920 in the Red Army. Since May 1920, he headed the Special Meeting under the Commander-in-Chief of all the armed forces of the Soviet Republic, which developed recommendations for strengthening the Red Army. Since 1921, Aleksey Alekseevich was the chairman of the commission for the organization of pre-conscription cavalry training, since 1923 he was with the Revolutionary Military Council for especially important assignments. In 1923-1924 he was an inspector of the cavalry.

A. A. Brusilov died on March 17, 1926 in Moscow from pneumonia at the age of 73. He was buried with full military honors at the Novodevichy Cemetery.

Family

The younger brother - Lev Alekseevich Brusilov - served in the navy, participated in the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878, died in 1909 with the rank of vice admiral. Son Alexei (1887-1919), officer of the Life Guards Horse Grenadier Regiment. In August 1918, the Cheka was arrested and spent six months in prison. Since 1919 - in the Red Army, commander of a cavalry regiment. According to some sources, he was captured by the “Drozdovites” and was shot, according to other sources, he entered the captivity as an ordinary shooter in the White Army, fell ill with typhus and died in Rostov.

Memoirs

Brusilov left behind memoirs called "My Memoirs", dedicated mainly to his service in the tsarist and Soviet Russia. The second volume of Brusilov's memoirs was transferred to the White émigré archive in 1932 by his widow, N. V. Brusilova-Zhelikhovskaya, who, after her husband's death, went abroad. It touches on the description of his life after the October Revolution and is sharply anti-Bolshevik in nature. This part of the memoirs was supposedly written during treatment in Karlovy Vary in 1925 and, according to the will, was subject to publication only after the death of the author.

The Soviet edition of "Memoirs" (Voenizdat, 1963) does not include the 2nd volume, the authorship of which, according to a number of Soviet scientists, belonged to Brusilov's widow Brusilova-Zhelikhovskaya, who thus tried to justify her husband before the White emigration, and the 1st volume was subjected to censorship in places where Brusilov dealt with ideological issues. At present, a complete edition of the memoirs of A. A. Brusilov has been published.

Awards

Order of St. Anne 3rd class (1878)
Order of St. Stanislaus 3rd class with swords and bow (1878)
Order of St. Stanislaus 2nd class with swords (1878)
Order of St. Stanislaus 1st class (1903)
Order of St. Anne 1st class (1909)
Order of St. Vladimir 1st class (1912)
Order of St. George, 4th class (08/23/1914)
Order of St. George, 3rd class (09/18/1914)
Golden St. George weapon "For Courage" with diamonds

perpetuation of memory

On December 1, 2006, in Vinnitsa (Ukraine), at house number 5 along Architect Artynov Street, a memorial bas-relief was unveiled depicting the commander of the Southwestern Front against the background of the Brusilovsky breakthrough scheme. In fact, the general and his family lived for several years in another house, which was located opposite the Vinnitsa State Academic Music and Drama Theater. N. K. Sadovsky does not exist even now.

On November 14, 2007 in St. Petersburg, in the square on Shpalernaya Street, near its intersection with Tavricheskaya Street, a four-meter bronze monument to A. A. Brusilov was erected (sculptor Ya. Ya. Neiman, architect S. P. Odnovalov).

There are streets named after A. A. Brusilov in Voronezh and Moscow (South Butovo district).

The future hero of the First World War was born in the city of Tiflis on August 19, 1853 in the family of a general of the Russian army, Alexei Nikolaevich Brusilov. His father, in his youth, in the rank of major, as a squadron commander of a cuirassier regiment, participated in the war with Napoleon. At the time of the birth of the eldest son Alexei, he was 66 years old. As a hereditary nobleman, Alexei Brusilov, having received a good home education, easily entered the senior courses of the Corps of Pages, which he graduated in 1872 with the rank of ensign. In 1877-1878, Brusilov, as part of the 16th Tver Dragoon Regiment, took part in the hostilities in the Caucasus during the Russian-Turkish war. For the courage shown during the capture of Ardagan and Kars, he received the Order of St. Stanislav of the 2nd and 3rd degree and the Order of St. Anna of the 3rd degree. In 1881 he entered the St. Petersburg officer cavalry school, which he graduated in 1883 and was enrolled as an adjutant. Over the next 25 years, he made a career in it and in 1902 became the head of the school, being in the rank of major general. He was widely known as one of the best experts in cavalry riding, and the school he led became a recognized center for training senior officers for the cavalry. In 1906, Brusilov returned to military service, becoming commander of the 2nd Guards Cavalry Division. Such a quick career became possible due to the closeness to the highest circles of society from the tsar's entourage. But he was weary of serving in the capital, left the guard, and in 1909 was transferred to the Warsaw district as the commander of the 14th Army Corps.

In 1912, Brusilov was appointed assistant commander of the Warsaw district, but due to a conflict with the governor-general and his entourage, he did not stay in this position for a long time.

General Brusilov during World War I.

In 1913, Brusilov was transferred to the Kyiv Military District as commander of the 12th Army Corps with promotion to general from the cavalry. In this position, he met the beginning of the world war. During the mobilization, General Brusilov is appointed to the post of commander of the 8th Army, which, as part of the Southwestern Front, is sent to the theater of operations in Galicia. There began the Battle of Galicia - the largest and most successful strategic operation of the Russian troops, in which the 8th Army played a decisive role. For two months in several battles Austrian army was defeated, while losing about 400 thousand people. Almost all of Eastern Galicia and Bukovina were captured, including the cities of Lvov and Galich. During the Battle of Galicia, Brusilov showed himself as a master of maneuver warfare, and for the successful leadership of the actions of the 8th Army, he was awarded the Order of St. George of the 4th and 3rd degrees, and at the beginning of 1915 he was added to the imperial retinue with the rank of General adjutant.

In March 1916, Brusilov was appointed commander of the Southwestern Front, whose troops in May 1916 began offensive operation, known as "Brusilovsky breakthrough". This was the last successful operation of the Russian troops. For its implementation, he was awarded the golden St. George's weapon with diamonds. During the February Revolution, he supported the abdication of Nicholas II from the throne and became the Supreme Commander of the Russian armies, but a little later, disappointed, he resigned and lived as a private person in Moscow until 1920. His son voluntarily joined the Red Army and died in 1919 on the Denikin front. In 1920, Brusilov himself joined the Red Army and published an appeal "To all former officers" with a call to go over to the side Soviet power. From 1922 until his death in 1926, Brusilov served as chief cavalry inspector of the Red Army. He was the most authoritative tsarist general who went over to the side of Soviet power.

St. George Knights of the 1st World War:

Brusilov Alexey Alekseevich was a hereditary military man. Born on 19(31).08.1853. in the family of a Russian general. Father - Alexey Nikolaevich, mother - Maria-Louise Antonovna, Polish by birth. At the age of 6, Brusilov was left an orphan, and received his first education in his uncle's house.

At the age of 14, Alexey Alekseevich entered the third class of the Corps of Pages. In the Corps of Pages it was fundamental quality education, here a number of generally accepted disciplines were studied in depth. The teachers of the Corps of Pages were true professionals in their field.

Five years later, in 1872, Alexei was released from the Corps of Pages. He began his service in the Tver Dragoon Regiment, which was located near Kutaisi. He arrived in the regiment with the rank of ensign, was appointed junior platoon officer of one of the squadrons. Soon he became a lieutenant, and two years later he was appointed adjutant of the regiment.

In September 1876, the Tver Dragoon Regiment was instructed to move to the camp of Russian troops on the Russian-Turkish border. Brusilov had to work hard, by the nature of his service, he was preparing four squadrons, a non-combatant company and a regimental convoy for the campaign.

For courage during the next Russian-Turkish war was awarded the order St. Stanislaus 3rd degree, as well as. In addition, he received a new rank of staff captain.

When Aleksey Alekseevich returned to his regiment, he was asked to undergo training at an officer's cavalry school. The purpose of the study was to improve the qualifications of an officer. In 1881 he arrived in St. Petersburg, and soon began his studies. IN new school Brusilov was almost the youngest student.

In July 1914, the Allied armies were ready for large-scale hostilities. The opponents of the Entente aimed their main forces at attacking France and Belgium. Against Russia, the German leadership put up only one army in East Prussia and one corps in Silesia. But the Austro-Hungarian army, almost entirely stood at the borders of the Russian Empire.

The General Staff of the Russian army planned an immediate offensive of the Russian armies against Prussia and Galicia. On July 18, Brusilov returned from vacation to Vinnitsa, where mobilization had already been announced. The next day, Germany declared war on Russia.

The beginning was unsuccessful for Russia. The Russians suffered huge losses. After an unsuccessful operation in the North - Eastern Front, the Russian army had to switch to positional warfare, for which the army was completely unprepared. In 1915, the situation changed little, the Germans, albeit slowly, were moving forward. The following year, the army system was completely reformed. Replenishment arrived at the front, supply interruptions stopped.

A large-scale offensive by the Russian army was scheduled for 1916. On March 17, General Brusilov was appointed commander-in-chief of the Russian troops for Southwestern Front. He reported to Nicholas II that the Russian army had a rest and was ready to move on to decisive hostilities. The general's offensive on the Southwestern Front went down in history under the name "". During the three days of the offensive that began in May, the front was broken through 25-30 miles, and the length of the breakthrough was 70-80 kilometers.

Soon mass unrest began in St. Petersburg. Belatedly, news of numerous spontaneous rallies, strikes and other outrages reached the headquarters. Brusilov turned to Nicholas II with a proposal to abdicate the throne. Having lost, I will support Alexei Alekseevich, popular in the army and the people, from the throne. After some time, a provisional government came to power, to which Brusilov swore allegiance. Discord began in the army, the soldiers left their positions, fled home, demanded peace with Germany.

After the events of October, Alexei Brusilov held a good position in the Red Army, which actively recruited former tsarist officers. He was the chairman of the Special Meeting under the commander-in-chief of the military forces of the republic, Kamenev. The life of Alexei Alekseevich Brusilov was cut short at the age of 73 of his most interesting earthly journey. He caught a cold and died on March 17, 1926..