The science of creating a scientific picture of the world abstract. Science in the 19th century
Goals: - (sl.2)
Find out what changes have occurred in the development of science; what reasons contributed to the development of science and scientific knowledge;
How did these studies affect the lives of the people of the New Age;
To develop the ability to find the necessary information from various sources, the ability to make tabular records.
Equipment: presentation, computer, survey cards.
During the classes.
1. Org. the beginning of the lesson.
2. Verification homework.
1) testing
1. The development of railway transport in cities was facilitated by:
A) the appearance of steam locomotives;
B) the transformation of cities into industrial centers
C) a great desire to make life easier for the townspeople
2. First public transport- the omnibus appeared for the first time in:
A) Paris
B) London
In Berlin
3. The appearance of trams with electric traction is associated with the name:
A) Edison
B) S. Rhodes
B) K. Benz
4. In what year was the first underground opened in London?
5. An integral part of the street landscape of the late XIX - early XX century was (a) the appearance
A) electric cars
B) lampposts
C) boys selling newspapers
6. A machine designed for sewing clothes was invented by:
A) L. Dagger
B) Singer
B) r. hill
7. The founder of the first method of photographing is:
A) L. Dagger
B) L. Sholes
B) Singer
8. Candles and oil lamps were replaced in the 50s by:
A) lights
B) kerosene lamps
B) lamps
9. In what year did L. Scholes receive a patent for the invention of the typewriter?
10. In the Napoleonic era, style dominated:
A) modern
B) classicism
11. Distinctive feature early 20th century clothing was that:
A) women's skirts are narrowed, and men wear three-piece suits;
B) women's skirts expand, men wear tailcoats
C) women wear cleavage, and men tuxedos and tailcoats
Criteria for evaluation:
Less than 5 - "2"
5 to 7 - "3"
8 to 10 - "4"
Key to answers:
1-b, 2-a, 3-a, 4-c, 5-c, 6-b, 7-a, 8-b, 9-a, 10-c, 11-a
3. Communication of the topic and objectives of the lesson.
(v. 3) Lesson plan:
Reasons for the rapid development of sciences.
"Master of Lightning".
The sensations continue.
Revolution in natural science.
New science - microbiology.
Medical advances.
Development of education.
(sl. 4) - draw a table to be filled in during the lesson.
4. Learning new material:
1) work on the textbook:
(sl. 5) Why, then, in the 19th - early 20th centuries, they began to develop so actively
various sciences?
You will find the answer to the question by reading point 1 on page 39.
Reasons for the development of science in modern times:
1. Life itself demanded to know the laws and use them in production
2. Fundamental changes in the consciousness and thinking of the people of the New Age.
(sl. 7) In 1831, Michael Faraday discovered the phenomenon electromagnetic induction, which allowed us to start creating an electric motor. He became a member of the Royal Society.
Let's find out more about him.
Michael was born on September 22, 1791 in Newngton Butts (now Greater London). His father was a poor blacksmith from the London suburbs. The blacksmith was also the elder brother Robert, who in every possible way encouraged Michael's craving for knowledge and at first supported him financially. Faraday's mother, a hardworking and uneducated woman, lived to the time when her son achieved success and recognition, and was rightfully proud of him. The modest income of the family did not allow Michael to graduate even high school, from the age of thirteen he began working as a supplier of books and newspapers, and then at the age of 14 he went to work in a bookstore, where he also studied bookbinding. Seven years of work in the workshop on Blandford Street became for the young man and years of intense self-education. All this time, Faraday worked hard - he enthusiastically read all the scientific works he bound on physics and chemistry, as well as articles from the Encyclopædia Britannica, repeated in his home laboratory the experiments described in books, on home-made electrostatic devices. An important stage in the life of Faraday was classes at the City Philosophical Society, where Michael listened to popular science lectures on physics and astronomy in the evenings and participated in disputes. He received money (one shilling to pay for each lecture) from his brother. At the lectures, Faraday made new acquaintances, to whom he wrote many letters in order to develop a clear and concise style of presentation; he also tried to master the techniques of oratory.
Gradually experimental studies more and more switched to the field of physics. After the discovery in 1820 by H. Oersted of the magnetic action of electric current, Faraday was fascinated by the problem of the connection between electricity and magnetism. In 1822, an entry appeared in his laboratory diary: "Turn magnetism into electricity." Faraday's reasoning was as follows: if in Oersted's experiment electricity has a magnetic force, and, according to Faraday, all forces are interconvertible, then the magnets must also excite an electric current. In the same year, he made an attempt to find the polarizing effect of current on light. Passing polarized light through water located between the poles of a magnet, he tried to detect the depolarization of light, but the experiment gave a negative result.
In 1823, Faraday became a member of the Royal Society of London and was appointed director of the physical and chemical laboratories of the Royal Institute, where he conducts his experiments.
(sl. 8) In the 1860s, he developed the electromagnetic theory of light, which generalized the results of experiments and theoretical constructions of many physicists from different countries in the field of electromagnetism.
James Clerk Maxwell is a British physicist and mathematician. Scottish by birth. Member of the Royal Society of London (1861). Maxwell laid the foundations of modern classical electrodynamics (Maxwell's equations), introduced the concepts of displacement current and electromagnetic field into physics, obtained a number of consequences from his theory (prediction electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic nature of light, light pressure, etc.). One of the founders kinetic theory gases (established the distribution of gas molecules by velocity). He was one of the first to introduce statistical representations into physics, showed the statistical nature of the second law of thermodynamics ("Maxwell's demon"), obtained a number of important results in molecular physics and thermodynamics (Maxwell's thermodynamic relations, Maxwell's rule for the liquid-gas phase transition, and others). Pioneer of quantitative color theory; author of the principle of color photography. Maxwell's other works include studies on the stability of Saturn's rings, elasticity theory and mechanics (photoelasticity, Maxwell's theorem), optics, and mathematics. He prepared for publication the manuscript of the works of Henry Cavendish, paid much attention to the popularization of science, designed a number of scientific instruments.
(f. 9) According to his theory, there are invisible waves in nature that transmit electricity in space. Light is a variety electromagnetic oscillations.
(sl. 10) In 1883, the German engineer Heinrich Hertz confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves and proved that no material object could prevent their propagation
Heinrich Rudolf Hertz is a German physicist.
Graduated Berlin University, From 1885 to 1889 was a professor of physics at the University of Karlsruhe. Since 1889 he has been a professor of physics at the University of Bonn.
Major achievement - experimental confirmation James Maxwell's electromagnetic theory of light. Hertz proved the existence of electromagnetic waves. He studied in detail the reflection, interference, diffraction and polarization of electromagnetic waves, proved that the speed of their propagation coincides with the speed of propagation of light, and that light is nothing but a variety of electromagnetic waves. He built the electrodynamics of moving bodies on the basis of the hypothesis that the ether is entrained by moving bodies. However, his theory of electrodynamics was not confirmed by experiments and later gave way to the electronic theory of Hendrik Lorentz. The results obtained by Hertz formed the basis for the development of radio.
In 1886-87. Hertz was the first to observe and describe the external photoelectric effect. Hertz developed the theory of the resonant circuit, studied the properties of cathode rays, and investigated the effect of ultraviolet rays on an electric discharge. In a number of works on mechanics, he gave the theory of impact of elastic balls, calculated the time of impact, etc. In the book "Principles of Mechanics" (1894), he gave the derivation of general theorems of mechanics and its mathematical apparatus, based on a single principle (Hertz's principle).
Since 1933, Hertz has been the name of the frequency unit Hertz, which is included in the international metric system SI units.
(sl. 11) Hertz established that electromagnetic waves propagate at a speed of 300,000 km/s. These waves became known as Hertzian waves. It was on the basis of these discoveries that the wireless telegraph was created by Marconi and Popov. In 1897 A.S. Popov transmitted the first telegram, consisting of two words: "Heinrich Hertz"
- (sq. 12) Nevertheless, the discoveries continued. Back in 1878, the Dutch physicist Hendrik Anton Lorentz tried to explain Maxwell's electromagnetic theory in terms of atomic structure substances
Hendrik Anton Lorenz
Lorentz studied physics and mathematics at Leiden University. A great influence on him, as a future physicist, was the teacher of astronomy, Professor Frederick Kaiser. At the University of Leiden from 1878 he then worked as a professor of mathematical physics. In 1880, together with his practically namesake Ludwig Lorentz, he derived the Lorentz-Lorentz formula. He developed the electromagnetic theory of light and the electronic theory of matter, and formulated a self-consistent theory of electricity, magnetism, and light. The name of this scientist is associated with a well-known school course In physics, the Lorentz force (the concept of which he developed in 1895) is the force acting on an electric charge moving in a magnetic field. In electrodynamics, the method of calculating the local field, first proposed by Lorentz, and known as the Lorentz Sphere, is widely used.
He developed a theory about transformations of the state of a moving body, which describes a decrease in the length of an object during translational motion. The Lorentz transformations obtained within the framework of this theory are the most important contribution to the development of the theory of relativity.
For explaining the phenomenon known as the Zeeman effect, he was awarded in 1902, together with another Dutch physicist Peter Zeeman, the Nobel Prize in Physics
(sl.13) Thus, a revolution took place in the natural-scientific ideas of mankind, a new picture of the world was formed, which exists today
(sl. 14) At the end of 1895 in Germany, the physicist Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen, based on Maxwell's theory of electromagnetic waves, discovered invisible rays, which he called X-rays.
Opening rays
Despite the fact that Wilhelm Roentgen was a hardworking person and, being the head of the Physics Institute at the University of Würzburg, used to stay up late in the laboratory, he made the main discovery in his life - X-rays - when he was already 50 years old. On November 8, 1895, Roentgen's experiments showed the basic properties of a previously unknown radiation, which was called X-ray. As it turns out, X-rays can penetrate many opaque materials; however, it is not reflected or refracted. X-ray radiation ionizes the surrounding air and illuminates the photo plates. ((sq. 15) Also Roentgen made the first pictures using X-rays.
The discovery of the German scientist greatly influenced the development of science. Experiments and studies using X-rays helped to obtain new information about the structure of matter, which, together with other discoveries of that time, forced us to reconsider a number of provisions of classical physics. After a short period of time, X-ray tubes found application in medicine and various fields of technology.
Representatives of industrial firms repeatedly approached Roentgen with offers to buy the rights to use the invention at a bargain price. But Wilhelm refused to patent the discovery, because he did not consider his research a source of income.
By 1919, X-ray tubes had become widespread and were used in many countries. Thanks to them, new areas of science and technology appeared - radiology, radiodiagnosis, radiometry, X-ray diffraction analysis, etc.
(sl. 16) - A whole group of scientists - Henri Becquerel, Pieri Maria Sklodowska - Curie, Ernest Rutherford, Niels Bohr - studied radioactivity and created the doctrine of the complex structure of the atom.
(f. 17) In 1903, Marie and Pierre Curie, along with Henri Becquerel, received the Nobel Prize in Physics "for outstanding services in joint research on the phenomena of radiation."
(sl. 18) A revolution in natural science was made by the book of the great scientist - naturalist C. Darwin "The Origin of Species"
Charles Robert Darwin, an English naturalist and traveler, was one of the first to realize and clearly demonstrate that all types of living organisms evolve over time from common ancestors. In his theory, the first detailed presentation of which was published in 1859 in the book On the Origin of Species, Darwin called natural selection and indefinite variability the main driving force of evolution. The existence of evolution was recognized by most scientists during the lifetime of Darwin, while his theory natural selection as the main explanation of evolution became generally accepted only in the 30s of the 20th century with the advent of the synthetic theory of evolution. The ideas and discoveries of Darwin in a revised form form the foundation of the modern synthetic theory of evolution and form the basis of biology, as providing a logical explanation for biodiversity. The orthodox followers of Darwin's teachings develop the direction of evolutionary thought that bears his name (Darwinism).
(pp. 42 - 43 - Darwin's saying textbook)
(sl. 19) In 1885, a scientist saved the life of a young man who had been bitten 14 times by a rabid dog. He was working on getting a serum for rabies. Gave the world a new science - microbiology
Louis Pasteur - French microbiologist and chemist, member of the French Academy (1881). Pasteur, having shown the microbiological essence of fermentation and many human diseases, became one of the founders of microbiology and immunology. His work in the field of crystal structure and the phenomenon of polarization formed the basis of stereochemistry. Pasteur also put an end to the centuries-old dispute about the spontaneous generation of some life forms at the present time, empirically proving the impossibility of this (see Origin of life on Earth). His name is widely known in non-scientific circles due to the pasteurization technology he created and later named after him.
Pasteur began studying fermentation in 1857. By 1861, Pasteur had shown that the formation of alcohol, glycerol, and succinic acid during fermentation could only occur in the presence of microorganisms, often specific ones.
Louis Pasteur proved that fermentation is a process closely related to the vital activity of yeast fungi, which feed and multiply due to the fermenting liquid. In clarifying this question, Pasteur had to refute Liebig's then dominant view of fermentation as a chemical process. Particularly convincing were Pasteur's experiments with a liquid containing pure sugar, various mineral salts, which served as food for the fermenting fungus, and ammonia salt, which supplied the necessary nitrogen to the fungus. The fungus developed, increasing in weight; ammonium salt was wasted. Pasteur showed that lactic fermentation also requires the presence of a special “organized enzyme” (as living microbial cells were called at that time), which multiplies in the fermenting liquid, also increasing in weight, and with the help of which it is possible to cause fermentation in new portions of the liquid.
At the same time, Louis Pasteur made another important discovery. He found that there are organisms that can live without oxygen. For some of them, oxygen is not only unnecessary, but also poisonous. Such organisms are called strict anaerobes. Their representatives are microbes that cause butyric fermentation. At the same time, organisms capable of both fermentation and respiration grew more actively in the presence of oxygen, but consumed less organic matter from the environment. Thus it was shown that anaerobic life is less efficient. It has now been shown that aerobic organisms are able to extract almost 20 times more energy from the same amount of organic substrate than anaerobic ones.
Study of infectious diseases
In 1864, French winemakers turned to Pasteur with a request to help them develop means and methods to combat wine diseases. The result of his research was a monograph in which Pasteur showed that wine diseases are caused by various microorganisms, and each disease has a specific pathogen. To destroy the harmful "organized enzymes" he proposed to warm the wine at a temperature of 50-60 degrees. This method, called pasteurization, has found wide application both in laboratories and in the food industry.
In 1865 Pasteur was invited by his former teacher south of France to find the cause of the silkworm disease. After the publication in 1876 of the work of Robert Koch "The Etiology of Anthrax", Pasteur devoted himself entirely to immunology, finally establishing the specificity of the pathogens of anthrax, puerperal fever, cholera, rabies, chicken cholera and other diseases, developed ideas about artificial immunity, proposed a method of preventive vaccinations , in particular from anthrax (1881), rabies (together with Emile Roux 1885), involving specialists from other medical specialties (for example, surgeon O. Lannelong).
The first rabies vaccination was given on July 6, 1885, to 9-year-old Josef Meister at the request of his mother. The treatment ended successfully, the boy did not have any symptoms of rabies.
Pasteur was engaged in biology all his life and treated people without receiving any medical or biological education.
Pasteur also painted as a child. When J.-L. Gerome saw his work years later, he said how good it was that Louis chose science, since he would be a great competitor to us.
In 1868 (at the age of 46) Pasteur suffered a cerebral hemorrhage. He remained disabled: his left arm was inactive, his left leg dragged along the ground. He nearly died, but eventually recovered. Moreover, he made the most significant discoveries after that: he created the anthrax vaccine and the rabies vaccine. When the scientist died, it turned out that a huge part of his brain was destroyed. Pasteur died of uremia.
According to II Mechnikov, Pasteur was a passionate patriot and hater of the Germans. When a German book or pamphlet was brought to him from the post office, he took it with two fingers and threw it away with a feeling of great disgust.
Later, a genus of bacteria, Pastera, was named after him, causing septic diseases, to the discovery of which he, apparently, had nothing to do.
Pasteur was awarded orders from almost all countries of the world. In total, he had about 200 awards.
(sn. 21) At the end of the 18th century, an English doctor noticed that milkmaids did not get smallpox, which at that time claimed the lives of thousands of people. Jenner correctly explained this by saying that milkmaids in a weak form become infected with cowpox and this creates immunity in them. Therefore, he developed the first vaccine - against smallpox. Jenner came up with the idea of injecting a seemingly harmless vaccinia virus into the human body.
(sl. 22) At the beginning of the 19th century, Jean Corvisart "listened" to his patients with a special stick and determined the state of the lungs and heart by sound. René Laenne, student of Jean Corvisart, established that solid bodies produce sounds differently. He designed a tube from beech wood - a stethoscope. One end was applied to the patient's chest, and the other to the doctor's ear.
(sl. 23) German microbiologist, discovered anthrax bacillus, vibrio cholerae and tubercle bacillus. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1905 for his research on tuberculosis.
Later, Koch made attempts to find the causative agent of tuberculosis, a disease at that time widespread and the main cause of death. The proximity of the Charite clinic, filled with tuberculosis patients, makes it easier for him - every day, early in the morning, he comes to the hospital, where he receives material for research: a small amount of sputum or a few drops of blood from patients with consumption.
However, despite the abundance of material, he still does not manage to detect the causative agent of the disease. Soon Koch realizes that the only way to achieve the goal is with the help of dyes. Unfortunately, ordinary dyes are too weak, but after several months of unsuccessful work, he still manages to find the necessary substances.
Institute of Microbiology at Dorotheestrasse in Berlin - here Robert Koch discovered the causative agent of tuberculosis
Koch stains the pounded tubercular tissue of the 271st preparation in methyl blue, and then in a caustic red-brown dye used in leather finishing, and reveals tiny, slightly curved, bright blue-colored sticks - Koch's sticks.
On March 24, 1882, when he announced that he had succeeded in isolating the bacterium that causes tuberculosis, Koch achieved the greatest triumph of his life. At that time, this disease was one of the main causes of death. In his publications, Koch developed the principles of "obtaining evidence that a particular microorganism causes certain diseases." These principles still underlie medical microbiology.
Koch's study of tuberculosis was interrupted when he was on assignment German government as part of a scientific expedition, he went to Egypt and India in order to try to determine the cause of cholera. While working in India, Koch announced that he had isolated the microbe that causes the disease, Vibrio cholerae.
(sl. 24) Russian and French biologist (zoologist, embryologist, immunologist, physiologist and pathologist).
One of the founders of evolutionary embryology, phagocytosis and intracellular digestion, creator of the comparative pathology of inflammation.
Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1908). He created the original doctrine of the protection of organisms from microbes.
(sl. 25) Read independently the item “Development of Education” on pages 44-45 and answer the question “How did education develop in different states?”
5. Summing up the lesson:
(p. 26) Assignment on cards
Match the scientist and his invention
6. Homework (sl. 27)
Paragraph 5, questions, notes in a notebook.
Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya OOSh 2 What changes have occurred in the development of science What reasons contributed to the development of science and scientific knowledge; How did these studies affect the lives of the people of the New Age; Today you will learn:
Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya OOSh 3 1. The reasons for the rapid development of science. 2. "Lord of Lightning". 3. Sensations continue. 4. Revolution in natural science. 5. New science - microbiology. 6. Advances in medicine. 7. Development of education. We work according to the plan:
Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya OOSh 4 We work with the table Scientific field Year of discovery Name of the scientist Content and significance of the discovery
Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya OOSh 5 Reasons for the rapid development of science Why did various sciences begin to develop so actively in the 19th - early 20th centuries? You will find the answer to the question by reading point 1 on page 39.
Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya OOSh 6 Reasons for the rapid development of sciences 1. Life itself demanded to know the laws and use them in production 2. Fundamental changes in the consciousness and thinking of people of the New Age
Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya OOSh 7 In 1831, Michael Faraday discovered the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction, which made it possible to start creating an electric motor. He became a member of the Royal Society. The Lightning Lord Michael Faraday
Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya OOSh 8 In the 1860s, he developed the electromagnetic theory of light, which generalized the results of experiments and theoretical constructions of many physicists from different countries in the field of electromagnetism. "Sensations Continue" James Carl Maxwell
Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya OOSh 9 According to his theory, there are invisible waves in nature that transmit electricity in space. Light is a type of electromagnetic vibration. Maxwell with a color top in his hand "Sensations continue"
Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya OOSh 10 In 1883, the German engineer Heinrich Hertz confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves and proved that no material object could prevent their spread "Sensations continue" Heinrich Rudolf Hertz
Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya OOSH 11 Hertz found that electromagnetic waves propagate at a speed of 300 thousand km / s. These waves became known as Hertzian waves. "Sensations Continue" Hertz's 1887 experimental apparatus.
Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya OOSh 12 A Dutch physicist tried to explain Maxwell's electromagnetic theory from the point of view of the atomic structure of matter "Sensations continue" Hendrik Anton Lorenz
Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya OOSh 13 "Sensations continue" A revolution took place in the natural-scientific ideas of mankind, a new picture of the world was formed, which exists today
Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya OOSh 14 At the end of 1895 in Germany, physicist Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen, based on Maxwell's theory of electromagnetic waves, discovered invisible rays, which he called X-rays. "Sensations Continue"
Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya OOSh 15 Remaining invisible, the rays penetrate various objects to varying degrees. The resulting image can be captured on film. This discovery has found wide application in medicine. "Sensations continue" X-rays
Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya OOSh 16 Antoine Henri Becquerel Pierre Curie Marie Sklodowska-Curie"Sensations Continue" Ernest Rutherford Niels Bohr Scientists who study the phenomenon of radioactivity
Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya OOSh 17 In 1903, Marie and Pierre Curie, together with Henri Becquerel, received the Nobel Prize in Physics "for outstanding achievements in joint research on the phenomena of radiation." Pierre and Marie Curie In the laboratory "Sensations continue"
Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya OOSh 18 A revolution in natural science was made by the book of the great scientist - naturalist Charles Darwin "The Origin of Species" Charles Darwin "Revolution in Natural Science"
Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya OOSh 19 In 1885, a scientist saved the life of a young man who was bitten 14 times by a rabid dog. He was working on getting a serum for rabies. Gave the world a new science - microbiology "Revolution in medicine" Louis Pasteur
Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya OOSH 20 Worked with the fermentation process, created a method for sterilization and pasteurization of various products. Developed several vaccinations against infectious diseases. Explained to surgeons the need to disinfect hands and instruments before work. "Revolution in Medicine"
Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya OOSh 21 English doctor, developed the first vaccine against smallpox. Jenner came up with the idea of injecting a seemingly harmless vaccinia virus into the human body. Medical Revolution Edward Jenner
Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya OOSh 22 Rene Laennec established that solid bodies produce sounds in different ways. He designed a tube from beech wood - a stethoscope. One end was applied to the patient's chest, and the other to the doctor's ear "Revolution in medicine" The first stethoscopes
Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya OOSh 23 German microbiologist, discovered anthrax bacillus, vibrio cholerae and tubercle bacillus. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1905 for his research on tuberculosis. "Revolution in Medicine" Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch
Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya OOSh 24 Russian and French biologist (zoologist, embryologist, immunologist, physiologist and pathologist). One of the founders of evolutionary Embryology, phagocytosis and intracellular digestion, creator of the comparative pathology of inflammation. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1908). "Revolution in medicine"
Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya secondary school 25 “Development of education” Read the paragraph “Development of education” on page and answer the question “How did the development of education take place in different states?”
Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya OOSh% D1% 8C% D0% B8% D1% 87_% D0% 9C% D0% B5% D1% 87% D0% BD% D0% B8% D0% BA% D0% BE% D0% B2http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%98%D0%BB %D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%9C%D0 %B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2 %D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%85http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/% D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_ %D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%85 * * 0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0 %B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8Chttp://nova.rambler.ru/search?query=%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8+%D0% 91%D 0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C Antonenkova Anzhelika Viktorovna Teacher of History, Municipal Educational Institution of the Budinskaya School of the Tver Region
Lesson on new history in grade 8 on the topic: "Science: creation scientific picture peace" History teacher, MOU Budinskaya OOSh Tver region Goals: - (sl.2) Find out what changes have occurred in the development of science; what reasons contributed to the development of science and scientific knowledge; How did these studies affect the lives of the people of the New Age; To develop the ability to find the necessary information from various sources, the ability to make tabular records. Equipment: presentation, computer, survey cards. During the classes. 1. Org. the beginning of the lesson. 2. Checking homework. 1) testing 1. The development of railway transport in cities was facilitated by: A) the appearance of steam locomotives; B) the transformation of cities into industrial centers C) a great desire to make life easier for the townspeople 2. The first public transport - the omnibus appeared for the first time in: A) Paris B) London In Berlin 3. The appearance of trams with electric traction is associated with the name: A) Edison B) S. Rhodes B) K. Benz 4. In what year was the first underground opened in London? A) 1872 B) 1868 B) 1863 5. An integral part of the street landscape of the late XIX - early XX century was (a) the appearance A) electric cars B) lampposts C) boys selling newspapers 6. A machine designed for sewing clothes was invented by: A) L. Dagger B) Singer B) r. hill 7. The founder of the first method of photographing is: A) L. Dagger B) L. Sholes B) Singer 8. Candles and oil lamps were replaced in the 50s by: A) lights B) kerosene lamps B) lamps 9. In what year did L. Scholes receive a patent for the invention of the typewriter? A) 1867 B) 1870 C) 1875 10. In the Napoleonic era, style dominated: A) modern B) classicism A vampire 11. A distinctive feature of the early 20th century in clothing was that: A) women's skirts are narrowed, and men wear three-piece suits; B) women's skirts expand, men wear tailcoats C) women wear cleavage, and men tuxedos and tailcoats Criteria for evaluation: Less than 5 - "2" From 5 to 7 - "3" From 8 to 10 - "4" 11 - "5" Key to answers: 1-b, 2-a, 3-a, 4-c, 5-c, 6-b, 7-a, 8-b, 9-a, 10-c, 11-a 3. Communication of the topic and objectives of the lesson. (sq. 3)Lesson plan: Reasons for the rapid development of sciences. "Master of Lightning". The sensations continue. Revolution in natural science. The new science is microbiology. Medical advances. Development of education. (sl. 4) - draw a table to be filled in during the lesson. 4. Learning new material: 1 ) work according to the textbook: (sl. 5) Why, in the 19th - early 20th centuries, did they begin to develop so actively various sciences? You will find the answer to the question by reading point 1 on page 39. (sq. 6) Reasons for the development of science in modern times: 1. Life itself demanded to know the laws and use them in production 2. Fundamental changes in the consciousness and thinking of the people of the New Age. (sl. 7) In 1831, Michael Faraday discovered the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction, which led to the creation of an electric motor. He became a member of the Royal Society. Let's find out more about him. Michael was born on September 22, 1791 in Newngton Butts (now Greater London). His father was a poor blacksmith from the London suburbs. The blacksmith was also the elder brother Robert, who in every possible way encouraged Michael's craving for knowledge and at first supported him financially. Faraday's mother, a hardworking and uneducated woman, lived to the time when her son achieved success and recognition, and was rightfully proud of him. The modest income of the family did not allow Michael to even finish high school, from the age of thirteen he began working as a supplier of books and newspapers, and then at the age of 14 he went to work in a bookstore, where he also studied bookbinding. Seven years of work in the workshop on Blandford Street became for the young man and years of intense self-education. All this time, Faraday worked hard - he enthusiastically read all the scientific works he bound on physics and chemistry, as well as articles from the Encyclopedia Britannica, repeated in his home laboratory the experiments described in books, on home-made electrostatic devices. An important stage in the life of Faraday was classes at the City Philosophical Society, where Michael listened to popular science lectures on physics and astronomy in the evenings and participated in disputes. He received money (one shilling to pay for each lecture) from his brother. At the lectures, Faraday made new acquaintances, to whom he wrote many letters in order to develop a clear and concise style of presentation; he also tried to master the techniques of oratory. Gradually, his experimental research more and more switched to the field of physics. After opening in 1820magnetic action of electric current, Faraday was fascinated by the problem of communication betweenandVan entry appeared in his laboratory diary: "Turn magnetism into electricity." Faraday's reasoning was as follows: if inelectric current has a magnetic force, and, according to Faraday, all forces are interconvertible, then magnets must also excite an electric current. In the same year, he made an attempt to find the polarizing effect of current on light. Passing polarized light through water located between the poles of a magnet, he tried to detect the depolarization of light, but the experiment gave a negative result.. In 1823, Faraday became a member and was appointed director of the physical and chemical laboratories of the Royal Institute, where he conducted his experiments. (sl. 8) In the 1860s, he developed the electromagnetic theory of light, which generalized the results of experiments and theoretical constructions of many physicists from different countries in the field of electromagnetism. James Clerk Maxwell listen)) is a British physicist and mathematician. Scottish by birth. Member of the Royal Society of London (1861). Maxwell laid the foundations of modern classical electrodynamics (Maxwell's equations), introduced the concept of and , received a number of consequences from his theory (prediction , electromagnetic nature , other). One of the founders (installed ). He was one of the first to introduce statistical representations into physics, showed the statistical nature (« ”), received a number of important results in and (Maxwell's thermodynamic relations, Maxwell's rule for phase transition liquid - gas and others). Pioneer of quantitative color theory; author of the principle . Maxwell's other work included studies on stability , and mechanics ( , Maxwell's theorem), optics, mathematics. He prepared manuscripts for publication , paid much attention , designed a number of scientific instruments. (sl. 9) According to his theory, there are invisible waves in nature that transmit electricity in space. Light is a type of electromagnetic vibration. (sl. 10 ) In 1883, the German engineer Heinrich Hertz confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves and proved that no material object could interfere with their propagation. Heinrich Rudolf Hertz - German physicist. Graduated, WITHongg. was a professor. Since 1889 - professor of physics at the University of. The main achievement is the experimental confirmation of the electromagnetic theory of light. Hertz proved the existence. He studied in detail, , and, proved that the speed of their propagation coincides with the speed of propagation of light, and thatis nothing more than a form of electromagnetic waves. He built the electrodynamics of moving bodies on the basis of the hypothesis that the ether is entrained by moving bodies. However, his theory of electrodynamics was not confirmed by experiments and later gave way to the electronic theory. The results obtained by Hertz formed the basis for the development. In 1886-87. Hertz first observed and described the external. Hertz developed the theory of the resonant circuit, studied the properties of cathode rays, and investigated the effect of ultraviolet rays on an electric discharge. In a number of works ongave the theory of impact of elastic balls, calculated the time of impact, etc. In the book "Principles of Mechanics" (1894), he deduced the general theorems of mechanics and its mathematical apparatus, based on a single principle (Hertz's principle). The Hertz name is the unit of measurement of frequency, which is included in the international metric system of units. (sl. 11) Hertz found that electromagnetic waves propagate at a speed of 300,000 km/s. These waves became known as Hertzian waves. It was on the basis of these discoveries that the wireless telegraph was created by Marconi and Popov. In 1897 A.S. Popov transmitted the first telegram, consisting of two words: "Heinrich Hertz" - (sl. 12) Nevertheless, the discoveries continued. Back in 1878, the Dutch physicist Hendrik Anton Lorentz tried to explain Maxwell's electromagnetic theory from the point of view of the atomic structure of matter. Hendrik Anton Lorenz Lorentz studied physics and mathematics in. A great influence on him, as a future physicist, was the teacher of astronomy, Professor. In the UniversityWithhe then worked as a professor. In 1880, together with his practically namesakebrought out. He developed the electromagnetic theoryand electronic theory, and also formulated a self-consistent theory, and light. The name of this scientist is associated with the well-known from the school course of physics(the concept of which he developed in) is the force acting onmoving in. Vwidely used method for calculating the local field, first proposed by Lorentz, and known as "». He developed a theory about transformations of the state of a moving body, which describes a decrease in the length of an object during translational motion. Obtained within the framework of this theoryare the most important contribution to the development. For explaining the phenomenon known as, he was awarded jointly with another Dutch physicist (sl. 13) That., A revolution took place in the natural-scientific ideas of mankind, a new picture of the world was formed, which exists today (sl. 14) At the end of 1895 in Germany, the physicist Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, based on Maxwell's theory of electromagnetic waves, discovered invisible rays, which he called X-rays. x-ray Opening rays Despite the fact that Wilhelm Roentgen was a hardworking person and, being the head of the Physics Institute at the University of Würzburg, he used to stay up late in the laboratory, the main discovery in his life was - he did when he was already 50 years old. , Roentgen's experiments showed the basic properties of a previously unknown radiation, which was called X-ray. As it turns out, X-rays can penetrate many opaque materials; however, it is not reflected or refracted. X-ray radiation ionizes the surrounding air and illuminates the photo plates. ((sq. 15) Also Roentgen made the first pictures using X-rays. The discovery of the German scientist greatly influenced the development of science. Experiments and studies using X-rays helped to obtain new information about the structure of matter, which, together with other discoveries of that time, forced us to reconsider a number of provisions of classical physics. After a short period of time, X-ray tubes found application in medicine and various fields of technology. Representatives of industrial firms repeatedly approached Roentgen with offers to buy the rights to use the invention at a bargain price. But Wilhelm refused to patent the discovery, because he did not consider his research a source of income. By 1919, X-ray tubes had become widespread and were used in many countries. Thanks to them, new areas of science and technology have appeared - , X-ray diagnostics, roentgenometry, and etc. (sl. 16) - A whole group of scientists - Henri Becquerel, Pieri Maria Sklodowska - Curie, Ernest Rutherford, Niels Bohr - studied radioactivity and created the doctrine of the complex structure of the atom. (feat. 17 ) In 1903, Marie and Pierre Curie, together with Henri Becquerel, received the Nobel Prize in Physics "for outstanding services in joint research on the phenomena of radiation." (sl. 18) A revolution in natural science was made by the book of the great scientist - naturalist C. Darwin "The Origin of Species" Charles Robert Darwin - English naturalist and traveler, one of the first to realize and clearly demonstrate that all types of living organisms evolve in time from common ancestors. In his theory, the first detailed presentation of which was published in in the book " ”, Darwin called the main driving force of evolution and . The existence of evolution was recognized by most scientists during the lifetime of Darwin, while his theory of natural selection as the main explanation for evolution became generally recognized only in the 30s of the 20th century with the advent of . The ideas and discoveries of Darwin in a revised form form the foundation of modern and form the basis as providing a logical explanation for biodiversity. Orthodox followers of Darwin's teachings develop a direction of evolutionary thought that bears his name ( ). (p. 42 - 43 - textbook saying Darwin) (sl. 19) In 1885, a scientist saved the life of a young man who had been bitten 14 times by a rabid dog. He was working on getting a serum for rabies. Gave the world a new science - microbiology Louis Pasteur - and , member ( ). Pasteur, showing the microbiological essence and many man, became one of the founders of microbiology and . His work in the field of crystal structure and phenomena formed the basis . Pasteur also put an end to the centuries-old dispute about the spontaneous generation of some life forms at the present time, empirically proving the impossibility of this (see. ). His name is widely known in non-scientific circles due to the technology he created and later named after him. . By studyingPasteur took up. TOPasteur showed that education, andfermentation can only occur in the presence of, often specific. Louis Pasteur proved that fermentation is a process closely related to life, which feed and multiply due to fermenting fluid. In clarifying this question, Pasteur had to refute Liebig's then dominant view of fermentation as a chemical process. Particularly convincing were Pasteur's experiments with a liquid containing pure sugar, various mineral salts, which served as food for the fermenting fungus, and ammonia salt, which supplied the necessary nitrogen to the fungus. The fungus developed, increasing in weight; ammonium salt was wasted. Pasteur showed that forit also requires the presence of a special "organized enzyme" (as the living cells of microbes were called at that time), which multiplies in the fermenting liquid, also increasing in weight, and with the help of which it is possible to cause fermentation in new portions of the liquid. At the same time, Louis Pasteur made another important discovery. He found that there are organisms that can live without. For some of them, oxygen is not only unnecessary, but also poisonous. Such organisms are called strict. Their representatives are microbes that cause. At the same time, organisms capable of both fermentation and respiration grew more actively in the presence of oxygen, but consumed less organic matter from the environment. Thus it was shown that anaerobic life is less efficient. It has now been shown that aerobic organisms are able to extract almost 20 times more energy from the same amount of organic substrate than anaerobic ones. (sl. 20) The study of infectious diseases In 1864, French winemakers turned to Pasteur with a request to help them develop means and methods to combat wine diseases. The result of his research was a monograph in which Pasteur showed that wine diseases are caused by various microorganisms, and each disease has a specific pathogen. To destroy the harmful "organized enzymes", he proposed to warm the wine at a temperature of 50-60 degrees. This method, called pasteurization, has found wide application both in laboratories and in the food industry. V Pasteur was invited by his former teacher to the South to find the cause of silkworm disease. After publication in work, at the request of his mother. The treatment ended successfully, the boy did not have any symptoms of rabies. Interesting Facts Pasteur was engaged in biology all his life and treated people without receiving any medical or biological education. Pasteur also painted as a child. Whensaw years later his work, he said how good it was that Louis chose science, as he would be a great competitor to us. V(aged 46) Pasteur had a cerebral hemorrhage. He remained disabled: his left arm was inactive, his left leg dragged along the ground. He nearly died, but eventually recovered. Moreover, he made the most significant discoveries after that: he created the anthrax vaccine and the rabies vaccine. I. I. Mechnikova , Pasteur was a passionate patriot and hater of the Germans. When a German book or pamphlet was brought to him from the post office, he took it with two fingers and threw it away with a feeling of great disgust.. Later, a genus of bacteria was named after him - pasters, causing septic diseases, to the discovery of which he, apparently, had nothing to do. Pasteur was awarded orders from almost all countries of the world. In total, he had about 200 awards. (sl. 21) At the end of the 18th century, an English doctor noticed that milkmaids did not get smallpox, which at that time claimed the lives of thousands of people. Jenner correctly explained this by saying that milkmaids in a weak form become infected with smallpox from cows and this creates immunity in them. Therefore, he developed the first vaccine - against smallpox. Jenner came up with the idea of injecting a seemingly harmless vaccinia virus into the human body. (sl. 22) At the beginning of the 19th century, Jean Corvisart "listened" to his patients with a special stick and determined the state of the lungs and heart by sound. René Laenne, a student of Jean Corvisart, found that solid bodies produce sounds in different ways. He designed a tube from beech wood - a stethoscope. One end was applied to the patient's chest, and the other to the doctor's ear. (sl. 23) German microbiologist, discovered anthrax bacillus, vibrio cholerae and tubercle bacillus. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1905 for his research on tuberculosis. Later, Koch made attempts to find the causative agent of tuberculosis, a disease at that time widespread and the main cause of death. Proximity , filled with tuberculosis patients, makes it easier for him - every day, early in the morning, he comes to the hospital, where he receives material for research: a small amount of sputum or a few drops of blood from patients with consumption. However, despite the abundance of material, he still does not manage to detect the causative agent of the disease. Soon Koch realizes that the only way to achieve the goal is with the help of dyes. Unfortunately, ordinary dyes are too weak, but after several months of unsuccessful work, he still manages to find the necessary substances. Institute of Microbiology at Dorotheestraße in - here Robert Koch discovered the causative agent of tuberculosis The pounded tuberculosis tissue of the 271st preparation Koch stains in methyl blue, and then in a caustic red-brown dye used in leather finishing, and reveals tiny, slightly curved, bright blue-colored sticks - . On March 24, 1882, when he announced that he had succeeded in isolating the bacterium that causes tuberculosis, Koch achieved the greatest triumph of his life. At that time, this disease was one of the main causes of death. In his publications, Koch developed the principles of "obtaining evidence that a particular microorganism causes certain diseases." These principles still underlie medical microbiology. Cholera Koch's study of tuberculosis was interrupted when, on the instructions of the German government, as part of a scientific expedition, he left for Egypt and India in order to try to determine the cause of the disease. . While working in India, Koch announced that he had isolated the microbe that causes this disease - . (sl. 24) Russian and French biologist (zoologist, embryologist, immunologist, physiologist and pathologist). One of the founders of evolutionary embryology, phagocytosis and intracellular digestion, creator of the comparative pathology of inflammation. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1908). He created the original doctrine of the protection of organisms from microbes. (sl. 25) Read for yourself the paragraph “Development of education” on pages 44-45 and answer the question “ How did education develop in different states? 5. Summing up the lesson: (p. 26) Assignment on cards Match the scientist and his invention Michael Faraday Invisible X-rays James Maxwell Electromagnetic waves 3 Heinrich Hertz V Discovery of radioactivity 4 Wilhelm Roentgen G Rabies vaccine 5 Pierre and Marie Curie D Discovery of electromagnetism 6 Charles Darwin E The causative agent of tuberculosis 7 Louis Pasteur F "Origin of Species" 8 Robert Koch W Electromagnetic theory of light Answers: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 d h b a v well G e 6. Homework(sl. 27) Paragraph 5, questions, notes in a notebook. Municipal state educational institution Nizhneikoretskaya secondary school Liskinsky district of the Voronezh region Integrated subjects: history, biology, physics. Topic: "Science in the XIX century. Creation of a scientific picture of the world. Form of holding: scientific conference. Target audience: Grade 8 (with an invitation to Grades 7 and 9). Duration 2 teaching hours. Objectives: to determine the trends in the development of scientific thought in Europe in the 19th century; to acquaint students with the biographies of scientists and their discoveries; to determine the significance of scientific discoveries of the 19th century for the present. Tasks:
Equipment: Multimedia projector, computer, equipment for demonstrating the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction (magnets, ammeter, copper wire). Exhibition of items invented in the 19th century (typewriter, sewing machine, matches, photography, telephone, microphone, rubber, aluminum, celluloid). Portraits of scientists (Faraday, Maxwell, Pasteur, Mechnikov, Koch, Darwin, Roentgen, Curie, Nobel). During the classes.
The 19th century is a special time in the development of science. Great discoveries follow one after another. New discoveries are destroying the notion that nature is subject to strict laws of mechanics. Here we will talk about those discoveries in the field of physics and biology, without which the development of an industrial society would be impossible. Monopoly capitalism, large corporations ensured the implementation modern technologies and scientific discoveries. Technical progress changed people's daily lives. Transport became convenient and accessible. Modern means of communication facilitated communication, and newspapers and radio brought all the news directly to the house. An integral part of the street landscape at the end of the 19th century was the figure of a newsboy shouting out the news. Three boys run out with newspapers and take turns shouting the news. 1800 - Volta created batteries. The age of inventions and discoveries begins. 1816 - English postmen switched to bicycles: quickly and conveniently. 1827 - photography was invented: events and people can now be immortalized. 1829 - Braille invented the alphabet and made it possible for blind people to read and write. 1832 - acetylene gas was discovered and its ability to weld metal. It became possible to use metal structures in the construction of bridges, houses, towers. 1852 - invented an elevator for lifting in high-rise buildings. 1854 - a new metal was born - aluminum. While it is used as decoration, but in the next century, aircraft will be made from it. 1855 - matches - fire in a small box. Now safer and more convenient. 1861 - Celluloid was invented. Children's toys have become lighter and more practical. 1866 - Humanity switches to artificial food. Margarine replaces butter. 1867 Sholes grants a patent to Relington for a typewriter. 1866 - Singer invented the sewing machine, and patented only a needle with a hole in the tip. 1866 - Alfred Nobel created dynamite - good and evil in "one bottle". Teacher of history: Every year, since 1901, the Nobel Prize has been awarded for discoveries in science and the strengthening of peace. Among the representatives of science of the 19th century, there are also Nobel Prize winners, but everything is in order.
Summary of presentations.
Experience is shown. This discovery gave life to all generators, dynamos and electric motors. Faraday was called the "Lord of Lightning" by his contemporaries. He became a member of the royal society and many academies of the world.
Summary:
Lead teacher: In my hand I have another invention of the 19th century - a student's pen. This invention has become a symbol of change in education. The development of science and technology required changes in education. At the end of the century in England and France, universal compulsory primary education. The school is exempt from the patronage of the church. American philosopher John Dewey said: “Education is already life, not preparation for it.” Dewey created a laboratory school at the University of Chicago, where work was at the forefront. Instead of retelling and memorizing, the children made crafts, talked, discussed different topics and argued. A new generation grew up capable of developing scientific ideas their predecessors.
Approximate content of conclusions:
The 19th century laid the foundations for the development of 20th century science and set the stage for many of the future inventions and technological innovations that we enjoy today. The scientific discoveries of the 19th century were made in many fields and had a great influence on further development. Technological progress progressed uncontrollably. Lead teacher: Thanks to the experts, and now we invite our audience to participate in a small quiz. Questions: 1. Who discovered all-penetrating x-rays? (X-ray) 2. Who gave an explanation of the origin of life on earth that is different from church teaching? (Darwin) 3. Who discovered the phenomenon of radioactivity? (Curie) 4. Whose discoveries made doctors sterilize medical instruments? (Pasteur) 5. Who studied the wave theory of light? (Maxwell) 6. Who discovered the pathogen and taught how to treat tuberculosis? (Koch) 7. Who established the award to scientists for outstanding achievements in science? (Nobel). Lead teacher: Thank you all for your work. Good luck in your studies! List of literature and Internet resources:
THE SCIENCE. CREATING A SCIENTIFIC PICTURE OF THE WORLD Target: Determine the trends in the development of scientific thought in Europe in the 20th century; Consider the achievements of science XΙX century. Dictionary: MICROBIOLOGY - a science that studies microorganisms, their systematics, morphology, physiology, biochemistry, genetics, distribution and role in the circulation of substances in nature, microorganisms that cause diseases in humans, animals and plants. The creator of microbiology is L. Pasteur. During the classes Checking homework Several students are given task cards on the topics covered; Two or three students are given test options on the topic covered. The rest of the students work in the form of a frontal survey. The material can be explained in the form independent work class with textbook. In the course of this work, the guys make a table in their notebook. At the end of the lesson, we all draw conclusions from the lesson together.
The discoveries summarized in the table were of great importance for the development of industrial society. Homework |
