2. The evolutionary theory of J. B. Lamarck Remember! What is evolution? late XVIII in. most scientists were ready to accept the idea of ​​species variability. The active accumulation of scientific

3. Prerequisites for the emergence of the teachings of Charles Darwin Remember! Who was the author of the first evolutionary theory What biological discoveries were made by the middle of the 19th century? scientific background. By the middle of the XIX century. many new discoveries were made in natural science.

2.5. Evolutionary Biology and Systematics The theoretical principles of evolutionary biology are fundamental to the principles of systematics. Outside systematics there is no biology. Not a single biological problem can be considered without taxonomy, including

11.5. Evolutionary psychology Evolutionary psychology is the only direction in psychology that adequately reflects the achievements of genetics and evolutionary biology. Its strength is its interdisciplinary approach. Analysis of the interaction of biological and

The brilliant scientist Charles Darwin wrote what every person needs to know in order not to fall into a utopia, namely: “Natural selection daily and hourly investigates beneficial changes throughout the world, discarding the bad ones, preserving and adding up the best ones.” Obviously, natural selection implements the principle of improvement. The famous founder of the theory, Ean Baptiste Lamarck, argued that the main force that sets in motion the entire evolutionary process is the internal striving for perfection inherent in organisms. However, the desire for perfection, as equilibrium shows, is possessed by the entire Universe. The striving for perfection is inherent in the structure and principle of the balance and is expressed by gravitation. Therefore, we can rightly say that the main type of attraction is evolutionary attraction, which is an attraction to perfection, to harmonization, to order, to perfection - this is the main feature of spirituality.

So the whole universe is the highest degree spiritual. The cosmic mind is tirelessly working on the spirituality of the Universe with the help of its balanced mechanism of creation, for the operation of which truthful information in the universe is needed, and its quality at the moment and about improving the quality for the next period. Continuous improvement in the quality of information in stages creates a harmonic process that improves created forms. Man belongs to highly organized forms. His brain is able to work as a cosmic mind, to harmonize the world, himself and society. The law of perfection is the condition of life for both man and society.

According to Darwin, natural selection is a harmonic process regulated by the equilibrium mechanism. Moreover, this is a continuous process of nature, it concretely shows how the formation of the upper limit of the measure and the movement of the measure up the evolutionary axis to progress take place in life. Natural selection should be seen as structural element evolution. It is always directed towards progress.

It is unacceptable to identify the process of evolution with the process of natural selection, because the laws of evolution are the laws of equilibrium, which are more complex than the laws of natural selection according to Darwin. The identification of the process of evolution with the process of natural selection strikes at the very teachings of Darwin, contributing to the emergence of anti-Darwinian trends. One cannot identify the broad with the narrow, the more complex with the simpler. Moreover, the complexity of evolution in society is due to the action of the information component, which is an extremely controversial process.

Driving form of natural selection according to Darwin

The most valuable thing in Darwin's teaching is the disclosure of an element of the equilibrium mechanism of the general evolutionary process of the Universe with the help of a driving form of selection. This element shows how the evolutionary mechanism of equilibrium, using information about the change in traits, controls the harmonization of the population. Implementation of the trend towards improvement at all stages of harmonious development is the harmonization of a complex developing system that forms the orderliness of the world. It was Darwin who, using the arithmetic mean, studied information about the development of a population. He said that the development of the population follows the growth of the average. It is from the arithmetic mean that the cosmic mind originates. Hegel called it absolute reason. Both Darwin and Hegel suffered from those who used their brilliant works for their own selfish interests. But even more affected were many peoples, tormented by acute conflicts and poverty in the 19th and 20th centuries.

Charles Darwin's teaching is the basis of the modern theory of evolution

Ch.Darwin's evolutionary theory is based on the idea of ​​a species, its variability in the process of adaptation to the environment and the transfer of traits from ancestors to offspring. At the same time, the evolution of cultural forms proceeds under the influence of artificial selection, the factors of which are variability, heredity and creative activity man, and evolution natural species is carried out due to natural selection, the factors of which are variability, heredity and the struggle for existence.

Variability

Comparing many breeds of animals and plant varieties, Darwin noticed that within any species of animals and plants, and in culture, within any variety and breed, there are no identical individuals. Based on the instructions of K. Linney that reindeer herders recognize each deer in their herd, shepherds recognize each sheep, and many gardeners recognize varieties of hyacinths and tulips by bulbs, Darwin concluded that variability is inherent in all animals and plants.

Analyzing the material on the variability of animals, the scientist noticed that any change in the conditions of detention is enough to cause variability. Thus, by variability, Darwin understood the ability of organisms to acquire new characteristics under the influence of environmental conditions. He distinguished the following forms variability:

In The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or The Preservation of Favored Breeds in the Struggle for Life (1859) and Changes in Domestic Animals and Cultivated Plants (1868), Darwin described in detail the diversity of domestic animal breeds and analyzed their origin. He noted the diversity of cattle breeds, of which there are about 400. They differ from each other in a number of ways: color, body shape, degree of development of the skeleton and muscles, the presence and shape of horns. The scientist studied in detail the question of the origin of these breeds and came to the conclusion that all European breeds of cattle, despite the great differences between them, descended from two ancestral forms domesticated by man.

The breeds of domestic sheep are also extremely diverse, there are more than 200 of them, but they come from a limited number of ancestors - mouflon and argali. Various breeds of domestic pigs are also bred from wild forms of the boar, which, in the process of domestication, have changed many features of their structure. Breeds of dogs, rabbits, chickens and other domestic animals are unusually diverse.

Of particular interest to Darwin was the question of the origin of pigeons. He proved that all existing breeds of pigeons descended from one wild ancestor - a rocky (mountain) pigeon. The breeds of pigeons are so varied that any ornithologist, finding them in the wild, would recognize them as independent species. However, Darwin showed their common origin based on the following facts:

• none of the species of wild pigeons, except for the rocky, has signs of domestic breeds;
• many features of all domestic breeds are similar to those of the wild rock pigeon. Domestic pigeons do not build nests in trees, retaining the wild pigeon instinct. All breeds exhibit the same behavior when courting a female;
• when crossing pigeons of different breeds, hybrids sometimes appear with signs of a wild rock pigeon;
• all hybrids between any breeds of pigeons are fertile, which confirms their belonging to the same species. It is quite obvious that all these numerous breeds arose as a result of a change in one original form. This conclusion is also true for most domestic animals and cultivated plants.

Darwin paid much attention to the study of various varieties of cultivated plants. So, comparing various varieties of cabbage, he concluded that they were all bred by man from one wild species: they differ in the shape of the leaves with similar flowers and seeds. Ornamental plants, such as different varieties of pansies, have a variety of flowers, and their leaves are almost the same. Gooseberry varieties have diverse fruits, and the leaves almost do not differ.

Causes of variability. Having shown the variety of forms of variability, Darwin explained the material causes of variability, which are environmental factors, the conditions for the existence and development of living beings. But the effect of these factors is not the same depending on physiological state organism, its stage of development. Among the specific causes of variability, Darwin identifies:

• direct or indirect (through the reproduction system) influence of living conditions (climate, food, care, etc.);
• functional tension of organs (exercise or non-exercise);
• crossing (the appearance in hybrids of signs that are not characteristic of the original forms);
• changes due to the correlative dependence of parts of the body.

Among the various forms of variability for the evolutionary process, hereditary changes are of paramount importance as the primary material for variety, breed and speciation formation - those changes that are fixed in subsequent generations.

Heredity

Darwin understood heredity as the ability of organisms to preserve their species, varietal and individual characteristics in their offspring. This feature was well known and represented hereditary variability. Darwin analyzed in detail the importance of heredity in the evolutionary process. He drew attention to cases of single-color hybrids of the first generation and splitting of characters in the second generation, he was aware of heredity associated with sex, hybrid atavisms and a number of other phenomena of heredity.

At the same time, Darwin noted that the study of variability and heredity, their immediate causes and laws, is associated with great difficulties. The science of that time could not yet give a satisfactory answer to a number of important questions. The works of G. Mendel were also unknown to Darwin. Only much later did broad studies of variability and heredity begin, and modern genetics took a giant step in the study of the material foundations, causes and mechanisms of heredity and variability, in the causal understanding of these phenomena.

Darwin attached great importance to the presence of variability and heredity in nature, considering them the main factors of evolution, which has an adaptive character. [show] .

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However, having substantiated the question of variability and heredity as factors of evolution, Darwin showed that they themselves do not yet explain the emergence of new breeds of animals, plant varieties, species, or their fitness. Darwin's great merit lies in the fact that he developed the doctrine of selection as the leading and guiding factor in the evolution of domestic forms (artificial selection) and wild species (natural selection).

Darwin established that as a result of selection, a change in the species occurs, i.e. selection leads to divergence - deviation from the original form, divergence of characters in breeds and varieties, the formation of a large variety of them

Natural selection- the main evolutionary process, as a result of which the number of individuals with maximum fitness (the most favorable traits) increases in the population, while the number of individuals with unfavorable traits decreases. In the light of the modern synthetic theory of evolution, natural selection is seen as main reason development of adaptations , speciation and origin of supraspecific taxa . Natural selection is the only known cause of adaptations, but not the only cause of evolution. Non-adaptive causes include genetic drift, gene flow, and mutations.

The term "natural selection" was popularized by Charles Darwin, comparing this process with artificial selection, the modern form of which is selective breeding. The idea of ​​comparing artificial and natural selection is that in nature the selection of the most “successful”, “best” organisms also takes place, but in this case it is not a person who acts as an “appraiser” of the usefulness of properties, but the environment. In addition, the material for both natural and artificial selection are small hereditary changes that accumulate from generation to generation.

Mechanism of natural selection

In the process of natural selection, mutations are fixed that increase the fitness of organisms. Natural selection is often referred to as a "self-evident" mechanism because it follows from simple facts such as:

1. Organisms produce more offspring than can survive;
2. In the population of these organisms, there is hereditary variability;
3. Organisms with different genetic traits, have different survival rates and ability to reproduce.

Many examples of the action of stabilizing selection in nature have been described. For example, at first glance it seems that individuals with maximum fecundity should make the greatest contribution to the gene pool of the next generation. However, observations of natural populations of birds and mammals show that this is not the case. The more chicks or cubs in the nest, the more difficult it is to feed them, the smaller and weaker each of them. As a result, individuals with average fecundity turn out to be the most adapted.

Selection in favor of averages has been found for a variety of traits. In mammals, very low and very high birth weight newborns are more likely to die at birth or in the first weeks of life than middle weight newborns. Accounting for the size of the wings of sparrows that died after a storm in the 50s near Leningrad showed that most of them had too small or too large wings. And in this case, the average individuals turned out to be the most adapted.

Disruptive selection

Disruptive (tearing) selection- a form of natural selection, in which conditions favor two or more extreme variants (directions) of variability, but do not favor the intermediate, average state of the trait. As a result, several new forms may appear from one initial one. Darwin described the operation of disruptive selection, believing that it underlies divergence, although he could not provide evidence for its existence in nature. Disruptive selection contributes to the emergence and maintenance of population polymorphism, and in some cases can cause speciation.

One of the possible situations in nature in which disruptive selection comes into play is when a polymorphic population occupies a heterogeneous habitat. Wherein different forms adapt to different ecological niches or sub-niches.

An example of disruptive selection is the formation of two races in a large rattle in hay meadows. Under normal conditions, the flowering and seed ripening periods of this plant cover the whole summer. But in hay meadows, seeds are produced mainly by those plants that have time to bloom and ripen either before the mowing period, or bloom at the end of summer, after mowing. As a result, two races of the rattle are formed - early and late flowering.

Disruptive selection was carried out artificially in experiments with Drosophila. The selection was carried out according to the number of setae, leaving only individuals with a small and large number of setae. As a result, from about the 30th generation, the two lines diverged very strongly, despite the fact that the flies continued to interbreed with each other, exchanging genes. In a number of other experiments (with plants), intensive crossing prevented the effective action of disruptive selection.

sexual selection

sexual selection This is natural selection for success in reproduction. The survival of organisms is an important but not the only component of natural selection. Another important component is attractiveness to members of the opposite sex. Darwin called this phenomenon sexual selection. "This form of selection is determined not by the struggle for existence in the relations of organic beings among themselves or with external conditions, but by the rivalry between individuals of one sex, usually males, for the possession of individuals of the other sex." Traits that reduce the viability of their carriers can emerge and spread if the advantages they provide in breeding success are significantly greater than their disadvantages for survival.

Two hypotheses about the mechanisms of sexual selection are common.

• According to the “good genes” hypothesis, the female “argues” as follows: “If this male, despite the bright plumage and long tail, managed not to die in the clutches of a predator and survive to puberty, then he has good genes that allowed him to do this . Therefore, he should be chosen as the father of his children: he will pass on his good genes to them. By choosing bright males, females choose good genes for their offspring.
• According to the “attractive sons” hypothesis, the logic of female selection is somewhat different. If bright males, for whatever reason, are attractive to females, it is worth choosing a bright father for your future sons, because his sons will inherit the bright color genes and will be attractive to females in the next generation. Thus, a positive feedback occurs, which leads to the fact that from generation to generation the brightness of the plumage of males increases more and more. The process goes on increasing until it reaches the limit of viability.

When choosing males, females do not think about the reasons for their behavior. When an animal feels thirsty, it does not reason that it should drink water in order to restore the water-salt balance in the body - it goes to the watering hole because it feels thirsty. In the same way, females, choosing bright males, follow their instincts - they like bright tails. Those who instinctively prompted a different behavior did not leave offspring. The logic of the struggle for existence and natural selection is the logic of a blind and automatic process that, acting constantly from generation to generation, has formed that amazing variety of forms, colors and instincts that we observe in the world of wildlife.

Selection methods: positive and negative selection

There are two forms of artificial selection: Positive And Clipping (negative) selection.

Positive selection increases the number of individuals in the population that have useful traits that increase the viability of the species as a whole.

Cut-off selection culls out from the population the vast majority of individuals that carry traits that sharply reduce viability under given environmental conditions. With the help of cut-off selection, strongly harmful alleles are removed from the population. Also, individuals with chromosomal rearrangements and a set of chromosomes that sharply disrupt the normal operation of the genetic apparatus can be subjected to cutting selection.

The role of natural selection in evolution

Charles Darwin considered natural selection to be the main driving force of evolution, in the modern synthetic theory of evolution it is also the main regulator of the development and adaptation of populations, the mechanism for the emergence of species and supraspecific taxa, although accumulation in late XIX At the beginning of the 20th century, information on genetics, in particular the discovery of the discrete nature of the inheritance of phenotypic traits, led some researchers to deny the importance of natural selection, and alternatively proposed concepts based on the assessment of the genotype mutation factor as extremely important. The authors of such theories postulated not a gradual, but a very fast (over several generations) spasmodic nature of evolution (the hypotheses of the synthetic theory of evolution and - indicate the insufficiency of the classical synthetic theory of evolution for an adequate description of all aspects of biological evolution ". The discussion about the role of various factors in evolution began more than 30 years ago and continues to this day, and sometimes it is said that "evolutionary biology has come to the need for its next, third synthesis."

In the example of the worker ant, we have an insect extremely different from its parents, yet absolutely barren and therefore unable to transmit from generation to generation acquired modifications of structure or instincts. One can ask a good question - to what extent is it possible to reconcile this case with the theory of natural selection?

- Origin of Species (1859)

Darwin assumed that selection could be applied not only to the individual organism, but also to the family. He also said that, perhaps, to one degree or another, this can also explain the behavior of people. He turned out to be right, but it was not until the advent of genetics that it became possible to provide a more expanded view of this concept. The first draft of the "kind selection theory" was made by the English biologist William Hamilton in 1963, who was the first to propose considering natural selection not only at the level of an individual or a whole family, but also at the level of a gene.

§ 3- SCIENTIFIC AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKGROUND OF THE ORIGIN OF THE THEORY OF CHARLES DARWIN

1) List the main scientific prerequisites for the emergence of evolutionary theory. Fill the table.

• Scientific area	Basic premise
  Geology	The works of C. Lyell, showing that the surface of the Earth is constantly changing under the influence of everyday factors - fluctuations in temperature, wind, rain, vital activity of organisms and others.
  Cytology	The cell theory of T. Schwann, showing that the basis of the structure of all living beings is the cell.
  Embryology	Research by K. Baer, ​​showing the similarity in the structure of the embryos of vertebrates and that the development of all organisms begins with the egg.
  Comparative anatomy	Accumulated materials that testify to the variability of species, rudiments, atavisms, homologous and similar organs.

  2) Describe the observations made by C. Darwin during the expedition on the ship "Beagle", which made him doubt the divine creation of species.

  • Answer:
  • 1- Skeletons of extinct giant mammals similar to modern armadillos and sloths.
  • 2- Closely related species of Galapagos finches, differing from each other in the nature of food and the shape of the beak.
  • 3- Significant differences in the structure of animals living on the Cape Verde Islands, from species living on the continent that are closely related to them.

  § 4 THE DOCTRINE OF CHARLES DARWIN ON ARTIFICIAL SELECTION

1) Answer the questions.

1-What achievements Agriculture England in the XIX century, Charles Darwin paid special attention?

• Answer: By that time, English farmers had bred many breeds of dogs, pigeons, cattle and chickens, and intensive breeding of new varieties of cultivated plants was carried out.

2- What were his scientific interests as the reason for this?

• Answer: The constancy of species claimed that every variety and breed has its own wild ancestor, but Darwin believed that this was not so.

2) Fill in the gaps in the table.

3) Answer what explains the diversity of breeds of domestic animals and varieties of cultivated plants. Give two examples each of plant varieties and animal breeds resulting from the efforts of breeders.

• Answer: Breeders developed animals or plants, leaving those organisms in which the trait had the most pronounced degree. Domestic apple tree, black currant - plants, rabbit, domestic duck - animals.

4) Add an offer.

• Answer: The traditional way of breeding new varieties of plants and animal breeds is artificial systematic selection and reproduction of individuals with the most valuable traits and properties for humans.

§ 5 THE DOCTRINE OF CHARLES DARWIN ON NATURAL SELECTION

1) Choose and underline the correct answer.

What regularity is subject to the process of reproduction of living organisms in the absence of limiting factors?

• Answer: arithmetic progression, geometric progression, logarithmic progression.

2) Add a definition.

• Answer: The struggle for existence - it is a set of diverse and complex relationships that exist between organisms and environmental conditions.

3) What are the three forms of the struggle for existence that Ch. Darwin singled out.

• Answer:
• 1- Interspecies.
• 2- Intraspecific.
• 3- Fighting adverse conditions external environment.

4) Explain why intraspecific struggle is the most intense.

• Answer: In individuals of the same species, the needs for food, territory and other conditions of existence are the same. Males of some species compete for females.

5) Describe the organisms that win in the struggle for existence.

• Answer: In the struggle for existence, individuals who have a hereditary complex of signs and properties survive and leave offspring.

6) Explain what Ch. Darwin understood by natural selection.

• Answer: He understood the processes of selective extermination of some individuals and preferential reproduction of others taking place in nature.

7) Finish the statement.

• Answer: The material for natural selection is hereditary variation.

8) Explain why variability due to direct environmental influences does not matter for evolution.

• Answer: Variability due to the direct influence of the external environment does not matter for evolution, since it is not inherited.

9) Give comparative characteristic natural and artificial selection. Fill the table.

• Characteristic	Natural selection	artificial selection
  Source of genetic diversity	hereditary variation, natural mutations	hereditary variability, artificial mutations, crossbreeding, etc.
  Selecting factor	Environmental conditions
  The significance of acquired traits for the organisms themselves	New species	New varieties of plants, breeds of animals, strains of microorganisms, lead to the appearance of species impossible in nature
  The dependence of the result on the will of man	Increase the adaptability of organisms to environmental conditions	May be harmful to organisms themselves

  §6- FORMS OF NATURAL SELECTION

  1) List the main forms of natural selection.

  • Answer:
  • 1- Driving.
  • 2- Stabilizing.

  2) Name the form of natural selection that maintains the conformity of shape and size between flowers of insect pollinating plants and pollinating insects.

  • Answer: Stabilizing selection.

  3) Add an offer.

  • Answer:
  • Living fossils (relict forms of plants and animals) have survived to our time thanks to the action of stabilizing forms of natural selection.
  • Give an example of a relict animal and a relict plant: coelacanth coelacanth fish, gymnosperm plant ginkgo biloba.

  4) Choose and fill in the correct variants of the missing words.

  • Answer:
  • Stabilizing selection operates in permanent environmental conditions throughout big periods of time.

  5) Name the form of natural selection that operates in changing environmental conditions, and indicate its evolutionary results.

  • Answer:
  • Form of natural selection - driving selection.
  • Results:
  • A) The emergence of new characters within the species.
  • B) Weakening or loss of an irrelevant feature.
  • C) Elimination of less successful combinations of genes.

  6) It is known that some time after the start of the use of a particular pesticide, forms of animals resistant to it appear. Explain this phenomenon in terms of natural selection.

  • Answer: There is motive selection. Species have new features that provide resistance to changes in the external environment.

  7) Finish the statements.

  • Answer:
  • 1- The form of natural selection that transforms species is called driving selection.
  • 2- The form of natural selection, fixing the received forms, is called stabilizing selection.

  8) Expand the meaning of the thesis: "Natural selection plays a creative role in the evolution of organisms."

  • Answer: It eliminates less successful individuals from reproduction, that is, less successful combinations of genes. The creative role of selection is that the result of its action is the emergence of new types of organisms and new forms of life.

  9) Define the terms.

  • Answer:
  • Sexual selection - This is the competition of males for the possibility of reproduction.
  • Sexual dimorphism - external differences in the structure of the sexes.

What statements are related to the theory of Ch. Dar-vi-na?

1) Inside the type of races-ho-de-ing signs of pri-vo-dit to vi-do-o-ra-zo-va-niyu.

2) The view is not-one-but-ro-den and is represented by a multitude of in-pu-la-tions.

3) Natural selection - on-right-la-th-factor of evolution.

4) When creating varieties and breeds, artificial selection serves as a factor.

5) Inner striving for perfection is a factor of evolution.

6) Po-pu-la-tion is a unit of evolution.

Clear-no-no.

Statements from-no-xia-schi-e-xia to the theory of Ch. vi-do-ob-ra-zo-va-niyu; natural selection - on the right-la-th-factor of evolution; when creating varieties and breeds, artificial selection serves as a factor.

Answer: 134.

Note.

Evo-lu-qi-on-naya theory of Dar-vi-na represents-la-is a holistic teaching about the historical development of or- ha-no-che-th world.

The basic principles of the evo-lu-qi-on-noy theory of Ch. Dar-wi-na.

1. In the pre-de-lah of each species of living or-ga-niz-mov, there is a huge range of in-di-vi-du-al-noy on-the-next- stven-noy from-men-chi-vo-sti according to mor-fo-lo-gi-che-skim, physio-lo-gi-che-skim, ve-den-che-sky and any other gim signs. This iz-men-chi-ness can have a continuous, numer- ous , or a pre-ry-vis-st-qualitative character, but she su-sche-stu-e-everywhere.

2. All living or-ga-bottom-we are multiplied in a geo-met-ri-che-progress.

3. Life resources for any kind of living or-ga-niz-mov ogra-no-che-na, and therefore there must be a fight -ba for the existence of either between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species, or with natural conditions -i-mi. In understanding the “struggle for existence” Darwin included not only the individual’s own struggle for life, but also the struggle for success in times-many-same.

4. Under the conditions of the struggle for existence, you-live-va-yut and give offspring of the most-capable individuals, having -those from-clo-non-nia, some-rye cases-but-were-adapted-by-we-mi to given environmental conditions. This is the principle of qi-pi-al-but an important moment in the ar-gu-men-ta-tion of Dar-wi-na. From-clo-non-niya voz-no-ka-yut not on-right-len-but - in response to the action of the environment, but by chance. Not many of them are ok-y-va-yut-sya in specific conditions. In the same way, you-living-necks, someone-rye-next-du-ut-useful from-clo-non-nee, pos-living-the-neck-to-live-their pre- ku, eyes-zy-va-yut-sya are more adapted to this environment than other pre-hundred-vi-te-whether in-pu-la-tion.

5. You-living-in-and-im-image-many-of-the-same-of-fit-of-persons Dar-win called natural from -bo-rum.

6. Natural selection from del-iso-li-ro-van-ny different kinds of species in different conditions -degree-but leads to divergence (ras-hod-de-ny) of the signs of these different species-no-stay and, in the end, to vi-do-about-ra-zo-va-nyu.

Answer: 134

Source: Unified State Examination in Biology 05/30/2013. main wave. Siberia. Option 4.

Ilya Safronov (Veliky Novgorod) 02.09.2013 18:14

Well, according to the idea, the sixth option is also correct. The elementary unit of evolution is the local population.

Natalya Evgenievna Bashtannik

The population is the elementary unit of evolution - this is already the position of the Synthetic theory of evolution

Olga Ivanova 27.01.2014 17:14

Artificial selection is not the subject of evolutionary theory, and the synthetic theory of evolution develops Darwin's. The historical development of the world does not affect selection issues.

Natalya Evgenievna Bashtannik

Darwin emphasized the special importance of unconscious selection from a theoretical point of view, since this form of selection also sheds light on the process of speciation. It can be seen as a bridge between artificial and natural selection. Artificial selection was a good model on which Darwin deciphered the process of shaping. Darwin's analysis of artificial selection played an important role in substantiating the evolutionary process: firstly, he finally approved the position on variability; expedient adaptations and divergence of varieties and breeds. These important premises opened the way to a successful solution of the problem of natural selection.