Why is there no Nobel Prize in History. Award for the future
Since 1901 Nobel Prize awarded for the largest Scientific research, contribution to the culture and development of society.
The rewarding of those who received this year's most famous and illustrious service to humanity award has begun. That's who was awarded the prize in the last few days.
Medicine and physiology
The prize went to Yoshinori Ohsumi, a molecular biologist from Japan who investigated the mechanism of cell autophagy. Autophagy is the mechanism by which a cell digests its own internal components. In other words, it eats itself. Mammalian cell lysosomes contain enzymes and acid, like the stomach. With the help of this "cellular stomach" digestion occurs. In yeast cells, a similar process occurs in vacuoles.
Self-eating is a natural process, so the cell is freed from unnecessary, and the body as a whole - from cells that have become obsolete.
Autophagy is especially important during the formation of the embryo, when destroyed cells must be removed in time, and new ones must be formed. If something goes wrong, the new organism does not survive.
Cells in which old, poorly functioning parts linger become a source of danger to the body. The old "stuffing" (used proteins and organelles, dead bacteria) can cause inflammatory processes. Disturbances in the normal course of such intracellular harvesting are the cause of tumors and neurodegenerative diseases.
The phenomenon has been known since the middle of the 20th century, but Yoshinori Osumi studied it with the help of experiments conducted on baker's yeast. Thanks to this, the Japanese scientist and his assistants managed to understand which genes and proteins trigger the process of “self-eating”.
Why is this needed?
By understanding the principles of autophagy, in the future we will be able to stimulate cell renewal in living organisms, stop degradation or stimulate the destruction of “bad” cells that grow where they are not supposed to.
Chemistry
Scientists from Jean-Pierre Sauvage, Bernard Feringa and Fraser Stoddart (France, USA and the Netherlands) received an award for nanotechnology - development of molecular machines.
They created the smallest machines in the world, the working parts of which are interconnected molecules. Using this principle, it was possible to design a tiny motor that drives ultraviolet radiation, a microscopic elevator and molecular "muscles".
Physics
The Nobel Prize was shared by David Thouless, Duncan Haldane and John Kosterlitz, whose research focuses on unusual states of matter - topological phases.
In general, phase changes are, for example, a change in the state of aggregation of matter (when a liquid becomes gaseous or a solid becomes liquid). This year's award-winning researchers are working on phase transformations that have been little studied before, as well as on what properties matter acquires in "strange states."
They work in a field called condensed matter physics, which studies the behavior of complex, tightly coupled systems. These include ordinary liquids, and crystals, and amorphous bodies, and quantum liquids - for example, the contents of neutron stars and atomic nuclei. The research of this year's laureates relates to the description of the Berezinsky-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BCT) phase transition associated with such phenomena as superconductivity, superfluidity and magnetism.
Topology studies the continuity of the states of objects. Perhaps the most famous object of consideration in this area of \u200b\u200bknowledge is the Möbius strip.
Topological or phase transition is the transformation of matter from one object to another, and it is carried out continuously or with breaks.
According to the will of Alfred Nobel, the prize is given for the most important discoveries or inventions in the field of physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, as well as for outstanding literary work and contribution to strengthening the commonwealth of nations. Who will receive the Nobel Prize in Literature and the Nobel Peace Prize will be known in the coming days.
You can follow the news of the award and get acquainted with the details on the official website -
Vladimir DergachevThe Nobel Prizes are awarded by four Swedish Nobel committees, which are special bodies of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Karolinska Institute ( medical university) and the Swedish (Writing) Academy. The Nobel Prize in Economics, or more specifically the Swedish State Bank's Alfred Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics, is awarded by the Bank of Sweden. In Stockholm, the Nobel Prizes are awarded in physics, chemistry, physiology and medicine, literature, and economics.
The Fifth Nobel Committee awards peace prizes, is located in the Norwegian Parliament (Storting) and is a division of the Norwegian Nobel Institute. The amount of the award fluctuates depending on the income of the Nobel Foundation and was reduced to $1.1 million in 2012.
The Swedish Academy is located in the Old Town in the building of the former Stockholm Stock Exchange. It is here that decisions are made on the awarding of the Nobel Prizes in Literature. This miniature Academy has only 18 life members. The building houses a museum to the inventor of dynamite Alfred Nobel, who established the most prestigious prize in the world. Nobel spent his childhood in Russia, knew five languages. 
A fragment of the main entrance to the Stockholm Concert Hall, where the Nobel Prize ceremony is being held. Sculptural composition by Carl Milles "Orpheus". 
Photo by Vladimir Dergachev
In this hall, in 2000, the last laureate from Russia, physicist Academician Zhores Alferov, received the Nobel Prize, now a State Duma deputy on the list of the Communist Party Russian Federation. 
Photo: EPA
Hotel where Nobel laureates stay 
Photo by Anton Dergachev
After the Nobel Prize ceremony, a banquet is held in the Blue Hall of the Stockholm City Hall, attended by The Royal Family and a thousand guests. If you were not invited to the banquet, do not be discouraged. You can order the "Nobel menu" in the town hall restaurant at a convenient time for you, for only about 200 euros.
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The Nobel Peace Prizes are awarded and presented in Oslo, Norway. The first Nobel Peace Prize in the twenty-first century was awarded to the accompaniment of American rockets and bombs exploding on Afghan soil, the United Nations and its Secretary General. If in the West this event was regarded as a triumph of democracy, then in the Muslim world the assessments were diametrically opposed. Even in the Christian East (Moscow) the words were heard: "Peace Prize, posthumously." An organization created to maintain international security, in last years withdrew from the performance of the main functions. The UN often appears on the Eurasian continent as an extra on American geopolitics.
The award ceremony takes place in the hall of the Oslo City Hall. V common days Anyone can enter the town hall. It is only in the "city halls" of corrupt countries that you have to protect the authorities from the people.
Here before the collapse Soviet Union in 1990, Mikhail Gorbachev, the petrel of universal values, received the Nobel Peace Prize. 
Photo by Vladimir Dergachev
Nobel Prizes are awarded in the West and primarily reflect the preferences of Western Christian civilization. Therefore, the frequent indignations of the “brothers of the Slavs” that the Nobel Peace Prizes are awarded to the wrong people are groundless. In the Soviet Union there was the International Lenin Prize. In democratic Russia, there are hardly enough funds and resources to support home-grown oligarchs and show business, so there is no similar international peace award. Perhaps an alternative to the Nobel Prize in the near future will be the Chinese Confucius Peace Prize. The award was established in 2010 at the initiative of a Chinese businessman, and is awarded to fighters for peace according to the East. In 2011, Vladimir Putin was awarded the prize. Thus, both West and East noted the shyness of Russian leaders (Gorbachev and Putin) between West and East.
Nobel Prize. Only the deaf have not heard of it. The most honorable reward for the luminaries of science, culture and art. This is a kind of Oscar, but not for those who shine on the big screen, but for those who reveal the secrets of nature in a small room or write a literary masterpiece.
However, how much is this gratitude expressed today? In this article, we will figure out how much money they give for the Nobel Prize, for example, in 2015 or 2016, and why the amount used to constantly vary, but now it has received its own standard. And so, let's go.
History of the award
As is usually the case, we'll start with history, in this case the history of how the award was born.
The award itself bears its name in honor of the Swedish inventor, engineer and industrialist Alfred Bernhard Nobel. In addition to the fact that the monetary reward bears his name, the money for this is also allocated from his fund.
The ceremony dates back to 1901, since then a special commission has determined the best in the field of medicine, chemistry, physiology, literature, physics and the protection of the world. Since 1969, the economy has been added to this list. It is not known whether we should expect another expansion of the list, but in any case, there is no discussion at the official level about this.
The appearance of the award
Here, in general, you can retell almost the legend about this case. Her appearance is usually associated with one tragic situation that occurred in the life of Alfred Nobel.
As you know, he is considered the inventor of dynamite, and so, in 1889, due to negligence, his brother Ludwig died suddenly, after which a negligent journalist mentioned Alfred as a death dealer. Of course, he did not like it, and he absolutely did not want to die, leaving such a terrible memory of himself.
Therefore, he decided to clean up his karma, so to speak, and in his will asked to sell all his, by the way, not small property, but to buy securities with the money received, with the help of which the fund was founded. Those percentages that remained after the initial capital, the scientist obliged to distribute among the top five specialists in their field (I have already described the nominations above).
Reward size
Well, here we come to the main question. At the very beginning, it was difficult to determine the exact amount of payments, since it directly depended on the accumulated interest. However, it is safe to say that the first payment was 150 thousand Swiss crowns.
Since then, its amount has only increased and reached a million and a half dollars. However, as it turned out, in recent years, interest has not been enough for the ceremony, the maintenance of the administration and the award itself. That is, the balance went negative. And if the fund goes bankrupt, then there will be no bonus.
Therefore, it was decided to fix the amount of the payment at the level of 1.1 million dollars, so that the premium would be paid as long as possible, and maybe indefinitely. How much is it in rubles is easy to calculate.
Do you know that thanks to Nobel's relatives, there might not have been a prize at all. Since they were not very satisfied with the last wish of the inventor, they decided through the court to challenge his will and divide all the property that he owned among themselves. Fortunately for the future scientists and cultural figures, they did not succeed, although each received 2 million crowns after the proceedings.
Such is the case, friends. Let's not forget this glorious man who passed away not as a merchant of death, but as a worthy person and philanthropist. Let us wish the Foundation many years of existence, so that not a single outstanding person, including in Russia, is deprived of a prize for success in his field.
All the best to you!
One of the key events in the social and intellectual life of Sweden is Nobel Day - the annual Nobel Prize ceremony, which takes place on December 10 in Stockholm's Studhuset (City Hall).
These awards enjoy international recognition as the most honorable civil distinction. The Nobel Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature and Economics are presented to the laureates by His Majesty the King of Sweden at a ceremony held on the anniversary of the death of Alfred Nobel (December 10, 1896).
Each laureate receives gold medal with the image of the Nobel and diploma. Currently, the Nobel Prize is 10 million Swedish kronor (about 1.05 million euros or $1.5 million).
The prizes in chemistry, physics and economics are awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the prizes in medicine are awarded by the Karolinska Institute, and the Swedish Academy awards the literature prize. The only "non-Swedish" prize, the Peace Prize, is awarded in Oslo by the Norwegian Nobel Committee.
By the way, the last version of the famous will Nobel signed almost a year before his death - November 27, 1895 in Paris. It was announced in January 1897: “All my movable and immovable property must be turned into liquid values by my executors, and the capital thus collected is placed in a reliable bank. The income from investments should belong to the fund, which will distribute them annually in the form of bonuses to those who during the previous year have brought the greatest benefit to mankind ... The indicated percentages must be divided by five equal parts, which are intended: one part - to the one who makes the most important discovery or invention in the field of physics; the other to the one who makes the most important discovery or improvement in the field of chemistry; the third - to the one who will make the most important discovery in the field of physiology or medicine; the fourth - to the one who will create the most outstanding literary work of an idealistic direction; fifth - to the one who has made the most significant contribution to the rallying of nations, the abolition of slavery or the reduction of the existing armies and the promotion of peace congresses ... My particular desire is that the nationality of candidates should not be taken into account when awarding prizes ... "
Alfred Bernhard Nobel, Swedish inventor, industrial magnate, linguist, philosopher and humanist was born in 1833 in Stockholm to a Swedish family. In 1842 his family moved to St. Petersburg, the capital of what was then Russia. Nobel received an excellent education of international class. He read, wrote, spoke and understood equally well in 5 European languages: Swedish, Russian, English, French and German. Nobel went down in history as the inventor of dynamite, a substance that played an important role in the development of world industry.
Alfred Nobel in his life became the owner of 355 patents, which formed the basis of about 90 enterprises in 20 countries of the world. His brothers Robert and Ludovic, who worked in Russia and later in Baku in the oil fields, contributed to the multiplication of his fortune. Alfred Nobel bequeathed $4 million (today's equivalent of $173 million) to be used as prizes in physics, chemistry, physiology and medicine. These areas were close to him, and in them he assumed the greatest progress.
He did not bequeath prizes to architects, musicians and composers. Literature prizes also reflect Nobel's personal interests. In his youth he wrote poetry and poems in English and Swedish, and all his life he was a voracious reader in every language available to him.Prizes in the field of science and literature were supposed to be awarded in Sweden, and the Peace Prize - in Norway. From this will began the history of the Nobel Prize, the fund of which amounted to 31 million crowns.
A year later, on December 10, 1896, Alfred Nobel died in Italy from a stroke. Later this date will be declared Nobel Day. After the opening of the will, it turned out that almost the entire fortune of Nobel was not available to his relatives, who were counting on this money.
Dissatisfaction was shown even by the Swedish king Oscar II, who did not want finances to leave the country, even in the form of world merit awards. There were also objective bureaucratic difficulties. The practical implementation of Nobel's will turned out to be a very difficult task, and certain conditions awards may not have taken place.
But soon all obstacles were overcome, and in June 1898 Nobel's relatives signed an agreement to renounce further claims to capital. Received the approval of the Government of Sweden and the main provisions related to the awarding of prizes. In 1900, the Charter of the Nobel Foundation and the rules governing the activities of the created Nobel structures were signed by the King of Sweden. The prize was first awarded in 1901.
The Nobel Prize has become the most prestigious prize in the fields of physics, chemistry, physiology, medicine, economics, literature and peace efforts among nations. It is paid once a year from the funds of the fund created according to the will of Alfred Nobel. More than 600 people have become Nobel Prize winners during the 20th century.
Awarding of prizes is not always universally approved. In 1953, Sir Winston Churchill received a literary prize, while the famous American writer Graham Greene never received it.
Each country has its national heroes and often an award or no award is disappointing. The famous Swedish writer Astrid Lindgren has never been nominated for the award, and the Indian Mahatma Gandhi has never won the award. But Henry Kissinger won the Peace Prize in 1973, a year after the Vietnam War. There are known cases of refusal of the prize for reasons of principle: the Frenchman Jean Paul Sartre refused the literary prize in 1964, and the Vietnamese Le Dik Tho did not want to share it with Kissinger.
Nobel Prizes are unique awards and are especially prestigious. The question is often asked why these awards attract so much more attention than any other awards of the 20th century. One reason may be the fact that they were introduced in a timely manner and that they marked some fundamental historical changes in society. Alfred Nobel was a true internationalist, and from the very beginning of the awards named after him, the international nature of the awards made a special impression. The strict rules for selecting laureates that have been in place since the inception of the prizes have also played a role in recognizing the importance of the awards in question. As soon as the election of the current year's laureates ends in December, preparations begin for the election of the next year's laureates. Such a year-round activity, in which so many intellectuals from all over the world participate, orients scientists, writers and public figures to work for the development of society, which precedes the awarding of prizes for "contribution to human progress."
The first Nobel Banquet took place on December 10, 1901, at the same time as the first award ceremony. Currently, the banquet is held in the Blue Hall of the City Hall. 1300-1400 people are invited to the banquet. Dress code - tailcoats and evening dresses. The chefs of the Town Hall Cellar (town hall restaurant) and chefs who have ever received the title of Chef of the Year are involved in the development of the menu. In September, three menu options are tasted by members of the Nobel Committee, who decide what will be served "at the Nobel table." Only dessert is always known - ice cream, but until the evening of December 10, no one, except for a narrow circle of initiates, knows what kind.
For the Nobel banquet, a service and tablecloths with a specially designed design are used. Nobel's portrait is woven on the corner of each tablecloth and napkin. Handmade dishes: along the edge of the plate there is a strip of three colors of the Swedish Empire - blue, green and gold. The leg of a crystal wine glass is decorated in the same range. The banquet service was commissioned for $1.6 million for the 90th anniversary of the Nobel Prizes in 1991. It consists of 6750 glasses, 9450 knives and forks, 9550 plates and one tea cup. The last one is for Princess Liliana, who doesn't drink coffee. The cup is stored in a special beautiful wooden box with the princess's monogram. The saucer from the cup was stolen.
The tables in the hall are arranged with mathematical precision, and the hall is decorated with 23,000 flowers sent from San Remo. All movements of the waiters are strictly timed to the nearest second. For example, the ice cream ceremonial takes exactly three minutes from the moment the first waiter appears with a tray at the door until the last of them stands at his table. Serving other dishes takes two minutes.
Exactly at 19:00 on December 210, guests of honor, led by the king and queen, descend the stairs to the Blue Hall, where all the guests are already sitting. The Swedish king leads the Nobel laureate by the arm, and if there is none, his wife Nobel laureate in physics. The first is a toast to His Majesty, the second - in memory of Alfred Nobel. After that, the mystery of the menu is revealed. The menu is printed in small print on the maps attached to each place, and is decorated with a gold-embossed profile of Alfred Nobel. Music plays throughout the dinner - very famous musicians are invited, including Rostropovich and Magnus Lindgren in 2003.
The banquet ends with the removal of ice cream topped like a crown with a chocolate monogram-monogram "N". At 22:15, the Swedish king gives a sign to start dancing in the Golden Hall of the Town Hall. At 1:30 the guests disperse.
Absolutely all dishes from the menu, from 1901 onwards, can be ordered at the restaurant of the town hall of Stockholm. Such a meal costs a little less than $200. Every year they are ordered by 20 thousand visitors, and traditionally the menu of the last Nobel banquet is the most popular.
The Nobel Concert is one of the three components of the Nobel Week, along with the awarding of prizes and the Nobel Dinner. It is considered one of the main musical events of the year in Europe and the main musical event of the year in the Scandinavian countries. The most prominent classical musicians of our time take part in it. In fact, there are two Nobel concerts: one is held on December 8 of each year in Stockholm, the second - in Oslo at the Nobel Peace Prize ceremony. The Nobel Concert is broadcast on several international TV channels on December 31 every year.Quote from Vladimir_Grinchev
Nobel Prize
promotion scientific activity has a respectable history. Monarchs and wealthy philanthropists periodically presented natural scientists with valuable gifts or life-long pensions for their discoveries, which made it possible to continue work at a new level. However, such encouragement acquired a systemic character with the establishment of prizes awarded by scientific academies for the solution special tasks. Superiority here belongs to the British Royal Society. In 1709 Sir Godfrey Copley, a wealthy landed baronet and public figure, before his death, bequeathed to establish a fund from which a hundred pounds would be transferred annually to the society to finance experiments or other activities aimed at "the development of knowledge of nature."
After a long discussion, the members of the society decided to use the funds for an award that would be awarded for outstanding scientific achievement. The laureate received not only one hundred pounds, but also the original Copley medal. The first holder of the medal was determined in 1731: it was Stephen Gray for the discovery of the transmission of electricity over a distance. A year later, he also "took" the second prize - for fundamental experiments with electricity, which made it possible to divide all substances into conductors and insulators. The Copley Medal is still awarded to this day, and the prize money has grown to £5,000. Among its laureates were Russian scientists: Dmitry Mendeleev, Ilya Mechnikov and Ivan Pavlov.
Another famous prize appeared from the will. Her story is no less interesting.
The merchant of death is dead
Alfred Bernhard Nobel was born in 1833 to the engineer Emmanuel Nobel. In 1842, the family moved from Stockholm to St. Petersburg, where Emmanuel took up the development of sea mines. It was in Russia that young Alfred first showed an inventive streak and enlisted the support of reputable scientists: on the advice of the chemist Nikolai Zinin, his father sent him to study in France. The prosperity of the Nobel family was facilitated by the explosion that broke out in 1853. Crimean War; she also encouraged Alfred to take up explosives. In the early 1860s, returning to St. Petersburg, he created explosives based on nitroglycerin and opened a plant for its production in Sweden. In 1865 he invented and patented a metal primer for a cartridge, in 1867 - dynamite, called "Nobel's safe explosive powder." The business turned out to be profitable. Although Nobel later became involved in the transportation and production of iron, in the eyes of the public he remained a military-industrial magnate, because at that time he owned 93 enterprises in Europe and the United States, which were exclusively engaged in the production of explosives.
In 1888, an unpleasant incident happened. The inventor's brother Ludwig died, but by mistake European newspapers placed an obituary on Alfred. After reading a note in a French newspaper entitled "The merchant of death is dead", Nobel thought about what glory he would leave behind, and decided to change his will. It was drawn up on November 27, 1895, and announced in January 1897 (the inventor himself died on December 10, 1896). The will says:
All my movable and immovable property must be converted into liquid values by my executors, and the capital thus collected is placed in a reliable bank. The income from investments should belong to the fund, which will distribute them annually in the form of bonuses to those who during the previous year have brought the greatest benefit to mankind ... The indicated percentages must be divided into five equal parts, which are intended: one part - to the one who makes the most important discovery or invention in the field of physics; the other to the one who makes the most important discovery or improvement in the field of chemistry; the third - to the one who will make the most important discovery in the field of physiology or medicine; the fourth - to the one who will create the most outstanding literary work of an idealistic direction; fifth, to those who have made the most significant contribution to the rallying of nations, the abolition of slavery or the reduction of the existing armies and the promotion of peace congresses ... My particular desire is that the nationality of candidates should not be taken into account in awarding prizes.
Although numerous relatives of the inventor tried to challenge the will, it came into force. The first Nobel Prizes were awarded in 1901. Their laureates were Wilhelm Roentgen (Physics), Jacob Hendrik van't Hoff (Chemistry), Emil von Behring (Physiology and Medicine), René Sully-Prudhomme (Literature), Jean Dunant and Frédéric Passy (Promoting World Peace). The monetary content of premiums in those years was 150,000 Swedish kronor, but has grown steadily, reaching today an amount of over a million in dollar terms. The laureates are also awarded the appropriate diploma and a medal with the image of Alfred Nobel. In 1969, at the initiative of the Swedish Bank, a nomination was established for achievements in the field of economics, but the premium was not extended further. The Board of the Nobel Foundation decided not to increase the number of nominations.
What is the award for?
Since the beginning of the 20th century, the procedure and ceremony of awarding the prize have become more complicated until they have reached a certain perfection. Every year the Nobel Committee sends out three thousand requests for nomination of candidates to specialists working in the relevant field, professors, rectors and former members of the committee. Based on the answers, a list of three hundred candidates is formed, which remains secret for fifty years. The final selection of laureates is carried out with the participation of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Swedish Academy and the Nobel Assembly of the Karolinska Institute. The names of the laureates are announced in advance in October, and the award ceremony is held on December 10 in the capitals of two countries - Sweden and Norway. In Stockholm, awards are given in scientific and literary nominations, in Oslo - a prize in the field of protecting peace. In addition to the ceremony, laureate lectures, a banquet and a concert are held.
Nobel Media AB 2015
The 2016 Nobel Prize, as usual, is awarded on December 10. The names of the laureates are traditionally announced in advance. I must say that every year it becomes more and more difficult to explain ordinary people, why this or that discovery, awarded the prize, has great importance for world science, because the specialization of research is growing, and many achievements have a very specific meaning. For example, in the nomination "Physics" three British scientists became laureates at once: David Thouless, Duncan Haldane and John Kosterlitz - with the wording "for the theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter." What does it mean? The question sends us back to the 1970s, when a series of papers written by laureates stimulated the development of a new direction in the study of condensed matter. Such media are sets of particles of the same type connected by strong interaction: liquids, crystals, amorphous bodies, etc. Their study showed that with the external simplicity of the structure, many dynamic effects can be revealed that arise as a result of the “collective existence” of particles. The contribution of the laureates was the development of a model of phase transitions (from a crystal to a liquid, from a liquid to a gas) inside condensed media, and the course of the transition, as they suggested, is determined by the geometry of the medium at the level of the mutual arrangement of individual particles. The model turned out to be convenient for describing the physics of quite exotic processes: helium superfluidity in thin films, magnetism in layered materials, integer quantum Hall effect, and many others. It was recently implemented in a direct experiment, which was the reason for the award.
Nobel Media AB 2016
In the nomination "Chemistry" three scientists also became laureates: Frenchman Jean-Pierre Sauvage, Scotsman Sir James Stoddard and Dutchman Bernard Feringa. The prize was awarded "for the design and synthesis of molecular machines". We are talking about molecules that are created from scratch to solve certain problems, without trying to imitate nature. Moreover, the current laureates have come up with several schemes with the help of which it is possible to “mount” arbitrarily complex molecular “constructions” in the future. For example, Sauvage and Stoddard made mechanically linked molecules: catenanes (rings rotating relative to each other) and rotaxanes (ring moving along a straight base). Based on these schemes, a "molecular lift", "molecular muscles" and even an artificial ribosome capable of synthesizing proteins were built. Feringa proposed a "molecular motor" in which two spinning parts of a molecule interact through a carbon-carbon covalent bond. The most spectacular use of the "motor" was demonstrated in the "nanomachine", which is able to independently drive on a gold substrate, carrying a complex molecule as a load.
Nobel Media AB 2016
The award in the nomination "Physiology and Medicine" was received by the Japanese Yoshinori Ohsumi for the discovery and decoding of the mechanism of autophagy (from the ancient Greek "eating oneself") - the process of lysosomal processing of organelles and protein complexes inside a living cell. Having begun to study the phenomenon back in the 1980s, the scientist was able to reveal its biochemical and genetic nature, as well as to prove the universality of the mechanism for any organisms. After his work, we can say that we now know how the process of utilization of “spoiled” cell elements develops, and we can even control this process, which in the future can help in the fight against senile diseases.
Nobel Media AB 2016
In the category "Economics", the American Oliver Hart and the Swede Bengt Holmström "took" the award with the wording "for their contribution to the theory of contracts". The works of these economists are widely practical use; on their basis, for example, modern European bankruptcy legislation was formed.
The Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos Calderón, who ended more than half a century of civil war in my country. Probably, only this award does not raise questions.
In the nomination "Literature", unexpectedly for many, the famous American rock musician Bob Dylan (Robert Zimmerman) became the laureate. And here long explanations are not required: just listen to at least his wonderful composition Things Have Changed.
Nobel Media AB 2016
Since 1991, the Nobel Prize has had an evil twin brother - the Ig Nobel Prize for dubious achievements, which the tabloids love to publish under the heading "British scientists have proven." In 2016, among the laureates were Thomas Thwaites, who studied the behavior of animals, portrayed them himself (grazing with mountain goats for three days), and the Volkswagen car company received the chemistry award for a method of falsifying exhaust gas tests. Despite this, the Nobel Prize is still the most authoritative, recognizable and important scientific prize in the world - and all its winners will sooner or later affect our lives.
