October 20 is the founding day of the Navy. The day of the foundation of the Russian Navy - the day of the surface sailor

After the New Year holidays, the topic of detox, unloading and putting yourself in order invariably comes to the top. Many of us firmly believe in the miraculous power of a morning glass of water with lemon. But how effective is this method and is it possible to drink water with lemon on an empty stomach for you? This and more will be discussed today.

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Probably, everyone has heard that it starts the work of the digestive tract, ... But there is also a reverse side of the coin: a glass of water with lemon on an empty stomach can do harm. To whom and in what case? Let's deal with everything in order.

Why drink a glass of water in the morning?

Water with lemon wonderfully quenches thirst, saturates the body with essential vitamins, minerals and trace elements. It also helps restore in the body, which helps prevent disease and

Upon awakening, the tissues of our body are dehydrated and need water (which is why we mentioned the miraculous quenching of thirst) - for and. This morning smoothie helps to get rid of internal toxins and the functions of the digestive tract, making them work as efficiently as possible.

The advantages of this drink do not end there. Water with lemon promotes digestion: lemon juice stimulates the secretion of gastric juice. : Lemon juice stimulates the release. And yet, it helps fight (this is due to anti-inflammatory).

Water with lemon regulates natural and (lemon is a powerful antioxidant, it protects the body from free radicals).

Promotes the proper functioning of the nervous system - it's still about water with lemon. Depression and increased anxiety are often the result of a lack of potassium in the blood. Lemon is rich in potassium, which is essential nervous system to send signals to the heart.

Also, such a cocktail contributes. One lemon a day can help reduce high blood pressure by 10%.

Creates an alkalizing effect in the body (drink this drink just before a meal, this will help maintain high level pH. If your pH is normal, then your body is easier to fight disease).

A weighty argument is water with lemon. This is because lemons are a powerful alkaline food. Numerous studies have shown that cancer cannot "thrive" in an alkaline environment. (Drinking water with lemon is not a guarantee, but a precaution you can take.)

To whom water with lemon is contraindicated

All the above properties speak of water with lemon as some kind of elixir of youth, beauty and health. However, let's talk about reverse side medals: this method can be quite aggressive if you suffer from any of the following diseases:

• With (ulcer or gastritis). Abdominal pain can be caused by taking such liquid on an empty stomach for people with high acidity.
• People suffering. The bottom line is that vitamin B, which is part of citric acid, has a strong diuretic effect.
• In the presence of . Citric acid can cause discomfort in the mouth because regular use of it makes tooth enamel thinner. Dentists recommend using special strengthening toothpastes during the course of treatment with lemon water.
• With stomatitis. If there are wounds in the mouth resulting from an injury or a viral disease, it is forbidden to drink lemon water. It will cause severe irritation of the mucosa.
• If you are allergic to citrus fruits. Often, people may develop a rash on their body after ingesting large amounts of acidic fruits. If you have a similar problem, for example, with oranges, then lemons should not be consumed often. And the fact that the lemon is diluted with water does not change the essence.

To avoid negative consequences, visit a gastroenterologist before a long-term course.

Ksenia Kovalenko nutritionist

Absolutely agree with all of the above. I will clarify one point: lemon juice does not contain pectin fibers, since the fibers remain in the pulp and skin. I do not advise you to drink more than two glasses, and also add honey. Honey on an empty stomach raises glucose levels above normal, and this in turn will provoke cravings for sweets throughout the day. Water with lemon and honey is best consumed between breakfast and lunch.

Add variety to your morning routine

"Water with lemon" does not always have to be the same. In a constant classic performance, water with lemon can get boring, then you just abandon this business. We offer you several options for how you can diversify this morning cocktail.

When we talk about the classic version, we mean 1-2 circles of lemon poured with boiling water (let it stand for 15 minutes and give its beneficial features, and then drink in slow sips (if required, dilute with cool water). This lighter drink is more designed for people who suffer from gastrointestinal problems, and it also has a slight tonic effect).

If you don’t have any problems with the gastrointestinal tract, and you want to stun and wake up the body in the morning, you can add lemon juice and a pinch of cayenne pepper to the water. This will definitely kick start your metabolism.

For those with a sweet tooth, honey can be added to the water with lemon (1 tsp will be enough to avoid excessive cloying). This variation will have a double cleansing effect on the body and increase the resistance of the immune system to viruses.

You can add freshness - throw 5 mint leaves into juice with lemon (which you must remember beforehand so that they give away their beneficial trace elements faster). This lemon water is perfect for calming the nerves. Often you can not drink it - it causes drowsiness.

To make lemon water even healthier, you can add green tea leaves to it.

Pour 200 ml of boiling water over a few leaves, let it brew for 10 minutes, then remove the tea leaves, and when the liquid becomes warm, add the juice of half a lemon. The drink will quickly remove toxins, and skin color will improve in a week of taking this tea on an empty stomach.

How to drink water with lemon correctly

Briefly and to the point, let's go through the principles of cleansing with lemon water.

You need to drink a glass of this miracle water in the morning, 20-30 minutes before meals. Only in this way the metabolic processes will start in the body, and the ingredients of the liquid will begin to work as intended.

Drink only one glass of liquid. Do not overdo it. It is not the excess that is important, but the regularity.

Drink a freshly prepared drink so that the juice is freshly squeezed. You can't cook water the night before! Not a single useful trace element will remain in it until the morning.

The water temperature should be 30-36 degrees or room temperature - 22-25 degrees, but not lower. Cold liquid on an empty stomach can harm the stomach and even cause cramps.

after taking this liquid. Because of the water with lemon, the stomach will produce gastric juice more intensively, so the meal should be complete, and not just a cup of coffee or tea. Healthy breakfast options for you: (full of complex carbohydrates - what you need for breakfast), healthy sugar-free cookies, porridge, cottage cheese, egg dishes.

It is better to drink water through a straw: firstly, it is absorbed faster, and secondly, contact with the teeth is minimal.

“Sea ships to be” - such a decree was issued by Peter 1 on October 20, 1696 on the formation navy Russia.

On October 20, 1696, the Boyar Duma, at the insistence of Peter I, decided to create a regular navy Russia. This day is considered to be the birthday of the Russian Navy.

The creation of a regular military fleet in Russia was due to the urgent need of the country to overcome territorial, political and cultural isolation, which at the turn of the 17th-18th centuries became the main obstacle to the economic and social development Russian state.

At that time, military shipbuilding developed in Russia, ships were built in Voronezh and St. Petersburg, on Ladoga and in Arkhangelsk. The Azov and Baltic fleets were created, later - the Pacific and Northern.

In the first half of the 18th century, Russian sailors made many important geographical discoveries. In 1740, V. Bering and A. Chirikov founded Petropavlovsk-on-Kamchatka, in 1741 they opened the strait and reached the west coast North America. In the future, significant geographical discoveries, round-the-world trips were made by the remarkable Russian navigators F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev, who discovered Antarctica, V.M. Golovnin and E.V. Putyatin.

In the second half of the XVIII - early XIX For centuries, the Russian Navy has taken the third place in the world in terms of the number of warships, the strategy and tactics of military operations at sea have been constantly improved. This allowed the Russian sailors to win a number of brilliant victories. The exploits of admirals G.A. became bright pages in the history of the Russian Navy. Spiridova, F.F. Ushakova, D.N. Senyavina, G.I. Butakova, V.I. Istomina, V.A. Kornilov, P.S. Nakhimova, S.O. Makarov.

F.F. Ushakov

During the years of the Great Patriotic War our fleet withstood severe tests and reliably covered the flanks of the fronts, crushing the enemy at sea, in the sky and on land. Submariners, naval pilots have written new pages in the history of the Fatherland's maritime glory. In 1941-1945 admirals N.G. Kuznetsov, I.S. Isakov, A.G. Golovko, V.F. Tributs, F.S. Oktyabrsky, L.A. Vladimirsky, S.G. Gorshkov, I.S. Yumashev.

The modern Russian Navy has reliable military equipment: powerful aviation missile cruisers, nuclear submarines and missile carriers, anti-submarine ships, landing craft and naval aircraft. This technique is in the capable hands of our naval specialists. Russian sailors continue and develop the glorious traditions of the Russian Navy, whose history already exceeds 300 years.

The Russian Navy originates more than three hundred years ago and is inextricably linked with the name of Peter the Great. Even in his youth, having discovered in 1688 in his barn a boat presented to their family, later called the “Grandfather of the Russian Fleet”, the future head of state forever connected his life with ships. In the same year, he founded a shipyard on Lake Pleshcheyevo, where, thanks to the efforts of local craftsmen, the “amusing” fleet of the sovereign was built. By the summer of 1692, the flotilla numbered several dozen ships, of which the handsome frigate Mars with thirty guns stood out.

In fairness, I note that the first domestic ship was built before the birth of Peter in 1667. Dutch craftsmen, together with local artisans on the Oka River, managed to build a two-deck Eagle with three masts and the ability to travel by sea. At the same time, a couple of boats and one yacht were created. The wise politician Ordin-Nashchokin from the Moscow boyars supervised these works. The name, as you might guess, went to the ship in honor of the coat of arms. Peter the Great believed that this event marked the beginning of the maritime business in Russia and was "worthy of glorification through the ages." However, in history, the birthday of the navy of our country is associated with a completely different date ...

The year was 1695. The need to create favorable conditions for the emergence of trade relations with other European states led our sovereign to a military conflict with the Ottoman Empire at the mouth of the Don and the lower reaches of the Dnieper. Peter the Great, who saw irresistible strength in his newly minted regiments (Semenovsky, Prebrazhensky, Butyrsky and Lefortovsky), decides to march near Azov. He writes to a close friend in Arkhangelsk: "We joked about Kozhukhov, and now we'll joke about Azov." The results of this journey, despite the valor and courage shown in the battles by Russian soldiers, turned into terrible losses. It was then that Peter realized that war is not at all child's play. When preparing the next campaign, he takes into account all his past mistakes and decides to create a completely new one in the country. military force. Peter was truly a genius, thanks to his will and mind, he managed to create a whole fleet in just one winter. And he spared no expense for this. First, he asked for help from his Western allies - the King of Poland and the Emperor of Austria. They sent him knowledgeable engineers, shipwrights and gunners. After arriving in Moscow, Peter organized a meeting of his generals to discuss the second campaign to seize Azov. At the meetings, it was decided to build a fleet that would fit 23 galleys, 4 fireships and 2 galleass ships. Franz Lefort was named Admiral of the Fleet. Generalissimo Aleksey Semenovich Shein became the commander of the entire Azov army. For the two main directions of the operation - on the Don and on the Dnieper - two armies of Shein and Sheremetev were organized. Fireships and galleys were hastily built near Moscow, in Voronezh, for the first time in Russia, two huge thirty-six-gun ships were created, which received the names "Apostle Paul" and "Apostle Peter". In addition, the prudent sovereign ordered the construction of more than a thousand plows, several hundred sea boats and ordinary rafts prepared in support of the land army. They were built in Kozlov, Sokolsk, Voronezh. In early spring, ship parts were brought to Voronezh for assembly, and by the end of April the ships were afloat. On April 26, the first galleass, the Apostle Peter, was launched into the water.

The main task of the fleet was to block the fortress that did not surrender from the sea, depriving it of support in manpower and provisions. Sheremetev's army was supposed to head to the Dnieper estuary and carry out diversionary maneuvers. At the beginning of the summer, all the ships of the Russian fleet reunited near Azov, and its siege began. On June 14, a Turkish fleet of 17 galleys and 6 ships arrived, but it remained undecided until the end of the month. On June 28, the Turks plucked up the courage to bring up the landing force. Rowing boats headed for the shore. Then, on the orders of Peter, our fleet immediately weighed anchor. As soon as they saw this, the Turkish captains unanimously turned their ships around and went to sea. Having never received reinforcements, the fortress was forced to surrender on 18 July. The first exit of Peter's military fleet was crowned with complete success. A week later, the flotilla went to sea to inspect the conquered territory. The sovereign with his generals chose a place on the coast for the construction of a new naval port. Later, near the Miussky Estuary, the Pavlovskaya and Cherepakhinskaya fortresses were founded. Azov winners were also waiting for a solemn reception in Moscow.

To resolve issues related to the defense of the occupied territories, Peter the Great decides to convene the Boyar Duma in the village of Preobrazhensky. There he asks to build a "sea caravan or fleet." On October 20, at the next meeting, the Duma decides: “There will be sea vessels!” To the ensuing question: “And how many?”, It was decided “to inquire at the peasant households, for the spiritual and various ranks of people, to impose courts in the courtyards, to write out from the merchants from the customs books.” And so the Russian Imperial Navy began its existence. It was immediately decided to start building 52 ships and launch them in Voronezh before the beginning of April 1698. Moreover, the decision to build ships was made as follows: the clergy gave one ship from every eight thousand households, the nobility - from ten thousand. Merchants, townspeople and foreign merchants pledged to set sail 12 ships. On taxes from the population, the rest of the ships were built by the state. The case was a serious one. Carpenters were searched all over the country, soldiers were allocated to help them. More than fifty foreign specialists worked at the shipyards, and a hundred talented young people went abroad to learn the basics of shipbuilding. Among them, Peter was also in the position of an ordinary officer. In addition to Voronezh, shipyards were built in Stupino, Tavrov, Chizhovka, Bryansk and Pavlovsk. Those who wished to take accelerated training courses for shipbuilders and henchmen. In Voronezh in 1697 the Admiralty was created. First in history naval document Russian state became the "Charter for the galleys", written by Peter I during the second Azov campaign on the command galley "Principium".

On April 27, 1700, the Goto Predestination, the first Russian battleship, was completed at the Voronezh shipyard. According to the European classification of ships of the early 17th century, it earned rank IV. Russia could rightfully be proud of its offspring, since the construction took place without the participation of specialists from abroad. By 1700, the Azov fleet already had more than forty sailing ships, and by 1711 - about 215 (including rowing ships), of which forty-four ships were armed with 58 guns. Thanks to this formidable argument, it was possible to sign a peace treaty with Turkey and start a war with the Swedes. The invaluable experience gained in the construction of new ships allowed later success in the Baltic Sea and played an important (if not decisive) role in the great Northern War. The Baltic Fleet was built at the shipyards of St. Petersburg, Arkhangelsk, Novgorod, Uglich and Tver. In 1712, the St. Andrew's flag was established - a white cloth with a blue cross diagonally. Many generations of sailors of the Russian fleet fought, won and died under it, glorifying our Motherland with their exploits.

In just thirty years (from 1696 to 1725), a regular Azov, Baltic and Caspian fleet appeared in Russia. During this time, 111 battleships and 38 frigates, six dozen brigantines and even more large galleys, scampaways and bombardment ships, shmak and fireships, more than three hundred transport ships and a huge number of small boats were built. And, what is especially remarkable, in terms of their military and seaworthy qualities, Russian ships were not at all inferior to the ships of the great maritime powers, like France or England. However, since there was an urgent need to protect the conquered coastal territories and simultaneously conduct military operations, and the country did not have time to build and repair ships, they were often bought abroad.

Of course, all the main orders and decrees came from Peter I, but in matters of shipbuilding he was assisted by such prominent historical figures as F. A. Golovin, K. I. Kruys, F. M. Apraksin, Franz Timmerman and S. I. Yazykov. The shipmasters Richard Cosenz and Sklyaev, Saltykov and Vasily Shipilov glorified their names in the centuries. By 1725, naval officers and shipbuilders were trained in special schools and naval academies. By this time, the shipbuilding and training center for the domestic fleet had moved from Voronezh to St. Petersburg. Our sailors won brilliant and convincing first victories in the battles of Kotlin Island, the Gangut Peninsula, the Ezel and Grengam Islands, and took the lead in the Baltic and Caspian Seas. Also, Russian navigators made many significant geographical discoveries. Chirikov and Bering founded Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky in 1740. A year later, a new strait was discovered, which made it possible to reach the western coast of North America. sea ​​voyages carried out by V.M. Golovnin, F.F. Bellingshausen, E.V. Putyatin, M.P. Lazarev.

By 1745, for the most part, naval officers came from a noble family, and the sailors were recruits from the common people. Their term of service was for life. Often hired for naval service foreign citizens. An example was the commander of the Kronstadt port - Thomas Gordon.

Admiral Spiridov in 1770, during the Battle of Chesma, defeated the Turkish fleet and established Russian dominance in the Aegean Sea. Also the Russian Empire won the war with the Turks in 1768-1774. In 1778 the port of Kherson was founded, and in 1783 the first ship was launched. Black Sea Fleet. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, our country ranked third in the world after France and Great Britain in terms of the quantity and quality of ships.

In 1802, the Ministry of Naval Forces began its existence. For the first time in 1826, a military steamship was built, equipped with eight guns, which was called the Izhora. And 10 years later they built a steam frigate, nicknamed "Bogatyr". This vessel had a steam engine and paddle wheels for movement. From 1805 to 1855, Russian navigators mastered Far East. During these years, brave sailors made forty round-the-world and long-distance voyages.

In 1856, Russia was forced to sign the Paris Peace Treaty and as a result lost the Black Sea Fleet. In 1860, the steam fleet finally took the place of the sailing fleet, which had lost its former importance. After Crimean War Russia actively built steam warships. These were slow-moving ships, on which it was impossible to make long-range military campaigns. In 1861, the first gunboat called "Experience" was launched into the water. The warship was equipped with armor protection and served until 1922, having been a testing ground for the first experiments of A.S. Popov by radio communication on the water.

The end of the 19th century was marked by the expansion of the fleet. In those days, Tsar Nicholas II was in power. Industry developed at a high pace, but even it could not keep up with the ever-increasing needs of the fleet. Therefore, there was a tendency to order ships in Germany, the USA, France and Denmark. The Russo-Japanese War was characterized by the humiliating defeat of the Russian Navy. Almost all warships were scuttled, some surrendered, only a few managed to escape. After the failure in the war in the east, the Russian Imperial Navy lost its third place among the countries that own the largest fleets in the world, immediately finding itself in sixth.

1906 is characterized by the revival of the naval forces. A decision is made to have submarines in service. On March 19, by decree of Emperor Nicholas II, 10 submarines were commissioned. Therefore, this day in the country is a holiday, the Submariner's Day. From 1906 to 1913, the Russian Empire spent 519 million dollars on the needs of the navy. But this was clearly not enough, as the navies of other leading powers were developing rapidly.

During the First World War, the German fleet was significantly ahead of the Russian one in all respects. In 1918, the entire Baltic Sea was under the absolute control of Germany. The German fleet transported troops to support an independent Finland. Their troops controlled the occupied Ukraine, Poland and the western part of Russia.

The main opponent of the Russians on the Black Sea has long been the Ottoman Empire. The main base of the Black Sea Fleet was in Sevastopol. Commander of all maritime forces Andrey Avgustovich Ebergard was in this region. But in 1916 the tsar removed him from his post and replaced him with Admiral Kolchak. Despite successful fighting Black Sea sailors, in October 1916 the battleship Empress Maria exploded in the parking lot. It was the largest loss of the Black Sea Fleet. He served only a year. To this day, the cause of the explosion is unknown. But there is an opinion that this is the result of a successful sabotage.

The revolution and Civil War. In 1918, the ships of the Black Sea Fleet were partially captured by the Germans, partially withdrawn and scuttled in Novorossiysk. The Germans later handed over some ships to Ukraine. In December, the Entente seized the ships in Sevastopol, which were given to the Armed Forces of the South of Russia (Gen. Denikin's group of white troops). They participated in the war against the Bolsheviks. After the destruction of the white armies, the rest of the fleet was seen in Tunisia. The sailors of the Baltic Fleet rebelled against the Soviet government in 1921. At the end of all the above events, Soviet power there are very few ships left. These ships formed the Navy of the USSR.

During the Great Patriotic War, the Soviet fleet underwent a severe test, protecting the flanks of the fronts. The flotilla helped the rest of the military branches to smash the Nazis. Russian sailors showed hitherto unprecedented heroism, despite the significant numerical and technical superiority of Germany. During these years, the fleet was skillfully commanded by admirals A.G. Golovko, I.S. Isakov, V.F. Tributs, L.A. Vladimirsky.

In 1896, in parallel with the celebration of the 200th anniversary of the birth of St. Petersburg, the day of the founding of the fleet was also celebrated. He is 200 years old. But the largest celebration took place in 1996, when the 300th anniversary was celebrated. The Navy has been and is the pride of many generations. The Russian fleet is the hard work and heroism of Russians for the glory of the country. This is the military power of Russia, which guarantees the safety of residents great country. But first of all, these are inflexible people, strong in spirit and body. Russia will always be proud of Ushakov, Nakhimov, Kornilov and many, many other naval commanders who faithfully served their homeland. And, of course, Peter I - a truly great sovereign who managed to create a strong empire with a powerful and invincible fleet.

To the holidays that are part military history Russia, also refers to the Day of the Foundation of the Navy.

History

The day of the establishment of the Navy is considered to be its official introduction by Peter I, but the origin of the Russian flotilla began in the 6th-7th centuries.

This is interesting:

1. The first flotilla, which lasted only a year, was built in 1570 by decree of Ivan the Terrible. In 1636, the first building was built on the territory of Russia. It is a three-masted ship of the European type, which was used by the Holsteiners.
2. The first ship of the Western European type was built in 1667. Together with Dutch and local craftsmen, a Russian two-deck ship was assembled on the Oka River, having three masts and capable of going to sea, but never did so. Several boats and a yacht were also built.
3. Experience sea ​​battle the Don Cossacks had, but the development of the Russian fleet began only with the onset of the 18th century. On October 30, 1696, on the advice of Peter I, the Boyar Duma decided to establish a regular Russian navy.
4. The establishment of the fleet contributed to the active development of shipbuilding, the creation of the Azov and Baltic fleets, which were later joined by Caspian flotilla, Pacific, Northern and Black Sea Fleets.
5. The first half of the 18th century became a period of geographical discoveries for Russian sailors, giving the world such great navigators as V. Bering, V. Golovin, E. Putyatin and others.
6. In the second half of the 18th century, the Russian Navy ranked third in terms of the number of warships. Continuously improving and training the tactics of battles, the Russian fleet won victories in many battles, imprinting Admirals Makarov, Spiridov, Kornilov and other brave military men in history.

The continuous training of the fleet helped him during the Second World War in difficult conditions not only not to lose his positions, but also to defeat the enemy. Naval pilots, submariners and marines worked as a well-coordinated mechanism, creating the maritime glory of Russia.

Now our fleet is developing, improving its skills, and is armed with the most modern equipment.

Traditions

On the Day of the Foundation of the Russian Navy, everyone who is related to this responsible profession receives congratulations and awards. But most of the sailors spend this day in the workplace. On ships, the Andreevsky flag is raised and ceremonial formations take place. The authorities express their gratitude for the service.