"fought like a beast, bit six to death" Basil dirty in captivity of the Crimean Tatars. Correspondence of Ivan the Terrible with Vasily dirty Vaska dirty

13.09.2020

He came from an humble noble family. Vasily Gryaznoy's father, Grigory Vasilievich Gryaznoy-Ilyin, was in the service of Prince Andrei Ivanovich Staritsky from 1519. Vasily Grigorievich began his career in the service of the Staritsa princes. Was, according to Ivan the Terrible, "there is little that is not in the kennel" at Prince Yu. A. Peninsky in Aleksin. After joining Aleksin to the oprichniki possessions in 1566, he entered the royal service, was enrolled in the guardsmen. From that moment began his unprecedented rise. During a campaign in Livonia in 1567, he was among the heads in the sovereign's regiment. In 1568, together with Athanasius Vyazemsky and Malyuta Skuratov, he took part in attacks on the houses of noble people and the abduction of their wives, sanctioned by the tsar. Together with Malyuta Skuratov, he took part in the trial and massacre of the appanage prince Vladimir Andreevich Staritsky. By 1570, he occupied a leading position in the leadership of the oprichnina. Possessing a vivid imagination and a peculiar sense of humor, Gryaznoy liked the tsar, who brought the guardsman closer to the throne. Under 1570, there is a mention that Gryaznoy held the rank of duma nobleman "from the oprichnina." In 1571 he was among the nobles of the sovereign's camp, who participated in the campaign of the tsarist troops against Serpukhov.

In November 1571, he was not invited to the wedding of the tsar with Marfa Sobakina. Since that time, his role at court began to gradually decline. A relative of the favorite, Grigory Menshoy Gryaznoy, who served as head and judge of the oprichny Zemsky court in Moscow, was killed, and his son was burned alive. After the death of Tsaritsa Marfa Sobakina and the abolition of the oprichnina, Gryaznoy's position was shaken. In 1573, during a campaign against Paida, together with Malyuta Skuratov, he was sent to attack in the breach of the fortress. During the attack, Malyuta Skuratov was killed. After that, Gryaznoy and his relatives were removed from the Oprichnina Duma, and Gryaznoy himself was appointed to the voivodeship in Narva, and from there to Donets. During steppe reconnaissance on the Crimean border, he was taken prisoner by the Tatars. While in captivity, he corresponded with Ivan the Terrible. The Tatars wanted to exchange Gryaznoy for the Crimean commander Divey Murza, who was in Russian captivity, or receive a huge ransom of 100,000 rubles. Despite Gryaznoy's requests for release, expressed by him in his first letter to the tsar, he was redeemed only in 1577 for 2,000 rubles.

Correspondence of Gryazny and Grozny is also of interest to historians.

Literature

R. G. Skrynnikov. Ivan groznyj . - LLC "AST Publishing House", 2001. - 480 p. - (Historical Library).

S. Yu. Shokarev. Correspondence of Ivan IV the Terrible with Vasily Gryazny and Russian-Crimean Relations in the Second Quarter of the 16th Century. - M ., 2000. - (Historical and journalistic almanac "Moscow-Crimea").

Categories:

Personalities in alphabetical order
Oprichnina
Russian writers of the 16th century
Writers of Russia of the 16th century
Epistolographers
Crimean Khanate

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See what "Dirty, Vasily Grigorievich" is in other dictionaries:

Gryaznoy Vasily Grigorievich- Dirty (Vasily Grigorievich), a nobleman from those who live with the sovereign from the boyars, appears among the favorites and pitchers of Ivan the Terrible from 1560 and takes part in his orgies. In 1568, he participated in an attack on the houses of noble people and ... ... Biographical Dictionary

Gryaznoy, Vasily Grigorievich- nobleman, temporary Ivan the Terrible. (Polovtsov) ... Big biographical encyclopedia

Gryaznoy Vasily Grigorievich- a nobleman from those who live with the sovereign from the boyars, appears among the favorites and pitchers of Ivan the Terrible since 1560 and takes part in his orgies. In 1568, he participated in the attack on the houses of noble people and the abduction of their wives, who later ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary F. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Dirty- Dirty, Vasily Grigorievich Vasily Grigorievich Dirty nobleman, guardsman and one of Ivan the Terrible's associates. He came from an humble noble family. The father of Vasily Gryaznoy, Grigory Vasilyevich Gryaznoy Ilyin, since 1519 was on ... ... Wikipedia

In November 1571, he was not invited to the wedding of the tsar with Marfa Sobakina. Since that time, his role at court began to gradually decline. A relative of the favorite, Grigory Menshoy Gryaznoy, who served as head and judge of the oprichny Zemsky court in Moscow, was killed, and his son was burned alive. After the death of Tsaritsa Marfa Sobakina and the abolition of the oprichnina, Gryaznoy's position was shaken. In 1573, during a campaign against Paida, together with Malyuta Skuratov, he was sent to attack in the breach of the fortress. During the attack, Malyuta Skuratov was killed. After that, Gryaznoy and his relatives were removed from the Oprichnina Duma, and Gryaznoy himself was appointed to the voivodeship in Narva, and from there to Donets. During steppe reconnaissance on the Crimean border, he was taken prisoner by the Tatars. While in captivity, he corresponded with Ivan the Terrible. The Tatars wanted to exchange Gryaznoy for the Crimean commander Divey Murza, who was in Russian captivity, or to receive a huge ransom of 100,000 rubles. Despite Gryaznoy's requests for release, expressed by him in his first letter to the tsar, he was redeemed only in 1577 for 2,000 rubles.

Correspondence of Gryazny and Grozny is also of interest to historians.

Literature

Skrynnikov R. G. Ivan groznyj . - M.: AST, 2001. - 480 p. - (Historical Library). -

Correspondence of Ivan IV the Terrible with Vasily Gryazny and Russian-Crimean relations in the second quarter of the 16th century.

From the dramatic and mysterious era of Ivan the Terrible to our time, not many written testimonies have survived. Numerous fires of the 16th-17th centuries, neglect of old documents in the 18th and even 19th centuries led to the loss of many valuable sources stored in state archives. From the private archives of that time, only grains have come down to us. Many documents, chronicles, narratives of foreigners were distorted by later scribes, published according to faulty or incomplete lists, which makes it very difficult to work with them. All the more valuable are sources that have been preserved, if not in their original form, then close to the original and representing a coherent text, and not fragments or retelling of a later author. Among them is the unique correspondence of Tsar Ivan the Terrible with the oprichny duma nobleman Vasily Grigorievich Gryazny. It consists of three letters. The first is a letter from Ivan the Terrible to V.G. Dirty, who was in the Crimean captivity. It is a response to the unpreserved first letter of Gryaznoy to the Tsar, but by the content of the Tsar’s answer, one can, in general, judge what “Vasyuk the Polonian” wrote for the first time. The other two are the letters of Vasily Gryaznoy - in response to the tsar's message and "message", with a message about the events taking place in the Crimea and his role in these events. The correspondence was preserved as part of the Crimean embassy books and was first introduced into scientific circulation by N.M. Karamzin. However, the complete and currently the only edition was carried out only in 1922 by P.A. Sadikov.

Unlike the famous correspondence between Ivan the Terrible and Prince Andrei Mikhailovich Kurbsky, which was intended for a wide audience, the correspondence with Vasily Gryazny is private. This attracted scientists who sought in the writings of both authors a reflection of their views and positions expressed in a private dialogue between the sovereign and the subject. At the same time, the main attention was paid to the perception by the tsar and the guardsman of the absolutist ideology of Grozny. We carefully considered the style of the works, first of all, the tsar's epistle, which depicts the diversity of Ivan the Terrible as a writer. At the same time, Gryaznoy's letters remained, as it were, in the shadows. If the message of Ivan the Terrible to Vasily Gryazny after the publication of P.A. Sadikov was repeatedly reprinted, then the first letter of V.G. Gryaznogo was re-released twice, and the second - once. Accordingly, the Crimean theme was practically not studied during the analysis of this correspondence, and there are still great opportunities here.

Oprichnik Vasily Grigorievich Gryaznoy is a well-known figure in the political history of Russia in the 16th century. According to the pedigree of the painting of the Gryaznys, filed on May 18, 1686, with the Chamber of Genealogical Affairs under the Discharge Order, their ancestor “Stenya” left for Russia from Venice. A similar beginning is typical for the vast majority of noble genealogies submitted to the Razryad. Further, generational painting, starting from the 15th century, already sets out quite plausible information. The Rostov boyar Ilya Borisovich is shown as the grandson of the legendary "Stenya", whose activities can be traced according to the documents of the Gryazny family archive, submitted by them to the Discharge. Most likely, even his father Boris moved from the service of the Rostov princes to the service of Vasily I Dmitrievich. Ilya Borisovich served the Grand Dukes Vasily II and Ivan III and repeatedly received letters of grant from them for estates and duties in Rostov and other lands. In 1480, he participated in the embassy of the Rostov Archbishop Vassian to the rebellious brothers of Ivan III, Andrei Uglitsky and Boris Volotsky. The descendants of the boyar Ilya Borisovich served in the destinies. His grandson Grigory Vasilyevich Gryaznoy-Ilyin served initially to Dmitry Ivanovich Uglitsky, then Vasily III, and in 1519 he was already in the service of Prince Andrei Ivanovich Staritsky. Thus, Ivan the Terrible greatly exaggerated when speaking about the artistry of the Gryaznys and calling people like Vasily Gryaznoy "sufferers." The Gryazny-Iliny family belonged to the number of descendants of fairly large feudal lords, who were pushed aside from power by service in appanages.

In the service of the Staritsky princes, the young Vasily Grigorievich, the son of Grigory Vasilyevich, also began his career. Ivan the Terrible directly points to this in his message: “And if you would remember your majesty and your father, the fatherland in Oleksin - otherwise they would go to the villages, and you in the village near Peninsky were little other than hunters with dogs.” Aleksin until 1566 was in the inheritance of Prince Vladimir Andreevich Staritsky. Judging by the words of the tsar, the young Vasily Gryaznoy was “little that was not in the kennels” of the boyar and the butler of the old prince princes, Prince Yu.A. Peninsky, who was in charge of the stanitsa service. Together with Aleksin, V.G. also moved to the royal service. Dirty and, apparently, was immediately enrolled in the guardsmen. In 1566, he was among the guarantors for the oprichny governors of Prince. I.P. Okhlyabinin and Z.I. Ochin-Pleshcheev. In the Livonian campaign of 1567, Vasily Gryaznoy was one of the leaders in the sovereign's regiment. Together with him, the future outstanding figures of the oprichnina - M. Skuratov and R.V. Alferiev. Soon Gryaznoy entered the tsar's closest circle of oprichnina. June 19, 1568, together with the gunsmith Prince. A.I. Vyazemsky and Malyuta Skuratov Gryaznoy was sent by the tsar to take away the wives and daughters of servicemen and merchants of the zemshchina. Numerous descriptions by foreign contemporaries of the violence and depravity that reigned at the court of Ivan the Terrible leave no doubt that both the tsar himself and the executors of his will took part in the orgy that ensued. In the same year, Vasily Gryaznoy, like other "principles of the tsar", opposed Metropolitan Philip, who demanded the abolition of the oprichnina, "I am trying to expel him from the throne." In 1569, together with Malyuta Skuratov, Gryaznoy took an active part in the "trial" and reprisals against Prince Vladimir Staritsky and his family.

By 1570 V.G. Gryaznoy and M. Skuratov took a leading position in the oprichnina leadership. They managed to topple the former oprichnina leadership in the person of A.D. and F.A. Basmanov and Prince. A.I. Vyazemsky. In 1570, Vasily Gryaznoy is mentioned in the rank of a duma nobleman "from the oprichnina". A joker, a joker, a desperate man who did not disdain anything in the execution of royal orders, Gryaznoy came to the court of Ivan the Terrible. The correspondence between the tsar and the oprichnik resurrects before us the atmosphere of fun and a kind of "black" humor that reigned in the oprichnina, well known from other sources. However, the favor of V.G. Dirty was short-lived. In September 1571, he was mentioned among the nobles in the royal camp in the royal campaign to Serpukhov. But in November 1571 he was not invited to the royal wedding with Martha Sobakina. In the campaign against Paida in the spring of 1572, Gryaznoy, like Skuratov, was among the nobles "of the boyars." But after the death of Malyuta, who died under the walls of Paida, Gryaznoy and his relatives were expelled from the Oprichnina Duma. V.F. Oshanin-Ilyin was appointed to the province in Paidu, then arrested, taken to Moscow and executed. G.B. Gryaznoy and N.G. Gryaznoi were executed, with the latter being burned alive. Vasily Gryaznoy was assigned to Narva, and from there he was sent to the voivodeship to the Donets with his head Vasily Aleksandrovich Stepanov. In this service, during reconnaissance in the steppe, V.G. Dirty and was captured by the Tatars.

Upon learning that a duma nobleman and close associate of the tsar had been captured by them, the Tatars decided to exchange him for the famous Crimean commander Divey-Murza, who was captured in the Battle of Molodi on July 30, 1572, or to give him for a huge ransom - 100,000 rubles. The content of these requirements was conveyed by Vasily Gryaznoy in his first message. This letter provoked a rebuke from the tsar, written, in the words of Gryaznoy, "cruelly and mercifully." N.M. Karamzin believed that in this letter the tsar was mocking his former favorite. According to P.A. Sadikov, there was nothing mocking in Grozny's letter. The tsar scolded and taught Gryaznoy like a child, but at the same time he took care of him: he sent a salary and through the messenger I. Myasoedov ordered to convey to the captive, “that the sovereign granted his son an estate and ordered to arrange a monetary salary; and for Vasya, the sovereign will grant payback to give orders up to a thousand and up to one and a half and up to two thousand rubles, and more (b) that Vasya will pay off for myself without giving, but there is no Polonian in Moscow that verst, like Vasya ... ". The same point of view was held by S.B. Veselovsky, pointing out the business nature of the letter and the fact that the promise to give 2,000 rubles for Gryazny was a great favor.

Other scholars paid great attention to Grozny's style, noting the hidden dialogue in the tsar's message and his typical style of ironic questions. The letter to Gryaznoy reflected Ivan the Terrible's ability to adapt to the style of the addressee; of all royal writings it contains largest number spacious turns. According to D.S. Likhachev, the style of the tsar's message to Gryaznoy "resurrects the tone of a cheerful joke that was adopted between them at the table, but in a completely different environment for Dirty, ... thanks to which Ivan the Terrible's playful tone turns into sinister irony" . The presence of evil irony in the royal letter to Gryaznoy is undeniable. However, one should not forget the noted P.A. Sadikov the fact that Ivan the Terrible at the same time encouraged his former favorite, saying that he had taken care of his family and sending him a salary. The unprecedented demand of the “sufferer” Vasyushka Gryazny to exchange him for one of the best Crimean commanders Divey-Murza, combined with the fact that by the time Gryaznoy was actually in disgrace, could lead to other consequences. So, in 1566, Ivan the Terrible sent back to Lithuania the polonyaniki of the boyar children V. Rzhevsky and I. Norovaty because “those sufferers promised exchange for themselves not according to their verst, but were called ... boyars ...”.

The style and content of Vasily Gryaznoy's letter is no less interesting than Grozny's. The guardsman's letter is a lengthy response to all the tsar's accusations, which is similar to the traditions of the tsar's correspondence with Kurbsky, in which the authors maintained a constant dialogue. In addition to the fact that V.G. Gryaznoy firmly rejects all the tsar's accusations and shows himself to be a faithful and zealous servant of his, not sparing his life for the sovereign, it is noteworthy that he uses the metaphors proposed by Grozny for his answers. So, to the sarcastic comparison of Grozny with a hare hunt, which reminds the guardsman of his early service in huntsmen (“you expected that you went on a detour with dogs for hares - even the Crimeans tied you up in a torok”), Vasily Gryaznoy opposes his desperate resistance: “Yes, a hare , sovereign, not a single dog will bite, but the tongue, your serf, has been bitten by a man over himself to death, and twenty and two wounded. Another ironic prick of the tsar’s message: “Did you expect that it’s the same in the Crimea, like I’m standing for food jokes?”, The guardsman transforms it into a completely different plane, comparing his service as a joker and a joker with the service of a warrior and the suffering of a captive: “I was joking , your serf, at your place, sovereign, at the table amuses you, sovereign, - and now I am dying for God and for you, sovereign, and for your princes. This circumstance was noted by D.S. Likhachev, who wrote: “Reading the correspondence between Vasyutka Gryazny and Ivan the Terrible, you forget that both were separated by a huge distance for that time, that letters were delivered with difficulty and reached after many months. Before us is a free conversation, like a recorded conversation: a master of dashing fun, a joker and a joker, a “temporary” person - and a king, poisonous, cruelly ironic, who knew how to play a role and play a simple and fair person.

Special attention I have always been attracted by the apology for the absolutism of Ivan the Terrible, contained in the message of Gryaznoy: "You, sovereign, are like a God, both small and great." These words carry a direct roll call with Grozny: “And I am free to pay my lackeys, but they are also free to execute ...”. In these words, Gryaznoy saw both the baseness of his soul (N.M. Karamzin), and the ideology of the bulk of the nobility, who were entirely dependent on the sovereign and sought to replace the traitorous boyars (V.O. Klyuchevsky), and outward respect, combined with a feeling dignity(V.B. Kobrin), and the servile trick of the favorite who fell into disfavor (R.G. Skrynnikov). It is hardly necessary to evaluate these words as something special. Such a view was typical of the service masses of the second half of the 16th century. Many parochial formulas (let us recall that for a long time, thanks to V.O. Klyuchevsky, localism was considered the support of the aspirations and ideology of the noble boyars) of the 16th-17th centuries. almost textologically repeat the words of Gryaznoy. “God is free in this, yes the sovereign: whom he will do great, let him do little,” said the most noble Gediminovich boyar, Prince, in 1584. T.R. Trubetskoy.

Gryaznoy's first letter contains a small amount of information regarding the Crimea. Perhaps the most important of them is the message about the famine in the Crimea: “and bread is expensive - three thousand batmans (a measure of weight - S.Sh.) - and they won’t get to buy, and the animal died out and the horses died out and they won’t get dead ".

The second, “message”, letter from V.G. Gryaznoy, received in Moscow simultaneously with the first, on March 24, 1576, already contains more information regarding the history of the Crimean Khanate and Russian-Crimean relations. However, before proceeding to their consideration, attention should be paid to the position of Vasily Gryaznoy in the Crimea. Gryaznoy himself repeatedly wrote that he was in very difficult conditions - in “kadams” (shackles), hunger and nakedness. This was not entirely true. The high rank of Gryaznoy contributed to the fact that the Crimeans did not keep him as a simple prisoner. Moreover, Khan Devlet-Girey, pinning certain hopes on Gryaznoy's stay in the Crimea, his profitable exchange or ransom, allowed the Polonyanik to diplomatic negotiations with Moscow envoys and messengers. This also coincided with the plans of Gryazny himself, who tried with all his might to show "a direct service." In 1577, unexpectedly for the Moscow messengers, E.L. Rzhevsky and I. Myasoedov, Vasily Gryaznoy was with them at the reception of the Khan and was, along with everyone else, granted the “Golden Atlas”. Polonyanik aspired to play the role of a supernumerary diplomat, in which he was supported by the Crimean court. In the “message” letter, Gryaznoy reported that the khan consulted with him about the conditions for concluding peace between Moscow and the Crimea: “is it at the commemoration, dei, or, dei, in Kazan and Astrakhan?” To which Gryaznoy, in his words, resolutely rejected the idea of surrendering Kazan and Astrakhan and confirmed that the tsar "had a Miritsa at the wake." Probably, the diplomatic activity of Gryaznoy was not limited to the described case. She received the approval of the khan, who was going to let the Polonian go, "granting a dress ... because he had taken a good deed upon himself."

In Moscow, unauthorized intervention by V.G. Gryazny in the diplomatic sphere, on the contrary, caused deep displeasure. Ivan the Terrible wrote to the khan in 1578 that "Vasya Gryaznoy is a Polonian and a young man, and between us he does such great deeds and is unsuitable for such things." In the order to the envoy to the Crimea, Prince. The tsar ordered V. Mosalsky to tell Gryazny, if he tries to interfere in the course of negotiations, “what a fool he is - who ordered him to be in that case.”

In addition, Gryaznoy sought to play the role of the tsarist informant and maintained contacts with Moscow diplomats in the Crimea. The mention in his first letter that he had previously sent three letters to the king is not entirely clear. P.A. Sadikov considered this a fiction of the author, pointing out that the surviving letter is a detailed response to the royal message. Another aspect of Gryaznoy's activities in the Crimea was establishing contacts with other Russian Polonians. He twice mentions the polonyaniki, the boyar children, who "were with him." Another polonyanik, serf book. I.F. Mstislavsky Kostya, lived with Gryaznoy for five weeks. Vasily Gryaznoy also tried to convey the Crimean news to the tsar through Polonyaniki, however, not entirely successfully. The news conveyed by him about the impending raid of the khan "on the sovereign's ukraine blue ice' turned out to be false. The tsar ordered that the Polonians who had conveyed this news be imprisoned "for theft." It is known that Gryaznoy contributed to the ransom of Polonyaniki. In 1578 Prince Mustafa wrote to Moscow that V.G. Gryaznoy vouched for four boyar children in 440 rubles and asked to pay this money, but was refused.

Ultimately, the unauthorized diplomatic activity of Vasily Gryazny not only harmed him in the eyes of the Moscow government, but also served as the reason for his detention in captivity after reaching an agreement in principle on his ransom for 2000 rubles on March 10, 1577.

It is in the light of this that Gryaznoy's "message" letter should be considered. We have mentioned above Gryaznoy's valuable testimony regarding the demands of the Khans of Kazan and Astrakhan. On the Russian side, this clause of the peace terms was resolutely rejected after the defeat of Devlet Giray under Molodi in 1572, however, the Crimean Khan did not want to part with the idea of establishing his dominance in Kazan and Astrakhan. Another important evidence of Gryaznoy is the desire of Murad III to depose Devlet-Girey and establish his father-in-law from the dynasty of Astrakhan khans in the Crimea. However, Gryaznoy's well-known penchant for exaggeration and ability to convey disinformation make one cautious about this news. The historian of the Crimean Khanate V.D. Smirnov did not know this fact. In his work, he wrote that Devlet Giray had friendly relations with Murad III.

The peculiar position of a Polonian diplomat, which V.G. Dirty in the Crimea, was not something exceptional. The practice of Russian-Crimean diplomatic relations in the 16th-17th centuries. knows many examples when ambassadors were robbed, imprisoned and even tortured. At the same time, the Crimea was not an alien, unknown land for the Russians. Trade relations with the Crimea and Turkey were established already in the second half of the 15th century. A large number of Russians were captured in the Crimea. The position of the Polonians was different - some were sold to galleys in Turkey and other countries, others were used as labor, tortured, and kept in prisons. But there were also those who sought a better position and did not want to return to Russia. Many of them "besurmanized" - converted to Islam. Special agreements (albeit not always respected) between the Moscow sovereign and the Crimean khan guaranteed immunity to merchants and people who came to the Crimea to search for and ransom their relatives.

Vasily Gryazny, most likely, was never destined to return to his homeland. Khan reported that he was going to release Gryaznoy after the ransom, giving him gifts, but decided to detain him until "how big your ambassadors are." Possibly, at the last moment, the khan decided to extract some benefit from Gryaznoy's further stay in the Crimea. From that moment on, the news about Vasily Gryaznoy disappears from the documents and his further fate is unclear. However, his lively voice is conveyed to us by archival documents containing evidence of many dramatic destinies of people in the distant 16th century.

Notes

1. RGDA. F.123 (Relations with Crimea) No. 14. Ll.214ob-217ob.
2. Sadikov P.A. Tsar and Oprichnik (Ivan the Terrible and Vasily Gryaznoy and their correspondence 1574-1576 // Century. Part 1. Pg. 1922. P. 73-78.
3. Sadikov P.A. Essays on the history of the oprichnina. M;L, 1950.S.530,531; Messages of Ivan the Terrible / Preparatory work. text by D.S. Likhachev and Ya.S. Lurie. Ed. Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR V.P. Andrianova-Peretz. M; L, 1950. S. 193, 194, 370, 371; Message from Ivan the Terrible to Vasily Gryaznoy / Preparatory work. text and notes by Ya.S. Lurie.
4. Sadikov P.A. Essays on the history of the oprichnina. pp.532-539; Messages of Ivan the Terrible ... S.566-569
5. Baranov K.V. New evidence of the rebellion of the specific princes and the role of Rostov in the events of 1480//History and culture of the Rostov land. 1992. Rostov 1993. P. 119-128; Baranov K.V. Rostov ancestors of the oprichnik//History and culture of the Rostov land. 1993. Rostov, 1994. P. 80-85; Antonov A.V. Genealogical paintings of the end of the 17th century. M., 1996. S. 139, 140.
6. Biographical information about Gryaznoy are contained in the following works: Sadikov P.A. Tsar and oprichnik. pp.43-57; Veselovsky S.B. Studies on the history of the oprichnina. M., 1963. S. 214,215; Skrynnikov R.G. The reign of terror SPb., 1992 S. 377, 438; Baranov K.V. Gryaznoy Vasily Grigorievich// National history. History of Russia from ancient times to 1917. T.1 S.648, 649.
7. Bit book 1475-1598 / Preparing. text input. Art. and ed. IN AND. Bulganov. Rep. ed. Academician M.N. Tikhomirov. M. 1966. P. 228 (hereinafter RK 1475-1598).
8. Roginsky M.G. Message of Johann Taube and Elert Kruse//Russian Historical Journal. Pg. 1922. Book 8. S.41,42.
9. Staden G. About Moscow of Ivan the Terrible. Notes of a German oprichnik / Per. and entry.Art. I.I. Stripe. M., 1925. S.97.
10. RK 1475-1598. P.250.
11. Sadikov P.A. Decree op. p.54
12. Veselovsky S.B. Decree op. P.215.
13. Schmidt S.O. Notes on the language of the messages of Ivan the Terrible // Proceedings of the Department of Old Russian Literature. T.XIV. M.; L., 1958. S. 260; Likhachev D.S., Panchenko A.M., Ponyrko N.V. Laugh Ancient Russia. L., 1984. S.34,35.
14. Collection of Russian historical society. T.71. S.460, 461.
15. Likhachev D.S. The style of Ivan the Terrible and the style of Kurbsky’s works (the tsar and the “traitor to the sovereign” // Correspondence of Ivan the Terrible and Andrei Kurbsky / Text prepared by Y.S. Lurie and Yu.D. Rykov. M., 1993. S. 195.
16. Correspondence of Ivan the Terrible and Andrei Kurbsky. P.26.
17. Klyuchevsky V.O. Boyar Duma of Ancient Russia. M., 1994. C.377,338
18. Kobrin V.G. Ivan groznyj. S. 153.
19. Skrynnikov R.G. Decree. op. S. 439.
20. Schmidt S.O. At the origins of Russian absolutism. Study of the socio-political history of the time of Ivan the Terrible. M., 1996. P.361.
21. Sadikov P.A. Decree op. pp.54-56.
22. Sadikov P.A. Decree op. P.72.
23. Sadikov P.A. Decree op. S.69,70.
24. Smirnov V.D. Crimean Khanate under the rule of the Ottoman port until early XVIII century. SPb., 1887. P. 436.
25. Berezhkov M.N. Russian captives and slaves in the Crimea / Proceedings of the VI Archaeological Congress in Odessa (1884). T.II. Odessa. 1888. S.355-359; Schmidt S.O. Russian polonyaniki in the Crimea and the system of their redemption in the middle of the 16th century. Novoselsky. M., 1961. S.30-34.
26. Sadikov P.A. Decree op. p.56
27. Son V.G. Gryaznoy - Timofei Vasilievich - was one of the prominent figures of the Time of Troubles. In 1600 was a bailiff at the disgraced prince. I.V. Svitsky. In 1609 participated in failed attempt to overthrow Tsar Vasily Shuisky from the throne, then fled to Tushino. He swore allegiance to Prince Vladislav and received from him the rank of okolnichi, but after the liberation of Moscow from the Poles, he was deprived of okolnichestvo and lands granted to him by False Dmitry II and Prince Vladislav. No less famous is the fourth cousin of T.V. Dirty - Mikhail Molchanov - warlock and favorite of False Dmitry I; one of the authors of the intrigue of False Dmitry II. In 1609 received the rank of roundabout from False Dmitry II, then served the Poles and was killed by the rebellious Muscovites in 1611. S.B. Veselovsky points to the vitality of the traditions of political adventurism in the Gryazny family - in 1634. son T.V. Dirty Boris changed and fled from Smolensk to Lithuania (Veselovsky S.B. Decree. Op. P. 216). Rod V.G. Gryaznoy apparently came to an end with the death of his great-grandson Ivan Vasilievich, whose sister Stepanida was married to a devious prince. Yu.N. Baryatinsky, who distinguished himself in suppressing the uprising of Stepan Razin. Another line of the family is the descendants of the guardsman G.B. Gryaznoy - in 1824. were included in the sixth part of the genealogical book of the Tver province.

Library “Chalcedon”

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Ivan the Terrible's message to Vasily Gryazny

From the Tsar and Grand Duke Ivan Vasilyevich of All Russia to Vasily Grigorievich Gryazny-Ilyin

You wrote that you were taken prisoner for your sins; So

it was necessary, Vasyushka, without a way among the Crimean uluses do not drive around; and as soon as he drove in, it was not necessary as at hunting trip to sleep: did you think that in a roundabout places came with dogs for hares, and the Crimeans you were strapped to the saddle. Or did you think that in the Crimea you can joke just like me, standing behind a meal? Crimeans do not sleep like you, but you, sissies, know how catch; they do not say, having reached a foreign land: "It's time to go home!" If the Crimeans were such women as you, then they wouldn’t even be across the river, not only in Moscow.

You proclaimed yourself a great man, is it true?

it happened for my sins (and how can we hide it?), that our princes and boyars and our father began to betray us, and we brought you, lackeys, closer, wanting service from you and truth. And would you remember your and your father's greatness in Aleksin - such people went there in the villages, and you are in the village near Peninsky was almost in the hunters with dogs, and your ancestors served with the Rostov archbishops. And we do not lock ourselves up, that you are close to us was . And for the sake of your approach, we will give two thousand rubles, and until now there have been such fifty rubles; but one hundred thousand ransoms are not taken for anyone except sovereigns and they are not given such a ransom for anyone except sovereigns. And if you declared yourself a small person, - for you would not be asked in exchange for Divey. About Divey though king and says that he is a small man, but does not want to take a hundred thousand rubles for you instead of Divey: Divey to him one hundred thousand rubles more; for the son of Diveev, he is his daughter gave out; and the Nagai prince and the Murzas are all his brothers ; Divey had plenty of his own, like you, Vasya. Besides as there was no one to change for Prince Semyon Punkov Diveya; except perhaps if it was necessary to get the prince Mikhail Vasilyevich Glinsky, could it exchange; and at the present time there is no one on Diveya change. You, coming out of captivity, do not bring so much Tatars and not capture how many Christians Divey will captivate. And after all, to exchange you for Divey is not for the benefit of Christianity - to the detriment of Christianity: you alone will be free and, having arrived, you will lie down because of your injury, and Divey, having arrived, will begin to fight, and several hundred better Christians will captivate you. What will be in that benefit?

If you promised out of your mind and valued yourself beyond measure,

how can you give so much? To measure with such an incorrect measure means not to help Christianity, but to ruin Christianity. And if there is an exchange or a ransom according to your measure, and then we will take pity on you. If from pride you will become against Christianity, then Christ is your enemy! Translation by Ya. S. Lurie
Grigorievich Gryaznoy-Ilyin, an oprichnik and close associate of Ivan the Terrible (1530-1584), sent in 1573 by the governor to the Donets to repel the attack of the Crimean Tatars (the Russian-Crimean border passed along the Donets), was soon captured by them, from where he wrote a letter to the tsar with a ransom request (the text of which has not been preserved). In the autumn of 1574, Vasily received a response from the sovereign through the messenger Ivan Myasoedov with a decisive refusal to redeem him or exchange him for the Crimean commander Divey-Murza, who was captured by the Russians (1572). IN 1 577 Gryaznoy was ransomed for a moderate amount, but his further fate is unknown. The "Message" is riddled with caustic sarcasm and crude cruel humor.

This refers to the campaign of the Crimean Khan Devlet Giray (d. 1577) in 1571, when he captured and burned Moscow

The princes Peninsky-Obolensky served the closest relatives of the king

–Andrei Ivanovich and Vasily Andreevich Staritsky, who also owned the city of Aleksin

Khan Divey came from the Nogai clan of Mansurs and was in close relationship with the Khan and the Murzas (higher feudal lords)

Nogai Horde, which occupied the territory between the Middle and Lower Volga and the river Yaik (Ural). Nogai–Turkic people, part of which was subordinate to the Crimean Khan

In November 1571, he was not invited to the wedding of the tsar with Marfa Sobakina. Since that time, his role at court began to gradually decline. A relative of the favorite, Grigory Menshoy Gryaznoy, who served as head and judge of the oprichny Zemsky court in Moscow, was killed, and his son was burned alive. After the death of Tsaritsa Marfa Sobakina and the abolition of the oprichnina, Gryaznoy's position was shaken. In 1573, during a campaign against Paida, together with Malyuta Skuratov, he was sent to attack in the breach of the fortress. During the attack, Malyuta Skuratov was killed. After that, Gryaznoy and his relatives were removed from the Oprichnina Duma, and Gryaznoy himself was appointed to the voivodeship in Narva, and from there to Donets. During steppe reconnaissance on the Crimean border, he was taken prisoner by the Tatars. While in captivity, he corresponded with Ivan the Terrible. The Tatars wanted to exchange Gryaznoy for the Crimean commander Divey Murza, who was in Russian captivity, or to receive a huge ransom of 100,000 rubles. Despite Gryaznoy's requests for release, expressed by him in his first letter to the tsar, he was redeemed only in 1577 for 2,000 rubles.

Correspondence of Gryazny and Grozny is also of interest to historians.

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Literature

R. G. Skrynnikov.. - LLC "AST Publishing House", 2001. - 480 p. - (Historical Library).

S. Yu. Shokarev.. - M ., 2000. - (Historical and journalistic almanac "Moscow-Crimea").

An excerpt characterizing Gryaznoy, Vasily Grigorievich

- You hear me, you can talk to her ... - the stranger answered.
- Who should I talk to? I asked.
“With my baby,” was the answer.
Her name was Veronica. And, as it turned out, this sad and so beautiful woman died of cancer almost a year ago, when she was only thirty years old, and her little six-year-old daughter, who thought that her mother had abandoned her, did not want to forgive her for this and still suffered very deeply from this. Veronica's son was too small when she died and did not understand that his mother would never return again ... and that at night now other people's hands would always lay him down, and some stranger would sing his favorite lullaby to him ... But he was still too young and had no idea how much pain such a cruel loss could bring. But with his six-year-old sister, things were completely different ... That's why this sweet woman could not calm down and just leave while her little daughter suffered so unchildishly and deeply ...
– How can I find it? I asked.
"I'll take you," whispered the reply.
Only then did I suddenly notice that when she moved, her body easily seeped through furniture and other solid objects, as if it was woven from a dense fog ... I asked if it was difficult for her to be here? She said - yes, because it was high time for her to leave ... I also asked if it was scary to die? She said that it’s not scary to die, it’s more scary to watch those you leave behind, because there is so much more I want to tell them, but, unfortunately, nothing can be changed ... I felt very sorry for her, so sweet, but helpless, and so unfortunate... And I really wanted to help her, but, unfortunately, I didn't know how?
The next day, I calmly returned home from my girlfriend, with whom we usually played the piano together (since I didn’t have my own at that time). Suddenly, feeling some strange internal push, I, for no apparent reason, turned in the opposite direction and walked along a completely unfamiliar street ... I didn’t walk for long until I stopped at a very pleasant house, completely surrounded by a flower garden. There, inside the yard, on a small playground, sat a sad, completely tiny girl. She looked more like a miniature doll than a living child. Only this "doll" for some reason was infinitely sad ... She sat completely motionless and looked indifferent to everything, as if at that moment the world simply didn't exist for her.
“Her name is Alina,” a familiar voice whispered inside me, “please talk to her…
I went to the gate and tried to open it. The feeling was not pleasant - as if I forcibly broke into someone's life without asking permission. But then I thought about how unhappy poor Veronica must have been and decided to take a chance. The little girl looked up at me with her huge, sky-blue eyes, and I saw that they were filled with such a deep longing that this tiny child simply should not have had yet. I approached her very carefully, afraid to frighten her away, but the girl was not going to be frightened at all, she only looked at me with surprise, as if asking what I needed from her.