An armed army consisting of noble cavalry was called. Presentation on obzh on the topic "the history of the creation of the armed forces"

08.05.2020

The troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, designed to protect state facilities and perform other tasks assigned to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, are called

Troops intended for the restoration, construction, operation, barrier and technical cover of railways used to provide military transportation are called
(answer in the nominative case)
Troops assigned to guard state border RF on land, sea, rivers, lakes and other bodies of water are called
(answer in the nominative case)
In the regular army of Peter I, the role of the disciplinary charter was performed by
The first set of fundamental rights, duties and norms of behavior for soldiers of the Red Army was
In what year did the term "internal troops" appear? (answer in numbers)
The complexes of the railway troops include:
V early XVIII v. in Russia, permanent, regular, national Armed Forces were created, consisting of three types of troops:
At the beginning of the XVIII century. Peter I creates the regular Russian Armed Forces (army and navy) on the basis of ___________ duty
In accordance with federal law"On Defense" other troops include:
What were the military reforms of Ivan IV in the middle of the 16th century?
First in ground forces there were two types of troops: ___________ and infantry
At the beginning, there were two types of troops in the ground forces: cavalry and __________
Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs Russian Federation intended for:
The navy is divided according to the branches of forces into:
Troops federal agency government communications and information under the President of the Russian Federation are designed to ensure ___________________ security
Troops specially designed to solve the problems of eliminating the consequences of emergency situations are called troops ________________
The armed army, consisting of noble cavalry, was called ________ army
The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation in modern conditions can be used:
A state armed organization intended for the armed protection of the national interests of a particular country is
Date of introduction of universal military service in Russia
A nobleman who was obliged to perform military service for life was called

What is the purpose of the Navy?

What is the main purpose of the ground forces?
What are the branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation?
What are the branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation?

What tasks in the field of national defense are assigned to other troops of the Russian Federation?
What goals were achieved as a result of the military reforms of 1905-1912?
How is aviation of the RF Armed Forces subdivided depending on the nature of operations and combat missions?
What are the results of the military reforms carried out at the beginning of the XVIII century. Peter I?
What was the purpose of the reforms carried out in Russia under the leadership of Minister of War D.A. Milyutin armed forces 1860–1870?
Who has the right to impose martial law on the territory of our country in the event of aggression or its direct threat?
Who is the Supreme Commander of the Russian Armed Forces?
The overall leadership of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is carried out by the Supreme Commander, who, according to Russian law, is
The main reason for the military reform carried out in the 60-70s. 19th century
The main body of operational command and control of troops and forces of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is
The main tasks of the Armed Forces are:
The basis of the Armed Forces of the Moscow State in the 16th century was:
The foundations for the creation of a permanent national army in Russia were laid
Auxiliary detachments, consisting of peasants, poorly armed and unsuitable for hostilities, were called
First regular army was created at
The first permanent state foot army in Russia, created in 1550, is ____ regiments
The first permanent units of the archers were formed during
The first Naval Charter was issued in
Infantry, armed with axes and guns, is
Under Peter I, the Russian military began to be created __________
The real threat to Russia may be:
The leadership of the Armed Forces is carried out by ____________ of the Russian Federation
The regiment of soldiers, consisting of Russian people, in which the officers were foreigners in the Russian service, was called the regiment of _______ system
The archers were on military service
Structurally, the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation consist of:
The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation are controlled by _______________________ through the Ministry of Defense and General base armed forces
A man from a peasant household, sent to military service for life, was subjected to ______ recruitment

What is typical for missile troops our country?

O military service.

WITH this time in Russia, recruiting for the army was canceled and introduced

universal military service, which extended to the male population of all classes and estates, who has reached the age of 21 years. The total service life was set at 15 years, of which 6 years were for active military service, and 9 years for being in the reserve. Special attention was given to professional development officers. The literacy of the soldiers was recognized as necessary, so teaching them to read and write became mandatory.

Main content:

Replacing recruitment service with all-class military service, creating an exchange reserve stock, establishing a military district management system (15 districts);

Allocation of the new "Regulations on the field command and control of troops

v war time", rearmament of the army with rifled small arms and artillery;

Reorganization of combat training of troops (development and introduction

v troops of new military regulations), as well as the system of officer training (replacement of cadet corps by military gymnasiums, establishment of military and cadet schools);

Permanent military courts (regimental, military district and chief) were established.

D. A. Milyutin recalled: “My most notorious enemies had to admit that the Russian army had never been so well prepared and equipped in the theater of war.” The military judicial reforms of 1860-1870 contributed to the strengthening of the Russian army.

MILITARY REFORM 1905-1912

After the defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, the government of Nicholas II took measures to revive the combat power of the Russian armed forces. This was forced by the difficult international situation.

The First World War, which began on July 19, 1914. Germany declared war on Russia, followed by France. In a matter of days after that, the main European states entered the war. The First World War became another heroic and at the same time tragic page for the history of Russia and its armed forces.

Main content:

The centralization of military control has been strengthened (a territorial recruitment system has been introduced);

The terms of service have been shortened, the officer corps has been rejuvenated;

New programs for military schools, new charters and new models of artillery pieces have been adopted;

Heavy field artillery was created, engineer troops were strengthened and material support was improved.

Year of reforms

Working with a table

Supervisor

ongoing

Ivan groznyj

YES. Milyutin

Nicholas II

Acquisition of local troops;

Centralized management and supply of the army;

Creation of the archery army.

Introduction of recruitment;

creation of a regular army;

military training;

creation of the Russian fleet.

Creation of a mobilization reserve for the duration of the war;

Professional training;

Literacy training for soldiers;

Rearmament of the army.

Strengthened the centralization of military control;

Reduced service life;

New educational programs for schools;

New samples of artillery pieces;

Improvement of material supply.

Definitions. Right answers

The first permanent parts of the archers were formed at:

The first regular army was created under:

The main reason for the military reform carried out in the 60-70s. XIX century:

Date of introduction of universal military service in Russia:

noble formations regular army archers cavalry

Ivan the Terrible Paul I

Ivan the Terrible Peter 1 Catherine II Ivan III

Defeat in Crimean War Internecine wars Victory in the Russian-Turkish war

Russo-Japanese War

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Lesson plan: Organization of the armed forces of the Muscovite state in the XIV-XV centuries. Military reform of Ivan the Terrible in the middle of the XVI century. Military reform of Peter I in the first quarter of the 18th century, the creation of a regular army and navy. Military reforms of 1860-1870 under the leadership of Minister of War D.Yu. Milyutin, their features. Military reforms in 1905-912 and their features.

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Working with the table Year of the reforms Leader of the ongoing reforms The main content of the reforms

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Work on definitions Definition The correct answer A nobleman who was obliged to perform military service for life was called ... Auxiliary detachments consisting of peasants poorly armed and unsuitable for military operations were called ... Infantry armed with axes and guns An armed army consisting of noble cavalry was called ... army Soldiers' regiment consisting of Russian people, in which foreigners were officers in the Russian service, a regiment was called ... building A man from a peasant household sent to lifelong military service was subjected to ... recruitment

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History is a powerful factor in the education of conscious patriotism. To belittle one's history, to forget it, means to spit on the graves of one's ancestors who fought for their native land... V. Pikul

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Kulikovo field, Poltava field, Borodino - fanned with the glory of Russian weapons, giving birth to the freedom and power of our country. All of them have become majestic memorials of history. At all times, the Russian people came out as a single friendly family to expel the greedy conquerors who came to our land, they were a staunch defender of their native abode - the Russian land.

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The development and formation of the Russian Armed Forces is inextricably linked with history Russian state. For many years, the Russian people constantly had to wage an armed struggle, protecting their lands from foreign invaders. In the period from the XIV to the XVII century. there is practically not a single peaceful year when it would be calm on the borders of the Russian state and it was not necessary to repulse the enemy. Therefore, the state was in constant readiness for war, and its structure corresponded to this requirement.

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Origins in our Fatherland military organization go during the reign of Ivan III the Great (1462-1505), who began the mass distribution of land allotments and estates to the servants of the princely court, as well as free people, provided they served, that is, laid the foundation for the formation of the service nobility. The efforts of Ivan III to create a strong military organization of the Russian state were continued by Ivan IV, who created one of the largest armies in Europe - 250-300 thousand people (about 3% of the population of Russia).

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Between 1550 and 1571 Ivan the Terrible carried out military reforms, which were initiated by a decree of October 3, 1550 on the division of land around Moscow by 1000 landlords who occupied key command states in the army.

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Main content: streamlining the system of recruitment and military service in the local army; organization of centralized command and control of the army; the creation of a permanent archery army; centralization of the supply system; creation of a permanent guard service on the southern border.

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The local army (noble cavalry, which constituted the main branch of the Russian army in the 15th-17th centuries) had the character of a militia. In organizational terms, it was divided into hundreds. According to the Code of Service of 1556, all fit-for-service owners of estates and estates came on a campaign with their horses, supplies and weapons and put up 1 armed warrior from every 50 acres of land they owned. Reorganized by Peter I in 1701 into regular regiments of dragoons.

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The Streltsy army is the first permanent army in the Russian state in the middle of the 16th - early 18th centuries. It was recruited from the free urban and rural non-taxable (not taxed) population, was armed with squeaks and reeds, and was ruled by governors. Organizationally, it consisted of "devices" (detachments), then orders (500-1000 people each), from 1681 - regiments, and was under the jurisdiction of the Streltsy order. In the 80s of the XVII century, it was reorganized in the image of the regiments of the "new order". It was disbanded by decree of Peter I at the beginning of the 18th century.

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The regular Russian army was created under Peter I at the beginning of the 18th century. Its creation was facilitated by the defeat of the Russian troops in 1700 near Narva in the battle with the Swedish army. Streltsy regiments and noble cavalry showed their complete helplessness. The Russian army lost over 6 thousand people and all artillery near Narva.

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Peter I introduced new system army recruitment. It began to be carried out on the principle of recruitment, when 10-20 peasant households by lot supplied one person for lifelong military service. The introduction of recruitment service allowed Peter I to significantly increase the number of permanent troops. The officer corps of the Russian army consisted of nobles, for them public service was compulsory and lifelong. To receive an officer's rank, a nobleman had to serve as a soldier in guards regiments- Preobrazhensky or Semenovsky.

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In terms of organization, armament, and combat training, the reforms of Peter I brought the Russian army to one of the first places in Europe.

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Main content: the creation of the Russian (national) regular army and navy, based on the recruiting system; the abolition of previously existing heterogeneous military formations and the introduction of the same type of organization and weapons in the infantry, cavalry and artillery; the introduction of a unified system of military training and indoctrination, regulated by regulations; centralization of military administration, replacement of orders by the Military Collegium and the Admiralty Collegium, the establishment of the post of commander-in-chief, under which a field headquarters was created headed by a quartermaster general; the opening of military schools for the training of officers and the regulation of the service of officers; carrying out military-judicial reforms.

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Transformation in the armed forces of Russia under the leadership of Minister of War D. A. Milyutin. They had the goal of creating a mass army, to eliminate the military backwardness of Russia, revealed in the Crimean War of 1853-56.

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In 1874, a new Charter on military service was approved. Since that time, Russia has abolished recruiting for the army and introduced universal military service, which extended to the male population of all classes and estates who have reached the age of 21 years. The total service life was set at 15 years, of which 6 years were for active military service, and 9 years for being in the reserve. Particular attention was paid to improving the professional training of officers. The literacy of the soldiers was recognized as necessary, so teaching them to read and write became mandatory.

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The main content: the replacement of recruitment service with all-class military service, the creation of an exchange reserve stock, the formation of a military district management system (15 districts); the allocation of a new "Regulation on the field command and control of troops in wartime", the rearmament of the army with rifled small arms and artillery; reorganization of the combat training of troops (development and introduction of new military regulations in the troops), as well as the system of officer training (replacement of cadet corps by military gymnasiums, establishment of military and cadet schools); established permanent military courts (regimental, military district and chief).

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The First World War was approaching, which began on July 19, 1914. Germany declared war on Russia, followed by France. In a matter of days after that, the main European states entered the war. The First World War became another heroic and at the same time tragic page for the history of Russia and its armed forces.

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The main content: the centralization of military command and control has been strengthened (a territorial recruitment system has been introduced); terms of service have been shortened, the officer corps has been rejuvenated; new programs for military schools, new charters and new models of artillery pieces were adopted; heavy field artillery was created, engineer troops were strengthened and material support was improved.

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Working with the table Year of reforms Leader of ongoing reforms The main content of the reforms 1550-1571 Ivan the Terrible manning the local army; centralized management and supply of the army; creation of a rifle army. 1701-1711 Peter I introduction of recruitment; creation of a regular army; military training; creation of the Russian fleet. 1864-1874 D.A. Milyutin the creation of a mobilization reserve for the duration of the war; professional training; literacy training for soldiers; rearmament of the army. 1905-1912 Nicholas II strengthened the centralization of military administration; reduced service life; adopted new educational programs for schools; new samples of artillery pieces; improvement of material supply.

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Definitions. Correct answers Definition The correct answer A nobleman who was obliged to perform military service for life was called ... SERVANT Auxiliary detachments consisting of peasants poorly armed and unsuitable for military operations were called ... MILITIES Infantry armed with axes and rifles Russian people, in which foreigners were officers in the Russian service, a regiment was called ... building a NEW Man from a peasant household sent to lifelong military service was subjected to ... recruitment

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Test yourself! The basis of the armed forces of the Moscow State in the 16th century was: noble formations regular army archers cavalry The first permanent units of archers were formed under: Ivan III Peter I Ivan the Terrible Pavel I The first regular army was created under: Ivan the Terrible Peter 1 Catherine II Ivan III reforms carried out in the 60-70s. XIX century: Defeat in the Crimean War Internecine wars Victory in the Russian-Turkish war Russian-Japanese war Date of the introduction of compulsory military service in Russia: 1918 1904 1874 1550

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Correct answers The basis of the armed forces of the Moscow State in the 16th century was: noble formations regular army archers cavalry The first permanent units of archers were formed under: Ivan III Peter I Ivan the Terrible Pavel I The first regular army was created under: Ivan the Terrible Peter 1 Catherine II Ivan III Main the reason for the military reform carried out in the 60-70s. XIX century: Defeat in the Crimean War Internecine wars Victory in the Russian-Turkish war Russian-Japanese war Date of the introduction of compulsory military service in Russia: 1918 1904 1874 1550 Literature used A.T.Smirnov, B.I.Mishin, V.A.Vasnev - "Fundamentals of life safety" Grade 10. - M., "Enlightenment, 2004. N.I. Pavlenko, I.L. Andreev, L.M. Lyashenko; ed. A.F. Kiseleva, N.I. Pavlenko - "History of Russia from ancient times to late XIX century, 10th grade. A basic level of, Proc. for educational institutions/ - M.: Bustard, 2007. Internet links http://s61.radikal.ru/i171/0810/4f/686893489f48.jpg http://www.sva-slava.ru/kartini/bubnov/Utro_na_kulikovom_pole.jpg http ://f.rodon.org/p/10/080214111434d.jpg http://vnnews.ru/static/images/2008-12/1454/4958964343b74_3.jpg http://bioserge.narod.ru/images/vasnetsov_grozny .jpg http://img.encyc.yandex.net/illustrations/krugosvet/pictures/4/4e/1011585-PH05273.jpg http://www.artsait.ru/art/g/glazunovIS/img/50.jpg http://www.ot.clan.su/_nw/4/98491.jpg http://www.vzmakh.ru/parabellum/image/14/14_08.gif http://www.emezk.ru/forum/ file/1158.jpg http://history-gatchina.ru/owners/dog/imgdog/petr.jpg http://img12.nnm.ru/imagez/gallery/4/1/4/8/9/41489a9935835d70e947112d1bea0f89_full. jpg http://rosneft.division.ru/pics/1700/1700_3-a_big.jpg http://www.lomonosovo.ru/joom/resources/image/Mozaika/poltava_1_400.jpg http://www.rchobbymaster.ru /private/rchobbymaster/shop_load/47/italeri_6053.jpg http://images.izvestia.ru/145833.jpg http://www.beenergy.ru/uploads/posts /2008-10/1224674129_38935.jpg http://kds.eparhia.ru/www/biblio/1_67421412037.jpg http://www.rucoin.ru/files/nikolay2.jpg http://zforum.zyablikovo.net/ uploads/post-9336-1153751789.jpg

The history of the civil service in Russia represents the process of expanding the beginning of the duty to the beginning of a free agreement. In pre-Moscow Russia, as in feudal Europe, there is a simultaneous application of both principles.
The ancient Russian princes administered court and administration through the Tivuns, while the Tivuns were usually slaves, serfs: to take over the Tivunism without stipulating one's freedom was considered tantamount to entering into slavery. And among the first Moscow princes, the slaves were in the positions of tivuns, keykeepers, treasurers of clerks, in general, clerks. Military service was performed by free servants who were rewarded with food. In the institution of free servants, the beginning of free agreement reached its highest manifestation.
With the strengthening of the power of the Moscow sovereigns, the right of departure of free servants gradually falls and the service becomes obligatory for them; and since free servants for the most part were votchinniks, then the obligation to serve from the patrimony is thus established. Even earlier, the local system began to develop - the distribution of land by the Moscow princes for use under the condition of service.
In the second half of the XVI century. the concept of service land is finally established: all landowners are obliged to serve the sovereign. In its final result, the policy of the Moscow sovereigns led to the formation of a special service class, which under Peter I was nicknamed the gentry, and then received the name of the nobility. The proper service was monitored by a special omnipotent institution - the discharge, or discharge order, which under Peter I was transformed into a heraldry. Under Peter I, the nature of public service as a duty reaches its climax. Under him, for the first time, service is singled out in various state institutions, as a special independent view civil service, which is called civil, or civil, which in Moscow Russia was carried by clerks and clerks. At the same time, the former method of remuneration, which consisted in the distribution of estates, also changed. In the previous era, monetary salaries were assigned to service people only as an exception, in case of need or as a reward. In 1722, and then in 1723, a certain monetary salary was assigned to civil ranks in accordance with the ranks of military service.
The need for significant military force forced Petra Vel. and his successors to take care of the supply of employees of the army and navy, mainly before the offices. Thus, the King of Arms was instructed to ensure that “citizenship was not more than one-third of each family name. Usually civil service positions were filled by persons unfit for military service. Through the entire reign of Peter, as well as under his successors, a series of strict To force the nobility to serve.For this purpose, correct reviews were established for the noble undergrowth, to which they had to repeatedly appear when they reached a certain age.The purpose of the reviews, in addition to analyzing and accepting those fit for service, was also to verify the knowledge that the underage acquired at home or in schools. Those who shied away from appearing for service - the so-called netchiks - were deprived of estates and estates; decrees threaten them with "cruel punishment". more and more severe punishments and even outlawed them.
Under Anna Ioannovna, the exact procedure was established for the reviews of noble minors and the rules according to which they are distributed among the shelves and offices; appointments were made by the Senate. When Anna Ioannovna was elected to the throne, the nobility directly expressed their dissatisfaction with the serf service to the state for life and declared their desire that the service be limited to 20 years. In 1736, the service of the nobility was converted from a lifelong service into an urgent one and limited to 25 years, and the manifesto on February 18th. In 1762, the obligatory service of the nobility was completely abolished. This abolition was confirmed in 1785 by a charter granted to the nobility.
Having ceased to be a duty of the nobility, state S. became its privilege: our legislation still continues to look at the nobility as an estate, primarily called to state S. Over time, the privileges granted in this regard to hereditary nobles and children of personal nobles were extended and to other categories: sons of persons who were in the state S., sons of commerce advisers and merchants of the 1st guild, sons of clergymen, etc. served as chief officer children who use the title of hereditary honorary citizens in the service of their grandfathers. Over time, numerous exceptions have been established from this rule, partly for certain types of service (finance, control, telegraph, and many others), partly for certain localities. On the other hand, a number of positions can currently be filled by free hire.
Rights by origin compete to a large extent with rights by education. Higher education, as well as completion of the course of secondary educational institutions with honors, gives the right to enter the state S. and to those persons who do not have it due to their origin. Persons with diplomas, upon admission to S., are approved in the class rank to which they are entitled to their academic degree, title or certificate of an institution (higher education gives the right to be approved in ranks XII, X, IX and even Class VIII).
Upon admission to the S., the following conditions are observed: one can be accepted for service no earlier than reaching the age of 14, but the beginning of active service is considered only from the age of 16. The difference in religion or tribe does not prevent entry into the service. An exception to this rule is the exclusion of Jews who have not received higher education; however, in our administrative practice, it has lately been established almost complete exclusion of Jews from the service, as well as limiting the number of Catholic employees to a certain percentage of total number employees.
Our legislation, in contrast to the German one, does not require that persons entering one or another branch of service must necessarily have known level education. To enter the service of a clerical servant, a person who does not have the right to a class rank by education, it is enough to be able to read and write and know the basics of grammar and arithmetic.
For promotion to the first class rank, an examination in the scope of the course of the district school is required, and then for promotion to all further ranks, and, therefore, no educational qualification is required for appointment to all administrative positions. It has only been established that those entering the civil service must receive an education in Russia, at least at the age of 10 to 18: persons brought up at this age abroad are deprived of the right to enter the state S. without special highest resolution.
According to Petrine legislation, the practical training of employees was ensured by the fact that the ranks corresponded to the positions, the service necessarily began from the first rank, and further production proceeded in strict sequence. WITH early XIX table. the government begins to take care of the proper training of officials. The decree of 1809, drawn up according to the idea of Speransky, ordered to take a special exam to receive the rank of collegiate assessor. This measure caused general displeasure not only on the part of officials, but even on the part of people like Karamzin; immediately after the removal of Speransky, numerous exceptions to this law appeared, and in 1834 it was completely canceled. At the present time, when there is no longer a stricter correspondence between rank and position, the production of ranks can no longer have the former importance of training experienced employees. Meanwhile, the law does not establish anything else to ensure proper practical preparation for holding public office: the law limits even the preliminary practical test of persons entering the service, establishing that it can last no longer than four months. Only a few departments require prior special education for employees: eg. required for judicial office legal education(which can be replaced by experience acquired in the service of the judiciary). The needs of other departments that require employees with special knowledge (public education, mining, land surveying, communications, forestry, medical, etc.) are satisfied by numerous special schools.
By general rule, foreigners are not accepted for service ; an exception has been established for the scientific part, as well as for persons who have passed the exam for medical and pharmacy titles, for mechanics, craftsmen, artists and generally knowledgeable in mining, salt and monetary business; finally, civil service rights may be granted to foreigners in the form of a reward.
Female persons are allowed to serve in public and government institutions: to take classes in counting and writing in the institutions of the Office of the institutions of Empress Maria, to hold positions in women's medical institutions, to work in the educational field, to the positions of telegraph operators, in counting and writing in institutions state control and departments of railways (without the rights of the state S.), to medical classes (also without the rights of the state service), etc.
The loss of the right to enter the service is a consequence of the deprivation of all or some of the rights of the state, and the temporary deprivation of this right is the consequence of leaving or exclusion from the clergy.
To apply for service, you must apply for highest name. Admission to the service and appointment to positions is made by orders of the relevant authorities, published in the "Government Gazette" and "Senate Gazette" or in the local "Provincial Gazette". The positions of the first three classes are directly replaced by the supreme power; positions of the fourth and some of the fifth class - by her on the proposal of the ministers; the appointment of officials for the positions of the fifth and sixth grades is provided to the ministers and chief executives; the remaining positions are filled by directors of departments (in central institutions) and provincial authorities (in provincial institutions). During the initial determination on S., employees are required to take an oath of allegiance. Appointment to a well-known position is determined by the correspondence of the position and rank, although the strict coincidence of ranks and positions, established by the table of ranks of 1722, no longer exists at present.
Although the military and civilian S. are separated in our country, however, in the form of an exemption, military ranks are allowed to occupy civilian positions.
No one may hold office at the same time in different departments or hold two or more positions in the same department; but these rules are strictly observed only in the judiciary and in relation to certain offices of other departments, but in general the combination of two or more offices in the same department can be allowed by the highest command, and permission to serve in different departments at the same time is granted by mutual agreement of the underlying authorities.
It is forbidden to designate as members of the places of presence officials who are related by kinship or property with the chairman or other members of the same places. It is forbidden to assign to the governors officials for special assignments from relatives and namesakes.
An employee must have his place of residence where he serves; Absences of employees are possible only with the permission of the authorities.
The employee is obliged to keep sacredly and inviolably any secret entrusted to him concerning the service and benefit of H.I.V. The employee is obliged to show respect to his superiors and carry out his lawful orders; he is also obliged to lead a way of life in private life that would not undermine the dignity of power. Supervisors are required to observe the behavior and treatment of their subordinates. Finally, employees are prohibited from certain occupations that are incompatible with public service.
The content of employees is determined by rank, by position, by the highest discretion or by special order of superiors. Maintenance consists of salary, dining and apartment money; with an increase in the maintenance received by an employee, certain deductions are made. The employee has the right to benefits when determining S., and upon retirement, the right to a pension or a lump sum. He has the right to enhanced criminal protection against crimes in the performance or in connection with the performance of judicial duties. A special procedure has been established for the prosecution of officials themselves for crimes of office, and the very prosecution depends not on the judicial authorities, but on the superiors of the employee. Civilian officials have the right to wear the established uniform.
Service relations are terminated, as a general rule, by dismissal from service at the request of the employee. Petitions for dismissal from service may be submitted at any time (except for persons obliged to military service for a scholarship they received at an educational institution); petitions submitted must be motivated, because the law allows you to ask for dismissal for domestic and other reasons. Requests are submitted in the same manner as requests for placement; dismissal from office depends on the same authority that appoints to the office, but no one can be dismissed before the surrender of the office in the prescribed manner. Dismissal from office (without a petition), dismissal from it and expulsion from service are the consequences of conviction for a crime of office. Based on Art. 838 p. 3 Const. on the service of citizens, an official, who, according to the authorities, is incapable of correcting the position assigned to him, or for some reason unreliable, or who committed a fault known to the authorities, but one that cannot be proven by facts, perhaps, at the discretion of the authorities, on which it depends appointment to the position, dismissed by S. without a request from him and without explanation of the reasons (the so-called dismissal under the third paragraph). Although the authorities are charged with the duty to proceed with such dismissal of officials with sufficient discretion, but this is only good advice: in essence, such power puts the subordinate in unconditional dependence on the authorities. This is contrary to the provision of our legislation, by virtue of which the subordinate executes only the lawful orders of the superior. In Prussia and Bavaria, the authorities may, at their discretion, remove an official from his position, but cannot deprive him of the maintenance assigned to him without guilt, recognized by a judicial or disciplinary order; thus, the full material security of the employee is combined in these states with the appropriate freedom of the government in the disposal of the employees.
For each serving official, a special service (formular) list is maintained at the place of his service. Collection of detailed information about S. of all ranks occupying class positions, drawing up a general schedule of class positions in the empire, compiling lists of the ranks of the first four classes (three times a year) and publishing an address calendar, or a general list of employees in the state (for each year) , refers to the duties of the inspection department of His Own Imperial Majesty's Chancellery.

Upon retirement, the official receives a certificate.
Civil service rights, although with some restrictions - for example. without the right to a pension - certain positions are used for elections in noble, zemstvo and city institutions, as well as employees in some charitable institutions (Imp. philanthropic society, Red Cross institutions, etc.), managing private railways and others. The legal provisions on state S. are set out in the Code of Charters on civil S. (St. Law, vol. III, ed. 1896), which does not include special rules about S. civil in the provinces of the Kingdom of Poland. With a new edition in 1896, III vol. St. Zach. the rules on electoral service are transferred to the state laws and other parts of St. Zach. The election service in estate institutions is distinguished by the fact that, to a certain extent, it has retained the character of compulsory service to this day.
By a decree of October 5, 1906, all Russian subjects, except for foreigners, were granted the same rights in relation to the state, in relation to the rights of the nobility, with the abolition of all special estate advantages in occupying certain positions. Accordingly, the division of clerical servants into categories was established, depending on the educational qualification: those who completed the course in gymnasiums or equal to them belong to category I educational institutions, to the II category - those who do not have this qualification. Office servants of the 1st category are promoted to the class rank after one year of service, servants of the 2nd category, having the appropriate educational training(see) - after two years of service. Officers who do not belong to the nobility from persons who, in relation to serving military service, have the rights of the II section. (Cossack officers according to the II and III categories), when switching to civil service, are renamed to the corresponding civil rank, regardless of the time they served in the officer rank.
"Brockhaus and Efron"