Causes of the war

The Russian Empire: sought to revise the regime of the Black Sea straits; increasing influence in the Balkan Peninsula.

Ottoman Empire: wanted to suppress the national liberation movement in the Balkans; the return of the Crimea and the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus.

England, France: they hoped to undermine the international authority of Russia, to weaken its position in the Middle East; tear away from Russia the territories of Poland, the Crimea, the Caucasus, Finland; strengthen its position in the Middle East, using it as a sales market.

These factors led the Russian Emperor Nicholas I in the early 1850s to think about separating the Balkan possessions of the Ottoman Empire, inhabited by Orthodox peoples, which was opposed by Great Britain and Austria. Great Britain, in addition, sought to oust Russia from the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus and from Transcaucasia. The Emperor of France, Napoleon III, although he did not share the plans of the British to weaken Russia, considering them excessive, supported the war with Russia as a revenge for 1812 and as a means of strengthening personal power.

Russia had a diplomatic conflict with France over the control of the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem, Russia, in order to put pressure on Turkey, occupied Moldavia and Wallachia, which were under the protectorate of Russia under the terms of the Adrianople peace treaty. The refusal of the Russian Emperor Nicholas I to withdraw troops led to the declaration of war on Russia on October 4, 1853 by Turkey, followed by Great Britain and France.

The course of hostilities

October 1853 - Nicholas I signed the Manifesto on the beginning of the war with Turkey.

Nicholas I took an uncompromising position, relying on the power of the army and the support of some European states (England, Austria, etc.). Artillery was also outdated. The Russian fleet was predominantly sailing, while the European navies were dominated by ships with steam engines. The Russian army could successfully fight against the Turkish army, which was similar in state, but it was not able to resist the united forces of Europe.

The Russian-Turkish war was fought with varying success from November 1853 to April 1854. The main event of the first stage was the Battle of Sinop (November 1853). Admiral P.S. Nakhimov defeated the Turkish fleet in Sinop Bay and suppressed coastal batteries.

As a result of the Battle of Sinop, the Russian Black Sea Fleet under the command of Admiral Nakhimov defeated the Turkish squadron. The Turkish fleet was defeated within a few hours.

This activated England and France. They declared war on Russia. The Anglo-French squadron appeared in the Baltic Sea, attacked Kronstadt and Sveaborg.

The second stage of the war (April 1854 - February 1856) - the Anglo-French intervention in the Crimea, the appearance of warships of the Western powers in the Baltic and White Seas and in Kamchatka. The main goal of the joint Anglo-French command was the capture of the Crimea and Sevastopol, the naval base of Russia. On September 2, 1854, the allies began the landing of an expeditionary force in the Evpatoria region. Battle on the river Alma in September 1854, the Russian troops lost. By order of the commander A.S. Menshikov, they passed through Sevastopol and retreated to Bakhchisaray. At the same time, the garrison of Sevastopol, reinforced by the sailors of the Black Sea Fleet, was actively preparing for defense. It was headed by V.A. Kornilov and P.S. Nakhimov.

After the battle on the river Alma the enemy laid siege to Sevastopol. Sevastopol was a first-class naval base, impregnable from the sea. The Russian fleet could not resist the enemy, so some of the ships were sunk in front of the entrance to the Sevastopol Bay, which further strengthened the city from the sea.

Defense of Sevastopol

Defense under the leadership of admirals Kornilov V.A., Nakhimov P.S. and Istomin V.I. lasted 349 days with a 30,000-strong garrison and naval crews. During this period, the city was subjected to five massive bombardments, as a result of which part of the city, the Ship Side, was practically destroyed.

On October 5, 1854, the first bombardment of the city began. It was attended by the army and Navy. The artillery duel lasted five hours. Despite the huge superiority in artillery, the allied fleet was badly damaged and was forced to retreat. After that, the Allies abandoned the use of the fleet in the bombing of the city. The defenders of the city could celebrate a very important not only military, but also a moral victory. Their joy was overshadowed by the death during the shelling of Vice Admiral Kornilov. The defense of the city was headed by Nakhimov, who, for his distinction in the defense of Sevastopol, was promoted to admiral on March 27, 1855. F. Roubaud. In July 1855, Admiral Nakhimov was mortally wounded. The attempts of the Russian army under the command of Prince Menshikov A.S. to pull back the forces of the besiegers ended in failure (the battle of Inkerman, Yevpatoriya and Chernaya Rechka). Around the city, the enemy's ring was gradually shrinking. Russian troops were forced to leave the city. The offensive of the enemy ended there. Subsequent military operations in the Crimea, as well as in other parts of the country, were not of decisive importance for the Allies. Things were somewhat better in the Caucasus, where Russian troops not only stopped the Turkish offensive, but also occupied the fortress of Kars. On August 27, 1855, French troops stormed the southern part of the city and captured the height that dominated the city - Malakhov Kurgan.

The loss of Malakhov Kurgan decided the fate of Sevastopol. On the evening of August 27, 1855, by order of General M.D. Gorchakov Sevastopol left southern part city ​​and crossed over the bridge to the north. The battles for Sevastopol ended.

Military operations in the Caucasus

Turkey invaded Transcaucasia, but suffered a major defeat, after which Russian troops began to operate on its territory. In November 1855, the Turkish fortress Kare fell.

The extreme exhaustion of the allied forces in the Crimea and the Russian successes in the Caucasus led to the cessation of hostilities. Negotiations between the parties began.

Parisian world

At the end of March 1856, the Treaty of Paris was signed, under the terms of which the Black Sea was declared neutral, a ban on having on the Black Sea naval forces, military arsenals and fortresses. Similar demands were made to Turkey. In addition, Russia was deprived of the mouth of the Danube and the southern part of Bessarabia, had to return the fortress of Kars. The defeat in the Crimean War had a significant impact on the alignment of international forces and on the internal situation of Russia.

Heroes of the Crimean War

Kornilov Vladimir Alekseevich

(1806 - October 17, 1854, Sevastopol), Russian Vice Admiral. Since 1849 the chief of staff, since 1851 the actual commander of the Black Sea Fleet. During the Crimean War, one of the leaders of the heroic defense of Sevastopol.

On October 5, the enemy undertook the first massive bombardment of the city from land and sea. On this day, when bypassing the defensive orders, V.A. Kornilov was mortally wounded in the head on Malakhov Hill. “Defend Sevastopol,” were his last words.

Pavel Stepanovich Nakhimov

In early November, Nakhimov learned that the Turkish squadron under the command of Osman Pasha, heading for the shores of the Caucasus, left the Bosporus and, on the occasion of a storm, entered the Sinop Bay. Not waiting for the steam frigates that Vice Admiral Kornilov led to reinforce the Russian squadron, Nakhimov decided to attack the enemy, relying primarily on the combat and moral qualities of Russian sailors. For the victory, Nicholas I awarded Nakhimov the Order of St. George 2nd degree.

In the spring of 1855, the second and third assaults on Sevastopol were heroically repulsed. In March, Nicholas I granted Nakhimov for military distinctions with the rank of admiral. In July, an enemy bullet hit him in the temple. Without regaining consciousness, Pavel Stepanovich died two days later.

Admiral Nakhimov was buried in Sevastopol in the Cathedral of St. Vladimir, next to the graves of Lazarev, Kornilov and Istomin. With a large gathering of people, admirals and generals carried his coffin, seventeen in a row stood a guard of honor from army battalions and all crews Black Sea Fleet, drums and a solemn prayer service sounded, a cannon salute thundered. In the coffin of Pavel Stepanovich were hung two admiral's flags and a third, priceless one - the stern flag of the battleship Empress Maria, the flagship of the Sinop victory, tattered by cannonballs.

Reasons for the defeat of Russia

· Economic backwardness of Russia;

· Political isolation of Russia;

· Lack of a steam fleet in Russia;

· Poor supply of the army;

Lack of railroads.

Russia lost the mouth of the Danube and the southern part of Bessarabia, had to return the fortress of Kars, and also lost the right to patronize Serbia, Moldavia and Wallachia.

Crimean War 1853-1856 this is one of the Russian pages foreign policy Eastern question. The Russian Empire entered into a military confrontation with several opponents at once: the Ottoman Empire, France, Britain and Sardinia.

The fighting took place on the Danube, the Baltic, the Black and White Seas.The most tense situation was in the Crimea, hence the name of the war - Crimean.

Each state that took part in the Crimean War pursued its own goals. For example, Russia wanted to strengthen its influence on the territory of the Balkan Peninsula, and the Ottoman Empire wanted to suppress resistance in the Balkans. By the beginning of the Crimean War, he began to admit the possibility of joining the Balkan lands to the territory Russian Empire.

Causes of the Crimean War

Russia motivated its intervention by the fact that it wants to help the peoples professing Orthodoxy to free themselves from the oppression of the Ottoman Empire. Such a desire naturally did not suit England and Austria. The British also wanted to push Russia off the Black Sea coast. France also intervened in the Crimean War, its emperor Napoleon III hatched plans for revenge for the war of 1812.

In October 1853, Russia entered Moldavia and Wallachia, these territories were subject to Russia according to the Treaty of Adrianople. The Emperor of Russia was asked to withdraw the troops, but was refused. Further, Great Britain, France and Turkey declared war on Russia. Thus began the Crimean War.

Crimean War (briefly)

Brief description of the Crimean War 1853-1856

The main reason for the Crimean War was the clash of interests in the Balkans and the Middle East of such powers as Austria, France, England and Russia. Leading European states sought to open up Turkish possessions in order to increase the sales market. At the same time, Turkey in every possible way wanted to take revenge after the defeats in the wars with Russia.

The trigger mechanism of the war was the problem of revising the legal regime of the ship's course Russian fleet the straits of the Dardanelles and the Bosporus, which was recorded in 1840 in the London Convention.

And the reason for the outbreak of hostilities was a dispute between the Catholic and Orthodox clergy about the fidelity of the ownership of the shrines (the Holy Sepulcher and the Bethlehem Church), which were at that moment on the territory of the Ottoman Empire. In 1851, Turkey, incited by France, gives the keys to the shrines to the Catholics. In 1853, Emperor Nicholas I put forward an ultimatum excluding a peaceful resolution of the issue. At the same time, Russia occupies the Danubian principalities, which leads to war. Here are its main points:

· In November 1853, the Black Sea squadron of Admiral Nakhimov defeated the Turkish fleet in the bay of Sinop, and the Russian ground operation was able to push back the enemy troops by crossing the Danube.

· Fearing the defeat of the Ottoman Empire, France and England in the spring of 1854 declare war on Russia, attacking the Russian ports of Odessa, the Addan Islands, etc. from August 1854. These blockade attempts were unsuccessful.

· Autumn 1854 - the landing of sixty thousand troops in the Crimea to capture Sevastopol. Heroic defense of Sevastopol for 11 months.

· On the twenty-seventh of August, after a series of unsuccessful battles, they were forced to leave the city.

On March 18, 1856, the Paris Treaty of Peace was drawn up and signed between Sardinia, Prussia, Austria, England, France, Turkey and Russia. The latter lost part of the fleet and some bases, and the Black Sea was recognized as a neutral territory. In addition, Russia lost power in the Balkans, which significantly undermined its military power.

According to historians, the defeat in the Crimean War was based on the strategic miscalculation of Nicholas I, who pushed the feudal-serf and economically backward Russia into a military conflict with powerful European states.

This defeat prompted Alexander II to carry out cardinal political reforms.

Causes of the Crimean War.

During the reign of Nicholas I, and this is almost three decades, the Russian state has achieved great power, both in economic and political development. Nicholas began to realize that it would be nice to continue to expand the territorial boundaries of the Russian Empire. As a real military man, Nicholas I could not be content with only what he had. This was the main reason for the Crimean War of 1853-1856..

The emperor's keen eye was directed to the East, in addition to this, his plans included strengthening his influence in the Balkans, the reason for this was the residence of Orthodox people there. However, the weakening of Turkey did not suit such states as France and England. And they decide to declare war on Russia in 1854. And before that, in 1853, Turkey declared war on Russia.

The course of the Crimean War: the Crimean peninsula and beyond.

The main part of the fighting was carried out on the Crimean peninsula. But besides this, a bloody war was fought in Kamchatka, and in the Caucasus, and even on the coasts of the Baltic and Barents Seas. At the very beginning of the war, the siege of Sevastopol was carried out by the airborne assault of England and France, during which famous military leaders died - Kornilov, Istomin,.

The siege lasted exactly one year, after which Sevastopol was irrevocably captured by the Anglo-French troops. Along with the defeats in the Crimea, our troops won a victory in the Caucasus, destroying the Turkish squadron and capturing the fortress of Kars. This large-scale war required numerous material and human resources from the Russian Empire, which were devastated by 1856.

In addition, Nicholas I was afraid to fight with all of Europe, since Prussia was already on the verge of entering the war. The emperor had to give up his positions and sign a peace treaty. Some historians argue that after the defeat in the Crimean War, Nikolai committed suicide by taking poison, because the honor and dignity of his uniform were in the first place.

Results of the Crimean War of 1853-1856

After the signing of the peace agreement in Paris, Russia lost power over the Black Sea, patronage over such states as Serbia, Wallachia and Moldova. Russia was forbidden military construction in the Baltic. However, thanks to domestic diplomacy, after the end of the Crimean War, Russia did not suffer large territorial losses.

By the middle of the XIX century. aggravated contradictions between England and Russia. The desire of tsarist Russia to seize Constantinople and the straits ran into the resistance of England, who feared the strengthening of Russia in the Middle East. " England cannot agree to Russia taking possession of the Dardanelles and the Bosporus. This event would deal both commercially and politically a major if not fatal blow to British power.”, wrote Marx and Engels in April 1853 (Soch., vol. IX, p. 382).

France, which had major interests in the East, also could not put up with the growing influence of Russia in Turkey. The governments of England and France were also interested in weakening Turkey in order to force her to blindly follow directions from London and Paris. The aggressive ruling circles of England and France tried in every possible way to weaken the power of Russia and therefore used Turkey's discontent to foment her conflict with Russia. Moreover, they advocated the displacement of Russia from the shores of the Black Sea.

A military clash between England, France and Turkey, on the one hand, and Russia, on the other, was becoming inevitable.

The reason for the war was the dispute over the Palestinian "shrines" of Jerusalem and Bethlehem, which broke out between the Catholics, supported by Napoleon III, and the Orthodox, who were patronized by Nicholas I. In reality, there was a struggle between the Russian and French governments for the subordination of Turkey to their influence, Nicholas I began to threaten Turkey by war. On May 10, 1853, there was a break in diplomatic relations between Russia and Turkey, and in June, on the orders of Nicholas I, the Russian army under the command of M.D. Gorchakov occupied the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. On September 27, Turkey, with the support of England and France, presented an ultimatum to Russia on the cleansing of Moldavia and Wallachia by Russian troops, but, having received no answer, on October 15 declared war on Russia. On October 20, Nicholas I declared war on Turkey.

Thus began the Crimean (Eastern) War. England and France took the side of Turkey against Russia. Already on September 17, the combined Anglo-French fleet passed through the Dardanelles to the Sea of ​​Marmara, and at the beginning of 1854 England and France declared war on Russia.

The war was aggressive on both sides.

Actions on the Black Sea and the defense of Sevastopol

September 17–25. The squadron of the Black Sea Fleet under the command of Vice Admiral P.S. infantry division with artillery, convoy and ten days of supplies (16393 people, 827 horses, 16 guns) to reinforce the Caucasian army, transported him to the Caucasian coast for seven days, landed the landing personnel in Anakria, and the convoy and other cargo in Sukhum-Kala ( ).

The 20th of October. 7 push the steamer "Colchis" under the command of Lieutenant Commander K.A. Kuzminsky with a landing force of 224 people, sent to return the fortification of St. Nicholas captured by the Turks (south of Poti), having approached the shore at a distance of a rifle shot, ran aground. From enemy fire on the steamer, opened from 5 guns, the steamer caught fire twice, but the return fire from the steamer silenced the coastal batteries, which gave it the opportunity to refloat and go to sea. During the battle, the capital lieutenant Kuzminsky was killed ( ).

27th October. In connection with the outbreak of hostilities between Russia and Turkey, the Anglo-French fleet, which was in the Sea of ​​Marmara, arrived in Constantinople on October 27 and settled on the Bosphorus ( ).

the 3rd of November. In connection with the news received on the eve of the declaration of war on Turkey, the commander of the squadron, which was cruising off the Caucasian coast, Vice Admiral Nakhimov gave an order explaining his intentions in the event of a meeting with the enemy: "... Having the news that the Turkish fleet went to sea with the intention of occupying the port of Sukhum-Kale, which belongs to us (adjutant general Kornilov was sent from Sevastopol with 6 ships to search for it), the enemy’s intention cannot be fulfilled otherwise than by passing us or giving us battle. In the first case, I hope for the vigilant supervision of Messrs. commanders and officers, in the second, with God help and confidence in my commanders and officers and teams, I hope to accept the battle with honor and prevent the enemy from fulfilling my audacious intention. Without extending my instructions, I will express my opinion that in my opinion, in maritime affairs, a close distance from the enemy and mutual assistance to each other is the best tactic.» { }.

November 4. Cruising off the Anatolian coast, 6-push. the steamer "Bessarabia" (captain-lieutenant Shchegolev) captured without a shot in the Sinop region the Turkish steamer "Medjari-Tejaret", armed with 4 guns and having a car of 200 forces. Enlisted in the Russian fleet, this ship was named "Turk" ( ).

November 5. Capturing 11-push. steamer-frigate "Vladimir" (captain-lieutenant G.I. Butakov, flag of vice-admiral V.A. Kornilov) in the Penderaklia area after a three-hour battle of the Turkish-Epipetian 10-gun. the steamer "Pervaz-Bakhri", enrolled in the lists of the fleet under the name "Kornilov". Turkish losses: 58, Russian losses: 2 killed and 3 wounded.
The battle of "Vladimir" with "Pervaz-Bakhri" was the first collision of steam ships in the world, in which Russian sailors under the command of G.I. Butakov won ( ).

November 7. In order to return the border coastal fortification of St. Nicholas (south of Poti) captured by the Turks in October, a detachment of the Black Sea Fleet consisting of 2 frigates, 2 corvettes and 4 steamships under the command of Vice Admiral L.M. Serebryakov bombarded the fortification for two hours to ensure success ground forces sent by the shore. In view of the fact that the attack from land was not carried out, and a sharp drop in the barometer threatened with a storm, the detachment was forced to move away from the coast ( ).

November 9. Fight 44-push. frigate "Flora" (lieutenant commander A.N. Skorobogatov) in the Pitsunda area 12 miles from the coast with three Turkish ships: "Taif", "Feyzi-Bakhri" and "Saik-Ishade" (62 guns in all). Being in combat contact with the enemy from 2 a.m. to 9 a.m., the sailing frigate, in conditions of low wind, skillfully repelled all attempts by the enemy, who did not depend on the wind, to attack with joint forces and, having damaged the enemy’s flagship steamer, forced him to abandon further battle and move away. Having received two surface holes during the entire battle, the Flora frigate had neither wounded nor killed ( ).

November 18th. Sinop battle. On November 11, the squadron of Vice Admiral P.S. Nakhimov, consisting of three battleships, discovered and blocked the main forces of the Turkish fleet in the Sinop Bay. On November 16, a detachment of Rear Admiral F.M. Novosilskoto joined the squadron, consisting of 3 battleships and 2 frigates. After that, Nakhimov decided to attack and destroy the Turkish fleet. On the eve of the battle, on November 17, he issued an order outlining the plan of attack. " Finally- wrote Nakhimov, - I I will express my opinion that all preliminary instructions under changed circumstances can make it difficult for a commander who knows his business, and therefore I leave it to everyone to act completely independently at their own discretion, but without fail to do their duty».

The ratio of forces of the parties was as follows:

a) the Russian squadron consisted of 6 battleships - 84-push. "Empress Maria" (flag of Vice Admiral Nakhimov, commander - Captain 2nd Rank P.I. Baranovsky), 120-gun. "Paris" (flag of Rear Admiral Novosilsky, commander - Captain 1st Rank V.I. Istomin),. 120-push “Vel. Prince Konstantin ”(captain 2nd rank L.A. Ergomyshev), 120-gun. "Three saints" (Captain 1st rank K. Kutrov), 84-push. "Chesma" (captain 2nd rank V.M. Mikryukov), 84-push. "Rostislav" (captain 1st rank A.D. Kuznetsov) and 2 frigates - 54-push. "Kulevchi" (captain-lieutenant L. Budishev) and 44-push. "Cahul" (captain-lieutenant A.P. Spitsyn), only 8 ships with a total of 710 guns, including 76 bombing guns.

b) The Turkish fleet under the command of Admiral Osman Pasha consisted of 7 frigates - 44 guns. "Auni-Allah" (flag), 44-push. "Fazli-Allah", 58-push. "Forever-Bahri", 60-push. "Nesimi-Zefer", 62-push. "Nizamiye", 56-push. "Damiad", 54-push. “Kaidi-Zefer, 3 corvettes - 24 guns. "Nedzhemi-Feshan", 22-push. "Gyuli-Sefid", 24-push. "Feyzi-Meobud", 2 steamboats - 20 push. "Taif", 4-push. "Erikli" and 4 transports with a total of 472 guns. The fleet was protected by 6 coastal batteries (24 guns). On the ships of the Turkish squadron, as instructors, there were English officers. The Taif steamer was commanded by the Englishman Slade.

November 18 at 9 a.m. 30 minutes. a signal was raised on the Russian flagship "Prepare for battle and go to the Sinop raid." The squadron went in two columns: one - the ship "Empress Maria" (flag of Nakhimov), followed by "Vel. Prince Konstantin "and" Chesma "; the other - "Paris" (Novosilsky's flag), followed by "Three Saints" and "Rostislav". The frigates "Kagul" and "Kulevchi" remained under sail at the exit from the Sinop Bay to monitor the steamers and prevent them from escaping.

At the entrance of Russian ships to the Turkish raid flagship"Auni-Allah" opened fire, followed by the rest of the enemy ships and coastal batteries. The Russian ships, having opened return fire, continued their approach and anchored according to the planned disposition.

Half an hour after the start of the battle, "Empress Maria" set fire to the Turkish flagship frigate "Auni-Allah", and then "Fazli-Allah" (the former Russian frigate "Raphael", taken by the Turks in 1829), which, having riveted the ropes, threw themselves ashore . After that, the "Empress Maria" transferred fire to the coastal batteries and the enemy ships that continued to resist.

The battleship "Paris" fired at several ships, blew up the corvette "Gyuli-Sefid", knocked out the frigate "Damiad" and "Nizamie", which caught fire and washed ashore. Then he fired at the coastal batteries. " It was impossible to stop admiring the beautiful and cold-bloodedly calculated actions of the Paris ship., - Nakhimov wrote in the report, - I ordered to express his gratitude to him during the battle itself, but there was nothing to raise the signal: all the halyards were killed».

"Chesma" and "Vel. Prince Konstantin "blew up the frigate" Navek-Bakhri ", fire" Vel. Prince Konstantin” were shot down and washed ashore by the frigate “Nesimi-Zefer” and the corvette “Nedzhemi-Feshan”.

The fire of the ship "Three Saints" destroyed the frigate "Kaadi-Zefer" (took off into the air).

"Rostislav" knocked out the corvette "Feyzi-Meabud", which, throwing itself ashore, burned down and destroyed one battery.

By the end of the four-hour battle, the Turkish squadron and coastal batteries were destroyed. Saved only one 22-push. the ship "Taif". Having broken through after a skirmish with the frigates "Kagul" and "Kulevchi" from the raid and leaving the bay, "Taif" met at sea with a detachment of steamers ("Odessa", "Crimea" and "Khersones") under the command of Vice Admiral V.A. Kornilov, marching from Sevastopol to Sinop to reinforce Nakhimov's squadron. Taking advantage of the advantage in speed, Taif broke through after a short battle and, arriving in Constantinople, informed the Turkish government about the destruction of Osman Pasha's squadron. Of the 4500 people of the Turkish team, two-thirds died. Many Turks were captured, including Admiral Osman Pasha and 2 commanders.

Damage and consumption of shells on Russian ships during the battle are shown in the table:

ships	Damage		Shell consumption
	Holes in the board	Dr. damage	Total	Incl. double projectile shots
"Imp. Maria"	60	11	2180	52
"Paris"	18	8	3944	-
“Vel. book. Konstantin"	30	14	2602	136
"Three Saints"	48	17	1923	-
"Rostislav"	25	20	4962	1002
"Chesma"	20	7	1539	-
"Kulevchi"	-	-	260	-
"Cahul"	-	-	483	-
"Odessa"	-	-	79	-
"Crimea"	-	-	83	-
Total	201	77	18055	1190

The Russians had no losses in ships. During the battle, the squadron lost 37 killed and 229 wounded.

The Sinop victory showed the high fighting qualities of the sailors who had gone through the school of Admirals Lazarev and Nakhimov. " Sinop battle, - wrote contemporaries, - proved the excellent condition of the Black Sea Fleet and the acquaintance of the Russians with the latest improvements in military affairs, aroused a living joy in Russia, and the name of Pavel Stepanovich became known to every Russian person».

Summing up the results of the battle, P.S. Nakhimov wrote in an order dated November 23, 1853: “ The destruction of the Turkish fleet in Sinop by a squadron under my command cannot but leave a glorious page in the history of the Black Sea Fleet. I express my sincere gratitude to the second flagship(Rear Admiral Novosilsky. - Ed.) as my chief assistant and who, going forward in his column, so fearlessly led it into battle. G.g. to the commanders of ships and frigates for the cool and precise ordering of their ships according to the given disposition during heavy enemy fire, as well as for their unshakable courage in the continuation of the matter itself, I appeal with gratitude to the officers for the fearless and precise performance of their duty, I thank the teams that fought like lions».

The Sinop battle was the last big battle of sailing ships and the first battle in which bombing guns were used ( ).

December 2nd. The pilot schooner (hydrographic vessel) "Alupka", being brought by a NO storm to the Turkish coast and having a strong leak, was forced to rescue the crew, throwing 6 falconets, signal books, etc. into the sea, to go down to the Bosphorus, where she was captured captured by the Turks ( ).

December 23. The combined Anglo-French fleet left the Bosporus for the Black Sea in order to protect the coast of Turkey and its fleet from the attacks of the Russian fleet ( ).

28th of February. The conclusion of an alliance treaty between Turkey, England and France, according to which the last two states were obliged to provide armed assistance to Turkey in its struggle against Russia ( ).

March 31. An English military steamer that appeared near Sevastopol, noticing a Russian sailing trading schooner going to Evpatoria, tried to capture it, but due to the approach of the frigates Kagul and Kulevchi chasing it, it was forced to abandon it and hastily leave ().

April 10th. The bombardment of Odessa by the Anglo-French fleet, consisting of 19 battleships and 10 steam-frigates, was accompanied by an attempt by the enemy to land troops to occupy the city, which was repulsed by coastal batteries ( ).

April 30. Making reconnaissance near Odessa, the English military steamer-frigate "Tiger", following in thick fog, jumped out onto the stones 6 kilometers from the Odessa lighthouse and was fired upon by a field artillery semi-battery, which caused serious damage to the ship. The crew surrendered to the Russians, and the ship, due to the impossibility of removing it, was burned ( ).

June 3. The appearance of a detachment of 2 English and 1 French steam-frigates (52 guns) in front of Sevastopol and the pursuit of them by a detachment of 6 Russian steam-frigates - Vladimir, Thunder Bearer, Bessarabia, Crimea, Odessa and Khersones "(33 guns) - under the command of Rear Admiral Panfilov. Taking advantage of the superiority in speed, the enemy, after a short skirmish, went to sea ( ).

the 14 th of July. The Anglo-French fleet, consisting of 21 ships, approached Sevastopol, but the fire of coastal batteries forced the enemy to retreat to Cape Lucullus ( ).

1 - 7 September. The allied Anglo-French fleet, having left its base in Varna, consisting of 89 warships and 300 transport ships, approached Evpatoria and proceeded to the landing. In six days, 62,000 people were landed with 134 guns (28,000 French, 27,000 British, 7,000 Turks). Encountering no resistance due to the absence of any troops and means of defense in Evpatoria, the Allies occupied the city and captured significant stocks of grain, which were intended to be exported abroad even before the war. Later, before the creation of a French base in Kamysheva Bay near Sevastopol and an English base in Balaklava, Yevpatoria served until the end of November as the main base of the Anglo-French fleet and a place for unloading supplies brought for the allied army ().

September 7. The steamer "Taman" under the command of Lieutenant Shishkin, while cruising at Cape Kerempe, captured a Turkish merchant brig and, after removing the command from it, burned it ().

8 September. A battalion of Black Sea sailors under the command of Captain-Lieutenant Rachinsky with 4 amphibious assault guns participated in the battle of the Alma River as part of the ground forces of the Crimean army of A.S. Menshikov. The battalion was in the firing line in front of the center of the position of the Russian troops near the village of Burlyuk ( ).

September 9 - 11. In view of the unsuccessful outcome of the battle of Alma, the Commander-in-Chief of the naval and land forces in the Crimea, Prince Menshikov, fearing a breakthrough of the enemy fleet on the Sevastopol raid simultaneously with an attack by the ground forces of the fortifications of the Northern side, ordered Vice Admiral Kornilov to block the enemy’s ability to penetrate the raid to flood part of ships of the Black Sea Fleet. Having gathered a council of flagships and commanders, Kornilov proposed to go to sea and attack the enemy fleet, at least at the cost of destroying the fleet. However, the majority was in favor of sinking ships at the entrance to the raid and using ship crews and guns for land defense.
On the night of September 11, after Menshikov's repeated order, 5 battleships ("Three Saints", "Uriel", "Varna", "Silistra" and "Selafail") and 2 frigates ("Sizopol" and " Flora"), the crews and guns from which were transferred to the Sevastopol garrison. For the entire time of the siege, up to 2,000 naval guns with ammunition and personnel of up to 10,000 people were transferred to the bastions and batteries of Sevastopol from the ships of the Black Sea Fleet ( ).

11 September. Appointment of Vice-Admiral V.A. Kornilov as Chief of Defense of the Northern Side and Vice-Admiral P.S. Nakhimov as Chief of Defense of the Southern Side of Sevastopol ( ).

September 14. In connection with the decision of the Anglo-French land command to seize Sevastopol from the South side, the allied fleet moved its base from Evpatoria: the British to Balaklava, the French to Kamysheva Bay near Sevastopol ( ).

September 20. The steam-frigate "Vladimir" (Captain 2nd Rank G.I. Butakov), being in position in front of Kilenbukhta, together with the batteries of the Malakhov Kurgan, the third and fourth bastions, fired at the location of the British on the slopes of Sapun Mountain and forced them to withdraw deeper ().

September 22nd. The attack of the Anglo-French detachment consisting of 4 steam-frigates (72 guns) on the Ochakov fortress and the Russian rowing flotilla located here, consisting of 2 small steamers and 8 rowing gunboats (36 guns) under the command of Captain 2nd Rank Endogurov. After a three-hour firefight at a long distance, the enemy ships, having received damage, went to sea ( ).

September 25. Night sortie from the 5th bastion of a detachment of hunters, including 155 people, including 80 sailors under the command of Lieutenant P.F. Gusakov, against the French trenches at Rudolf Hill. The sortie discovered by the French was repulsed. Due to ignorance, upon returning, the hunters were mistaken for the enemy and fired upon by their batteries. Noting this case in his order, Vice-Admiral V.A. Kornilov emphasized the need for coordinated actions of individual commanders and demanded mutual information about the planned actions of the units ( ).

October 5. The first bombardment of Sevastopol from land and sea. With the beginning of the bombardment of Sevastopol from land, the allied Anglo-French fleet, consisting of 29 ships of the line (English - 4 propeller and 9 sail; French - 5 propeller and 9 sail and 2 sail Turkish) and 21 steamers, approaching the entrance to the Sevastopol Bay, bombarded the city and coastal fortifications of the South and North sides, having 1340 guns against 115 Russians and firing up to 50,000 shells within 8 hours. A number of Allied ships were damaged and disabled by the return fire of Russian batteries. So, the English ship "Albion" received 93 holes and lost all three masts, the French ship "Paris" - 50 holes, 3 of them underwater; many ships were on fire. Two ships due to severe damage were sent for repairs to Constantinople. The damage received by the ships forced the allied naval command to abandon the continuation of the bombardment and withdraw with the fleet to their bases, as a result of which further shelling of Sevastopol was carried out only from land. During the bombing, Vice-Admiral V.A. Kornilov, one of the organizers and leaders of the city's defense, was mortally wounded by a cannonball on Malakhov Kurgan, who died on the same day.
The steam-frigates "Vladimir" (captain 2nd rank G.I. Butakov) and "Khersonesos" (captain-lieutenant I. Rudnev) took part in return fire from the Sevastopol raid, firing at English batteries that operated against Malakhov Kurgan, which was largely degree affected the results of enemy fire.
Assessing the results of the first bombardment by the enemy and the defense of Sevastopol by the Russians, K. Marx wrote: “. ..in a few hours, the Russians silenced the fire of the French batteries and throughout the day fought an almost equal battle with the English batteries ... The defense of the Russians greatly sobered up the winners at Alma» { }.

October 6 - 8. In response to the continued bombardment of Sevastopol from the land, the steamboat-frigate "Vladimir" (Captain 2nd Rank G.I. Butakov), while standing on the Sevastopol roadstead, systematically fired at the British batteries installed on Sapun Mountain, thereby weakening their fire on the fortifications of Malakhov Kurgan and the third bastion. For three days, the steamer-frigate received 6 holes, of which 3 were underwater ( ).

On the night of October 9. The outing of two teams of hunters (212 people, 29 of them sailors) under the command of Lieutenant P. Troitsky and midshipman S. Putyatin to the French trenches. Despite the death of both chiefs in battle, the hunters, breaking into the trenches and splitting the French who were here, riveted 8 mortars and 11 cannons and caused a major alarm in the entire French line of fortifications ( ).

October 12. Fireship "Bug" under the command of Lieutenant K.P.

October 24. Steam-frigates “Vladimir” (captain 2nd rank G.I. Butakov) and “Khersonesos” (captain-lieutenant I. Rudnev), covering the withdrawal of Russian troops to Sevastopol after the Inkerman battle, with well-aimed fire forced the French field battery, which was shelling the retreating ones, to withdraw from the position and get out of the shelling ( ).

November 24. Steam-frigates "Vladimir" (captain 2nd rank G.I. Butakov) and "Khersones" (captain-lieutenant I. Rudnev), leaving the Sevastopol raid into the sea, attacked the French steamer that was standing at Pesochnaya Bay and forced it to leave. After an unsuccessful chase, "Khersonesos" and "Vladimir", having approached the Streletskaya Bay, fired bombarded the French camp located on the shore and enemy ships from bombing guns. In view of the approach of the latter, "Khersonesos" and "Vladimir", having started a firefight, began to retreat to Sevastopol in order to lure the enemy under the shots of coastal batteries. Having come under fire from the latter, the enemy ships received a number of damages in the hull and spars ( ).

29th of November. Night sortie of a detachment of scouts, including about 500 people, to destroy the trench work carried out by the French in front of the fourth bastion. A detachment of 20 sailors under the command of Lieutenant F. Titov with two mountain guns also took part in the sortie, which was tasked with a sudden attack on enemy trenches to divert the attention of the enemy from the direction of the main sortie.
Having successfully completed the task, Titov's detachment returned without loss, allowing the scouts to quietly approach the French trenches and, breaking into them, destroy about 150 French people, destroy the work done, rivet 4 mortars and capture 3 small mortars and a lot of weapons ().

November 30th. Night sortie of a detachment of 80 sailors-hunters under the command of Lieutenant L.I. Batyanov from the 4th bastion to the location of the French trenches in order to destroy them.
Having successfully completed the task, the detachment captured 3 mortars, a lot of weapons and prisoners, but the detachment commander was mortally wounded.
At the same time, a detachment of 20 sailors with two mountain guns under the command of Lieutenant F. Titov carried out the same successful sortie into the French trenches against the fifth bastion ().

December 3. Midnight raid by midshipman V. Titov with four mountain unicorns from redoubt No. 1 to the French camp, which caused a commotion in the ranks of the enemy ( ).

December 6. Decree on equating the participants in the defense of Sevastopol with one month of service on the bastions for a year of service ( ).

9th December. Night sortie of two parties of hunters, mainly sailors of the third bastion under the command of Lieutenant N.A. Biryulev and Lieutenant N.Ya. Astapov, to the location of the English trenches. Having swiftly burst into them and pierced the British who were here with bayonets, the hunters, capturing 3 officers and 33 soldiers, returned, having lost 4 killed and 22 wounded ( ).

December 19th. A night sortie of a detachment of sailors-hunters under the command of Lieutenant N.A. Biryulev, who knocked out the enemy with a bayonet attack from a newly dug trench against the 4th bastion ( ).

December 26. Night sortie of a detachment of sailors under the command of Lieutenant P. Zavalishin from the fifth bastion to the location of the French trenches. Having attacked the trenches and knocked out the French with bayonets, the detachment was forced to withdraw due to the enemy receiving strong reinforcements ( ).

Dec. 31. Night sortie of two detachments of hunters-sailors and soldiers under the command of lieutenants N.A. Biryulev and N.Ya. Astapov from the third bastion to the location of the English and French trenches.
The detachment of Lieutenant Biryulev, after a bayonet fight with the enemy, occupied the French trenches and mortar battery No. 21, where they riveted mortars and took prisoners. The detachment of Lieutenant Astapov also successfully occupied and destroyed the English trenches, capturing an English guard picket of 13 people ( )

January 8. Night sortie of a detachment of hunters-sailors and soldiers from the fifth bastion under the command of lieutenants F. Titov and P. A. Zavalishin to destroy the French trenches. Having knocked out the enemy with a bayonet strike, the detachment managed to destroy the trenches before the arrival of French reinforcements and withdrew with a fight ( ).

January 20th. A sortie of a detachment of sailors under the command of Lieutenant N.A. Biryulev from the third bastion against the French trenches, where destruction was made and prisoners were taken. During a hand-to-hand fight, when the French, forced out of the trenches, opened rifle fire, the sailor Ignaty Shevchenko, seeing that the French arrows were aiming at Biryulyov, rushed to him and shielded him from bullets, one of which killed Shevchenko.
The quartermaster of the 30th naval crew, Pyotr Koshka, who had repeatedly distinguished himself earlier, also participated in the same sortie. Seriously wounded in a bayonet fight, he remained in service until the end of the battle ( ).

12th of February. The repulse of the night attack of the French on the Selenginsky redoubt was facilitated by the steamer-frigate "Vladimir" (captain 2nd rank G.I. Butakov), the steamships "Khersones" and battleship"Chesma", which with their fire hit the advancing enemy and his reserves, located in the area of ​​the Georgievskaya beam ().

On the night of February 13. By order of A.S. Menshikov, the battleships “Twelve Apostles”, “Svyatoslav”, “Rostislav”, the frigates “Cahul” and “Mesemvria” ( ) were additionally flooded between the Nikolaev and Mikhailovskaya batteries.

February 22. The shelling of the ships "Khersones" and "Gromonosets" from the Big raid of the 9-gun French battery, erected at a height between Sushilnaya and Volovya beams. After an hour-long skirmish, the battery was silenced. The steamer "Khersonesos" received 6 holes, of which 3 were underwater ( ).

28th of February. Night sortie of a party of 80 sailors-hunters under the command of Lieutenant N. Astapov and midshipman N. Maksheev from the third bastion to the English trenches. Having dispersed the enemy and destroyed the trenches, the hunters brought 100 tours to the bastion. In the morning midshipman Maksheev repeated the sortie, having obtained 30 more rounds, which, together with the previous ones, went to strengthen the protection of the fortifications of the bastion ( ).

March 7. During the bombing, one of the remarkable organizers of the defense of Sevastopol, Rear Admiral Vladimir Ivanovich Istomin, was killed by a cannonball on Malakhov Kurgan. Noting his merits, Vice Admiral P.S. Nakhimov wrote: “ The defense of Sevastopol lost in it one of its main figures, constantly inspired by noble energy and heroic determination....». « The strength of character in the most difficult circumstances, the holy performance of duty and vigilant concern for his subordinates earned him general respect and unfeigned grief over his death.» { }.

10th of March. Participation in a night sortie from Sevastopol jointly with the ground units of four parties of sailors-hunters, consisting of about 630 people under the general command of Captain 2nd Rank L.I. Budischev. Of these, two parties under the command of Lieutenant N. Biryulev and midshipman N. Maksheev, breaking into the British batteries No. 7 and No. 8, killed their personnel and riveted all the guns and mortars. The party under the command of midshipman P. Zavalishin, having entered the flank and rear of the French trenches, forced the French to clear them, which contributed to the overall success of the sortie. The party under the command of Lieutenant N. Astapov, having knocked out the enemy's cover from the trenches, ensured success in capturing and destroying the British batteries.
Captured 2 officers and 12 privates; British losses: 8 officers and 78 privates killed. Russian losses: 2 officers and 10 sailors were killed and 4 officers and 60 sailors were wounded ( ).

26 March. Night sortie of a detachment of 20 sailors-hunters under the command of midshipman Fedorovsky from Sevastopol against the English trenches. Having secretly made their way to the English front line, the hunters captured the sentry and, after destroying the trenches, returned back with one wounded ( ).

March 27. PS Nakhimov was promoted to admiral. In this regard, Nakhimov turned to the defenders of Sevastopol and expressed gratitude to the admirals, officers and sailors for the heroic service to their homeland. In the order for the Sevastopol port dated April 12, he wrote: “ The enviable fate of having subordinates under my command, decorating the boss with their valor, fell on me. I hope Messrs. admirals, captains and officers will allow me here to express my sincerity of gratitude with the knowledge that, heroically defending Sevastopol, precious to the sovereign and Russia, they brought me undeserved mercy. Sailors! Should I tell you about your exploits in protecting our native Sevastopol and the fleet? From a young age I was a constant witness to your labors and readiness to die at the first command; we have been friends for a long time; I am proud of you since childhood. We will defend Sevastopol ... you will give me the opportunity to wear my flag on the main bramstenge with the same honor with which I wore it thanks to you and under other coats; ... on the bastions of Sevastopol, we did not forget maritime affairs, but only strengthened the enthusiasm and discipline that always adorned the Black Sea sailors» { }.

March 28 - April 6. The second bombardment of Sevastopol by the allies. In ten days, the enemy fired 168,000 shells out of 482 guns; Russian batteries from 466 guns (mostly removed from ships and serviced by sailors) fired 88,700 shells. Allied losses - 1852 people, Russian losses - 5986 people.
Vigorously correcting at night the destruction of batteries caused by day and defensive line, the defenders forced the enemy to abandon the assault ( ).

April 7. A sortie of a detachment with the participation of sailors-hunters under the command of Lieutenant-Commander N. Astapov from the third bastion against the English trenches. Attacking one of the lodgements, the detachment knocked out the British from it with a bayonet blow ( ).

April 24. Night outing of a detachment of hunters consisting of 100 sailors and soldiers under the command of midshipman N. Maksheev from the third bastion against the English trenches. After knocking out the enemy with a bayonet attack and capturing prisoners, the detachment returned to its location ( ).

12 May. The combined Anglo-French fleet, consisting of about 80 pennants with a landing force of 16,000 people, having approached Cape Kamysh-Burun and landed a landing force, occupied Kerch, the small garrison of which retreated to Feodosia. Caught in the Kerch harbor, 3 steamships and 10 transports and small vessels were burned by their crews. The brig "Argonaut" under the command of Lieutenant Commander E.A. Serebryakov, having entered into an unequal battle with the English steam schooner "Snake", which had superior machine power and armament, caused several damage to the latter. Taking advantage of the blowing wind, the Russian brig broke away from the enemy and went to Berdyansk ( ).

May 25 - 30. The third Anglo-French bombardment of Sevastopol and an assault on May 27, during which the Allies managed to capture the Selenga and Volyn redoubts advanced forward and the Kamchatka lunette.
After the general (third) bombardment of the entire defensive line of Sevastopol, the French concentrated more than 9 divisions (35,000 people) on the left flank of the Russian location and attacked the Volyn and Selenginsky redoubts and the Kamchatka lunette advanced forward, for the possession of which the most stubborn struggle broke out. The French, who were knocked out several times by Russian counterattacks, supported by the British, finally pushed the defenders back to Malakhov Kurgan. Admiral Nakhimov, who was on the lunette, was surrounded, but, together with the remnants of the lunette garrison, made his way out of the enemy ring.
incurring big losses when repelling the assault, the commandant sailors riveted all their guns before leaving the lunette.
Significant losses were inflicted on the Allies during their assault on the Kamchatka lunette by the steam-frigates "Vladimir" (captain 2nd rank G.I. Butakov), "Crimea" (captain-lieutenant P.D. .Rudnev), who fired at the enemy from Kilen Bay. On May 27, "Vladimir", "Crimea", "Gromonosets" and "Odessa" successfully fired from the raid on the Selenginsky and Volynsky redoubts, occupied by the French the day before.
During the fighting, the allies lost 6,200 people, Russians 5,500 people, of which sailors - 12 officers killed, 51 wounded, sailors 117 killed and 878 wounded and shell-shocked; of the latter, more than half remained in service ( ).

Spring. Laying minefields by Russians in the Black Sea (in the Kerch Strait 40 minutes), at Yenikale (40 minutes) and at Kerch (20 minutes) ( ).

June 5 - 6. The fourth bombardment of Sevastopol by the Anglo-French, after which the enemy launched a general assault, but he was everywhere repulsed. Significant assistance in repelling the assault on the first and second bastions was provided by the steamship-frigate “Vladimir” (captain 2nd rank G.I. Butakov), “Thunder-bearer” (captain-lieutenant I.G. Popandopulo), “Khersonesos” (captain-lieutenant I. Rudnev), "Crimea" (captain 1st rank P.D. Protopopov), "Bessarabia" (captain-lieutenant P. Shchegolev) and "Odessa" (lieutenant Wulfert), who took up positions in front of the entrance to Kilenbukhta and hit with buckshot as advancing troops, and their reserves, accumulated in Kilen-balka.
During the bombardment and assault, 72,000 shells were used up by the Allies, 19,000 by the Russians. The loss of the Allies was 7,000 people, the Russians were 4,800 people. Assessing the results of this assault, which was unsuccessful for the Allies, Marx wrote: June 18(n.st. - Ed.) In 1855, the Battle of Waterloo was to be played at Sevastopol in the best edition and in the opposite direction. Instead, the first serious defeat of the French-English army occurs.» { }.

June 28. During a detour of the fortifications of the defensive line, he was mortally wounded by a rifle bullet in the temple on the Kornilov bastion (Malakhov Kurgan) and on June 30, an outstanding Russian naval commander, the head of the defense of Sevastopol, Admiral Pavel Stepanovich Nakhimov ( ).

July 13. The steam-frigate "Vladimir" (Captain 1st Rank G.I. Butakov) successfully operated from Kilen-balka against the French fortifications during the night sortie of hunters from the second bastion of Sevastopol ( ).

August 5 - 8. The fifth bombardment by the Anglo-French of Sevastopol, during which the allies fired 56,500 shells, the Russians - 29,400. The losses of the Russians were up to 3,000 people, the allies - 750 people.
In fact, the bombardment continued on a somewhat reduced scale after 8 August. During the period from 9 to 25 August, the enemy fired 132,500 shells (an average of 9,000 per day), and the Russians fired 51,275 shells (an average of 3,000 per day). The losses of the Russians during this period were expressed in 8921 people, the losses of the allies in 3500 ( ).

August 15. For communication between the South and North sides, a floating pontoon bridge with a length of about 900 meters ( ) was built across the entire Sevastopol roadstead.

August 24 - 27. The sixth bombardment of Sevastopol and the general assault on its defensive line, undertaken on August 27.
In repulsing the assault on the second bastion, on which the main attack was directed (18,000 bayonets against 7,000), the steam-frigates "Vladimir" (captain 1st rank G.I. Butakov), "Khersonesus" (captain-lieutenant Rudnev ) and "Odessa" (Lieutenant Wulfert), whose fire inflicted huge losses on the French assault columns. The steamer "Vladimir" achieved particular success, which, approaching almost close to the shore, bombarded the enemy with bombs and buckshot, who resumed attacks on the bastion six times.
Simultaneously with the assault on the second bastion, the Malakhov Kurgan (Kornilovsky bastion) was subjected to fierce attacks, on which, together with the ground units, there was a handful of sailors led by Lieutenant Commander P.A. Karpov. The capture of Malakhov Kurgan by the French decided the outcome of the assault.
During the bombing and assault, the defenders of Sevastopol lost about 12,030 people, the enemy - over 10,000 people ().

August 28. With the onset of dusk, on a signal from a rocket, the garrison of Sevastopol began to leave the bastions and fortifications of the South side, crossing the pontoon bridge built over the Sevastopol raid to the North side. At the same time, detached parties began to destroy and explode batteries, powder magazines, guns, etc., and naval teams began to sink the remaining ships in the Sevastopol roadstead. The battleships "Imp.Maria", "Vel. Prince Konstantin”, “Paris”, “Chesma”, “Yagudiel”, “Brave”, 1 frigate, 1 corvette and 7 brigs.
The entire garrison of Sevastopol and naval teams settled on the fortifications of the Northern side to continue the fight ( ).

August 30. In connection with the abandonment of Sevastopol and the transition of troops to the North side on the Sevastopol roadstead, the last ships of the Black Sea Fleet - 10 ships ("Vladimir", "Gromonosets", "Bessarabia", "Crimea", "Odessa" were flooded after the removal of guns and ammunition from them , Khersones, Elborus, Danube, Grozny, Turk) and 1 transport (Gagra) ( ).

October 5. Bombardment by the Anglo-French fleet of the Kinburn fortress, which covered the entrance to the Dnieper-Bug Estuary. In this bombardment, for the first time, the newly appeared armored ships were used - the French steam floating batteries "Lave", "Tonnante" and "Devastation" in 1400 tons with wooden hulls sheathed on board with four-inch side iron armor. Having approached a distance of 4 cables, the floating batteries with their 50-pound cannonballs completely defeated the fortifications of Kinburn without receiving serious damage, since the numerous cannonballs of Russian cannons that fell into the armor either split on impact or left minor dents. After the defeat of the Kinburn fortifications and the withdrawal of the landing force from the allied fleet, Kinburn was forced to surrender ( ).

Action on the Danube

October 11. A detachment of the Danube River Flotilla, consisting of two steamships "Prut" and "Ordinarets" and taken by them on board and in tow 8 rowing gunboats under the command of Captain 2nd Rank Varpakhovsky, having the task of passing from Izmail to Galati, while passing by the Turkish fortress of Isakchi, was fired upon her batteries. Carrying out a breakthrough, the detachment had an hour and a half artillery exchange of fire with Turkish batteries and destroyed 3 guns in the process.
Breakthrough conditions, complicated by the fact that steamers, having gunboats in tow, could not develop more than 2.5 knots against the current, led to the fact that Russian ships had a significant amount of damage from enemy shells. Detachment losses: 7 killed (including the head of the detachment, captain 2nd rank Varpakhovsky) and 51 wounded ( ).

March 8 - 9. In order to cover the crossing of the Russian troops on the right bank of the Danube near Galati, a detachment of the Danube river flotilla, consisting of the steamer "Prut" and three rowing gunboats, fired at the enemy bank in the area of ​​​​the crossing ().

March 9 - 10. In order to demonstrate during the crossing of the Russian troops to the right bank of the Danube near Galati, two rowing gunboats from the Danube river flotilla under the command of Lieutenant Martyn fired intensively at the Turkish batteries near Girsov ( ).

March 10 - 11. In order to ensure the crossing of Russian troops at Galati and to clear the right bank of the Danube from the enemy, a detachment of the Danube River Flotilla, consisting of 6 rowing gunboats under the command of Captain 1st Rank Bernard de Grave, having taken a position in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe mouth of the Machinsky branch, silenced the Turkish batteries with their fire and thereby contributed to the success of the crossing of the Russian troops.
The steamer Prut, which joined the detachment on March 11, after participating in the shelling of the coast, reconnoitred the coast and made sure that it was cleared of the enemy, reported that to the ground command, which ordered the start of the crossing, carried out without hindrance ().

March 11th. A detachment of the Danube River Flotilla, consisting of 14 rowing gunboats under the command of Rear Admiral A.D. Kuznetsov, covering the crossing of Russian troops across the Danube near the island of Chatal, from dawn to noon fired at the Turkish fortifications located here ().

March 11th. A detachment of the Danube River Flotilla, consisting of the Ordinarets steamship and three rowing gunboats under the command of Lieutenant Commander Kononovich, covering the crossing of Russian troops across the Danube near Galati, fired on Turkish coastal fortifications ().

March 12. A detachment of the Danube River Flotilla, consisting of 14 rowing gunboats under the command of Rear Admiral A.D. Kuznetsov, assisted the ground forces in building a pontoon bridge across the Sulinsky sleeve ( ).

April 29. A detachment of 3 gunboats of the Danube River Flotilla under the command of Captain 1st Rank Bernard de Grave, together with a coastal battery located on the left bank of the Danube, bombarded the fortifications of the eastern front of the Turkish fortress of Silistria ( ) from a distance of 20 cables.

April 30. With the assistance of the vessels of the river Danube flotilla, the Russian troops occupied the island of Salani lying opposite Silistria, which was used to set up siege batteries here ( ).

16th of May. The shelling by the steamship "Prut" and two gunboats of the Danube river flotilla under the command of captain 1st rank Bernard de Grave of the fortifications of the eastern front of the Silistria fortress at a distance of 7 cables during the assault by its ground forces under the command of General Schilder ( ).

June 15. A detachment of gunboats of the Danube River Flotilla, covering the withdrawal of Russian troops from Silistria and the construction of the pontoon bridge built here, with their fire held the offensive of the units of the Turkish garrison of Silistria, who tried to prevent the withdrawal and construction of the bridge ().

December 26. A detachment of the Danube River Flotilla under the command of Rear Admiral Tsebrikov, with its fire, contributed to the return crossing of Russian troops across the Danube at Tulcha ().

Actions on the Baltic Sea

March 31. The English fleet, under the command of Vice-Admiral Nepira, consisting of 13 screw and 6 sailing ships of the line, 23 frigates and steamships, entered the Gulf of Finland and announced a blockade of the Russian coast of the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Bothnia, the Gulf of Finland and the Gulf of Riga ().

April 2. In order to provide skerry flotillas of gunboats and the coastal defense of the Baltic Sea with personnel, the first call-up to the naval service of the naval militia from among volunteers took place in the St. Petersburg, Novgorod, Tver and Olonets provinces. The record made significantly exceeded the planned number of conscription, giving from the day it began to May 22, 7132 people who expressed a desire to join the naval militia. By the end of April, the first militia battalion had already been formed, assigned to serve on the gunboat flotilla. According to the general recall of the command over the two years of the war, the naval militias proved to be disciplined and courageous warriors who quickly got used to the requirements of naval service in a combat situation ( ).

April 6. An attempt to bombard the city of Ganges by several English ships. Intensive fire from coastal batteries forced the enemy to go to sea ( ).

May 7 - 8. The attack of an English screw frigate and a rowboat on the city of Eknes, repulsed by Russian coastal batteries ( ).

May 10. The attack of 6 English ships on the Ganges with the support of 26 ships stationed in the roadstead. After a five-hour skirmish with coastal batteries, having received serious damage, the enemy ships went to sea ( ).

26 of May. Two English military ships (16-gun Oden and 6-gun Vulture), having received the task of reconnaissance of the Russian forces on the coast of the Gulf of Bothnia and destroy the military and merchant ships located here, attacked the small unprotected Finnish port of Gamle -Carleby, making an attempt to land a landing force of about 350 people sent on 9 barges armed with small cannons. As the landing force approached the shore, it was met by fire from a small coastal detachment, reinforced by volunteers from local residents. After a 45-minute battle, having lost one barge drowned and having two others badly damaged, the enemy was forced to hastily retreat. The defenders captured 1 flag, 1 cannon and 22 prisoners.
Having accepted the repulsed landing, the ships, without taking any further action, went to sea ( ).

the 9th of June. Two steam-frigates and one screw corvette from among the English ships that blockaded the Aland Islands, approaching the fortifications of Bomarzund at 10-12 cable lengths, tried to bombard them from large-caliber bombing guns. A fire was caused by return fire from the fortifications on one of the enemy ships, and the rudder was damaged on the other, which forced the enemy to stop firing and leave ( ).

12 June. The French fleet, which arrived in the Baltic Sea, consisting of 1 screw and 8 sailing ships of the line, 1 screw and 6 sailing frigates and 4 wheel steamers under the command of Vice Admiral Parseval-Deschen, joined the English fleet at Bare Sound ().

June 14. A combined Anglo-French fleet of 18 ships of the line, 8 frigates and several smaller vessels under the command of Vice Admirals Napier and Parseval-Deschen appeared in front of Kronstadt with the aim of attacking it. However, having limited themselves to reconnaissance for a week and having found out the extraordinary power of the defense of Kronstadt, the Allies abandoned the attack and retreated on June 20 to the island of Seskar ( ).

July 10. Vice-Admiral Nepir, having received a notice from the English Admiralty of consent to the implementation of the operation he proposed against the Aland Islands (Bomarzund), completely crossed the fleet from the island of Seskar to the Aland archipelago ( ).

July 15. Arrival in the Åland Islands to Bomarzund of the French squadron under the command of Admiral Parseval-Deschen with the landing corps of General Barage d "Ilye ().

26 July. Anglo-French landing of 11,000 people near Bomarzund. The unloading of siege weapons continued until July 29 ( ).

July 28 - August 4. Continuous bombardment of Bomarzund from land and sea by the Anglo-French, who fired up to 120,000 shells. On August 4, the completely destroyed fortress surrendered to the Anglo-French command (2175 people and 112 guns) ( ).

July 29. Making reconnaissance at Bomarzund, the English screw frigate "Penelope", being under fire from the Russian fort, jumped out onto the stones near the island of Prest-E. With the assistance of two steamships, Penelope, which threw some of its guns into the water and received 9 holes from fire from the fort, hardly got off the rocks and was taken away in tow ( ).

August 10. The attack of a detachment of English steam ships consisting of 2 steam-frigates, 1 sloop, 1 steamer and 1 schooner on the city of Abo in order to destroy the city and port. Met by fire from two military steamships and ten rowing gunboats under the command of Captain 1st Rank Akulov, the enemy, after a strong one and a half hour firefight at a distance of 12-20 cables, abandoned the intention to penetrate the Abo roadstead, retired to the sea ().

August, 26th. The departure of the French landing corps under the command of Barage d "Ilye from Bomarzund to France ().

October 7th. The cessation of operations in the Baltic Sea and the departure of the allied Anglo-French fleet from the Baltic to their bases.
As a result of the unsuccessful actions of the English fleet, Admiral Napier was replaced for the 1855 campaign by Admiral Dondas ( ).

April 28. Arrival to Nargen Island of the English squadron under the command of Admiral Dondas, consisting of 17 ships of the line and 30 steam-frigates and steamers. Two weeks later (in mid-May), the squadron moved to Krasnaya Gorka. On May 19, the French squadron of Admiral Penot joined it, consisting of 3 battleships and 2 steamships ().

May 24. English steam 20-push. the frigate "Cossaсk", approaching the Ganges, tried to land a landing party on a boat to destroy the posts of the coastal telegraph (semaphore), capture local pilots and requisition food. At the moment of landing, the enemy was attacked by a local team, which sank the boat and captured the surviving people from the landing party, led by its commander. The next day, the frigate Cossack, making sure that its landing force was destroyed, fired at the Ganges to no avail, firing about 150 shells within 2 hours ( ).

The beginning of June. The combined Anglo-French fleet under the command of Rear Admirals Dondas and Peno, consisting of: English - 19 screw and 2 sailing ships of the line, 4 screw frigates, 12 wheeled armed steamers, 16 mortar floating batteries, 16 gunboats and 23 small steam and sailing ships and French - 1 screw and 2 sailing ships of the line, 1 frigate, 1 corvette, 3 paddle steamers, 5 mortar floating batteries and 6 gunboats (total 101 pennant, about 2500 guns) approached Kronstadt, intending to attack it. Convinced of the strengthening of Kronstadt's defensive means compared to the previous year, the Anglo-French command abandoned the attack and limited itself to a blockade, sending detachments from the main forces to carry out attacks on individual points on the coast of the Gulf of Finland ( ).

June 6 - 7. An English detachment consisting of 2 screw battleships and 2 steam gunboats, approaching the mouth of the Narova River, fired at the coastal batteries located here and a detachment of 4 rowing gunboats under the command of Captain-Lieutenant Stackelberg, intended to defend the entrance to the Narova River, from the maximum distance , as well as the village of Gungersburg (Ust-Narova). After an eight-hour bombardment, which caused fires in private houses in Gungersburg, but did not cause damage to the batteries and gunboats operating against it, the enemy retreated to the sea to the island of Seskar ( ).

June 8. A detachment of English and French steam ships, detached from the Allied fleet, which was in front of Kronstadt, during the reconnaissance of the Kronstadt fortifications, fell into the area of ​​minefields set by the Russians, and the steamer-frigate "Merlin" and the steamers "Firefly", "Vulture" ran into the mines and Bulldog.
Due to the small charge of mines (10–15 pounds of gunpowder), all ships remained afloat, having received only minor damage that required minor dock repairs. However, as a result of the discovery of minefields, laid in large numbers (the British caught up to 70 mines in various places), the allied command came to the conclusion that it was impossible to carry out active operations from the sea against Kronstadt and therefore decided to limit themselves to a blockade ( ).

June 10th. The English frigate Amphion, sent to make soundings and establish fairways off the eastern coast of Sandhamn Island near Sveaborg, had a skirmish with Russian coastal batteries and gunboats. Having received damage, the frigate retreated ( ).

July 1. A detachment of English steam ships, consisting of a steamer-frigate, a corvette and a gunboat, accompanied by seven armed barges with a landing force of about 700 people, having made an attempt to penetrate the Tranzond to Vyborg, attacked a Russian detachment blocking its path as part of the Tosno steamer and 8 rowing gunboats under the command of captain 2nd rank Rudakov, who occupied a position between the islands of Ravensaari and Nikolaevsky. As a result of an hour-long battle, the enemy barges, having come under gunboat fire and gunfire from the islands, were forced to retreat with losses, and one barge was sunk. Later, having fired at the fortifications on the islands, the English detachment, having abandoned attempts to penetrate into the Vyborg Bay, withdrew ( ).

July 9. Shelling by a detachment of 4 English courts of the city of Friedrichsham. Encountered by fire from coastal batteries, the enemy withdrew to the sea ( ).

July 28 - 29. Bombardment by the combined Anglo-French fleet of the fortress of Sveaborg.
Allied fleet under the command of the English Admiral Dondas and the French Admiral Peno, consisting of an English squadron of 6 battleships, 4 frigates, 16 floating bombardment batteries, 16 gunboats, 8 steamers and 4 transports and a French squadron of 3 battleships, 1 frigate, 1 corvette , 1 steamboat, 5 floating bombardment batteries, 6 gunboats (71 pennants, over 1000 guns), having taken a position at a distance of 20-30 cables in front of Sveaborg, bombarded () its fortifications and Russian ships located between the islands in the passages ( 3 battleships, 1 frigate, 1 steam-frigate, 1 schooner and 5 gunboats - 300 guns).
In forty-five hours of continuous shelling, the allies fired up to 18,500 shells and about 700 incendiary convex rockets. The bombing and resulting fires destroyed a significant number of wooden buildings and warehouses, as well as blown up four bomb magazines, but relatively little damage was done to the forts and batteries themselves. Of the Russian ships, the battleship Rossiya, which was stationed in the Gustavsvert passage, suffered the most damage, having received 3 underwater holes and 43 hits in the surface hull and mast. In two days of bombardment by the allies of the fortifications of Sveabort, Russian ships fired 2,800 shots at the enemy. Losses of the garrison: 62 killed and 199 wounded, losses on ships: 11 killed and 89 wounded (on the battleship Rossiya). Allied losses are unknown. Having not achieved the desired results with the bombardment, the allied fleet did not dare to force the Sveaborg passes in order to penetrate the inner roadstead and capture Sveaborg and Helsingfors, and retreated to the sea to the island of Nargen ( ).

July 29. English screw 84-push. the battleship "Hawke" and the corvette "Desperate", having passed into the Gulf of Riga and approaching the mouth of the Western Dvina, had an hour and a half skirmish with the Riga battalion of the rowing flotilla (12 gunboats) under the command of Lieutenant Commander P. Istomin, after which they went to sea ( ).

August 4. Skirmish between a detachment of the Russian rowing flotilla consisting of 6 propeller boats: Flurry, Pike, Ruff, Zarnitsa, Gust and Burun under the command of Rear Admiral S.I. Mofet, on the one hand, and three Allied ships (a screw frigate and 2 steamboats), on the other hand, near the Tolbukhin lighthouse, which lasted about two hours and ended to no avail for both sides ( )

August 21. The attack of the English steamer on the city of Gamle-Carleby. After a 3.5-hour skirmish with coastal batteries, having received damage, the ship retired to the sea ( ).

The beginning of November. After a six-month stay in the Baltic Sea, the allied Anglo-French fleet, having not achieved any serious results in the fight against the Russian fleet and the coast, left the Baltic Sea with the approach of winter time and returned to their ports ( ).

Actions on the White Sea

The beginning of June. Arrival in the White Sea of ​​an English detachment consisting of three ships under the command of Captain Ommaney to blockade the Russian coast. Later, with the arrival of several more English and French ships in the White Sea, the Allied naval forces were brought here to 10 ships ( ).

22nd of June. Six armed boats sent from the frigate of the Ommaney detachment, which approached the island of Mudyug to measure the fairways leading to Arkhangelsk, were fired upon by two field batteries and rifle fire from gunboats. The lighthouse was damaged by return fire from the frigate. The boats, having not completed their task, returned to the frigate, and the latter hastened to go to sea ( ).

July 6 - 7. Shelling of the Solovetsky Monastery by two English ships (28 guns). Return fire from two monastery guns damaged one steamer.
On July 7, the British offered to surrender to the monastery, but were refused. Convinced that the monastery would resist, the enemy retired to the sea ( ).

July 10 - 11. The Anglo-French attack on the village of Pushlaty (on the shores of the Onega Bay), where the peasants put up stubborn resistance to the landing of 100 people. Having lost 5 people killed, the enemy set fire to the village and retired to their ships ( ).

September 8 - 12. Departure of the Anglo-French squadron from the White Sea. On September 8, the English ships left; 12th - French ( ).

The end of May. Arrival of an Anglo-French detachment of 6 ships under the command of Captain Bailey in the White Sea to continue the blockade of the Russian coast ( ).

May 30. Approaching the island of Mudyug and announcing on June 4 a blockade of all ports, harbors and bays of the White Sea, the enemy ships did not dare to attack Arkhangelsk.
Cruising all summer in the White Sea, the Anglo-French ships were engaged in the destruction of small fishing schooners and fishing vessels, and also attacked small coastal villages ( ).

Assessing the actions of the Anglo-French fleet on the White Sea during the war of 1854-1855, Engels wrote:
« ... The siege squadron was engaged in miserable attacks on Russian and Lappish villages and the destruction of the miserable property of poor fishermen. The British correspondents justify this shameful behavior by the natural irritation of the squadron, which feels that it cannot do anything serious! Good defense!» { }.

Actions in the Far East

July August. In connection with the news received about the declaration of war by England and France on Russia and the likelihood of an attack by the Anglo-French naval forces Pacific Ocean in Petropavlovsk-on-Kamchatka, the commander of the Petropavlovsk port, Major General V.S. Located in the port 44-push. frigate "Aurora" and 10-gun. military transport "Dvina" were anchored in the depths of the bay behind the Koshka spit with the left sides to the exit from the bay. The starboard guns of both ships were removed to reinforce the 7 batteries erected on the shore. The total number of guns on ships and batteries reached 67. The available garrison of Petropavlovsk consisted of 1016 people (including the crews of both ships and a detachment of volunteers from local residents) ( ).

August 18. Joint Anglo-French squadron (English ships: 50-gun frigate "President", 40-gun frigate "Pique", steamer "Virago", French ships: 50-gun frigate "La Forte", 20-gun corvette "L" Eurydice, 12-gun brig "Obligado" - a total of 218 guns), entering Avacha Bay and approaching the harbor of Petropavlovsk-on-Kamchatka from a distance of about 7-8 cables, fired at the port and coastal batteries in order to find out the location and after a short exchange of fire with the batteries, the enemy withdrew and anchored outside the shots.

August 19 the enemy resumed shelling, but since his ships were out of range of coastal batteries, the latter did not respond to him ( ).

August 20. The Anglo-French squadron, approaching the entrance to the Peter and Paul Bay and taking up positions against batteries No. 1 and No. 4 (8 guns), fired at both batteries from 80 guns for an hour and a half. Battery No. 1 (5 guns), bombarded with enemy shells, on which all the guns were out of order, was forced to cease fire. The personnel of the battery, having riveted the guns, were transferred to battery No. 4 (3 guns), against which the enemy increased their fire and began to prepare a landing force. Soon, the landing force on 15 rowboats (about 300 people), under cover of ship fire, began to approach the shore. Seeing the impossibility of holding out, the personnel of the battery (28 people), having riveted the guns, retreated, but soon, uniting with detachments of sailors sent from battery No. 1 and Kamchadal volunteers (up to 100 people), attacked with bayonets the landing force, which, without accepting the battle, hurriedly ran to the boats and rolled away from the shore.
After that, the enemy transferred fire to battery No. 2 (11 guns) that covered the entrance to the Peter and Paul Harbor, which until the evening fought with three enemy frigates, which several times tried to land troops in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bbatteries No. 1 and No. 3, and one enemy boat was sunk. With the onset of dusk, the enemy ceased fire and retreated into the depths of the bay, correcting the damage received over the next three days ( ).

24 August. Peter and Paul battle. The attack of the united Anglo-French squadron in full force on Petropavlovsk.
At 6 o'clock in the morning, the enemy ships, having taken up positions against batteries No. 3 and No. 7, began an intensive shelling of them, having the intention, after their destruction, to land an assault force to capture the city and the ships stationed in the harbor.
As a result of a three-hour battle, the enemy managed to destroy both Russian batteries, whose personnel, having lost more than half of their people, withdrew to join the reserve. Convinced that the batteries were abandoned by the Russians, the enemy proceeded to land on 25 rowboats in two groups - in the area of ​​​​battery No. 7 of about 700 people and in the area of ​​battery No. 3 - about 150.
Having entrenched themselves on the shore under the cover of fire from their ships, both landing parties began to quickly climb the hills of Nikolskaya Mountain, bypassing Petropavlovsk from two sides.
In order to prevent the enemy from occupying the crest of the mountain, Major General V.S. Zavoyko, having gathered all the available forces of the garrison and reinforced it with a detachment of sailors from the Aurora, battery personnel and volunteers (about 300 people in total), sent them to attack against the landing . With a powerful bayonet strike and rifle fire from specially selected riflemen, the garrison threw the enemy from the slopes of the mountain into the sea.
Having suffered heavy losses, the landing force in disorder rushed to escape to the rowboats, which hastily rolled away under the protection of their ships.
The Russians captured in battle the English banner of the marine infantry, many weapons and prisoners. According to British data, the Allies lost up to 450 people killed and wounded. Russian losses: 32 killed and 64 wounded.
Having accepted the landing, the enemy ships hastily retreated deep into the bay, where, having corrected the damage, on August 27 they finally went to sea ( ).

April 4 - 6. Having received information about the intention of the Anglo-French command with the beginning of spring to again launch large-scale operations against Petropavlovsk, the Governor General Eastern Siberia N.N. Muravyov ordered Rear Admiral V.S. Zavoyko ( ) to hastily evacuate the Petropavlovsk port, disarm the batteries, arm and prepare all ships for an urgent exit, loading property, food, guns, the entire garrison with their families on them and leave with Kamchatka at the mouth of the Amur. Upon receipt of this order on March 3, work began on the preparation of ships and the loading of port property. At the same time, due to the presence of ice in the bay, they began to make a channel in it for the withdrawal of ships to the sea. By the beginning of April, all preparations were completed, and on April 4, the Irtysh and Baikal transports were the first to be sent. On April 6, the rest of the ships went to sea - the frigate "Aurora", the corvette "Olivutsa" (), transport "Dvina" and boat No. 1.
The Anglo-French squadron, which arrived at Petropavlovsk in early May, found the port abandoned by the Russians ( ).

1st of May. The squadron of Rear Admiral Zavoyko, consisting of the Aurora frigate, the Olivuts corvette, three transports - the Dvina, Baikal and Irtysh - and boat No. 1, having made the transition from Kamchatka to the Tatar Strait, concentrated in De- Castries for further passage to the Amur Estuary, as soon as the latter is cleared of ice ( ).

May 8. Convinced that Rear Admiral Zavoyko's squadron had left Petropavlovsk, the Anglo-French naval command could not establish its whereabouts for a long time.
Finally, on May 8, a detachment of English ships consisting of 1 frigate, 1 screw corvette and 1 sloop under the command of Commodore Elliot, entering the Tatar Strait, discovered the Russian squadron in De-Kastri Bay.
The screw corvette Hornet, sent for reconnaissance, exchanged several volleys with the Russian corvette Olivutsa, and reported to Elliot about the composition of the Russian squadron, which was preparing for battle. Not risking a fight, Elliot sent the Hornet to Hakodate to his command with a request to send reinforcements, and he himself remained in the Tatar Strait for observation with two ships, considering the Russian ships blocked ( ).

16th of May. Having received on May 15 the news that the Amur estuary was cleared of ice, the squadron of Rear Admiral Zavoiko on the night of May 16, using thick fog, left De Kaetri Bay and went north through the Tatar Strait to the mouth of the Amur, where it arrived safely on May 24.
On the same day, May 16, the Anglo-French squadron of Admiral Stirling, who came from Hakodate to connect with Elliot's detachment, hurried to De-Kastri Bay in order to attack the Russian squadron, but did not find it. This new disappearance of the Russians was all the more incomprehensible because the British considered the Tatar Strait to be a bay with no outlet to the north. Despite the undertaken searches for the Russian squadron, it was not found ( ).

July 22. During the chase of the English steamer for the brig "Okhotsk" near Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, the crew of the brig, transferring to boats, blew up the ship. Most of the boat crew reached the shore and escaped capture ( ).

March 18. Parisian world. The conclusion in Paris of a peace treaty between the warring countries, according to which:
a) the allies cleared the points they occupied in the Crimea and on the Black Sea (Sevastopol, Evpatoria, Kerch, Kinburn, etc.);
b) Russia returned Kars occupied by the Russians and part of the Danube Bessarabia to Turkey;
c) The Black Sea was declared neutral, i.e. closed to warships and open to merchant ships of all nations;
d) Russia pledged not to maintain a combat fleet in the Black Sea;
e) Russia and Turkey could not create any naval bases on the shores of the Black Sea;
f) Russia pledged not to build fortifications on the Aland Islands;
g) to regulate the issues of navigation on the Danube, a special permanent all-European commission was formed from representatives of all interested countries.

Thus, the Treaty of Paris deprived Russia of the result of her centuries-old struggle for access to the Black Sea and left southern Ukraine, Crimea, and the Caucasus defenseless from enemy attacks.

The London Treaty of 1871 abolished the humiliating articles of the Paris Treaty ( ).