Eastern Slavs in the pre-state period. Pre-state period in the history of Russia

19.11.2019

The subject and objectives of the course of national history.

History is a Greek word, translated means a story, a story about the past, learned, explored. This is a great process of development of nature and human society. This is a science that studies the past of mankind in its development at different stages. Sources of information can be:

1) material (archaeological excavations)

2) written (chronicles, novels, stories)

3) artistic (engravings, icons, paintings)

4) phonic (musical recordings, sound narration)

The task of the national history course is to know the main stages and directions of the socio-political, economic and socio-cultural development of our state.

The course of national history performs a number of functions:

1) cognitive

2) worldview

3) educational

4) political

The first historian of our country can be considered Nestor (monk-chronicler of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, late 11th - early 12th centuries.), who wrote The Tale of Bygone Years. Among other major historians of our homeland, one can name Tatishchev, Karamzin, Solovyov, Klyuchevsky, who considered the history of the development of our homeland from the point of view of the improvement of the human spirit. The first materialist historian, who based the study of the history of the Motherland on the change in the form of management, was Radishchev ("Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow"). Among modern historians one can name Rybakov, Grekov, Zimin, Tikhomirov.

The main principles of studying history are:

1) historicism (specific historical conditions)

2) objectivity (reliance on specific facts)

3) alternativeness (studying experience, the ability to learn lessons)

The main stages in the development of the Russian state.

To study national history, periodization is necessary, i.e. determination of the period of time during which there have been significant changes in the development of the state. The author of the first periodization was Tatishchev; he based it on autocracy and the power of power. Karamzin based his periodization on the statehood and the change of ruling dynasties. The historian Solovyov believed that the periodization should be based on the struggle between the state and the tribal principle. Klyuchevsky put the territorial growth of the state, the change in life and the state of the people as the basis for periodization.

Modern national history takes into account in its periodization the dominant forms of socio-economic relations, the socio-political system and the specifics of culture.

Stage 1. Eastern Slavs in antiquity - thousands of years ago - IX century.

Stage 2. Old Russian state Kievan Rus - XI-XII centuries.

Stage 3. Feudal fragmentation - the end of the XII - XV centuries.

Stage 4. Formation and development of the Russian centralized state - the end of the XV-XVII centuries.

Stage 5 Russian empire- XVIII-early XX centuries.

Stage 6 Soviet Russia- the beginning of the XX century. (1917) - the end of the XX century. (1991)

Stage 7. Post-Soviet Russia - the end of the XX-beginning of the XXI centuries.

Factors and specifics of the historical development of Russia.

The course of the historical development of Russia is influenced by various factors:

1) geopolitical situation (Eurasia, more than 160 peoples and nationalities, a multinational and multi-confessional state, periodically gravitating either to Western or to Eastern values)

2) a huge territory and long borders (strong state power, significant bureaucracy, large funds for the maintenance of the army, "besieged fortress")

3) harsh natural and climatic environment (short growing season, development of minerals, difficulties with the development of new lands)

4) the mentality of the people (sobornost, i.e. hope for supreme power, collegiality, non-covetousness)

These factors determine the specifics of our history: an extensive type of economic development, i.e. receipt of products on new areas, weak independence of cities, the long existence of the peasant community, the duration of the autocracy, the people's admiration for the supreme power.

Eastern Slavs in pre-state period.

The problem of the origin of the Slavic peoples, including the Eastern Slavs, remains debatable. However, the first Slavs appeared in the second millennium BC. e., and at the beginning of the first millennium AD. e. Greek, Arabic, Byzantine sources call the Slavs a great people, warlike and sedentary. In the VI century. AD, during the great migration of peoples, caused by a significant increase in the population and the need to develop new territories, 3 branches of the Slavic peoples were formed:

1) Eastern Slavs (Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians)

2) South Slavs (Serbs, Croats, Montenegrins)

3) Western Slavs (Poles, Czechs, Slovaks)

In the 7th - 8th centuries. large tribal unions are formed (drevlyans, krivichi, slavens, glade). Some of them united into the largest ethnic groups:

1) Slavia (in the north)

2) Kuyavia (Kiev)

3) Ortania (Ryazan)

Social relations were determined by the system of military democracy: the head of the tribe was an elder, all issues were resolved at the people's assembly, the people's militia. Main occupations:

1) agriculture (in the north - slash-and-burn system; in the south - fallow)

2) hunting, fishing, martyrdom (gathering honey from wild bees)

There was a gradual transition from a tribal to a rural territorial community. Religion is paganism. The main gods were considered: Perun (god of war), Svarok (god of sky, fire), etc.

Russia in the history of civilizations. The main long-term factors in Russian history, their influence on the formation of Russian statehood and features of the Russian national character.

Variety of approaches to the history of human society, formational and civilizational approaches (essence, advantages and disadvantages)

Under the historical concept is understood the system of views of one historian or group of scientists, both on the entire course of historical development as a whole, and on its various problems and aspects.

The variety of concepts of historical development is due to the fact that the course of history is constantly influenced by various factors.

space-biological

Socio-cultural

Economic and economic

Scientific and technical

Depending on the influence of which factors this or that researcher prefers, he creates this or that concept.

The social-idealistic concept assigned a decisive role in the I.P. manifestation of superhuman powers.

The concept of materialistic understanding of history. The basic principles are the unity of mankind, historical regularity, determinism (causal relationships), progress.

The formational concept based on the law of "negation of negation" assumes the inevitability of the development of the historical process from primitive communism.

Formative approach:

Characterized by historicism

Covers every society in its entirety

Specific analysis various types societies

Assumes a unilinear nature of historical development.

Rigidly connects all changes in society with the economic basis, economic relations

Absolutes the role of conflict relations in society, attaches decisive importance to the class struggle and violence in the progressive historical development

It is associated with elements of social utopianism and even providentialism.

Civilization approach in search general patterns of the historical process is based on identifying common features in political, spiritual, domestic, material culture, public consciousness, similar development paths. In addition, it takes into account the differences generated by the habitat, historical features. There are 3 main types of civilizations:

Peoples without the idea of development, i.e. outside of historical time (the primitive state of society, it is characterized by adaptation, harmony of man and nature, repetition of traditions)

Eastern (cyclical nature of development; characterized by the interweaving of the past and the present, the preservation of religious priorities, it is distinguished by the absence of pronounced class differences and the developed part, property)

European (progressive) - based on the idea of continuous. development, this type becomes common for Jewish countries with the spread of Christianity. For him, rationalism is characteristic, in part property, market relations, a class structure with active political parties, the presence of civil. society.

Allows scientists to get away from a one-dimensional picture of the world, to take into account the uniqueness of the ways of development of individual regions, countries and peoples

Its methodological principles are applicable to the history of any country

History is viewed as a multilinear and multivariate process.

Assumes integrity, unity of human history

Sufficiently complete assessment of the development of countries or regions

Culture and religion play an important role in characterization.

Amorphous criteria for determining the types of civilization

The problems of the driving forces of the I.P., the direction and meaning of historical development have not been sufficiently clearly developed.

Russia is a civilizationally heterogeneous society. This is a special, historically formed conglomerate of peoples belonging to different types of development, united by a powerful, centralized state with a Great Russian core.

Geopolitically, Russia is located between two powerful centers of civilizational influence - East and West. This inevitably affected the choice of development paths. At sharp turns, historical whirlwinds "shifted" the country either closer to the West or closer to the East: Russia was, as it were, a "drifting society" at the crossroads of civilizational magnetic fields. In this regard, for our country, like no other, throughout history, the problem of choosing alternatives has been extremely acute.

The historical phenomenon of Russia was formed in its main features in the conditions of the Muscovite state. Then the name of the country was born and fixed. However, this phenomenon has deep historical roots that are common to the Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian peoples. The Slavic civilization, which was just taking shape, was involved in the process of the great migration of peoples (4th-6th centuries), then it was dissected by powerful streams of civilizational expansion, and subsequently the fate of the Slavic peoples developed differently.

LONG-TERM factors of Russian history:

FIRST GROUP: Natural and climatic.

1) Continental climate.

2) Infertile soils.

SECOND GROUP: Geopolitical

1) Huge spaces for resettlement

2) Openness of borders.

3) The median position of Russian lands between east and west at the junction of 2 civilizations.

An important milestone in the history of ancient Russia is the emergence of statehood. The type of state largely determined the fate of these lands, the process of its formation was long, it can be divided into a number of stages.

I stage covered the 7th-8th centuries. During this period, the consolidation of the tribes unfolded to solve common tasks: protection of territory and population, struggle for resources. The centers of association were the cities of Kiev, Novgorod, Beloozero, Rostov. Tribal alliances arose.

II stage covered the first - third quarter of the 9th century. At this time, the foundations of statehood, which had developed in antiquity in several regions, arose.

Stage III associated with the emergence of a single ancient Russian state, which is usually called Kievan Rus. (882)

Thus, initially a geopolitical space, which in the future will become a field historical activity Russian, was at the junction different worlds: nomadic and settled, Christian and Muslim, pagan and Jewish. The population of Ancient Russia was under the powerful influence of multidirectional civilizational factors, primarily Christian and Muslim.

The first written evidence of the Slavs. By the middle of the II millennium BC. Slavs stand out from the Indo-European community. By the beginning of the 1st millennium BC. the Slavs became significant in numbers, influence in the world around them

In the era of the great migration of the peoples of the Slavs, other peoples began to crowd on the Danube. The Slavs began to split up.

Part of the Slavs remained in Europe. Later they will receive the name of the southern Slavs (later Bulgarians, Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, Bosnians, Montenegrins will come from them).

Another part of the Slavs moved to the north - the Western Slavs (Czechs, Poles, Slovaks). Western and southern Slavs were conquered by other peoples.

And the third part of the Slavs, according to scientists, did not want to submit to anyone and moved to the northeast, to the East European Plain. Later they will receive the name of the Eastern Slavs (Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians).

The Eastern Slavs went to the northeast, into the dense forest jungle, where there was no cultural heritage. The Eastern Slavs left in two streams. One part of the Slavs went to Lake Ilmen. Later, the ancient Russian city of Novgorod will rise there. The other part - to the middle and lower reaches of the Dnieper - there will be another ancient city Kiev.

In the VI - VIII centuries. Eastern Slavs mostly settled across the East European Plain

Territory of the Eastern Slavs . In the VI - VIII centuries. The Slavs were not yet one people. They were divided into tribal unions, which included 120 - 150 separate tribes. By the ninth century There were about 15 tribal unions. Tribal unions were called either by the area in which they lived, or by the name of the leaders. Information about the resettlement of the Eastern Slavs is contained in the chronicle "The Tale of Bygone Years", created by the monk of the Kiev-Pechersk monastery Nestor in the second decade of the 12th century.

The path "from the Varangians to the Greeks." The Eastern Slavs did not have a sea coast. Rivers became the main trade routes for the Slavs. They "huddled" to the banks of the rivers, especially the greatest river of Russian antiquity - the Dnieper. In the ninth century a great trade route arose - "from the Varangians to the Greeks". It connected Novgorod and Kiev, Northern and Southern Europe. From the Baltic Sea along the Neva River, the caravans of merchants got to Lake Ladoga, from there along the Volkhov River and further along the Lovat River to the upper reaches of the Dnieper. From Lovat to the Dnieper in the region of Smolensk and on the Dnieper rapids they crossed by "drag routes". Further, the western coast of the Black Sea reached the capital of Byzantium, Constantinople (the Eastern Slavs called it Constantinople). This path became the core, the main trade road, the "red street" of the Eastern Slavs. The whole life of the East Slavic society was concentrated around this trade route.

Occupations of the Eastern Slavs. The main occupation of the Eastern Slavs was agriculture. They cultivated wheat, rye, barley, millet, planted turnips, millet, cabbage, beets, carrots, radishes, garlic and other crops. They were engaged in cattle breeding (bred pigs, cows, horses, small cattle), fishing, beekeeping (gathering honey from wild bees). A significant part of the territory of the Eastern Slavs lay in the zone of a harsh climate, and farming required the exertion of all physical strength. Labor-intensive work had to be completed within a strictly defined time frame. This was only possible for a large team. Therefore, from the very beginning of the appearance of the Slavs on the East European Plain, the collective - the community and the role of leader - began to play the most important role in their life.

Cities . Among the Eastern Slavs in the V - VI centuries. cities arose, which was associated with the long-standing development of trade. The most ancient Russian cities are Kiev, Novgorod, Smolensk, Suzdal, Murom, Pereyaslavl South. In the ninth century the Eastern Slavs had at least 24 major cities. Cities usually arose at the confluence of rivers, on a high hill. The central part of the city was called the Kremlin, Detinets and was usually surrounded by a rampart. The Kremlin housed the dwellings of princes, the nobility, temples, monasteries. A moat filled with water was erected behind the fortress wall. Bargaining was located behind the moat. A settlement adjoined the Kremlin, where artisans settled. Separate areas of the settlement, inhabited by artisans of the same specialty, were called settlements.

Public relations. The Eastern Slavs lived by birth. Each clan had its own foreman - the prince. The prince leaned on the tribal top - " best husbands". The princes formed a special military organization- a squad, which included warriors and advisers to the prince. The squad was divided into senior and junior. The first included the most noble warriors (advisers). The younger squad lived with the prince and served his court and household. Vigilantes from the conquered tribes collected tribute (taxes). Campaigns for the collection of tribute were called "polyuds". From time immemorial, the Eastern Slavs had a custom - to solve all the most important issues in the life of the family at a secular gathering - a veche.

Old Russian paganism is a complex system of mythological and cosmological ideas that appeared in different historical eras with their magical cults that accompanied ancient people from birth to death. Thousand-year-old pagan beliefs coexisted for many centuries with victorious Christianity and, in the form of numerous survivals, have come down to our time.

The first religious beliefs - 30 - 40 thousand years ago.

The most common religious beliefs include:

2) tateism - veneration of any animal (plant); belief in the origin of a given human race from some kind of animal.

3) animism - belief in the existence of invisible twins, visible objects.

4) magic - a set of mystical actions and the belief that with their help one can say the impact on the forces of nature, oneself and other people.

5) polytheism - polytheism (the presence of many gods equal to each other).

In the era of Slavic settlement and “pre-state” development, a change took place in Russian funeral rituals: the burial of urns with the ashes of the burnt in wooden huts-houses was replaced by the burial of ashes in mounds; then there is another turning point in religious consciousness - the transition from burning to a simple burial of the body in a mound with the lighting of ritual fires. An integral part of the ancient way of life was the annual commemoration of the dead on parental days (radinitsa, parental Saturday), which were then included in Orthodox church life.

5. The emergence of the state among the Eastern Slavs. The role of the Varangian element in the formation of Russian statehood. "Normanism and Anti-Normanism".

Information about the social and political system of the Eastern Slavs until the 9th century. extremely scarce. Western and eastern sources note already in the IV-VI centuries. the presence of strong leaders among the Eastern Slavs, reminiscent of monarchs. The unity of laws, i.e., a certain legal order, is also noted. Sources of the 7th century. they talk about the existence of three East Slavic associations: Kuyavia - in the region of Kiev land, Slavia - in the region of Lake Ilmen, Artania - either Tmutarakan on the Taman Peninsula, or an area in the Volga basin. Statehood among the Eastern Slavs during the formation of feudalism was very primitive, but it created the foundation for the emergence of later Old Russian state. The unification of the Eastern Slavs into the Old Russian state was prepared by internal socio-economic processes.

Reasons for education:

1. Social division of labor . The sources from which people drew their livelihoods became more diverse; thus, military booty began to play a large role in the life of the clan. Over time, professional artisans and warriors appeared. Frequent relocations of clans, the emergence and disintegration of inter-clan and inter-tribal unions, the separation of groups of seekers of military prey (brigades) from the clan - all these processes forced us to deviate from traditions based on custom, old solutions did not always work in previously unknown conflict situations.

2. Economic development . Economic, economic activity encouraged people to search for more suitable forms of common existence. The state arose when property differences directly related to the economy were not very significant; the emerging state power initially almost did not pretend to be a serious participant in economic life.

3. The interest of society in the emergence of the state . The state arose because the overwhelming majority of members of society were interested in its appearance. It was convenient and profitable for the community farmer to appear that the prince and combatants with weapons in their hands protected him and saved him from burdensome and dangerous military affairs. From the very beginning, the state solved not only military, but also judicial tasks, especially those related to inter-clan disputes. The princes and their warriors were relatively objective mediators in conflicts between representatives of different clans; the elders, who from time immemorial had to take care of the interests of their kind, their community, were not suitable for the role of impartial arbiters.

The moment of the emergence of the Old Russian state cannot be determined with sufficient accuracy; different historians date this event in different ways. According to The Tale of Bygone Years, in 862 Rurik and his brothers were called to reign in Novgorod. From this date, the tradition begins the countdown of Russian statehood. The Varangian princes came to Russia and sat on the thrones: Rurik - in Novgorod, Truvor - in Izborsk (near Pskov), Sineus - in Beloozero. After some time, Rurik united the lands of the brothers under his rule.

In 882, Prince Oleg of Novgorod captured Kiev and united the two most important groups of Russian lands; then he managed to annex the rest of the Russian lands. The relatively easy assertion of Oleg's power in the Dnieper region indicates that by this time the internal conditions for unification were ripe. Since that time, the East Slavic lands have been united into a huge state at that time.

The Varangians played a very important role in the unification. It is not a matter of organizational and state qualities, they were a consolidating element and at the first stage formed the backbone of the Grand Duke, their representative. The Slavic state was not a purely Varangian brainchild, however, elements of the active participation of the Varangians in the life of the Slavs contributed to the strengthening of this process.

The essence of the Norman theory lies in the fact that the state in Russia was brought in from outside by invited princes, that it was created by the Normans, Scandinavians, bearers of Western culture (Varangians). The eastern Slavs themselves could not create a state system, which spoke of their backwardness, historical doom.

Anti-Normanism is a theory that believes that the Old Russian state was formed under the influence of objective reasons.

A number of other sources indicate that the statehood of the Eastern Slavs existed even before the Varangians. the Normans historical period were at a lower level of economic and political development than the Slavs. In addition, the state cannot organize one person or several even the most prominent men; this is the result of a complex and long development of the social structure of society.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Federal Agency for Education

State educational institution higher professional education

Pomeranian State University

nameM. V. Lomonosov

Management department

TEST

Course: "History"

Option 4

Eastern Slavs in the pre-state period

Completed by: 4th year student

Faculty of Management

specialty "organization management"

Koshelev Prokhor Sergeevich

Checked by: Ph.D., Associate Professor

Departments of the State Medical University

Mikhailov Sergey Vladimirovich

ARKHANGELSK

Introduction

1. The first written evidence about the Slavs

2. VI - VIII centuries.

3. Major trade routes

4. Main occupation

5. Cities, social relations, beliefs of the Eastern Slavs

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

In historical science, it is generally accepted that the history of any nation begins with the formation of a state. V Russian Federation more than 100 peoples and nationalities live. But the main state-forming people of our country is the Russian people (out of 149 million - 120 million are Russians). The Russian people - one of the largest peoples in the world - for many centuries played a leading role in the political, economic, cultural development of the country. The first state of Russians, as well as Ukrainians and Belarusians, was formed in the 9th century around Kiev by their common ancestors - the Eastern Slavs.

1. Pfirst lettersEvidence about the Slavs

By the middle of the II millennium BC. Slavs stand out from the Indo-European community. By the beginning of the 1st millennium BC. the Slavs became so significant in terms of numbers, influence in the world around them that Greek, Roman, Arabic, Byzantine authors began to report on them (the Roman writer Pliny the Elder), the historian Tacitus - I century AD, the geographer Ptolemy Claudius - II century .n.e. ancient authors call the Slavs "antes", "sklavins", "veneds" and speak of them as "countless tribes").

In the era of the great migration of the peoples of the Slavs, other peoples began to crowd on the Danube. The Slavs began to split up. Part of the Slavs remained in Europe. Later they will receive the name of the southern Slavs (later Bulgarians, Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, Bosnians, Montenegrins will come from them). Another part of the Slavs moved to the north - the Western Slavs (Czechs, Poles, Slovaks). Western and southern Slavs were conquered by other peoples. And the third part of the Slavs, according to scientists, did not want to submit to anyone and moved to the northeast, to the East European Plain. Later they will receive the name of the Eastern Slavs (Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians).

It should be noted that most of the tribes sought to Central Europe, to the ruins of the Roman Empire. The Roman Empire soon fell under the blows of the alien barbarians (476 AD). On this territory, the barbarians will create their own statehood, having absorbed the cultural heritage of ancient Roman culture. The Eastern Slavs, on the other hand, went to the northeast, into the dense forest jungle, where there was no cultural heritage. The Eastern Slavs left in two streams. One part of the Slavs went to Lake Ilmen. Later, the ancient Russian city of Novgorod will rise there. The other part - to the middle and lower reaches of the Dnieper - there will be another ancient city of Kiev.

2. VI - VIIIcenturies

In the VI - VIII centuries. Eastern Slavs mainly settled in the East European Plain. Neighbors of the Eastern Slavs. And other peoples already lived on the East European (Russian) plain. On the Baltic coast and in the north lived the Baltic (Lithuanians, Latvians) and Finno-Finnish (Finns, Estonians, Ugrians (Hungarians), Komi, Khanty, Mansi, etc.) tribes. The colonization of these places was peaceful, the Slavs got along with the local population. The situation was different in the east and southeast. There, the Steppe adjoined the Russian Plain. The neighbors of the Eastern Slavs were the steppe nomads - the Turks (the Altai family of peoples, the Turkic group). In those days, peoples leading a different way of life - sedentary and nomadic - were constantly at enmity with each other. The nomads lived by raiding the settled population. And for almost 1000 years, one of the main phenomena in the life of the Eastern Slavs will be the struggle against the nomadic peoples of the Steppe. The Turks on the eastern and southeastern borders of the settlement of the Eastern Slavs created their own state formations. In the middle of the VI century. in the lower reaches of the Volga there was a state of the Turks - the Avar Khaganate. In 625, the Avar Khaganate was defeated by Byzantium and ceased to exist. In the VII - VIII centuries. here appears the state of other Turks - the Bulgar (Bulgarian) kingdom. Then the Bulgar kingdom broke up. Part of the Bulgars went to the middle reaches of the Volga and formed the Volga Bulgaria. Another part of the Bulgars migrated to the Danube, where the Danube Bulgaria was formed; later, the newcomer Turks were assimilated by the southern Slavs. A new ethnic group arose, but it took the name of the newcomers - "Bulgarians". The steppes of southern Russia after the departure of the Bulgars were occupied by new Turks - the Pechenegs. On the lower Volga and in the steppes between the Caspian and Azov seas, semi-nomadic Turks created the Khazar Khaganate. The Khazars established their dominance over the East Slavic tribes, many of whom paid tribute to them until the 9th century. In the south, the neighbor of the Eastern Slavs was Byzantine Empire(395 - 1453) with its capital in the city of Constantinople (in Russia it was called Tsargrad). Territory of the Eastern Slavs. In the VI - VIII centuries. The Slavs were not yet one people. They were divided into tribal unions, which included 120 - 150 separate tribes. By the ninth century There were about 15 tribal unions. Tribal unions were called either by the area in which they lived, or by the name of the leaders. Information about the resettlement of the Eastern Slavs is contained in the chronicle "The Tale of Bygone Years", created by the monk of the Kiev-Pechersk monastery Nestor in the second decade of the 12th century. (The chronicler Nestor is called "the father of Russian history"). According to the chronicle "The Tale of Bygone Years", the Eastern Slavs settled: the meadow - along the banks of the Dnieper, not far from the mouth of the Desna; northerners - in the basin of the Desna and Seim rivers; radimichi - on the upper tributaries of the Dnieper; Drevlyans - along Pripyat; Dregovichi - between Pripyat and the Western Dvina; polochane - along Polota; Ilmen Slovenes - along the rivers Volkhov, Shchelon, Lovat, Msta; Krivichi - in the upper reaches of the Dnieper, Western Dvina and Volga; Vyatichi - in the upper reaches of the Oka; buzhane - along the Western Bug; Tivertsy and streets - from the Dnieper to the Danube; white Croats - the northern part of the western slopes of the Carpathians.

3. Main trade routes

The path "from the Varangians to the Greeks". The Eastern Slavs did not have a sea coast. Rivers became the main trade routes for the Slavs. They "huddled" to the banks of the rivers, especially the greatest river of Russian antiquity - the Dnieper. In the ninth century a great trade route arose - "from the Varangians to the Greeks". It connected Novgorod and Kiev, Northern and Southern Europe. From the Baltic Sea along the Neva River, the caravans of merchants got to Lake Ladoga, from there along the Volkhov River and further along the Lovat River to the upper reaches of the Dnieper. From Lovat to the Dnieper in the region of Smolensk and on the Dnieper rapids they crossed by "drag routes". Further, the western coast of the Black Sea reached the capital of Byzantium, Constantinople (the Eastern Slavs called it Constantinople). This path became the core, the main trade road, the "red street" of the Eastern Slavs. The whole life of the East Slavic society was concentrated around this trade route.

4. Main occupation

The main occupation of the Eastern Slavs was agriculture. They cultivated wheat, rye, barley, millet, planted turnips, millet, cabbage, beets, carrots, radishes, garlic and other crops. They were engaged in cattle breeding (bred pigs, cows, horses, small cattle), fishing, beekeeping (gathering honey from wild bees). A significant part of the territory of the Eastern Slavs lay in the zone of a harsh climate, and farming required the exertion of all physical strength. Labor-intensive work had to be completed within a strictly defined time frame. This was only possible for a large team. Therefore, from the very beginning of the appearance of the Slavs on the East European Plain, the collective - the community and the role of leader - began to play the most important role in their life.

5. Cities,Opublic relations,vbeliefs of the Eastern Slavs

Among the Eastern Slavs in the V - VI centuries. cities arose, which was associated with the long-standing development of trade. The most ancient Russian cities are Kiev, Novgorod, Smolensk, Suzdal, Murom, Pereyaslavl South. In the ninth century the Eastern Slavs had at least 24 major cities. Cities usually arose at the confluence of rivers, on a high hill. The central part of the city was called the Kremlin, Detinets and was usually surrounded by a rampart. The Kremlin housed the dwellings of princes, the nobility, temples, monasteries. A moat filled with water was erected behind the fortress wall. Bargaining was located behind the moat. A settlement adjoined the Kremlin, where artisans settled. Separate areas of the settlement, inhabited by artisans of the same specialty, were called settlements.

Public relations. Eastern Slavs lived in clans. Each clan had its own foreman - the prince. The prince relied on the tribal elite - "the best husbands." The princes formed a special military organization - a squad, which included warriors and advisers to the prince. The squad was divided into senior and junior. The first included the most noble warriors (advisers). The younger squad lived with the prince and served his court and household. Vigilantes from the conquered tribes collected tribute (taxes). Campaigns for the collection of tribute were called "polyuds". From time immemorial, the Eastern Slavs had a custom - to solve all the most important issues in the life of the family at a secular gathering - a veche.

Beliefs of the Eastern Slavs. The ancient Slavs were pagans. They worshiped the forces of nature and the spirits of their ancestors. In the pantheon of Slavic gods special place occupied: the god of the sun - Yarilo; Perun is the god of war and lightning, Svarog is the god of fire, Veles is the patron of cattle. The princes themselves acted as high priests, but the Slavs also had special priests - sorcerers and magicians.

Conclusion

The Eastern Slavs had a very interesting, complex and varied life, in other words, like all peoples, it was alive at that time. At first, their own community was blocked, elders appeared, a common cause, culture appeared, the main trade routes appeared, cities were built.

I really liked the theme of the Eastern Slavs of the pre-state period, but I, like anyone modern man I cannot imagine life without technical devices, transport and the life that we have now.

Bibliography

1) The Tale of Bygone Years. - M.; L.; 1990.

2) Rybakov B.A. The first centuries of Russian history. - M., 1964.

3) http://slav.olegern.net/downloads.php?cat_id=4

4) http://roman.by/r-37069.html

5) http://www.medved.com.ua/referatik/history/0_object82386.html

Similar Documents

Eastern Slavs in the VI-VIII centuries. The first evidence of the Slavs. Territory of the Eastern Slavs. The social structure of the Eastern Slavs, the role of the community and cities. Culture of the Eastern Slavs in the VI-VIII centuries. Various spheres cultures of the Eastern Slavs and the paganism of the Slavs.

abstract, added 01/13/2009

Origin and settlement of the Slavs. Formation of the foundations of statehood. Occupations of the Eastern Slavs, their organization, life and customs. Formation of the Old Russian state. Historians' Conflicting Views on the Norman Origin Theory Kievan Rus.

abstract, added 06/02/2012

Origin of the Eastern Slavs. The first mention of the Wends. The main occupations of the Eastern Slavs in the steppe and forest-steppe zone. Pagan religion, reflecting the attitude of the Slavs to the elemental forces of nature. Formation of the state among the Eastern Slavs.

test, added 04/24/2009

Settlement and geographical position of the Eastern Slavs. The birth of the Kievan state. Russian-Slavic state and Byzantium. Deities and religious representations of the Eastern Slavs. Foreign policy activity of Kievan Rus. Tribal unions.

abstract, added 02/09/2010

Eastern Slavs in the VIII-IX centuries, their socio-political system. Feudal relations and forms of rent. Theories of the emergence of the state among the Eastern Slavs. social structure and main categories of the population. Management of the ancient Russian state.

presentation, added 09/25/2013

Settlement of the Slavs in the upper Dnieper region. Formation of human society. Fight against nomads in the Black Sea steppes. "The Tale of Bygone Years" by the monk of the Kiev Caves Monastery Nestor. The first religious ideas among the Slavic peoples.

abstract, added 03/26/2012

Historical fates of Eastern Europe. Origin of the Eastern Slavs. Eastern Slavs and neighbors: Khazars, tribes of Finns and Balts, Vikings. Social system. Culture of the Slavic tribes. Religion. East Slavic unions of tribes: glade, radimichi.

abstract, added 01/21/2008

The specificity of the transmission of the history of the Eastern Slavs in the VIII - IX centuries in the annals of Nestor. Tribal alliances in the fight against the Khazar tribes. The level of development of agriculture, crafts, cities and trade. Religious beliefs and the pantheon of East Slavic tribes.

test, added 02/07/2012

Origin, beginning and early history Slavs. Features of the social system, material and spiritual culture of the Eastern Slavs. Proto-state formations of the Eastern Slavs in the 9th century, the formation of the Old Russian state - Kievan Rus.

control work, added 12/12/2010

The resettlement of the Slavs, the pre-state period in the history of Russia. The emergence and development of ancient Russian statehood, the adoption of Christianity. Ancient Russia in the system of international relations of medieval Eurasia. Fragmentation and causes of the collapse of Russia.

Pre-state period in the history of Russia

The ancestors of the Slavs have long lived in Central and Eastern Europe. According to their language, they belong to the Indo-European peoples who inhabit Europe and part of Asia up to India. Archaeologists believe that the Slavic tribes can be traced according to excavations from the middle of the second millennium BC. Ancestors of the Slavs (in scientific literature they are called Proto-Slavs) are supposedly found among the tribes that inhabited the basin of the Odra, Vistula and Dnieper; Slavic tribes appeared in the Danube basin and in the Balkans only at the beginning of our era.

It is possible that Herodotus speaks about the ancestors of the Slavs when he describes the agricultural tribes of the middle Dnieper region.

He calls them "chips" or "borisfenites" (Boris-fen is the name of the Dnieper among ancient authors), noting that the Greeks erroneously classify them as Scythians, although the Scythians did not know agriculture at all.

Ancient authors of the 1st-6th centuries AD they call the Slavs Wends, Ants, Sklavins and speak of them as "countless tribes". The estimated maximum territory of the settlement of the ancestors of the Slavs in the west reached the Elbe (Laba), in the north to the Baltic Sea, in the east - to the Seim and Oka, and in the south their border was a wide strip of forest-steppe, which went from the left bank of the Danube to the east in the direction of Kharkov. Several hundred Slavic tribes lived in this territory.

In the VI century. from a single Slavic community, the East Slavic branch stands out (future Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian peoples). Around this time, the emergence of large tribal unions of the Eastern Slavs. The chronicle preserved the legend about the reigning in the Middle Dnieper region of the brothers Kyi, Shchek, Khoriv and their sister Lybid and about the founding of Kiev. The chronicler noted that the same reigns were in other tribal unions, naming more than a dozen tribal unions of the Eastern Slavs. Such a tribal union included 100-200 separate tribes. Near Kiev, on the right bank of the Dnieper, there lived a glade, along the upper reaches of the Dnieper and along the Western Dvina - the Krivichi, along the banks of the Pripyat - the Drevlyans, along the Dniester, Prut, the lower reaches of the Dnieper and along north coast Black Sea - streets and Tivertsy, along the Oka - Vyatichi, in the western regions of modern Ukraine - Volynians, north of Pripyat to the Western Dvina - Dregovichi, along the left bank of the Dnieper and along the Desna - northerners, along the Sozh River, a tributary of the Dnieper - Radimichi, around Lake Ilmen - Ilmen Slavs (Slovenes).

The chronicler noted the uneven development of individual East Slavic associations. He shows the glades as the most developed and cultured. To the north of them was a kind of border, beyond which the tribes lived in a "bestial way." According to the chronicler, the land of the glades also bore the name "Rus". One of the explanations of the origin of the term "Rus", put forward by historians, is associated with the name of the Ros River, a tributary of the Dnieper, which gave the name of the tribe on whose territory the meadow lived.

The data of the chronicler about the location of the Slavic tribal unions are confirmed by archaeological materials. In particular, data on various forms of women's adornments (temporal rings) obtained as a result of archaeological excavations coincide with the indications of the annals on the placement of Slavic tribal unions. The neighbors of the Eastern Slavs in the west were the Baltic peoples, the Western Slavs (Poles, Czechs), in the south - the Pechenegs and Khazars, in the east - the Volga Bulgars and numerous Finno-Ugric tribes (Mordovians, Mari, Muroma).

The main occupation of the Eastern Slavs was agriculture.

The Slavic tribes had two main systems of agriculture. In the north, in the region of dense taiga forests, the dominant system of agriculture was slash-and-burn.

In the southern regions, fallow was the leading system of agriculture. In the presence of a large amount of fertile land, the plots were sown for several years, and after the depletion of the soil, they were transferred ("shifted") to new plots. Ralo was used as the main tools, and later a wooden plow with an iron share. Plow farming was more efficient and produced higher and more consistent yields.

Academician B.A. Rybakov notes that already from the II century. AD there is a sharp rise in the entire economic and social life of that part of the Slavic world, which will later become the core of Kievan Rus - the Middle Dnieper. The growth in the number of hoards of Roman coins and silver found on the lands of the Eastern Slavs testifies to the development of their trade. The export was grain.

An important place in the economy of the Eastern Slavs was played by hunting, fishing and beekeeping (gathering honey from wild bees). Honey, wax, furs were the main items of foreign trade.

Approximately in the VII - VIII centuries. handicraft is finally separated from agriculture. Craftsmen usually concentrated in tribal centers - cities or on settlements - churchyards, which gradually turn from military fortifications into centers of craft and trade - cities. Simultaneously

The most ancient cities arose most often on the most important trade routes. One of these trade routes was the route from the "Varangians to the Greeks". Through the Neva or the Western Dvina and the Volkhov with its tributaries and further through the portage system, the ships reached the Dnieper basin. Along the Dnieper, they reached the Black Sea and further to Byzantium. Finally, this path took shape by the 9th century. Another trade route, one of the oldest in Eastern Europe, was the Volga trade route, which connected Russia with the countries of the East.

Cultivation of the start land is possible by the efforts of one family. The economic independence of individual families made the existence of stable tribal groups superfluous. Natives of the tribal community were no longer doomed to death, because. could develop new lands and become members of a territorial community. The tribal community was also destroyed during the development of new lands (colonization) and the inclusion of slaves in the community.

The collapse of primitive communal relations was facilitated by the military campaigns of the Slavs and, above all, campaigns against Byzantium. The participants in these campaigns received most of the military booty. Particularly significant was the proportion of military leaders - princes and tribal nobility - the best husbands. Gradually, a special organization of professional warriors formed around the prince - a squad, whose members differed from their fellow tribesmen both in economic and social status. The squad was divided into the eldest, from which the princely stewards came out, and the youngest, who lived with the prince and served his court and household.

The most important issues in the life of the community were resolved at public meetings - veche gatherings. In addition to the professional squad, there was also a tribal militia (regiment, thousand).

The Eastern Slavs were pagans. They deified the various forces of nature. At an early stage of their development, they believed in good and evil spirits. Subsequently, a fairly developed pantheon of Slavic gods developed, which included both local and common Slavic gods. The main deities of the Eastern Slavs were: the deity of the Universe - Rod, the deity of the sun Dazhd-god (in some Slavic tribes he was called Yarilo, Horos), the god of cattle and wealth - Whiter, the god of fire - Svarog, the god of thunder and war - Perun, the goddess of the earth and fertility - Mokosh.

The formation of the state among the Eastern Slavs was the logical result of a long process of decomposition of the tribal system and the transition to a class society.

The process of property and social stratification among the community members led to the separation of the most prosperous part from their midst. The tribal nobility and the prosperous part of the community, subjugating the mass of ordinary community members, needs to maintain their dominance in state structures.

The embryonic form of statehood was represented by the East Slavic unions of tribes, which united in superunions, however, fragile ones. One of these associations was, apparently, the union of tribes headed by Prince Kiy (VI century). There is information about a certain Russian prince Bravlin, who fought in the Khazar-Byzantine Crimea in the VIII-IX centuries, passing from Surozh to Korchev ( from Sudak to Kerch). Eastern historians talk about the existence on the eve of the formation of the Old Russian state of three large associations of Slavic tribes: Kuyaba, Slavia and Artania. Kuyaba, or Kuyava, then called the area around Kiev. Slavia occupied the territory in the area of Lake Ilmen. Its center was Novgorod. The location of Artania - the third major association of Slavs - has not been precisely established.

According to The Tale of Bygone Years, the Russian princely dynasty originates in Novgorod. In 859, the northern Slavic tribes, who then paid tribute to the Varangians, or Normans (according to most historians, immigrants from Scandinavia), drove them across the sea. However, soon after these events, internecine struggle began in Novgorod. To stop the clashes, the Novgorodians decided to invite the Varangian princes as a force standing above the opposing factions. In 862, Prince Rurik and his two brothers were called to Russia by the Novgorodians, laying the foundation for the Russian princely dynasty.

The legend about the calling of the Varangian princes served as the basis for the creation of the so-called Norman theory of the emergence of the Old Russian state. Its authors were invited in the XVIII century. to Russia, German scientists G. Bayer, G. Miller and A. Schlozer. The authors of this theory emphasized the complete absence of prerequisites for the formation of a state among the Eastern Slavs. The scientific inconsistency of the Norman theory is obvious, since the determining factor in the process of state formation is the presence of internal prerequisites, and not the actions of individual, even outstanding, personalities.

If the Varangian legend is not fiction (as most historians believe), the story of the calling of the Varangians only testifies to the Norman origin of the princely dynasty. The version about the foreign origin of power was quite typical for the Middle Ages.

The date of formation of the Old Russian state is conditionally considered to be 882, when Prince Oleg, who seized power in Novgorod after the death of Rurik (some chroniclers call him the governor of Rurik), undertook a campaign against Kiev. Having killed Askold and Dir, who reigned there, for the first time he united the northern and southern lands as part of a single state. Since the capital was moved from Novgorod to Kiev, this state is often called Kievan Rus.

After Oleg (879-912), Igor reigned, who is called Igor the Old (912-945) and is considered the son of Rurik. After his death during the collection of tribute in the land of the Drevlyans in 945, his son Svyatoslav remained, who at that time was four years old. Igor's widow, Princess Olga, became regent under him. Chronicles characterize Princess Olga as a wise and energetic ruler.

Around 955, Olga traveled to Constantinople, where she converted to Christianity. This visit was also of great political significance. Returning from Constantinople, Olga officially transferred power to her son Svyatoslav (957-972).

Svyatoslav was primarily a warrior prince who sought to bring Russia closer to the largest powers of the then world. His whole short life was spent in almost continuous campaigns and battles: he defeated the Khazar Khaganate, inflicted a crushing defeat on the Pechenegs near Kiev, made two trips to the Balkans.

After the death of Svyatoslav, his son Yaropolk (972-980) became the Grand Duke. In 977, Yaropolk quarreled with his brother, the Drevlyansk prince Oleg, and began hostilities against him. The Drevlyansk squads of Prince Oleg were defeated, and he himself died in battle. Drevlyane lands were annexed to Kiev.

After the death of Oleg, the third son of Svyatoslav Vladimir, who reigned in Novgorod, fled to the Varangians. Yaropolk sent his deputies to Novgorod and thus became the sole ruler of the entire Old Russian state.

Returning two years later to Novgorod, Prince Vladimir expelled the Kiev governors from the city and entered the war with Yaropolk. The main core of Vladimir's army was a mercenary Varangian squad, which came with him. Violent clash between the troops of Vladimir and

Yaropolk happened in 980 on the Dnieper near the city of Lyubech. The victory was won by the squad of Vladimir, and the Grand Duke Yaropolk was soon killed. Power throughout the state passed into the hands of Grand Duke Vladimir Svyatoslavich (980-1015).

During the reign of Vladimir Svyatoslavich, Cherven cities were annexed to the Old Russian state - East Slavic lands on both sides of the Carpathians, the land of the Vyatichi. The line of fortresses created in the south of the country provided more effective protection of the country from the Pecheneg nomads.

The long and strong ties between Russia and Byzantium eventually led to the fact that in 988 Vladimir adopted Christianity in its Orthodox version. The penetration of Christianity into Russia began long before it was recognized as the official state religion. Princess Olga and Prince Yaropolk were Christians. The adoption of Christianity equalized Kievan Rus with neighboring states. Christianity had a huge impact on the life and customs of Ancient Russia, political and legal relations. Christianity, with its more developed theological and philosophical system compared to paganism, and its more complex and magnificent cult, gave a huge impetus to the development of Russian culture and art.

The time of Yaroslav is the heyday of Kievan Rus, which has become one of the strongest states in Europe. The most powerful sovereigns at that time sought an alliance with Russia.

In preparing this work, materials from the site were used.

Ministry Agriculture Russian Federation

Kemerovo State Agricultural Institute

Department of History and Pedagogy

TEST

by discipline " National history»

Completed by: Patrakova A. G.

1st year student

Faculty of Economics,

majoring in accounting,

analysis and audit»

Checked:

Kemerovo, 2010

Topic: Eastern Slavs in the pre-state period. Formation of the Old Russian state.

1. The social system of the Eastern Slavs in the VI-VIII centuries. n. e.

2. Religious beliefs of the Slavs. Life, manners, customs.

3. The origin of the ancient Russian state. The political system of Kievan Rus.

4. Adoption of Christianity and its consequences.

1. The social structure of the Eastern Slavs in VI - VIII centuries n. e.

Eastern Slavs settled in the VI-VIII centuries. the vast territory of Eastern Europe from Lake Ilmen in the north to the Black Sea steppes in the south and from the Carpathian mountains in the west to the Volga in the east. Thus, they occupied most of the East European Plain.

12 (according to some sources 15) East Slavic tribal unions lived on this territory. The most numerous were clearing, living along the banks of the Dnieper, not far from the mouth of the Desna, and Ilmen Slovenes who lived on the banks of Lake Ilmen and the Volkhov River. The names of the East Slavic tribes were often associated with the area where they lived. For instance, clearing- "those who live in the fields" Drevlyans- "those who live in the woods" Dregovichi- from the word "dryagva" - swamp, quagmire, Polotsk- from the name of the Polota River, etc.

Initially, the Eastern Slavs lived "each in their own way and in their own places", i.e. people were united on the basis of consanguinity. At the head was a tribal elder, who had great power. But as the Slavs settled in large areas, tribal ties began to disintegrate. The consanguineous community was replaced by a neighboring (territorial) community - rope. Vervi members jointly owned hayfields and forest land, and arable land was divided among separate family farms. The power of the tribal lord ceased to operate. All the households of the district now converged on a general council - a veche. They chose elders to conduct common affairs. In case of military danger, the entire male population fought with the enemies - the people's militia, which was built according to decimal system(tens, hundreds, thousands). Separate communities united in tribes, tribes formed unions of tribes.

2. Religious beliefs of the Slavs. Life, manners, customs.

The settlements of the Eastern Slavs were scattered over vast areas, mainly along the banks of lakes and rivers. They lived in families in houses - semi-dugouts area of 10 - 20 square meters. The walls of houses, benches, tables, household utensils were made of wood. The roof was covered with branches smeared with clay. The house was heated in a black way - an adobe or stone hearth was formed, the smoke did not escape through the chimney, but directly into the hole in the roof. In their homes, the Slavs arranged several exits, and they hid valuable things in the ground, because enemies could attack at any moment.

The Slavs were tall, powerfully built, possessed extraordinary physical strength and extraordinary endurance. Neighboring peoples considered the love of freedom to be the main feature of the Slavs. The Slavs respectfully treated their parents.

The main occupation of the Eastern Slavs was agriculture. But most of The territory inhabited by them was covered with dense forests. So the trees had to be cut down first. The remaining stumps were uprooted and, like trees, burned, fertilizing the soil with ash. The land was cultivated for 2-3 years, and when it ceased to produce a good harvest, it was abandoned and a new plot was prepared. This system of farming was called slash-and-burn. More favorable conditions for agriculture were in the steppe and forest-steppe zones of the Dnieper region. There were many fertile black earth lands. Plots of land were used for several years until they were completely depleted, then they were transferred to new plots. The depleted land was not cultivated for about 20-30 years until its fertility was restored. This system of farming was called shifting.

Agricultural work consisted of several cycles. At first, the land was cultivated with plow. Then the soil was leveled with a harrow - harrowed. The most responsible occupation was sowing.

From agricultural crops, the Slavs were especially willing to sow wheat, millet, barley and buckwheat. Bread was the main food of the Slavs. Turnips, radishes, beets, cabbages, onions, and garlic were planted in vegetable gardens.

In addition to agriculture, the Slavs were engaged in cattle breeding: they raised cows, goats, sheep, pigs, horses.

A large role in the life of the Eastern Slavs was played by beekeeping (gathering honey), fishing and hunting. Hunting provided not only additional food, but also furs. Outerwear was made from fur. In addition, the skins of fur-bearing animals, mainly martens, served as the main means of exchange, i.e. played the role of money. Crafts successfully developed - iron smelting, blacksmithing, jewelry.

The Slavs were brave warriors. They fought to the last drop of blood. Cowardice was considered their greatest shame. The weapons of the Slavs were spears, bows and arrows smeared with poison, round wooden shields. Swords and other iron weapons were rare.

The Eastern Slavs were pagans, i.e. worshiped many gods. They looked at nature as creature and represented it in the form of various deities. The most revered were Yarilo - the god of the sun, Perun - the god of thunder and lightning (at the same time war and weapons), Stribog - the lord of the wind, Mokosh - the deity of fertility, etc.

The Slavs believed in an afterlife and revered their ancestors, whose shadows supposedly remained in the house and protected their descendants from troubles. The souls of dead children and drowned women appeared to them in the form of mermaids. The existence of various kinds of evil spirits was recognized. So, in the depths of each lake or river, according to the ideas of the Slavs, there lived a water one, and in the thicket of a dark forest there lived a forest spirit - a goblin.

The Slavs did not build temples to worship their gods. They performed their rituals in sacred groves, near sacred oaks, where there were wooden and sometimes stone statues of pagan gods - idols. To appease an angry god or enlist his mercy, animals were sacrificed to him, and in especially important cases, even people.

The Slavs did not have a special class of priests. But they thought that there were people who could communicate with the gods, cast spells and predict the future. Such people were called magi, sorcerers.

3. The origin of the ancient Russian state. The political system of Kievan Rus.

The question of the beginning of the state of Russia gave rise to a long discussion between the so-called Normanists and anti-Normanists. The former defended the point of view about the creation of the Old Russian state by the Scandinavians-Normans, while the latter denied this. However, often both of them identified the origin of the state with the origin of the ruling dynasty in it.

The problem of the origin of the name "Rus" is also debatable. The most developed is the "Scandinavian" version. It proceeds from the fact that the word "Rus" is based on the Old Norse verb "row", meaning at first rowing warriors, and then princely warriors. Some researchers, however, suggest an Iranian, Baltic or Slavic etymology of this word. At present, domestic and foreign researchers do not doubt both the local roots of the East Slavic statehood and Active participation in the process of folding Kievan Rus immigrants from Scandinavia.

Ruler of Russia in the first half of the 9th century. adopted in addition to the common Slavic title prince eastern title "kagan". This event had great importance. Firstly, the title "Kagan" was the name of the ruler of Khazaria, a state created in the 7th century. in the region of the Lower Volga and the Don by Turkic nomads - the Khazars. Part of the Eastern Slavs (Polyane, Sever, Radimichi and Vyatichi) were forced to pay tribute to the Khazar Khagan. The adoption of the title of kagan by the prince of Kiev thus symbolized the independence of the new state - Russia - from the Khazars. Secondly, it emphasized the supremacy of the Russian prince over the princes of other large Slavic communities, who at that time bore titles bright prince and Grand Duke.

The 9th-10th centuries were the time of gradual involvement of East Slavic unions of tribal principalities into dependence on Kiev. The leading role in this process was played by the military service nobility - retinue Kiev princes . For some of the unions of tribal principalities, submission took place in two stages. At the first stage, they only paid tax - tribute, while maintaining internal "autonomy". Tribute was collected by polyudya - a detour by Kiev squad detachments of the territory of a subordinate union. In the X century. tribute was levied in fixed amounts, in kind or in cash. The units of taxation were smoke (i.e. a peasant household), a ralo or a plow (in this case, a land area corresponding to the capabilities of one peasant farm).

At the second stage, the unions of tribal principalities were directly subordinated. The local reign was liquidated and a representative of the Kiev dynasty was appointed as a prince-governor. At the same time, as a rule, a new city was built, which became the center of the territory instead of the old "city" of the "tribal" center. The purpose of this change of center was to neutralize the separatist tendencies of the local nobility.

The formation of the territorial structure of the state of Rus was completed at the end of the 10th century. By this time, the "autonomy" of all East Slavic unions of tribal principalities (except for the Vyatichi) had been eliminated. The form of tribute collection has also changed. Now there was no longer any need for polyudi - detours coming from Kiev. Tribute was collected by the governors of the Kiev prince. Two-thirds of the tribute collected was sent to Kiev, the rest was distributed among the vigilantes of the prince-governor. Territories within the framework of a single early feudal state, ruled by princes-vassals of the Kiev ruler, received the name parish. In general, in the X century. the state was called "Rus", "Russian land". This name spread from the Middle Dnieper to the entire territory subject to the Kievan princes.

The structure of the state took shape under Prince Vladimir. He put on the reign at nine major centers Russia of their sons: in Novgorod (Slovenian land) - Vysheslav, later Yaroslav, in Polotsk (Krivichi) - Izyaslav, Turov (Dregovichi) - Svyatopolk, in the land of the Drevlyans - Svyatoslav, in Vladimir-Volynsky (Volynians) - Vsevolod, Smolensk (Krivichi ) - Stanislav, Rostov (the land of the Finnish-speaking tribe Merya) - Yaroslav, later Boris, in Murom (Finnish-speaking Muroma) - Gleb, Tmutarakaniya (Russian possession on the Taman Peninsula) - Mstislav. In addition to these lands of East Slavic and partially Finnish-speaking peoples, which constituted the territory of the Old Russian state, in the 9th-10th centuries. a wide non-Slavic periphery was formed from Finnish-speaking and Baltic-speaking tribes, which were not directly part of Kievan Rus, but paid tribute to it.

Foreign policy Ancient Russia.

4. Acceptance of Christianity and its consequences.

Adoption of Christianity Ancient Russia was a significant step in the development of East Slavic civilization. It resulted in significant, although different at the same time, changes in the socio-political, economic and cultural development of Russia.

With the liquidation of the autonomy of the Slavic unions of tribal principalities, the structure of a single state took shape with a single dynasty at the head, with a single dominant layer, represented by the military service nobility. In the political-territorial sphere, under these conditions, the old centers of unions of tribal principalities turned out to be unsuitable for the central government and new ones were created, in which the princes, relatives of the Kiev ruler, were located.

Immediately after Vladimir, who at the time of Svyatoslav's death was Prince of Novgorod, seized the throne of Kiev in 980, having eliminated his elder brother Yaropolk (972-980), he made an attempt to create an all-Russian pagan pantheon headed by Perun, the god of thunder, to whom worshiped by princely warriors. But this did not bring the desired result, and a few years later the Kiev prince raised the question of a decisive break with the old tradition - the adoption of a monotheistic religion.

There were several possible options for choosing such a religion: the eastern, Byzantine version of Christianity (Orthodoxy), the Western European version of Christianity (Catholicism), Islam, which dominates the Volga Bulgaria, which is territorially close to Russia, and finally, Judaism, which was the religion of the ruling elite of Khazaria (although almost no longer existing as a state). The choice was made in favor of Orthodoxy already known in Russia (the baptism of part of the Russian nobility in the 60s of the IX century, the baptism of Princess Olga).

The act of adopting Christianity by Vladimir Svyatoslavich was directly connected with the events in relations between Russia and Byzantium. In 988, Emperors Basil and Constantine turned to Vladimir for help against the rebellious commander Varda Foki, who was in charge in the Asia Minor part of the empire. Vladimir made his marriage to the sister of the emperors, Anna, a condition for granting assistance. The six thousandth Russian detachment took part in the defeat of the rebel troops. But Vasily and Konstantin violated their agreement by refusing to send their sister to Russia. Then Vladimir marched on the center of the Crimean possessions of Byzantium - Chersonese, took it and thereby forced the emperors to fulfill the agreement. Anna was sent to him in Chersonese, Vladimir was baptized and married a Byzantine princess. After returning to Russia, he carried out a mass conversion to Christianity of the inhabitants of Kiev. Later, the new religion began to spread, partly peacefully, and in some places (for example, in Novgorod) and as a result of bloody clashes, throughout Russia. The Russian metropolis was approved, subordinate to the Patriarchate of Constantinople.

By the end of X-XI centuries. includes the emergence of several bishoprics that were created in the most important centers of the state - Novgorod, Polotsk, Chernigov, Pereyaslavl, Belgorod, Rostov. Orthodox clergy appeared in Russia, liturgical and now books in the Slavic language, which came mainly from Bulgaria. Thus, the act of adopting Christianity introduced Russia to the treasures of world culture - ancient Greek, early Christian, Byzantine, Slavic Christian.

The adoption of Christianity strengthened state power and the territorial unity of Kievan Rus. It had a great international importance, which consisted in the fact that Russia, having rejected "primitive" paganism, now became equal to other Christian countries, ties with which are significantly

expanded.

The adoption of Christianity played a huge role in the development and formation of a single ancient Russian culture. Primarily we are talking about the emergence, or rather the spread of writing and literature.

Not later than the end of the 9th - beginning of the 10th century. Slavic alphabets - Cyrillic and Glagolitic - are spreading in Russia. Created in the second half of the 9th century by the brothers Cyril (Konstantin) and Methodius and originally distributed in the West Slavic state - Great Moravia, they soon penetrate into Bulgaria and Russia. The first Russian monument of Slavic writing is the Russian-Byzantine treaty of 911.

The adoption of Christianity in the Orthodox tradition has become one of the determining factors in our further historical development. Vladimir was canonized by the church as a saint, and for his merits in the baptism of Russia, he is called Equal-to-the-Apostles

LIST OF USED LITERATURE

1. History of Russia from ancient times to the end of the 16th century. / Danilov A.A. - M., 2009. - 256s.

2. History of Russia: a course of lectures on the history of Russia from ancient times to the present day / ed. B.V. Lichman. - Yekaterinburg: UPI, 1993. - 384 p.

3. History of Russia from ancient times to the end of the 17th century: tutorial for stud. universities / A.P. Novoseltsev, A.N. Sakharov. – M.: AST, 1999.-576s.

4. History of Russia: a textbook for universities, as well as colleges, lyceums, gymnasiums and schools.: In 2 vols. T 1 / M.M. Gorinov, A.A. Gorky, A.A. Danilov and others; ed. S.V. Leonova. – M.: Knowledge, 1998.-256s.

5. History of Russia from ancient times to the present day: a textbook for universities / A.S. Orlov, V.A. Georgiev, N.G. Georgiev, T.A. Sivokhina; ed. 2nd, extra: - PBOYuL L.V. Rozhnikov, 2006. - 528s.

6. How Russia was baptized. - M .: Knowledge, 1988. - 124 p.

7. Platonov S.F. Textbook of Russian history. - St. Petersburg: Art-Press, 1999.- 429 p.