Nikolai Przhevalsky what he discovered. Brief biography of Przewalski

MAIN WORKS OF H. M. PRZHEVALSKY AND IMPORTANT SHLYA LITERATURE ABOUT HIM

1. BOOKS H. M. PRZEWALSKY:

1. Travel in the Ussuri region 1867-1869 Edition of the author. SPb., 1870.

Also. Sotsekgiz. M., 1937. Also. Geografgiz. M., 1917.

2. Mongolia and the country of the Tanguts. A three-year trip to the East Highland Asia. Publication of the Russian Geographical Society. T. I, SPb., 1875.

Also. Geografgiz. M., 1948.

3. From Kulja to the Tien Shan and to Lob-nor. Travel of H. M. Przewalski in 1876 and 1877 Publication of the Russian Geographical Society. SPb., 1878. (A separate reprint of the report published in Izvestia RGO, v. XIII, issue 5).

Also. Geografgiz. M., 1947.

4. From Zaisan through Hami to Tibet and to the headwaters of the Yellow River. Third trip to Central Asia. Publication of the Russian Geographical Society. SPb., 1883.

Also. Geografgiz. M., 1948.

5. From Kyakhta to the sources of the Yellow River, exploration of the northern outskirts of Tibet and the path through Lop-nor along the Tarim basin. Fourth trip to Central Asia. Publication of the Russian Geographical Society. SPb., 1888.

Also. Geografgiz. M., 1948.

2. SKETCHES OF LIFE AND ACTIVITY AND MATERIALS TO THE BIOGRAPHY:

6. N.F.Dubrovin. Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky. Biographical sketch. SPb., 1890.

7. Ya.P. Semenov. The period of H. M. Przhevalsky's expeditions. (See The History of the Half-Century Activity of the Russian Geographical Society, 1845–1895, vol. II, St. Petersburg, 1896).

8. A.V. Zelenin. Travels of H. M. Przewalski. SPb., 1901, vols. I, II.

9. P.K. Kozlov. The great Russian traveler H. M. Przhevalsky. L., 1929.

10. News of the All-Union Geographical Society, No. 4-5, 1940. (Articles on the centenary of the birth of Przhevalsky, letters, diaries, photographs and other documents to his biography).

11. L. S. Berg. Essays on the history of Russians geographical discoveries... M.-L., 1946. (devoted to Przhevalsky pp. 242–248).

12. E. M. Murzaev. The great Russian traveler H. M. Przhevalsky. (See NM Przhevalsky. Mongolia and the country of the Tanguts. Geografgiz. M., 1946).

13. E. M. Murzaev. Lob-norskoe journey of N.M. Przhevalsky. (See H. M. Przhevalsky. From Kuldzha beyond the Tien Shan and to Lob-nor. Geografgiz. M., 1947).

14. E. M. Murzaev. The first Tibetan journey of N.M. Przhevalsky. (See H. M. Przhevalsky. From Zaisan through Hami to Tibet and to the headwaters of the Yellow River. Geografgiz. M., 1948).

15. E. M. Murzaev. The second Tibetan journey of N.M. Przhevalsky. (See H. M. Przhevalsky. From Kyakhta to the sources of the Yellow River. Geografgiz. M., 1948).

16. H. M. Karataev. Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky, the first researcher of the nature of Central Asia. Published by the USSR Academy of Sciences. M.-L., 1948.

3. REFERENCES:

17. The works of H. M. Przewalski and literature about him.(See the Great Russian geographer H. M. Przhevalsky, Edition of Moscow State University, 1939).

18. Printed works of H. M. Przewalski.(See NM Przhevalsky. Mongolia and the country of the Tanguts. Geografgiz. M., 1946).

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Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky (1839-1888)

The famous Russian traveler Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky was the first explorer of the nature of Central Asia. He possessed an amazing ability to observe, was able to collect a large and varied geographical and natural-scientific material and linked it together using the comparative method. He was the largest representative of comparative physical geography, which originated in the first half of the 19th century.

Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky was born on April 12, 1839 in the village of Kimborovo, Smolensk province, into a poor family. As a six-year-old child, he lost his father. He was brought up by his mother - an intelligent and strict woman. She gave her son wide freedom, allowed him to leave the house in any weather, wander through the forest and swamps. Her influence on her son was very great. For her, as well as for his nanny Olga Makarievna, Nikolai Mikhailovich forever retained a tender affection.

From childhood, N.M. Przhevalsky became addicted to hunting. He kept this passion throughout his life. Hunt tempered his already healthy body, developed in him a love of nature, observation, patience and endurance. His favorite books were travel descriptions, stories about the customs of animals and birds, various geographical books. He read a lot and remembered what he read to the smallest detail. Often, comrades, testing his memory, took a book familiar to him, read one or two lines on any page, and then Przhevalsky would recite whole pages by heart.

After graduating from the Smolensk gymnasium, a sixteen-year-old boy during Crimean War entered the army as a private. In 1861, he began to study at the Military Academy, after which he was sent again to the Polotsk regiment, where he served earlier. At the Academy, N. M. Przhevalsky compiled the "Military Statistical Review of the Amur Territory", highly appreciated in the Russian Geographical Society and served as the basis for his election in 1864 as a member of the Society. His whole life and work was connected with this Society in the future.

WITH early years N. M. Przhevalsky dreamed of traveling. When he managed to escape from the regiment in Big city- Warsaw and become a teacher at a military school, he used all his strength and resources to prepare for travel. For himself, he established the strictest regime: he worked a lot in the university zoological museum, botanical garden and in the library. His desk books at that time were: the works of K. Ritter about Asia, "Pictures of Nature" by A. Humboldt, various descriptions of Russian travelers in Asia, publications of the Russian Geographical Society, books on zoology, especially ornithology (about birds).

N.M. Przhevalsky took his teaching duties very seriously, thoroughly prepared for his studies, presented the subject in an interesting and engaging way. He wrote a textbook on general geography. His book, scientifically and vividly written, at one time enjoyed great success in the military and civilian educational institutions and came out in several editions.

At the beginning of 1867, N. M. Przhevalsky moved from Warsaw to St. Petersburg and presented to the Russian Geographical Society his plan of travel to Central Asia. The plan did not receive support. He was given only letters of recommendation to the bosses Eastern Siberia... Here he managed to get a business trip to the Ussuri region, shortly before being annexed to Russia. In the instructions, N.M. Przhevalsky was instructed to inspect the location of the troops, to collect information about the number and condition of Russian, Manchurian and Korean settlements, to investigate the paths leading to the borders, to correct and supplement the route map. In addition, it was allowed to "carry out any kind of scientific research." Setting out on this expedition in the spring of 1867, he wrote to his friend: “... I am going to the Amur, from there to the Ussuri River, Lake Khanka and to the shores of the Great Ocean, to the borders of Korea. Yes! it is a difficult duty to explore areas in most of which an educated European has not yet set foot. Moreover, this will be my first statement about myself to the scientific world, therefore, you need to work hard. "

As a result of his Ussuri expedition, N.M. Przhevalsky gave a good geographical description the edges. In the economy of Primorye, he emphasized the discrepancy between the richest natural resources and their insignificant use. He was especially attracted by the Khanka steppes for their fertile soils, vast pastures and a huge wealth of fish and poultry.

NM Przhevalsky colorfully, in all its charm and originality, showed the geographical features of the Ussuri region. He noticed, among other things, characteristic feature nature Of the Far East: "junction" of southern and northern plant and animal forms. N. M. Przhevalsky writes: "It is somehow strange for an unusual gaze to see such a mixture of forms of the north and south, which collide here both in the plant and animal world. Particularly striking is the sight of a spruce entwined with grapes, or a cork tree and a walnut growing next to cedar and fir. A hunting dog is looking for a bear or a sable, but right there you can find a tiger, which is not inferior in size and strength to an inhabitant of the Bengal jungle. "

N.M. Przhevalsky considered the Ussuri journey to be a preliminary reconnaissance before his difficult expeditions to Central Asia. It cemented him a reputation as an accomplished explorer-traveler. Soon after, he began to seek permission for him to travel to the northern outskirts of China and to the eastern parts of southern Mongolia.

The main tasks of his first trip to China - to Mongolia and the country of the Tanguts - N. M. Przhevalsky defines as follows: "Physico-geographical, as well as special zoological research on mammals and birds were the main subject of our studies; ethnographic research was carried out as far as possible." During this expedition (1870-1873) 11800 kilometers were covered. On the basis of an eye survey of the traversed path, a map was compiled on 22 sheets at a scale of 1: 420,000. Meteorological and magnetic observations were made every day, and rich zoological and botanical collections were collected. N.M. Przhevalsky's diary contained valuable records of physical-geographical and ethnographic observations. For the first time, science received accurate information about the hydrographic system of Kuku-nora, the northern heights of the Tibetan plateau. Based on the materials of N.M. Przhevalsky, it was possible to significantly clarify the map of Asia.

At the end of the expedition, the famous traveler wrote: "Our journey is over! His success surpassed even the hopes that we had ... Being poor in material resources, we only ensured the success of our business by a series of constant successes. Many times it hung in the balance, but happy fate rescued us and made it possible to carry out a feasible study of the least known and most inaccessible countries of inner Asia. "

This expedition strengthened the fame of N.M. Przhevalsky as a first-class explorer. The Russian, English and German editions of the book "Mongolia and the Land of the Tanguts" scientific world, and this work received the highest praise. Long before the end of the processing of the materials of the Mongolian journey, N.M. Przhevalsky began to prepare for a new expedition. In May 1876, he left Moscow to go to Kuldja, and from there to Tien Shan, to Lob-nor and further to the Himalayas. Having reached the Tarim River, the expedition of 9 people headed downstream to Lob-nor. To the south of Lob-nora, N.M. Przhevalsky discovered the huge Altyn-Dag ridge and explored it in difficult conditions. He notes that the discovery of this ridge sheds light on many historical events, since the ancient road from Khotan to China went "along the wells" to Lob-nor. During a long stop at Lob-nora, astronomical definitions of the main points and a survey of the lake were made. In addition, ornithological observations were made. The discovery of Altyndag by N.M. Przhevalsky was recognized by all geographers of the world as the largest geographical discovery. It established the exact northern boundary of the Tibetan plateau. Tibet turned out to be 300 kilometers farther north than previously thought.

The expedition failed to get into Tibet. This was prevented by the illness of the leader and a number of members of the expedition, and especially the aggravation of Russian-Chinese relations. N. M. Przhevalsky made a very short report on his second trip to Central Asia. Some of the materials of this expedition were subsequently included in the description of the fourth journey. V Soviet time In the archives of the Russian Geographical Society, some previously unpublished materials related to the Lobnor voyage were found.

At the beginning of 1879, N. M. Przhevalsky set off on a new, third, journey to Central Asia. The expedition passed from Zaisan to the Hami oasis. From here, through the inhospitable desert and the Nan Shan ridges that lay along the way, the travelers climbed the Tibetan plateau. Nikolai Mikhailovich described the first impressions as follows: “We entered as if into another world, in which, first of all, we were amazed by the abundance of large animals, little or almost no fear of man. Not far from our camp, herds of kulans grazed, males of orongo stood in a pose; like rubber balls, little antelopes - hells, galloped. " After the most difficult crossings, the travelers in November 1879 reached the pass over the Tan-la ridge. In 250 kilometers from the capital of Tibet Lhasa, near the village of Naichu, the travelers were detained by Tibetan officials. After lengthy negotiations with representatives of the Tibetan authorities, N. M. Przhevalsky had to turn back. After that, the expedition, until July 1880, explored the upper reaches of the Huang-he, Kuku-nor and the eastern Nan-shan.

"The success of my three previous travels in Central Asia, the vast areas that remained unknown there, the desire to continue, as far as I can, my cherished task, finally, the temptation of a free wanderer life - all this pushed me, at the end of the report on my third expedition, to embark a new journey ", - writes N. M. Przhevalsky in the book about the fourth trip to Central Asia.

This expedition was more crowded and furnished richer than all the previous ones. The expedition explored the sources of the Huang-he and the watershed between Huang-he and Yang Tzu. These areas, from a geographical point of view, at that time were completely unknown, not only in Europe, but also in China and were indicated only approximately on maps. NM Przhevalsky rightly considered the achievement and study of the sources of the Huang-he to be the solution to an "important geographic problem." Then N.M. Przhevalsky discovered some ridges unknown to Europeans and without local names. He gave them names: Columbus Ridge, Moskovsky Ridge, Russian Ridge. N. M. Przhevalsky named the top of the Moskovsky ridge "Kremlin". To the south of the Columbus and Russian ridges, N. M. Przhevalsky noticed "a vast snow ridge" and named it "Mysterious". Subsequently, this ridge was named after N.M. Przhevalsky by the decision of the Council of the Russian Geographical Society.

Having explored the northern part of the Tibetan plateau, the expedition came to Lob-nor and Tarim. Then the travelers went to Cherchen and further to Keriya, from here through Khotan and Aksu to Karakol to Lake Issyk-Kul. Geographically, this was Przewalski's most fruitful journey.

Neither honor, nor fame, nor a certain material security could keep the passionate traveler in place. In March 1888 he completed the description of the fourth voyage, and the next month he already had permission and money for a new expedition to Lhasa. In October he arrived in Karakol. Here the entire expedition staff was completed and the caravan was prepared for the journey. But N. M. Przhevalsky did not have to go further: on November 1, 1888, in the arms of his employees, he died of typhus. Nikolai Mikhailovich demanded from his employees not to spare "neither strength, nor health, nor life itself, if necessary, in order to fulfill ... a loud task and serve them both for science and for the glory of our dear fatherland." He himself has always served as an example of selfless dedication to duty. Before his death, Nikolai Mikhailovich said: "I ask you not to forget about one thing, so that I must be buried on the shore of Issyk-Kul, in a marching expeditionary uniform ...".

His companions chose for the grave a flat, beautiful place on the shore of Issyk-Kul, on a cliff, overlooking the lake and the immediate vicinity. A monument was later erected on the grave of large blocks of local marble with the inscription: "Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky, born March 31, 1839, died October 20, 1888. The first explorer of the nature of Central Asia" (dates are indicated according to the old style).

The space of Central Asia, in which N.M. Przhevalsky's travels were made, is located between 32 and 48 ° north latitude and 78 and 117 ° east longitude. It stretches for over 1000 kilometers from north to south and about 4000 kilometers from west to east. The directions of the routes of the Przewalski expedition in this vast space constitute a real network. His caravans traveled over 30,000 kilometers.

N.M. Przhevalsky considered physical-geographical descriptions and route-eye photography to be the most important part of the program of all his travels. He paved and mapped many thousands of kilometers of new, unknown paths to anyone before him. To do this, he made a survey, astronomically determined 63 points, made several hundred determinations of heights above sea level.

Filming N.M. Przhevalsky made himself. He always rode in front of the caravan with a small notebook in his hands, where he entered everything that interested him. When he arrived at the bivouac, N. M. Przhevalsky transferred what was written down to a blank tablet.

He had a rare ability to describe the terrain he traveled with extraordinary accuracy. Thanks to him, the map of Central Asia has changed significantly in all its parts. Science has been enriched with concepts of the orography of Mongolia, northern Tibet, the region of the sources of the Huang-he, and Eastern Turkestan. After the hypsometric observations of N.M. Przhevalsky, the relief of a huge country began to emerge. New mountain ranges have appeared on the map to replace many of the mythical mountains marked on ancient Chinese maps.

N.M. Przhevalsky in three places crossed the northern border of Tibet - Kuen-lun. Before him, these mountains were shown as a straight line on maps. He showed that these mountains are divided into a number of distinct ridges. Before the travels of N.M. Przhevalsky, the maps of Asia did not include the mountains that made up the southern fence of Tsaidam. These mountains were first explored by N.M. Przhevalsky. He gave names to individual ridges, for example, the Marco Polo ridge, the Columbus ridge. These names appear on all modern maps of Asia. In the western part of Tibet, he discovered and named individual ridges of the Nan Shan mountain system (Humboldt ridge, Ritter ridge). Geographic map firmly keeps the names associated with the activities of the first scientific researcher of Central Asia.

Before N.M. Przhevalsky's travels to Central Asia, absolutely nothing was known about its climate. He was the first to give a vivid and vivid description of the seasons and general characteristics the climate of the countries he visited. Day after day, carefully, for many years, he made systematic meteorological observations. NM Przhevalsky provided valuable materials for judging the distribution of the wet, rainy monsoon of Asia to the north and west and the border of its two main regions - Indian and Chinese, or East Asian. On the basis of his observations, for the first time, the general average temperatures for Central Asia were established. They turned out to be 17.5 ° lower than expected.

Their Scientific research, starting with the first Ussuri and including the next four large trips to Central Asia, N.M. Przhevalsky carried out according to a single program. “In the foreground,” he writes, “of course, there should be purely geographical studies, then natural-historical and ethnographic ones. , so that ethnographic observations for this reason could not be carried out with the desired completeness. "

Academician V.L.Komarov, the largest expert on the vegetation of Asia, emphasizes that there is no branch of natural science to which N.M. Przhevalsky's research would not have made an outstanding contribution. His expeditions discovered a completely new world of animals and plants.

All the works of N.M. Przhevalsky bear the stamp of exceptional scientific conscientiousness. He writes only about what he saw himself. His travel diaries are striking in their pedantry and accuracy of entries. On a fresh memory, regularly, according to a certain system, he writes down everything he sees. N. M. Przhevalsky's travel diary includes: general diary, meteorological observations, lists of collected birds, eggs, mammals, mollusks, plants, rocks, etc., general, ethnographic, zoological and astronomical observations.

The thoroughness and accuracy of the travel records made it possible for their author later in short time complete the complete processing of materials.

The merits of N.M. Przhevalsky were recognized even during his life in Russia and abroad. Twenty-four scientific institutions of Russia and Western Europe elected him their honorary member. N.M. Przhevalsky was an honorary member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Moscow University awarded him academic degree Honorary Doctor of Zoology. The city of Smolensk elected him an honorary citizen. Foreign geographical societies awarded N. M. Przhevalsky their awards: Swedish - the highest award - the Vega medal, Berlin - the Humboldt medal, Paris and London - gold medals, and the French Ministry of Education - "Palm of the Academy". The London Geographical Society, awarding him its highest award in 1879, noted that his journey surpassed everything that had taken place since the time of Marco Polo (XIII century). At the same time, it was noted that N.M. Przhevalsky was prompted by his passion for nature to desperate and dangerous travels, and to this passion he managed to instill all the virtues of a geographer and the happiest and most courageous explorer of unknown countries. N.M. Przhevalsky walked tens of thousands of kilometers in difficult conditions, did not undress or wash for weeks, repeatedly his life was in immediate danger. But all this never once shook his vigorous state and efficiency. He stubbornly and persistently walked towards his goal.

The personal qualities of NM Przhevalsky ensured the success of his expedition. He selected his employees from simple, inexperienced, enterprising people and treated people of the "noble breed" with great distrust. He himself did not disdain any dirty work. His discipline during the expedition was severe, without pomp and lordship. His assistants - V. I. Roborovsky and P. K. Kozlov - later became famous independent travelers. Many satellites participated in two or three expeditions, and the Buryats Dondok Irinchinov conducted four expeditions together with N.M. Przhevalsky.

Scientific results of N. M. Przhevalsky's travels are enormous and many-sided. With his travels, he covered vast areas, collected rich scientific collections, made extensive research and geographical discoveries, processed the results and summed up the results. He handed over the various scientific collections he collected to scientific institutions in Russia: the ornithological and zoological - the Academy of Sciences, the botanical - the Botanical Garden.

Fascinating descriptions of N. M. Przhevalsky's travels are at the same time strictly scientific. His books are among the best geographical writings. These are brilliant results of the great traveler's activity. His works contain subtle artistic descriptions of many birds and wild animals, plants, landscapes and natural phenomena in Asia. These descriptions became classical and entered special works on zoology, botany, and geography.

N.M. Przhevalsky considered the compilation of a detailed report on the expedition to be the most important thing. Returning from the expedition, he took every opportunity to work on the report, even at random stops. N.M. Przhevalsky began a new expedition only after the book about the previous one was put in print. He has written over two thousand printed pages of his travels. All his works, after they were published in Russian, immediately appeared in translations into foreign languages Abroad. It happened that editions of N.M. Przhevalsky's works abroad diverged faster than in Russia.

NM Przhevalsky had no rivals in enterprise, energy, decisiveness, resourcefulness. He literally yearned for unknown countries. Central Asia attracted him with its unexploredness. No difficulties frightened him. According to the general results of his work, N.M. Przhevalsky took one of the most honorable places among famous travelers of all times and peoples. His work is an exceptional example of unswerving pursuit of his goal and talented fulfillment of his task.

Fearlessness, selfless love for science, perseverance, dedication and organization of Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky make him related to the people of our era.

The main works of N.M. Przhevalsky: Notes of General Geography, Warsaw, 1867 (2nd ed., 1870); Travel to the Ussuriysk Territory 1867-1869, St. Petersburg, 1870 (new ed., M., 1937); Mongolia and the country of the Tanguts; A three-year journey to East Highland Asia, St. Petersburg, 1875 (vol. I), 1876 (vol. II); From Kulja to the Tien Shan and to Lob-nor, "News of the Russian Geographical Society", 1877, No. 5; The third journey to Central Asia, St. Petersburg, 1883; The fourth trip to Central Asia, St. Petersburg, 1888.

About N.M. Przhevalsky:Dubrovin N.F., Nikolay Mikhailovich Przhevalsky, Biographical sketch, St. Petersburg. 1890; A.V. Zelenin, Travels of N. M. Przhevalsky, St. Petersburg, 1901 (parts 1 and 2); Kozlov P.K., The great Russian traveler N.M. Przhevalsky. Life and travel, L., 1929; Komarov V.L., Botanical routes of the most important Russian expeditions to Central Asia, vol. one; Routes of N. M. Przhevalsky, "Proceedings of the Chief Botanical Garden", Pg., 1920, v. 34, no. one; The great Russian geographer Przhevalsky. On the centenary of the birth of 1839-1939 Sat. articles. Editor M.G. Kadek, ed. Moscow state university, 1939; Berg L.S., Essays on the history of Russian geographical discoveries, M.-L., 1946; Him, the All-Union Geographical Society for a Hundred Years, M.-L., 1946.

Nikolay Przhevalsky and the wild horse subspecies discovered by him

April 12 (according to the old style - March 31) marks the 178th anniversary of the birth of the famous traveler, explorer, geographer Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky. Most of him know only that he led expeditions to Central Asia, and that a subspecies of the wild horse was named in his honor. However, there were much more interesting facts in his biography. For example, the fact that he won the money for the first expedition by playing cards, and another purpose of his travels was military intelligence. Polish journalists even suggested that he was Stalin's real father.

Left - Nikolai Przhevalsky hunting in the vicinity of the Otradnoye estate. Right - Nikolay Przhevalsky, 1876

At one time Nikolai Przhevalsky was fond of playing cards. A good visual memory often brought him success in the game, in addition, he had his own rules: never have more than 500 rubles with him and always leave the table, having won more than 1000. This is exactly how the “golden pheasant” (as the players called him for legendary luck) and received money for the first expedition to Central Asia - for the Geographical Society he was a newcomer, and it was not possible to get funds in any other way. The win was large - 12,000. Przewalski knew how to stop in time and promised himself never to gamble again. Since then, he has not even touched the cards.

On this expedition in 1870-1873. Przhevalsky explored Mongolia, China and Tibet and found out that the Gobi is not a hill, as was thought before, but a depression with a hilly relief, and Nanshan is not a ridge, but a mountain system, and also discovered 7 large lakes and the Beishan Highlands. This expedition brought him worldwide fame.


Central Asian explorer Nikolai Przhevalsky

At the age of 30, Przhevalsky was already a well-known scientist and an enviable groom, but he called the marriage bond a "voluntary noose" and believed that in the desert "with absolute freedom and an affair to one's liking" it would be "a hundred times happier than in gilded salons that can be purchased by marriage. " The great traveler remained a bachelor until the end of his days.


Przewalski's horse

In addition to research tasks, Przewalski's expeditions presumably had the goal of military intelligence. And although for the traveler himself science has always remained in the foreground, he was still an officer Russian army... Recently, there have been a lot of studies proving the fact that Przhevalsky was an intelligence officer and collected information not only for science, but also for the General Staff.


Przewalski's horse

In expeditions, Przhevalsky spent 11 years of his life, having covered 31 thousand km. The new subspecies of wild horses is not Przewalski's only discovery, but it became most famous thanks to the fact that it was named after the traveler. In addition, he discovered dozens of new species of animals, including the wild camel and the Tibetan bear (the researcher called him a "pika eater"), and also found 7 new genera and 218 species of plants.


Tibetan bear discovered by Przhevalsky

The most incredible legend associated with the name of Nikolai Przewalski was born in 1939, when a Polish newspaper published an article stating that the famous traveler was in fact Stalin's father. Allegedly in 1878 Przhevalsky was in Georgia, where he met 22-year-old Ekaterina Dzhugashvili, and soon her son Joseph was born. Biographers immediately denied these facts: at that time the researcher was in China. Nevertheless, this version had supporters who confirmed their guesses by the fact that during the years of Stalin's rule the heroization of the traveler began, a film was made about him and a medal was instituted in his name. But these facts cannot even serve as an indirect confirmation of the truthfulness of the guesses of Polish journalists.


Polish journalists called Przewalski Stalin's father, primarily on the basis of external resemblance

In 1888, Przewalski assembled the largest expedition, which was to last 2 years. But after two weeks of a serious illness, the traveler died suddenly. Until recently, the cause of death in all sources was called typhoid fever, and modern experts have established another diagnosis - lymphogranulomatosis.


Famous traveler Nikolay Przhevalsky

His last refuge was Karakol - a city named after Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky

Local residents from the windows of their adobe dwellings watched the people passing by travelers... And they walked in silence, to their route among the hostile and restless local population. From time to time, people came to the travelers: in hundreds they knelt on both sides of the road, there were seriously ill people who came to ask for healing, old and young - everyone wanted to receive the blessings of the great white kubilgan (saint), that is what they called Przhevalsky... As if the steppe wind was blowing across Central Asia extraordinary rumors and myths about Przhevalsky and his companions: the Russian chief is a sorcerer or a saint, he needs to pray, because he knows everything in advance. Fortunate destiny ... made it possible to carry out feasible exploration of the least known and most inaccessible countries of inner Asia. N. M. Przhevalsky.

Indeed, the famous Russian travel geographer Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky had an amazing fate, did he know, as a little rural boy, that such an extraordinary life, full of adventures and the greatest discoveries, awaits him?

Was born N.M. Przhevalsky April 12, 1839 in the village of Kimbory, Smolensk province in the family of a small landowner. Since childhood, he was fascinated by the mysterious natural world, the boy's favorite pastime was reading books about travel and animals... An idealist, at the age of 16, he decides to enlist in the Belevsky regiment, but military affairs did not meet the expectations of the young seeker: the endless revelry and licentiousness of the officers turned his views on life and humanity. All his free time from the service he is engaged in hunting, ornithology, collects herbariums. After five years in the regiment, Przhevalsky enters the Academy of the General Staff, the completion of which would give him the opportunity to finally do what he loves - travel... Having entered his studies, Przhevalsky is increasingly engaged in creativity, rather than military affairs, his course work The Military Statistical Review of the Amur Territory brings him membership in the Russian Geographical Society. This was the first step towards the life he dreamed of.

After graduation from the Academy Przhevalsky teaches at the Warsaw cadet school, while doing science, writes a textbook on general geography for cadets. Africa at that time interested him most of all. However, he soon begins to be attracted central Asia: “I am confident that sooner or later, I will fulfill my cherished dream of travel- writes N.M. Przhevalsky- intensively studied botany, zoology, physical geography and so on, and in the summer he went to his village, where he continued the same occupations, collected herbarium "1

In 1867 Przhevalsky appeals to the Russian Geographical Society with a request to help in organizing an expedition to Central Asia, but, having no name in scientific circles, he, unfortunately, could not count on the support of the Council of the Society, which rejected his request. On the advice of P.P. Semyonov - Tyan-Shansky he decides to go to the Ussuri region, in the hope of earning upon his return the long-awaited opportunity to gather an expedition in Central Asia... The result of the two-year trip was the essays "On the non-Russian population in the southern part of the Amur Region" and " Journey in the Ussuri region ", as well as about 300 species of plants, birds, and many of them were discovered on the Ussuri for the first time. For the work done, the Russian Geographical Society awarded Przhevalsky silver medal, but the main reward for a born explorer was the approval and help of the Geographical Society in organizing his next journey - already in Central Asia.

First trip to Central Asia (1870 - 1873), called "Mongolian" turned out to be extremely difficult and dangerous. The members of the expedition covered more than 11,000 km in total. through Moscow, Irkutsk, Kyakhta, Beijing and north to Lake Dalai-Nur.

After resting in Kalgan, Przhevalsky explored the Suma-Hody and Yin-Shan ridges, as well as the course of the Yellow River (Yellow River), showing that it has no ramification, as was previously thought on the basis of Chinese sources; passing through the Alashan and Alashan desert the mountains, he returned to Kalgan. On March 5, 1872, the expedition again set out from Kalgan and moved through the Alashan Desert to the Nanshan ridges and further to Lake Kukunor. Then Przhevalsky crossed the Tsaidam Basin, overcame the Kunlun ridges and reached in Tibet upper reaches of the Blue River (Yangtze). In the summer of 1873 Przhevalsky, having replenished his equipment, went to Urga (Ulan Batoru), through the Middle Gobi, and from Urga in September 1873 returned to Kyakhta. Three years of the most difficult physical tests and as a result - 4000 specimens of plants, new species were discovered, which received his name: Przewalski's lizard, Przewalski's clefttail, Przewalski's rhododendron... This trip brought Nikolai Mikhailovich world fame and the gold medal of the Russian Geographical Society. As a report on your travel Przewalski writes the book "Mongolia and the country of the Tanguts".

PRZEWALSKY'S FIRST JOURNEY

SECOND JOURNEY OF PRZHEVALSKY

Its second Central Asian trip Nikolay Mikhailovich Przhevalsky begins in 1876. It was conceived very large-scale, it was supposed to investigate Tibet and Lhasa, but due to the complication of the political situation (the conflict with China) and the illness of Przewalski himself, the route had to be shortened. Starting his way from Gulja, overcoming Tien Shan ridges and the Tarim Basin Przhevalsky reached in February 1877 the huge reed swamp-lake Lop Nor. According to his description, the lake was 100 kilometers long and 20 to 22 kilometers wide. On the banks of the mysterious Lobnor, in the "land of Lop", Przhevalsky was second ... after Marco Polo! No obstacles prevented the researchers from making their discoveries: the lower reaches of the Tarim with a group of lakes and the Altyn-Tag ridge were described, materials were collected on the ethnography of the Lobnors (Karakurchins). After some time, an entry appears in Nikolai Mikhailovich's diary: “A year will pass, misunderstandings with China will be settled, my health will recover, and then I will again take the wanderer's staff and again head to the Asian deserts” 2

Third Central Asian Journey named "Tibetan" Przhevalsky performs in 1879 - 1880 with a detachment of 13 people. The path lay through the Khamian desert and Nan Shan ridge on the plateau Tibet. This expedition turned out to be surprisingly rich in discoveries. Its participants explored the Huang-He River, the northern part Tibet, two ridges are open, named Przhevalsky in honor of Humboldt and Ritter, a pika-eater bear, as well as a wild Dzungarian horse, which received in scientific literature title "Przewalski's Horses": “The newly discovered horse,” writes Nikolai Mikhailovich, is called the Kirgiz kertag, and the Mongols also, lives only in the wildest parts of the Dzungarian desert. Here the kertags are kept in small herds grazing under the supervision of an experienced old stallion "3 Having received after that travels several honorary titles and titles and many acknowledgments and degrees, Przhevalsky, perhaps because of his natural modesty and rejection of the noisy bustling city life, retires in the village, where he begins to process the collected material. My observations and research results Przhevalsky outlined in the book "From Zaisana across Hami v Tibet and to the headwaters of the Yellow River ".

PRZEWALSKY'S THIRD JOURNEY

PRZEWALSKY'S FOURTH JOURNEY

Fourth Central Asian Expedition was also known as the Second tibetan travel”And lasted from 1883 to 1885. And again Tibet! The Khuang-Khe River, dotted with key lakes, shining brightly in the rays of the setting sun, the marshy Yellow River, the sands of Alashan and Tarim; and new adventure and discovery: Orin-Nur, Dzharin-Nur lakes, Moskovsky and Russian ridges, Columbus ridge, the sources of the Yellow River were explored. New species of birds, mammals and reptiles, as well as fish have appeared in the collection, new species of plants have appeared in the herbarium. The result of this travels becomes the next book, written in the quietness of the Sloboda estate, "From Kyakhta to the sources of the Yellow River, exploration of the northern outskirts Tibet and the way through the Lob-nor along the Tarim basin ”. For those who knew the character of the indefatigable Nikolai Mikhailovich, it was not surprising that in his incomplete 50 years he decides to go to his fifth journey through Central Asia , which, alas, became the last for an outstanding scientist and researcher.

Before leaving, Nikolai Mikhailovich went out onto the terrace of his estate and wrote in red pencil on one of the columns: “August 5, 1888 Goodbye, Sloboda! N. Przhevalsky ". Then he called his companions and asked them all to sign: V. Roborovsky, P. Kozlov, Teleshev, Nefedov.

On August 18, Nikolai Mikhailovich, accompanied by his closest friends, left Petersburg for the last time. As soon as the train started, he shouted through the open window of F.D. Pleske, birdwatcher: "If I am gone, I entrust you with handling the birds!"

On the train Przhevalsky continued to speak prophetic words, as if anticipating near death: “We are going to free, pleasant, glorious work. Now we are well armed and our life will not come cheaply: to die for a glorious cause is a pleasure. "

This time the path ran along the Volga, the Caspian Sea to Krasnovodsk (now Turkmenbashy?), From there to Samarkand and Pishpek (Bishkek). From Pishpek to Alma-Ata. On the way to the Russian-Chinese border, while hunting in the valley of the Kara-Balta river, Przhevalsky being already slightly cold, he drank river water and contracted typhoid fever.

V last days of his life, Nikolai Mikhailovich behaved surprisingly courageously, did not lose heart and openly, consciously spoke of death as an old acquaintance: "I am not afraid of death, - I am ready to die, I have been face to face with death more than once ..."

Having made several orders about his property, he bequeathed to bury himself on the shore Issyk-Kul.

October 20, 1888 great the traveler and a talented naturalist scientist Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky was gone. So his ashes remained forever in Asia, about which he dreamed all his life. In 1889, a monument was erected at his grave. On a block of granite stands a bronze eagle with an olive branch in its beak, ready to plunge into the sky, as a symbol of the glory and greatness of an indefatigable brave explorer who has always walked forward to his dream, who has become an example for many, many generations of scientists and travelers Worldwide.

Article prepared by SVETLANA SHCHEGLOVA

1. The great Russian traveler Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky, Book Publishing House, 1948.
2. Wikipedia

Portrait of Miklouho-Maclay by K. Makovsky. Stored in the Kunstkamera.

Exactly 130 years ago - on April 14, 1888, the famous Russian ethnographer, biologist, anthropologist and traveler Nikolai Nikolaevich Miklukho-Maclay passed away, most he devoted his life to the study of the indigenous population of Australia, Oceania and Southeast Asia, including the Papuans of the northeastern coast of New Guinea, now called the Maclay Coast.

His research was highly regarded during his lifetime. Considering his merits, Miklouho-Maclay's birthday on July 17 is unofficially celebrated in Russia as a professional holiday - the Day of the Ethnographer.

Nikolai Nikolaevich Miklukho-Maclay was born on July 17, 1846 (July 5, old style) in the village of Rozhdestvenskoye (today it is Yazykovo-Rozhdestvenskoye Okulovsky municipal district of the Novgorod region) in the family of an engineer. His father Nikolai Ilyich Miklukha was a railroad worker. The mother of the future ethnographer was called Ekaterina Semyonovna Becker, she was the daughter of a hero Patriotic War 1812 Contrary to a fairly widespread misconception, Miklouho-Maclay did not have any significant foreign roots. The widespread legend about the Scottish mercenary Michael Maclay, who, having taken root in Russia, became the founder of the family, was just a legend. The traveler himself came from an ordinary Cossack family Miklukh. If we talk about the second part of the surname, then he first used it in 1868, thus signing the first scientific publication in German "Rudiment of the swim bladder in the Selachians." At the same time, historians could not come to a consensus about the reason for this double surname Miklouho-Maclay. Discussing his nationality, in his dying autobiography, the ethnographer pointed out that he is a mixture of elements: Russian, Germanic and Polish.

Photo of Nikolai Miklukha - student (until 1866).

Surprisingly, the future ethnographer studied poorly at school, often missing classes. As he admitted 20 years later, at the gymnasium, he missed lessons not only because of ill health, but also simply from unwillingness to study. In the 4th grade of the Second Petersburg Gymnasium, he spent two years, and in 1860/61 academic year attended classes very rarely, missing a total of 414 lessons. Miklouha had the only rating of "good" French, on German he was "satisfactory", in other subjects - "bad" and "mediocre". While still a high school student, Miklouho-Maclay was imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress, he was sent there together with his brother for participating in a student demonstration, which was caused by the socio-political upsurge of 1861 and was associated with the abolition of serfdom in the country.

Ernst Haeckel and Miklouho-Maclay.

In Soviet times, the biography of the ethnographer indicated that Miklouho-Maclay was expelled from the gymnasium, and then from the University for participation in political activities. But this is not true. The future famous traveler left the gymnasium of his own free will, and he simply could not be expelled from the university, since he was there as an auditor. He did not finish his studies in St. Petersburg, leaving for Germany. In 1864, the future ethnographer studied at the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Heidelberg, in 1865 - at Faculty of Medicine Leipzig University. And in 1866 he moved to Jena (a university city in Germany), where he studied comparative animal anatomy at the Faculty of Medicine. As an assistant to the German naturalist Ernst Haeckel, he visited Morocco and the Canary Islands. In 1868 Miklouho-Maclay completed his studies at the University of Jena. During the first expedition to the Canary Islands, the future explorer studied sea sponges, finding as a result the new kind calcareous sponge, named Guancha blanca after the indigenous inhabitants of these islands. It is curious that from 1864 to 1869, from 1870 to 1882 and from 1883 to 1886 Miklouho-Maclay lived outside Russia, never staying in his homeland for more than one year.

In 1869 he made a trip to the coast of the Red Sea, the purpose of the trip was to study the local marine fauna. In the same year he returned back to Russia. The first scientific studies of the ethnographer were devoted to the comparative anatomy of sea sponges, shark brains, as well as other issues of zoology.

Drawings and notes of Miklouho-Maclay.

But during his travels Miklouho-Maclay also made valuable geographical observations. Nicholas was inclined to the version that the cultural and racial characteristics of the peoples of the world are formed under the influence of the social and natural environment. In order to substantiate this theory, Miklouho-Maclay decided to take a long journey to the islands of the Pacific Ocean, here he was going to study the “Papuan race”.

Corvette "Vityaz" under sail.

At the end of October 1870, with the assistance of the Russian Geographical Society, the traveler got the opportunity to leave for New Guinea. Here he went on board the military ship "Vityaz". His expedition was designed for several years.

Miklouho-Maclay with Papuan Akhmat. Malacca, 1874 or 1875.

On September 20, 1871, the Vityaz landed Maclay on the northeastern coast of New Guinea. In the future, this area of ​​the coast will be called the Maclay Coast. Contrary to misconceptions, he did not travel alone, but accompanied by two servants - a young man from the island of Niue named Boy and the Swedish sailor Olsen.

Drawing by Miklouho-Maclay.

At the same time, with the help of the Vityaz crew members, a hut was built, which became for Miklouho-Maclay not only housing, but also a suitable laboratory. Among the local Papuans, he lived for 15 months in 1871-1872, with his tactful behavior and friendliness, he managed to win their love and trust.

Illustration for Miklouho-Maclay's diary.

But initially Miklouho-Maclay was considered among the Papuans not as a god, as is commonly believed, but quite the opposite, as an evil spirit. The reason for this attitude towards him was the episode on the first day of their acquaintance. Seeing the ship and the white people, the islanders thought that it was Rotei, their great ancestor, who had returned. A large number of Papuans went on their boats to the ship in order to present the newcomer with gifts. On board the Viking they were also well received and presented, but on the way back a cannon shot suddenly rang out from the ship, so the crew saluted in honor of their arrival. However, out of fear, the islanders literally jumped out of their own boats, threw gifts and floated to the shore, deciding that it was not Rotei who had come to them, but the evil spirit of Buk.

Tui from the village of Gorendu. Drawing by Miklouho-Maclay.

Later, a Papuan named Tui helped to change the situation, who was bolder than the rest of the islanders and managed to make friends with the traveler. When Miklouho-Maclay managed to cure Tui from a serious injury, the Papuans accepted him into their society as an equal to themselves, including him in the local society. Tui, for a long time, remained a translator and mediator of the ethnographer in his relations with other Papuans.

In 1873, Miklouho-Maclay visited the Philippines and Indonesia, and the next year he visited the southwestern coast of New Guinea. In 1874-1875, he again traveled twice through the Malacca Peninsula, studying the local tribes of Sakai and Semangi. In 1876 he traveled to Western Micronesia (Oceania islands), as well as Northern Melanesia (having visited various island groups in Pacific). In 1876 and 1877 he again visited the Maclay Coast. From here he wanted to return back to Russia, but due to a serious illness the traveler was forced to settle in Sydney, Australia, where he lived until 1882. Not far from Sydney, Nikolai founded the first biological station in Australia. In the same period of his life, he made a trip to the islands of Melanesia (1879), and also examined the southern coast of New Guinea (1880), and a year later, in 1881, he visited south coast New Guinea.

Drawing by Miklouho-Maclay.

It is interesting that Miklouho-Maclay was preparing a Russian protectorate over the Papuans. He several times carried out an expedition to New Guinea, having drawn up the so-called "Maclay Coast development project". His project provided for the preservation of the Papuans' way of life, but at the same time declared the achievement of a higher level of self-government on the basis of already existing local customs. At the same time, the Maclay Coast, according to his plans, was to receive a protectorate Russian Empire, becoming also one of the basing points Russian fleet... But his project was not feasible. By the time of the third trip to New Guinea, most of his friends among the Papuans, including Tui, had already died, at the same time, the villagers were mired in internecine conflicts, and the officers of the Russian fleet, who studied the local conditions, concluded that the local coast was not suitable for deployment of warships. And already in 1885 New Guinea was divided between Great Britain and Germany. Thus, the question of the possibility of realizing a Russian protectorate over this territory was finally closed.

Miklouho-Maclay returned to his homeland after a long absence in 1882. After returning to Russia, he read a number of public reports on his travels to members of the Geographical Society. For his research, the society of lovers of natural science, anthropology and ethnography awarded Nikolai a gold medal. After visiting the European capitals - Berlin, London and Paris, he introduced the public to the results of his trips and research. Then he again went to Australia, having visited the Maclay Coast for the third time on the way, this happened in 1883.

From 1884 to 1886, the traveler lived in Sydney, and in 1886 he returned to his homeland. All this time he was seriously ill, but at the same time he continued to prepare for the publication of his scientific materials and diaries. In the same 1886, he handed over to the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg all the ethnographic collections he had collected from 1870 to 1885. Today these collections can be seen at the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography in St. Petersburg.

The traveler who returned to St. Petersburg changed a lot. As people who know him noted, the 40-year-old young scientist sharply grew decrepit, weakened, his hair turned gray. Pains in the jaw appeared again, which intensified in February 1887, and a tumor appeared. Doctors could not diagnose him and could not determine the cause of the disease. Only in the second half of the 20th century did doctors manage to remove the veil of secrecy from this issue. Ethnographer was killed by cancer with localization in the area of ​​the right mandibular canal. Exactly 130 years ago on April 14, 1888 (April 2, old style) Nikolai Nikolaevich Miklouho-Maclay died, he was only 41 years old. The traveler was buried at the Volkovskoe cemetery in St. Petersburg.

Drawing by Miklouho-Maclay.

The most important scientific merit of the scientist was that he raised the question of the species unity and kinship of existing human races. Also, it was he who first gave detailed description Melanesian anthropological type and proved that it is very widespread on the islands of Southeast Asia and Western Oceania. For ethnography, his descriptions of the material culture, economy and life of the Papuans and other peoples inhabiting the numerous islands of Oceania and Southeast Asia are of great importance. Many observations of the traveler, distinguished by a high level of accuracy, and at present remain practically the only materials on the ethnography of some of the islands of Oceania.

Grave of N. N. Miklukho-Maclay (St. Petersburg).

During the life of Nikolai Nikolaevich, more than 100 of his scientific works on anthropology, ethnography, geography, zoology and other sciences, in total he wrote more than 160 such works. At the same time, during the life of the scientist, not a single of his major work was published, all of them appeared only after his death. So in 1923, Miklouho-Maclay's Travel Diaries were first published, and even later, in 1950-1954, a collection of works in five volumes.

Papua New Guinea.

The memory of the researcher and ethnographer is widely preserved not only in Russia, but all over the world. His bust can be found today in Sydney, and in New Guinea a mountain and a river are named after him, excluding the section of the northeastern coast, which is called the Maclay Coast. In 1947, the name of Miklouho-Maclay was given to the Institute of Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (RAS). And relatively recently, in 2014, the Russian geographic society a special gold medal named after Nikolai Nikolaevich Miklouho-Maclay, as the highest award of the society for ethnographic research and travel. The world recognition of this researcher is also evidenced by the fact that in honor of his 150th anniversary, 1996 was proclaimed by UNESCO the Year of Miklouho-Maclay, at the same time he was named a Citizen of the World.