Plans for describing geographical objects material (geography) on the topic. Appendix Natural area description plan
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Mountain characterization plan
3. The length of the ridges (km).
4. Dominant height.
5. The greatest height (vertex coordinates).
6. age, origin.
Plan of characteristics of the plains
1.Geographic location.
2. Borders of the plain.
3. Formation of plains.
5. Length from west to east and from north to south (km).
ocean characterization plan
1.Geographic location.
2. Square. A place among other oceans.
3. Features of the bottom topography.
4. Prevailing and greatest depths.
5. Ocean currents.
6. Transport sea routes.
Sea characterization plan
1.Geographic location.
2. Internal or marginal.
3. Outline of coasts and area.
4. Islands and peninsulas.
5. The greatest and predominant depth.
River characterization plan
1.Geographic location.
2.Where does it begin (source).
4. Where does it flow (mouth).
5. Dependence of the direction and nature of the current on the relief.
Lake characterization plan
1.Geographic location.
2.How it was formed.
3. The greatest depth.
4. Salinity.
5. Drainage or drainless.
6. The nature of the coast.
Weather Characteristics Plan
1. Name of the month, season of the year.
2. The height of the Sun above the horizon (for each season).
3. The length of the day.
4. Average temperature.
5. Prevailing winds.
6. Quantity and types of precipitation.
Map Characteristics Plan
1. map view by area coverage.
2. View of the map by scale.
3. View of the map by content.
4. Purpose of the card.
Plan for describing the geographical position of the mainland
1. The area of the mainland and its place among other continents.
2. The location of the mainland relative to the equator, the tropics (polar circles), the zero and 180th meridian.
3. Extreme points of the mainland, coordinates. The length of the mainland in degrees and kilometers from north to south and from west to east.
4. The nature of the outline of the coast.
5. Location in climatic zones.
6. Oceans, seas washing the mainland.
7. Location relative to other continents.
Plan of characteristics of the relief of the territory
1. The general nature of the surface. General patterns.
2. Location of landforms on the surface under study.
Landform Characterization Plan
1. Location on the mainland.
2. Approximate area and its comparison with the area of the mainland.
3. Greatest, smallest and prevailing heights.
4. Origin (processes)
Climate Characterization Plan
1. Geographic location.
2. Type of climate (climatic zone and region).
3. Climate-forming factors.
4. Average January and July temperatures, temperature maximums and minimums.
5. The amount of precipitation and its distribution during the year.
6. Prevailing winds (by season).
Plan of characteristics of climatodiagrams.
1. Location (mainland, part of it).
2. Annual temperature variation.
3. The amount of precipitation. Distribution of precipitation by months.
4. Characteristic type of climate (climatic zone and regions).
River characterization plan
1. Location on the mainland relative to other landforms.
2. Location of the source.
5. The nature of the current (flat or mountainous).
4. In what area does it flow.
6. Change in runoff by seasons.
7. Tributaries of the river.
8. The location of the mouth.
9. Nature of human use.
Natural area characterization plan
1. Geographical position, borders.
3. Animal world
4. Climate.
6. Vegetation.
7. Internal waters.
Plan for the characteristics of the population of the continents
1. The peoples inhabiting the given territory.
2. Distribution of the population on the mainland (densely populated areas and less populated areas, reasons).
3. Average density (in general for the mainland and for individual regions).
Country Characteristics Plan
1. Geographical position, borders, border states, capitals.
2. Features of the relief (general nature of the surface, minerals).
3. Climatic conditions (climatic zones, average January and July temperatures, annual precipitation).
4. Internal waters (large rivers, lakes, reservoirs, etc.).
5. Natural areas and their features (soils, vegetation, wildlife).
7. Population (main races, peoples and their economic activities).
Plan for characterizing the geographic position of the ocean
1. Location relative to the hemispheres, equator, tropics, zero meridian and 180 meridian.
2. Washed continents.
3. Bordering oceans (straits).
4. Location in climatic zones.
Sea characterization plan
1. To the basin, which ocean does it belong to.
2.What parts of the mainland washes.
3. Features of the coastline.
4. Sea depth, salinity.
5. Freezing.
6. Commercial value.
Plan for the characteristics of the natural-territorial complex (nc)
1. geographical location.
2. geological structure and minerals.
4. Climate (climatic zones and regions, average temperatures in January and July, temperature range, average annual rainfall, moisture coefficient, annual sum of temperatures above + 10 C, the possibility of natural conditions for agricultural use of the territory).
6 Vegetation.
7. Animal world
8 Environmental issues.
Natural resource characterization plan
1. total reserves and concentration per unit area).
2. Quality, composition.
3. Conditions of occurrence (depth, layer thickness).
4. Combination with other types of minerals, the possibility of their joint use.
5. Development of the territory.
6. Transport possibilities.
7. Conclusion about rational use taking into account the impact on the environment.
Population Characteristics Plan
1.Number. Natural and mechanical growth.
2. National composition.
3. Density, features of the distribution of the population.
Question 1. What is the difference between the continental crust and the ocean?
The earth's crust is continental, having a thickness of 30-80 km, and oceanic - 5-10 km thick. IN continental crust three layers are distinguished: the upper one is sedimentary, the middle one is “granite” (similar in its properties to granite) and the lower one is “basalt” (consists mainly of basalt). The oceanic crust has only two layers - sedimentary and "basalt".
Question 2. What are the main landforms.
Basic landforms earth's surface they can be flat, convex (hill, mountain), concave (hollow, mountain valley, ravine), etc. The main landforms are plains and mountains.
Question 3. How to physical map hemispheres can determine the depths of the oceans?
With the help of a scale of depths and heights, painted in different colors depending on the depth.
Question 4. According to the physical map of the hemispheres, determine which continents and their parts: a) the widest shelf; b) narrow shelf.
a) Eurasia; b) South America.
Question 5. Using a physical map of the hemispheres, name several mainland islands.
Greenland (2176 thousand sq. m.), New Guinea (785 thousand sq. m.), Kalimantan (734 thousand sq. m.), Madagascar (590 thousand sq. m.).
Question 6. Get acquainted with the map of the oceans in the atlas. Using a map of the oceans, give examples of basins and ridges on the ocean floor.
Mid-Atlantic Ridge, East Indian Ridge. Basins: Labrador, North American, Brazilian.
Question 7. Using a map of the oceans, name: a) the mid-ocean ridges of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans; b) a mid-ocean ridge that does not occupy a median position; c) the ocean, where the mid-ocean ridge branches into two ridges; d) the widest mid-ocean ridge; e) a large island that is part of a mid-ocean ridge.
a) Mid-Atlantic Ridge. There are five mid-ocean ridges: the West Indian, Arabian-Indian, Central Indian, East Indian ridges and the Australo-Antarctic Rise. South Pacific and East Pacific Rise. b) East Pacific Rise. c) the Indian Ocean. d) Mid-Atlantic Ridge. e) Greenland.
Question 8. What are the three main parts of the ocean floor.
Continental shelf, basins (bed) of the ocean, mid-ocean ridges.
Question 9. Tell us about the relief of the transition zone, about the mid-ocean ridges.
Between the underwater margin of the continent and the ocean floor there is a zone with a very complex relief. This zone is best expressed off the eastern coast of Eurasia. It includes arcs of islands and special landforms - deep ocean trenches. These are long narrow depressions of the ocean floor with a depth of more than 6000 m. Earthquakes often occur in the transition zone, it is here that many active volcanoes of our planet are located.
The mid-ocean ridges form a single mountain system at the bottom of the World Ocean with a total length of over 60 thousand km, a width of about 2000 km and a relative height of 2-4 km. In the central part of the mid-ocean ridges there is a fault, which is a gorge with steep slopes. At the bottom of this gorge, lava flows. Freezing, it builds up the earth's crust. In the areas of the mid-ocean ridges, as in the transition zone, earthquakes occur; active volcanoes are located on the slopes of the ridges.
Question 10. According to the plan for describing the geographical position of the mountains in the appendices, describe the geographical position of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
1. Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
2. Located in the middle Atlantic Ocean.
3. Starts from the Gakkel Ridge to the northeast of Greenland and stretches to the Bouvet triple junction in the south Atlantic.
Question 11
Argentine basin, lowering of the bottom in the south-west. Atlantic Ocean, between the continental slope of the South. America, the South Atlantic Ridge, the Rio Grande Plateau and the northern part of the South Antilles Range. Depth up to 5919 m, in a narrow trench in the south 6213 m. Soil - globigerin silt and red clay.
Brazilian Basin, a depression in the southern part of the Atlantic Ocean, west of the South Atlantic Ridge. The length from north to south is about 3,000 km. The greatest depth is 6537 m. The soil is red clay in the east and foraminiferal silts in the west.
Question 12. Make two questions to the text about the processes that form the topography of the bottom of the oceans.
What processes affect the topography of the ocean floor? What are the internal processes?
QUESTIONS AND TASKS FOR REVIEW
Question 1. Draw a diagram of "Group of rocks by origin." Give two examples of rocks from each group.
Question 2. Give a description of the lithosphere according to the plan: 1) the concept; 2) structure; 3) composition; 4) characteristic natural phenomena.
1. Lithosphere - a solid (stone) shell of the Earth.
2. Consists of earth's crust and the top of the mantle. In the structure of the lithosphere, mobile areas (folded belts) and relatively stable platforms are distinguished.
3. 1- water; 2 - sedimentary layer; 3 - granite layer; 4 - basalt layer; 5 - mantle of the Earth; 6 - sections of the mantle, composed of rocks of increased thickness; 7 - sections of the mantle composed of rocks of reduced thickness; 8 - deep faults; 9 - volcanic cone.
4. Characteristic phenomena of the lithosphere are earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
Question 3. Make a diagram of "Types of movements of the earth's crust." Give examples of the territories of the Earth where different types of movements of the earth's crust occur.
Question 4. Determine the geographical position A mountains.
The Alps, the mountain system of Europe - the most extensive mountain system of Europe, which constitutes the core of this part of the world, covers an area of approximately 300 thousand square meters. km (without foothills - 200 thousand), lies in the middle between the equator and the north pole, between 43 ° and 48 ° N. sh. and 37° E. and extends in a large semicircle from the coast mediterranean sea first to S., and then to V.S.V.
Question 5. Determine the geographical location of the East European Plain.
The East European Plain, or the Russian Plain, is one of the largest plains in the world, the second largest after the Amazonian lowland, located in the greater, eastern part of Europe. It belongs to the low plains. In the north it is washed by the waters of the White and Barents Seas, and in the south by the Black, Azov and Caspian Seas. In the north-west it is bounded by the Scandinavian mountains, in the west and south-west - by the mountains of Central Europe (Sudet, Carpathians, etc.), in the south-east - by the Caucasus and the Crimean mountains, in the east - by the Urals and Mugodzhary. The length from north to south is about 2750 km, from west to east - about 1000 km. The area is 3 million km². The average height is about 170 m, the highest on the Kola Peninsula in the Khibiny, the lowest on the coast of the Caspian Sea.
Question 6. What groups are divided by absolute height: a) mountains; b) plains? How to determine the absolute height of mountains and plains on a physical map?
a) Low mountains (up to 1000 meters); Medium mountains (from 1000 to 2000 meters); High mountains (above 2000 meters);
b) Lowlands (up to 200 meters); Hills (200-500 meters); Plateau (500-1000 meters).
You can determine by the color of the scale of depths and heights.
Question 7. What are the most high mountains: a) Eurasia; b) North America; c) South America; d) Africa. What are their predominant heights; maximum height?
a) Himalayas, 6000-7000 m
b) Cordillera, 6000 m
c) Andes, 6000 m
d) Atlas Mountains, 4000 m.
Question 8. Tell us about how external forces affect the relief of our planet.
The relief is affected by wind, temperature, rainfall, human activities. They destroy mountains, weather rocks, form ravines.
Question 9. What is the similarity of the topography of the bottom of all the oceans of the Earth?
The relief of the bottom of the oceans is made up of underwater plains and mountains located in the ocean floor.
Plan for describing the geographical position of the mainland
1. We determine the geographical position of the mainland: a) the position in relation to the equator and the zero meridian; b) latitude and longitude of extreme points; c) position relative to other continents, oceans, straits, bays.
2. We determine the prevailing landforms, find out in which part of the mainland they are located. We find the highest and lowest points and the amplitude of the heights on the mainland
3. We determine the position in climatic zones and common features climate
4. We name and find large rivers and lakes on the physical map. We determine in which parts of the mainland and in which direction the rivers flow, to which ocean basin they belong. We determine which landforms the lakes are confined to.
5. We determine the set and features of the location of natural zones.
6. We characterize the main natural resources of the mainland
7. We list the largest countries on the mainland.
8. What peoples inhabit the mainland, in which parts of the mainland is the highest density.
9. Features economic activity mainland.
Ocean description plan
1. The name of the ocean and its dimensions.
2. The position of the ocean relative to the equator and prime meridian, polar circles, tropics.
3. Between which continents is the ocean located.
4. Neighborhood with other oceans.
5. The largest seas and bays.
6. Average and maximum depth of the ocean.
7. The most important warm and cold currents.
8. In what climatic zones is the ocean located.
9. The use of the ocean by man, the most important transport routes.
10. Conclusion about the features of the geographical position of the ocean.
Journey Description Plan
- Tell us what is the purpose of your trip.
- Plan your travel itinerary. Show settlements through which your journey passed. Specify its duration.
- What type of transport did you use to travel
- Use the scale to calculate the approximate length and direction of your journey.
- Find out what landforms your path passed through.
- Indicate what objects of the hydrosphere your path passed through (rivers, lakes, seas, oceans).
- Describe the weather at the time of your trip.
- Describe the flora and fauna of the territory through which the journey took place.
River description plan
- The name of the river and its length
- On what continent is the river located and in what part of it
- river source
- river mouth
- In which direction does the river flow
- The basin of which ocean does the river belong to
- tributaries
- The nature of the river
- Feeding the river
- River mode
- river slope
- river fall
Plan for describing the country's EGP
1. Position in relation to neighboring countries.
2. Position in relation to the main land and sea transport routes.
3. Position in relation to the main fuel and raw material bases, industrial and agricultural regions.
4. Position in relation to the main sales areas.
5. EGP change in time.
6. General conclusion about the impact of EGP on the development and location of the country's economy.
Plan for describing the geographical position of the country
1. What maps should be used when describing a country?
2. In what part of the mainland is the country located? What is the name of its capital?
3. Features of the relief (general nature of the surface, the main forms of relief and the distribution of heights). Mineral resources of the country.
4. Climatic conditions in different parts of the country (climatic zones, average temperatures in July and January, annual precipitation). Differences by territory and by seasons.
5. Large rivers and lakes.
6. Natural areas and their main features.
7. The peoples inhabiting the country. Their main activities.
The science of geography is not only studying the natural features of various regions. Description of the country, its climate, population, economy and government - is also among the subjects of research in this discipline. How are states studied? What does a country description plan look like? You will learn about this from our article.
How to describe a country?
Geographers describe countries in roughly the same way. It includes a description of nature, population, economy and government. The country description plan includes the following points:
- geographic location (territory area, length of borders, coordinates of extreme points, availability of access to the sea, number of neighboring countries and a general assessment of the advantageous geopolitical position of the state);
- natural features of the territory (climate, relief, inland waters, organic world, etc.);
- the capital and administrative-territorial structure of the state;
- population of the country (total size, density, distribution, ethnic, religious and linguistic composition);
- the country's economy (main specialization, leading industries, level of development Agriculture, volume and other economic indicators);
- features of the political structure (parliament, president, government).
A country description plan can also contain information about cultural features, tourist attractions, currency, official symbols of the state.
Geographical position of the country
Any plan to describe a country should begin with where the country is located. That is, it is necessary to provide information about in which hemisphere and on which continent the state is located, what is its area and the total length of the border. Country coordinates are determined by extreme points: northern, southern, western and eastern. Based on this information, it is possible to determine the total extent of the territory of the state from west to east, or from north to south, as well as to assess its general configuration (compact or elongated in a certain direction).
It is important not only to describe the geographical position of the country, but also to assess its economic benefits. Therefore, it is extremely important to indicate which states the country borders on, whether it has access to the sea, large navigable rivers, whether it is located at the intersection of important transport corridors. Each of these aspects greatly affects the economy and the overall well-being of the country.
Natural conditions and resources
The second point of the country description plan is the nature features of a particular territory (geomorphological, climatic, etc.).
The climate of the country is extremely important for its economic development. So, the location of the state in the temperate climate zone (between 45 and 65 degrees) is considered ideal. In this zone - the most optimal conditions for human life and agriculture.
The relief of the territory of the country also affects its well-being. It is no secret that on flat terrain it is much easier to build cities, lay roads, and create large industrial complexes. Incidentally, the most ancient famous cities world arose precisely on the plains, off the coast of the seas or major rivers.
Population of the country
The population of the country is also an important aspect for its comprehensive study. Describing it, it is necessary to indicate the total number of inhabitants, population density, characterize the demographic situation, and so on.
Important indicators are also mortality, life expectancy in the country, and the level of infant mortality. Most economically developed countries are characterized by a low birth rate, low mortality and a significant life expectancy. In the developing countries of Asia, Africa and America, on the contrary, there is a high birth rate, high mortality and low overall life expectancy.
An important aspect in the characterization of any country is the ethnic, linguistic and religious composition of its population. All states of the world are divided into two groups: mono-ethnic (in which one nation predominates) and multi-ethnic (which are a kind of "mix" of ethnic groups and nationalities).
State economy
The main indicators of economic development include the following:
- volumes of GDP and GNP per capita;
- income level of the population;
- competitiveness of goods and services produced in the country;
- cost and quality of labor;
- the level of corruption;
- the level of modernization of production, etc.
According to these indicators, all countries of the world are divided into several groups. There are economically developed countries (Japan, USA, Canada, Australia, South Korea, Germany, France and others), developing countries(Myanmar, Chad, Bolivia, Bangladesh and others), as well as (Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, etc.).
According to the structure of industrial production, all states are also divided into:
- industrial;
- agricultural;
- industrial and agricultural;
- postindustrial.
The political structure of the country
The state is a special organization with a complex structure, which is designed to manage society. All countries in the world are usually divided into three groups:
- unitary - those that are controlled from one center (examples: Romania, Ukraine, France, Norway, etc.);
- federal, consisting of several individual subjects- states, lands, republics (examples: Russia, USA, Germany);
- confederations are temporary unions of two or more states.
According to the form of government, monarchy countries (in which all power belongs to one person and is inherited) and republics (in which the majority is the main source of power) are distinguished. Monarchies can also be absolute (the power of the monarch is unlimited), parliamentary (the power of the monarch is limited by parliament) and theocratic (the supreme power belongs to the Church). The only modern example on the planet is the Vatican.
The country's policy is determined by the system of methods and techniques with which it implements the fullness of its power. Based on this thesis, the political regime of a state can be legal (democratic), totalitarian or authoritarian.
Countries and their capitals
The capital is the main (not necessarily the largest) city of the country, in which the government and other important bodies are located. state power. The word itself comes from the Old Russian "(pre)stol", which means "throne". The popular expression "the capital city of Kyiv" is connected with this etymology.
The choice of the capital is always a dilemma for the state. After all, two or more can claim the role of the main city. major centers. In the Austro-Hungarian Empire, for example, this problem could not be solved. Therefore, there were two capitals at once - Vienna and Budapest. In some states, the capital was created and built practically "from scratch" (an example of such a state can be the United States of America with its capital in the city of Washington).
Countries and their capitals are often perceived as one entity. However, do not forget that the title of the "main city" in the state may change. So, in 1997, the authorities of Kazakhstan moved the capital from Alma-Ata to the city of Astana.
Another interesting capital on the world map is Jerusalem. This city is the capital at the same time for two countries - Israel and Palestine.
Flag - as the main symbol of the state
The flags of the countries of the world differ from each other not only in color or pattern, but also in their proportions (width and length of the cloth). All the flags of world states have the traditional shape of a rectangle (less often a square), with the exception of only one - Nepalese. The banner of this country is presented in the form of two equal triangles.
The flags of the countries of the world are different in their colors. Moreover, each of the colors has its own symbolic meaning for a particular state. White, as a rule, symbolizes peace and prosperity, while green - significant natural wealth.
Quite interesting in heraldry is black. It would seem that it should be mourning. However, it is not. Black color is quite often present on the cloths of African states. And there, as a rule, he symbolizes the black population of a particular country.
Designation of the currency of different countries
Everyone has their own money, of course. How is carried out by different countries?
One or another state currency is indicated by special mark(symbol). It can be an alphabetic index (abbreviation), a numeric code, or a special grapheme. These signs are called upon in an abbreviated form, concisely and in an original way, to designate certain currencies.
Monetary units began to be depicted with special symbols back in antiquity. Below are the graphemes of the most famous world banknotes:
Finally...
One of the tasks of geography is an objective, comprehensive and reliable study of world states. The country description plan should contain the following items: geographical location, natural conditions and resources, population, capital, administrative and political structures, economy, currency and state symbols (flag, coat of arms and anthem).
1.height
2.geographical location.(determine)
a) on what continent and in what part of it are the mountains, between which meridians and parallels
b) direction and length
c) how are the mountains located relative to neighboring mountains, plains, seas, rivers and other
borders 5) How are they located relative to the seas and large rivers? 6) Between which parallel and the meridian is it located? 7) How many km does it stretch? 8) What is the absolute. height and to which height group it belongs. 9)WHICH POSITION DECREASES (INCREASES)
I give 50 points!!!Describe any sea according to the PTK plan:
1) Geographical location, typical appearance
2) History and results of geographical study and development of the territory
3) Geological structure, relief
4) Climate
5) Inland waters
6) Soils
7) Flora and fauna
8) natural areas
9) Natural resources, their use and protection
10) Environmental problems of the territory
2 Which of the Russian scientists was the founder of the doctrine of natural zones?
3 Name all the natural areas of Russia. Prove that they are placed
naturally.
4 Name the treeless zones of our country. Where are they located?
What are their similarities and what are their differences?
5 What natural zone of our country occupies the largest territory? Find in
within its limits, areas that are not identical in terms of natural conditions and think about how this
explained.
6 What natural zones are there in your republic (krai, region?) (In this
case of Voronezh. Voronezh region). Give an assessment of agro-climatic resources
of their republic (territory, region) (Voronezh, Voronezh region)
Determine which natural zone we are talking about, if it grows a) dwarf
birch, cedar dwarf, reindeer moss; b) larch, cedar, birch, aspen, alder.
Name the soils characteristic of both zones and the animals typical of the zone.
9 What are the optimal natural conditions necessary for a successful lesson
agriculture. In which of the natural zones unknown to you are there such
terms?
10 Make a description of any natural area according to the plan:
1) features of the geographical location;
2) climate features: average temperatures in January and July, total radiation,
the duration of the warm and cold periods, the amount of precipitation and their
distribution by seasons of the year, moisture coefficient;
3) relief features;
4) features of the annual runoff;
5) soils and their main properties;
6) flora and fauna, their adaptability to these natural
conditions;
7) features of agriculture;
8) specially protected components of nature.
