Plains of the Far East on the map. Physical location

16.05.2021

The Far East is the most distant region from the central part of Russia. It consists of 9 subjects, the population density of which is unevenly distributed. All of them differ from each other in climate and geological structure. These factors are greatly influenced by the terrain.

General features: tectonic structure of the Far East

Territory Far East stretches along the Pacific coast of Russia for 4500 km. It is located in the zone of contact of lithospheric plates (the Siberian Platform and the Pacific folding area), where processes of folding are still going on. Due to the special structure of the lithospheres, this area is mountainous and undulating. In the Far East, more often than in other regions, earthquakes, seaquakes, which are accompanied by the formation of a tsunami, occur volcanism.

Kamchatka is home to the most powerful volcano in Eurasia - the famous Klyuchevskaya Sopka.

Rice. 1. Klyuchevskaya Sopka.

Mountains of the Far East

Though most of The territory of the Far East is covered with mountains; there are not so many truly large mountain systems. Here are some of them:

Sikhote-Alin - the largest mountain system in the region. It lies on the territory of the Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories. The highest mountain of this massif is Tordoki Yani, whose height is 2090 meters.

Rice. 2. Sikhote-Alin mountain system.

Suntar Khayata - a mountain range located on the territory of Yakutia and the Khabarovsk Territory. The largest mountain in this mountain range is Mus-Khaya. its height is 2959 meters.
Verkhoyansk chains - are located on the territory of Yakutia and extends for 1200 km. The chain includes the Orulgan ridge, the Kular and Kharaulakh ridges.
Dzhugdzhur - Mountains of the Khabarovsk Territory with a length of 700 km. Mount Topko has a maximum height, the height of which is 1906 meters.

Volcanoes of the Far East

The territory of the Far East is famous for the fact that it is here that a large number of active volcanoes are concentrated, including the largest volcano in Eurasia - Klyuchevskaya Sopka.

Klyuchevskaya Sopka - the age of the volcano is approximately 7000 years, and it is located on the Kamchatka Peninsula. Another major active volcano is Shiveluch.

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For me, the Far East is not primarily associated with dense forests Eastern Siberia, but with the volcanoes of Kamchatka. In the relief of this part of Russia, clearly predominant forms can be distinguished, but even here there was a place for diversity. Moreover, I know that the region has a rather ancient geological history.

Features of the Far Eastern relief

The basis of the entire relief of the Far East is the Cenozoic folding. In its extreme northeastern part (Kamchatka), the crust has not yet settled down and the formation of folding continues, which explains the volcanic activity. Frequent guests here are:

tsunami;
earthquakes;
volcanic eruptions.

In the same part of the Far East there are the most high mountains- Klyuchevskaya Sopka, for example, 4751 m.

The southern part of the region is represented by medium and low mountains (Sikhoty-Alin), and in the middle part there are highlands (Kolyma) and plateaus (Anadyr). The transition between the mountainous part of the Far East and the plateaus is “softly” carried out by the Central Kamchatka Plain, which plays the role of an intermountain depression. Generally speaking, the region is characterized by the presence of a large number of mountain ranges, which can be both high in the north and small, in the form of hills, in the south. The mountains themselves are a clear contrast with the swampy lowlands located in the neighborhood. The relief and the large extent of the area affect the local climate, which can vary greatly in different places in the Far East: from temperate monsoon to arctic.

Volcanoes of the Russian Far East

Kamchatka and the Kuriles are the only centers of active volcanism in Russia that are part of the so-called "Ring of Fire" of the Pacific Ocean. But only in Kamchatka you can observe all types of volcanic activity.

Highly explosive eruptions (with explosions).
Effusive eruptions (abundant release of lava).
Geyser (release of water vapor).
The activity of fumaroles (rapid release of gas from cracks at the foot of volcanoes).

In total, there are 29 active volcanoes in Kamchatka, and only 5 of them pose a danger to humans.

The East is a special region on the territory of Russia. The relief of the Far East is extremely diverse and unique. In addition, the East is also one of the four corners of the world in which the population lives, where culture and traditions differ significantly from the way of life of Westerners. It is divided into three components: the Near, Middle and Far East.

mountain system

The Far East region is quite remote from the central part of Russia. The political, scientific, educational, and economic center is the port city of Vladivostok. There are 9 subjects on the territory, which are extremely unevenly populated. The climate and tectonic structure of the Far East, as well as the relief of the nearest area in each subject is individual and depends on many factors. The tectonic structure of the Far East is due to high seismic activity, since the territory is located at the junction of such lithospheric plates as the Siberian Platform and Pacific folding.

Various natural disasters very often occur in the Far Eastern territory: earthquakes, tsunamis, active volcanic eruptions. Here is one of powerful volcanoes in Eurasia - Klyuchevskaya Sopka. The Far Eastern mountain system includes the following highlands:

mountains of Sikhote-Alin;
Suntar-Khayat mountain range;
Verkhoyansk mountain complex;
mountains Dzhugdzhur.

Sikhote-Alin are the largest mountains located in the Far East in the region of the Mesozoic folding. Translated into Russian, the name is interpreted as "a mountain range covered with some kind of forest." The mountain system extends over the territory of both the Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories. summit (most high point) rises at an altitude of 2090 meters above sea level and is called Mount Tordoki-Yani.

In turn, the Suntar-Khayata mountain range, the Verkhoyansk chains are also located on the territory of Yakutia and the Khabarovsk Territory. The Dzhugdzhur Mountains are also located there, the absolute length of which is about 700 kilometers.

Characteristics of the relief and volcanoes

The Far East region is famous all over the world thanks to a large number active volcanoes, including special place occupies Klyuchevskaya Sopka. She is the most large volcano throughout Eurasia. According to scientists, the age of Sopka, located on the Kamchatka Peninsula, is over 7 thousand years. The most famous volcano is Shiveluch, whose height is 3283 meters above sea level.

The volcanic system of the Far East region also includes Bezymyanny volcano and Karymskaya Sopka. The height of Bezymyanny is about 2882 meters, while the height of Karymskaya Sopka is no more than one and a half kilometers (1468 meters). Its characteristic feature is the release of combustible gases from the crater. In addition, one of the famous attractions is also the Valley of Geysers, which is also the largest in the Eurasian territory.

The map shows that the Far Eastern relief is predominantly mountainous, since plains and lowlands occupy an insignificant part of it (about 25 percent). characteristic feature The relief also favors a complex coastline. Among the geological and natural factors that have a significant impact on the relief structure, the following can be distinguished:

glaciation;
active influence of winds on rocks (physical weathering);
solifluction processes.

Mountain landscapes in the Far East amaze tourists with their unearthly beauty, since mountain ranges are characterized by the absence of expressive ridges, they have smooth features. However, near the Pacific coast, the landscape changes significantly, as steep cliffs and pointed rocks appear. Many spacious plains rub along the banks of the Amur, as well as its tributaries.

Climate and water resources

Feature of the Far Eastern climate is its contrast. Thus, a subarctic or frosty harsh climate is characteristic of Chukotka, while a sharply continental prevails in Yakutia. Near the sea in Primorsky Krai, a milder monsoonal climate prevails.

The winter season in the Far North is quite severe and little snow. The total duration of winter is over 9 months. One of the factors that have a strong influence on climate formation is the winding mountainous relief. The peak of precipitation occurs mainly in the cold season, when a lot of rains, snowfalls and snowstorms are observed in the Far East.

The abundance of precipitation in winter is due to the fact that huge cyclones form at this time. They appear as a result of mixing cold air masses with warm Pacific air. This is typical for the climate of Kamchatka and Sakhalin. The amount of precipitation (for example, snow) can reach over 6 meters.

In the southern and southeastern territories, heavy monsoon rains usually occur during the warm season. This leads to the fact that the Amur River overflows its banks, flooding many settlements. Spill largest river can have very disastrous consequences. In addition, typhoons often shake the Pacific coast in summer.

The river system is characterized by density and development. One of the longest and most full-flowing rivers in the Far East region is undoubtedly the Lena. Its waters stretch over a vast area, starting from the slopes of the Baikal Range and ending with the Laptev Sea. The Lena flows into this sea, forming a huge multi-branched delta.

Minerals and population

The variety of minerals in the subsoil allows us to rightfully call the Far East the economic center of the country with capital letter. Mineral resources include, first of all, precious metals and stones (gold, diamonds), manganese ores, nickel, as well as natural gas and coal deposits.

In the Far East region, the development of natural resources is extremely difficult due to the harsh climate, low population density (labor shortage). In addition, the region is extremely rich in forest resources, which annually produce about 11 billion cubic meters of timber. According to statistics, more than half of all products manufactured in the Far East fall on the fishing, timber industry, as well as the extraction of non-ferrous metals.

Tourists on the streets can see many attractions, which makes the region tourist center. However, despite this, the demographic situation remains extremely unstable. The population is still very low. This is evidenced by the fact that twice as many people live in Moscow alone compared to the entire Far Eastern region. For the most successful assimilation of this topic in geography classes in the classroom, it is recommended to write reports in which it is necessary to briefly describe the list of reasons why the population is rapidly declining.

In terms of its area, the Far Eastern Region is even ahead of Western Europe. According to statistics, the total population is approximately 6.5 million people living in large cities (Khabarovsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Vladivostok, Blagoveshchensk).

The process of depopulation, which is an active outflow of the population to other Russian regions, occurs due to many economic reasons (low wages, high tariffs for housing and communal services) and other factors. Currently, at the legislative level, the government is developing a policy aimed at activating social and cultural life contributing to the stabilization of the demographic situation in the region.

Thus, the Far Eastern region is a great Russian expanse, on which there are many mountains and volcanoes that amaze with their magnificence. Each of the mountain ranges is endowed with a truly "unearthly" beauty. The region is extremely rich in natural resources, the extraction of which must be developed. Investments in the mining industry will allow the Far East to stabilize economic situation and improve the standard of living of the population.

Far East It is customary to call the territory of Russia, located off the coast of the Pacific Ocean. This territory also includes located directly in pacific ocean The Kuril archipelago, for which they have been arguing for many years and. The Far East consists of mainland, peninsular and insular parts. In addition to the Kuril Islands, it also includes the Kamchatka Peninsula, an island, and other (smaller) single ones located off eastern borders Russia.

The length of the Far East from the northeast (from) to the southwest (to the borders of Korea and) is quite large and amounts to 4.5 thousand kilometers. Its northern part is located beyond the Arctic Circle, so there is snow here almost all year round, and the seas washing the coast are not completely cleared of ice even in summer. The land in the northern part of the Far East is shackled. It dominates here. In the southern part of the Far East, conditions are much milder. One indicator of the unusual nature of this part is that the trees characteristic of the north are adjacent to plants that are more common in the subtropics. Thus, the climatic conditions in different points this area are quite different from each other. This is especially true of the temperature regime, but everywhere it is increased. Proximity also has a great influence on the climate of the entire Far East.

Far Eastern cedar cones

Only a quarter of the territory of the Far East is occupied. They are mainly located in those parts of the coast where tectonic activity is low (West Kamchatka, North Sakhalin), as well as in intermountain depressions (Middle Amur, Anadyr, Central Kamchatka), so their area is relatively small. The relief of the Far East was formed mainly in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic periods. It was then that folded zones and intermountain depressions appeared. The ocean had some influence on the formation of the relief. So, for example, the entire modern and eastern slope was under water at that time. Only later did these areas appear on the surface, where they still are.

From west to east, the character of the Far East changes from older to younger, and from folded-blocky to folded and blocky-folded. The highest parts of the mountains (the ridges of Dzhagdy, Bureinsky, Badzhalsky, Sikhote-Alin and others) were occupied in ancient times. Traces of this have been preserved in our time in the idea of various small landforms (hills, carts and troughs).

Thus, as a result of various internal (tectonic) and external (glaciation, ocean waters) different types relief:

-denudation mid-mountains and low-mountains with areas of glacial landforms on Paleozoic and Mesozoic blocky-folded structures
erosion-denudation low mountains of Sikhote-Alin and Sakhalin on Mesozoic and Cenozoic fold-block and folded structures with lava plateaus
denudation-erosion formation plains of intermountain depressions
plains of intermontane depressions on Mesozoic and Cenozoic folded structures.

Ussuri taiga

Depending on the nature of tectonic processes, they also change on the surface. So, for example, on the Kuril Islands, under which the thickness reaches 15-20 kilometers, three elements of the tectonic structure are mainly developed. These are island arcs and deep-water depressions. Their formation was carried out sequentially. At the first stage, a deep-water trench formed at the point of contact between the oceanic and continental plates. At the second stage, a marginal sea is formed, and then a rift depression near the islands.

The relief of the Kamchatka Peninsula and the mainland of the country is a reflection of a more ancient period. It is dominated by continental and transitional (from oceanic to continental) Earth's crust, blocky-folded structures, longitudinal-transverse deflections. In the relief of this territory, these features are expressed by lowlands and volcanic forms. Here, for example, the intermountain Anadyr-Penzhinskaya Plain is located.

The structure of Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands mainly consists of Cretaceous and sedimentary. Loose Neogene deposits are also present in the places of troughs. Modern processes of relief formation in the Far East are determined by tectonic processes and permafrost (in the northern part).

Active tectonic processes currently taking place in the Far East are the cause of various. There are several active volcanoes and geysers in this area. Quite often, strong (up to 10 points) and seaquakes occur in this part of the planet. The latter become the cause of the emergence of huge ocean waves. All these cataclysms lead to significant destruction and even human casualties. Therefore, this part of Russia is the most unfavorable in terms of the presence of hazardous natural phenomena.

The Far East is traditionally called the territory of Russia, located off the coast of the Pacific and partially Arctic Oceans, as well as the Kuril, Commander, Shantar Islands and Sakhalin Island. The Far East is a huge territory, 36% of the total area of modern Russia.

Geography and climate

The length of the region from Chukotka to the southwest to the borders of Korea and Japan is 4500 km. It captures the Arctic Circle, where snow lies all year round. Lands in the northern part of the Far East are shackled permafrost where the tundra grows. In fact, almost the entire territory of the Far East, except for Primorye and the southern half of Kamchatka, is located in the permafrost zone.

To the south the climate and nature change considerably. In the south of the Far East, taiga trees coexist with plants from the subtropics (which is not repeated almost anywhere in the world).

Far East. Nature

In the view of the majority, and in fact, the Far East is a vast taiga, mountains and other irregularities of the territory that attract extreme tourists so much. The rivers Amur, Penzhin, Anadyr and a number of less significant ones flow here.

The relief of the Far East has a strongly rugged character and is represented mainly by mountainous forms. There are several watershed ranges: Kolyma, Dzhugdzhur, Yablonovyo and Stanovoy. There are powerful mountain systems, for example: the Tukuringra and Jagdy ranges. The peaks of the mountain ranges of the Far East, as a rule, do not exceed 2500 m.

The landscapes of the Far East are very diverse. Plains stretch along its tributaries. In the north and west, these plains are covered with southern taiga forests of special Daurian larch. In the south, on the flat Prikhankaysko-Amur lowland, unique Manchurian broad-leaved forests grow. Many relict and southern plants are found in them: Mongolian oak, Amur linden, white-bark elm, Manchurian ash, hornbeam, cork tree.

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The vast lowlands located between the mountain ranges are very interesting for their flora and fauna: Zee-Bureinskaya, Nizhne-Amurskaya, Ussuriyskaya and Prikhankayskaya. But in general, the plains occupy no more than 25% of the area of the region.

Winters are severe and with little snow, summers are relatively warm and with heavy rainfall. Winter is characterized by weak winds, a large number of sunny days, little snow and severe frosts. Especially gets from frost to the inhabitants of the most remote mainland, for example, in Transbaikalia. Here, on average, up to 10 mm of precipitation falls during the winter. Sometimes you can't go sledding either.

Rains in the Far East, the closer to China and the sea, the more similar to showers in the tropics, but only in intensity, but not in temperature. In the summer in the Far East, you can easily come across a swamp; the swampiness of the territories reaches 15-20%.

The tastiest piece of Russia for the damned imperialists. The richest region, the natural pantry of diamonds (in Yakutia more than 80% of all reserves of Russia), in almost every subject of the region there are gold deposits (50% of Russia's reserves), deposits of non-ferrous metals, minerals, there is coal, and oil, and gas.

Cities of the Russian Far East

TO big cities include Vladivostok, Khabarovsk. These cities are of great economic and geostrategic importance for the country. Blagoveshchensk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Nakhodka, Ussuriysk, Magadan should also be mentioned.

The city of Yakutsk is of particular importance for the entire region. But in Chukotka there are endangered settlements. The places there are harsh and hard to reach - people leave.

Population of the Far East

There are many nationalities in the Far East, but Russians predominate everywhere. Russians are about 88%, the second group is Ukrainians - about 7%. There are, of course, Koreans, Chinese (which is not surprising), Belarusians, Jews.

The population of the Far East is 6.3 million people. (about 5% of the population of Russia).

Indigenous peoples:

Yakuts,
Dolgans, Evenki and Eveny in the north,
the northeast is occupied by the Eskimos and Chukchi,
on the islands - Aleuts,
in Kamchatka - Itelmens and Koryaks,
in the Amur basin and to the east of it - Nanai, Ulchi, terms, Orochi, Udege, Nivkhs.

The number of Yakuts is about 380 thousand people, Evenks - 24 thousand. And the rest - no more than 10 thousand people. Difficult living conditions have determined that the urban population prevails over the rural. On average, 76% of the population of the Far East lives in cities.