F t box war hero. Vasya Korobko, from the book "The Eaglets of Partisan Forests" (3 photos)

The diary of Tanya Savicheva is a symbol of the blockade and, according to legend, one of the accusatory documents against Nuremberg Trials- written in blue pencil in the phone book. 11-year-old Tanya took it, half filled with drawings, from her sister Nina. There are nine entries in the diary. Six of them are the dates of death of members of Tanya's family. Gradually, the word "died" disappears: only names and dates remain.

VERBATIM:

Savichevs died

Everyone died

Only Tanya left

SAVICHEV

Tanya is the youngest child in large family Savichevs. Father, Nikolai Rodionovich, opened in 1910 on Vasilyevsky Island the "Labor Artel of the Savichev Brothers" with a bakery and a bakery, as well as a cinema. Nikolay himself, his three brothers (Dmitry, Vasily and Alexei) and his wife Maria Ignatievna worked in the bakery.

In 1935, the Savichev family, as a Nepman, was deprived of everything and expelled from Leningrad. In exile in the Luga region, Nikolai fell ill with cancer and died, he was 52 years old. But the family was able to return to Leningrad.

When the war began, Tanya was 11 years old, she had just finished the third grade. Her 52-year-old mother, 74-year-old grandmother Evdokia Grigorievna, two sisters - Zhenya (32 years old) and Nina (22 years old), and two brothers - Leonid, whom relatives called Lekoy (24 years old) and Mikhail (20 years), as well as two uncles - Vasily and Alexei.

For the summer, the Savichevs planned to leave for Dvorishchi (near Gdov) to their mother's sister. On June 21, Mikhail went by train towards Kingisepp. In two weeks, Tanya and her mother were also to leave for Dvorishchi, while Leonid, Nina, and Zhenya would arrive when they were given leave. The reason for the delay was my grandmother's birthday: they wanted to celebrate together.

On June 22, Evdokia Grigorievna turned 74 years old. The war has begun. The Savichevs stayed in the city to help the army. Leonid, together with the uncles, came to the military registration and enlistment offices, but they were refused: Leonid - for health, Vasily and Alexei - for age.

Mikhail from Dvorishchi went to the partisan detachment and spent several years in it, there was no news from him, so the relatives who remained in Leningrad considered him dead.

Later, in February 1942, Nina also escaped from the besieged city: she was urgently evacuated along with the enterprise along the Road of Life. But the family did not know about it. When Nina went missing, her family assumed that she had died in shelling. The fact that Nina and Mikhail are still alive, Tanya never found out.

ALL DIED

Zhenya was the first to die in December 1941. Secretly from her relatives, she often donated blood to save the wounded, moreover, she worked at a factory, to which she had to walk seven kilometers one way. When one day Zhenya did not come to the factory, Nina asked for leave and hurried to her sister on Mokhovaya. Evgenia died in her arms.

In January, Evdokia Grigoryevna died. With a diagnosis of "third degree alimentary dystrophy," she needed urgent hospitalization, but the woman refused: others needed help more. Dying, she asked not to bury her right away, because her food card could be used until the end of the month.

Leonid died in March. He worked day and night at the Admiralty Plant. Following him, uncles Vasily and Alexei died of exhaustion.

Tanya was the last to lose her mother. Maria Ignatievna worked in the production of military uniforms.

ONE TANYA

Left alone, Tanya turned to her neighbors Afanasyev for help. They wrapped her in a blanket and took the body of Maria Ignatievna to the hangar, where they stored the corpses. Tanya herself last way she could not see her mother off: she was too weak.

The next day, taking a Palekh box with her mother's wedding veil, wedding candles and six death certificates, Tanya went to her grandmother's niece Evdokia Arsenyeva. The woman took custody of the girl. When Aunt Dusya went to work at the factory, for one and a half shifts without a break, she sent Tanya out into the street.

125 children from Orphanage No. 48 arrived in Shatki, Gorky Region, in August 1942. Tanya was one of five children who were infected and the only one who had tuberculosis. She was treated for a long time, and in March 1944 she was sent to a nursing home. Two months later, the girl was transferred to the infectious diseases department of the district hospital. Tuberculosis and dystrophy progressed, and on July 1, 1944, Tanya died. She was buried at the local cemetery by a hospital groom as a rootless one ...

Tanya's diary, lying in a box with Aunt Dusi, was found by her sister Nina, returning to liberated Leningrad. Now it is an exhibit of the Museum of the History of St. Petersburg.

Nikolai's brothers Vasily and Aleksey lived in the same house on the floor above, who, after the liquidation of Artel, changed their profession: Vasily became the director of the Bookinist store on the Petrograd side, and Aleksey worked as a factory supplier until retirement.
Their brother Dmitry died before the start of the war.
In the very first days of the war, Leonid and his uncles Vasily and Alexei went to the military registration and enlistment offices, but were refused: Leonid was not taken because of his eyesight, Vasily and Alexei - because of their age. Of the whole family, only Misha got to the front.
Nina and her factory colleagues began to dig trenches in Kolpino, after which she began to be on duty at the tower of the air observation post at the headquarters of the factory air defense.
Zhenya, secretly from her grandmother and mother, began to donate blood to save the wounded soldiers.
Maria, like all the workers of the sewing workshops in the city, was sent to the production of military uniforms.
Tanya, along with her peers, in those days helped clear the attics of debris and collected glass containers for incendiary bottles
On June 21, 1941, Mikhail took the train Leningrad - Kingisepp, and went to the village of Dvorishchi to his aunt Kapitolina (mother's sister). There he found the war. Mikhail went to the partisan detachment, spent several years in it, was seriously wounded and sent for treatment to the already liberated Leningrad. He left the hospital disabled, moved on crutches.
When the Savichevs learned that Pskov had been captured by the Germans on July 9, they considered Misha dead, not knowing that he had fallen into a partisan detachment.
In December 1941, the work of transport stopped in Leningrad, and the streets of the city were completely covered with snow, which was not removed all winter.
Zhenya, due to frequent donation of blood and a long walk of almost 7 kilometers, greatly undermined her health. Sometimes she stayed overnight at the plant to save energy for two more shifts. One day, Evgenia did not come to the factory and, worried about her absence, sister Nina took time off from the night shift and hurried to her sister's house and sees her sister dead - she was 32 years old. After her death, Yevgenia's husband Yuri Putilovsky takes his daughter to him.
The first entry in Tanya's diary.
Probably, in order not to forget the date of Zhenya's death, Tanya decided to write it down and took Nina's notebook, which Leonid had once presented to her. Nina once turned half of the book into a reference book for a draftsman-designer.
The other half of the book, with the alphabet, remained clean and Tanya decided to write with an ordinary black pencil on it.
On the page under the letter "J" she wrote:
“Zhenya died on December 28 at 12:00 in the morning, 1941.”
At first, they wanted to bury Zhenya at the Serafimovsky cemetery, but this turned out to be impossible due to the fact that all the approaches to the cemetery gates were littered with corpses that there was no one to bury, and therefore the Savichevs decided to take her body to Decembrist Island and bury it there at the Smolensk Lutheran cemetery. With the help of her ex-husband, Yuri managed to get the coffin.
According to Nina, already at the cemetery, Maria, bending over the coffin of her eldest daughter, uttered a phrase that became prophetic for their family: “Here we are burying you, Zhenechka. And who will bury us and how?
Grandmother Evdokia Fedorovna developed alimentary dystrophy due to hunger. In this condition, urgent hospitalization was required, but she refused, referring to the fact that the Leningrad hospitals were already overcrowded.
Grandmother died on January 25, two days after Tanya's birthday.
In Nina's book, on the page with the letter "B" she wrote:
“Grandma died Jan 25. 3 p.m. 1942.”
In the death certificate, which Maria Savicheva received in the district security service, there is a different number - February 1. This was due to the fact that before her death, Evdokia asked not to throw away her grocery card, because it could be used before the end of the month. Evdokia is the only member of the Savichev family whose burial place remains unknown. Evdokia was buried in a mass grave on Piskarevsky
Leka (Leonid), working at the Admiralty Plant day and night, rarely came home, although the plant was not far from home - on the opposite bank of the Neva. Like Evgenia, he, in most cases, had to spend the night at the enterprise, often working two shifts in a row.
Leka died of dystrophy in a factory hospital at the age of 24.
On the letter "L" Tanya, in a hurry combining two words into one, wrote:
Leka died on March 17 at 5 am in 1942. Leka was also buried at the Piskarevsky cemetery.
Uncle Vasya Tanya on the letter "D" made the corresponding entry, which turned out to be not very correct and inconsistent:
Uncle Vasya died on April 13, 2 a.m., 1942.
Vasily was buried at the Piskarevsky cemetery.
Alexei Savichev was diagnosed with the same diagnosis as Evdokia - the third degree of alimentary dystrophy, and at the same time so neglected that even hospitalization could not save him.
The page with the letter “L” was already occupied by an entry about Leonid, and therefore Tanya made an entry on the spread on the left.
Uncle Lyosha was 71 years old on May 10 at 4 pm, 1942.
Mom Maria on a piece of paper under the letter "M" Tanya made a corresponding entry and for some reason also missed the word "died":
Mom on May 13 at 7.30 in the morning 1942
Obviously, with the death of her mother, Tanya lost hope that Mikhail and Nina would ever return home, therefore, on the letter "C" "U" and "O"
she writes:
”Savichevs are dead”
"Everybody Died"
“Tanya was left alone, when she was left alone, she went to her neighbors who lived on the floor above, their daughter was her friend, she is one year older than her Vera, during the blockade itself, they had not seen each other until that day (Vera almost did not leave the house and I didn't know what was going on with the neighbors.
Vera's mother, Agrippina Mikhailovna, sewed up Maria's body in a gray blanket with a strip, and her father, Afanasy Semyonovich, brought it from the local kindergarten two wheel cart. On it, he and Vera together carried the body across the entire Vasilyevsky Island across the Smolenka River. Tanya could not go with us - she was completely weak. I remember that the cart on the cobblestones bounced, especially when we walked along Maly Prospekt. The corpses from this hangar were buried in mass graves at the Smolensk Orthodox cemetery. All that day Tanya stayed with Vera. The next day, she went to her grandmother's niece, Evdokia Petrovna Arsenyeva, who lived in a communal apartment on Proletarian Dictatorship Street. Tanya took with her a Palekh box that was at their house, in which her mother's wedding veil, wedding candles, six death certificates and Nina's notebook were kept.
Evdokia took custody of Tanya and moved many of the Savichevs' belongings to her room for storage. At that time, she worked at the factory for one and a half shifts without rest and, leaving for work, sent the girl to the street. Tanya by that time was already completely exhausted and, despite the fact that it was already May, like all Leningraders who suffered from dystrophy, she felt chills and walked in winter clothes, it often happened that, returning home, Evdokia found Tanya sleeping right on the stairs .
At the very beginning of June 1942, Tanya was found by Vasily Krylov (Leonid's friend), who managed to return from evacuation to Leningrad and found Nina's letter. And although she found out that Nina was alive, her health was so undermined that after a while Evdokia withdrew her right of custody so that Tanya could be evacuated.
Evdokia registered Tanya in the orphanage No. 48 of the Smolninsky district, which was preparing for the evacuation.
In August 1942, as part of 125 children, Tanya arrived in the village of Shatki, where they were sent to the village of Krasny Bor, located not far from Shatki, and placed in one of the buildings high school for a two week quarantine. Despite the fact that all 125 children were physically exhausted, only five of them were infectious-sick. Tanya was the only child who was ill with tuberculosis, because of which she was not allowed to see other children, and the only person who communicated with her was the nurse assigned to her, Nina Mikhailovna Seredkina. She did everything to alleviate Tanya's suffering, and to some extent she succeeded: after a while, Tanya could walk on crutches, and later she moved, holding her hands against the wall. But Tanya's body was so undermined that in early March 1944 her moved to a nursing home. Tuberculosis began to progress there, and two months later, on May 24, Tanya was transferred to the infectious diseases department of the Shatkovo district hospital, where nurse Anna Mikhailovna Zhurkina took care of her until the last day: “I remember this girl well. Skinny face, wide open eyes. Day and night I did not leave Tanechka, but the disease was inexorable, and she snatched her from my hands. I can’t remember this without tears ... “Progressive dystrophy, scurvy, nervous shock and bone tuberculosis, which Tanya had been ill with in early childhood, completely undermined her health and on July 1, 1944, at the age of fourteen and a half years, Tanya died of intestinal tuberculosis (according to another version, it was encephalitis).
She became the only deceased of all the children who arrived then. orphanage No. 48. Before her death, she was often tormented by headaches, and in the last days she became blind. On the same day, Tanya, as if without a family, was buried by a hospital groom and Anna Zhurkina, a nurse who looked after her and her grave.

Nina and Misha
On February 28, 1942, Nina was supposed to come home, but she never did. That day there was heavy shelling, and, apparently, ...
The Savichevs considered Nina dead, not knowing that Nina, along with the entire enterprise where she worked, was hastily evacuated across Lake Ladoga to the "Great Land".
Letters to besieged Leningrad almost did not go, and Nina, like Mikhail, could not convey any news to her relatives.
Tanya never wrote down her sister and brother in her diary, perhaps hoping that they were alive.
During the evacuation, Nina became seriously ill, she was removed from the train and sent to the hospital, from where she ended up in the state farm in the Tver region.
At the first opportunity, she sent a letter to their common friend with Leonid Vasily Krylov with a request to visit her family. However, Krylov did not immediately receive a letter, because he was also evacuated.
Nina before last days lived in St. Petersburg of her life, died on February 6, 2013 at the age of 94, Nina left a son, one granddaughter and one great-granddaughter.

Mikhail Savichev after the war lived without a break in the city of Slantsy, Leningrad Region. He died in 1988

Diary ….
Returning to Leningrad, Nina accidentally saw a familiar Palekh box at Aunt Dusi's. Finding her notebook in it, she took it away, not suspecting what was written in this notebook.
Nina, through her friend Major L. L. Rakov, an employee of the Hermitage, handed over mournful notes made by a child’s hand in a small notebook, Rakov suggested that Nina place the blockade diary in the exposition of the exhibition “Heroic Defense of Leningrad”, in the formation of which since the end of 1943 on behalf of the Political Administration Leningrad Front he took part.
Then this exhibition was transformed into the Leningrad Defense Museum, the official opening of which took place on January 27, 1946.
But in 1953, this museum was closed, and Tanya Savicheva's diary, along with numerous documents, including the Books of Records of Burials at the Piskarevsky Cemetery, ended up in the Museum of the History of Leningrad.

MEMORY.
Tanya Savicheva's diary appeared at the Nuremberg trials as one of the accusatory documents against Nazi criminals. Some authors question this fact.

The diary is now exhibited in the Museum of the History of Leningrad, and a copy of it is in the showcase of one of the pavilions of the Piskaryovskoye Memorial Cemetery.

In the near future, it is planned to show the original for the first time in the last thirty-five years, but in a closed form. In January 2010, a photograph of Tanya, which was taken a few days before the start of the Great Patriotic War. In the photo, Tanya is eleven years old (she was that old when she started keeping a diary).

Prior to this, the most common photograph was the one that was taken in 1936, when Tanya was six years old. At the same time, it turned out that one more person from the Savichev family was still alive. Until the 1990s, all sources said that none of the Savichevs survived. Information about Nina and Misha began to appear later.

Thanks to this picture, it turned out that Tanya had a niece - Zhenya's daughter Maria Yuryevna Putilovskaya, who brought this picture to the museum. During the blockade, she was not evacuated and survived only thanks to her father.

In memory of Tanya Savicheva named after her minor planet"2127 Tanya", discovered in 1971 by Soviet astronomer L.I. ChernykhA museum named after Tanya Savicheva works at school number 35, where Tanya Savicheva studied.

The Great Patriotic War was on. In 1941, the Nazi invaders surrounded the city of Leningrad (now St. Petersburg) and began to bomb and shell it. Hitler said that Leningrad should be razed to the ground, and all the inhabitants should be destroyed. It was almost impossible to get into the city, only in winter, on the ice of Lake Ladoga, products arrived, which were very few, the path along which products arrived in the city was called the "ROAD OF LIFE".

Our troops heroically defended the city, and in Leningrad itself, despite hunger, cold and constant bombing, factories did not stop for a minute, people worked in two and three shifts. In difficult conditions, the city was dying, but did not give up. The inhabitants of Leningrad were dying of hunger, a piece of bread was divided among several people, sometimes they ate it once a day. It was very scary to look at the emaciated people. The whole country was worried that Leningrad was under blockade.

At that time, a girl named Tanya Savicheva lived in Leningrad - a schoolgirl who, from the very beginning of the blockade of Leningrad, began to keep a diary in a notebook. On six pages of this diary, the dates of death of Tanya's loved ones.

When the war ended, the whole country learned about the little girl's diary. Her entire family, six people, died of starvation. Tanya wrote: "Grandma died on January 25", "Uncle Alyosha May 10 ...", "Mom May 13 ...", “Everyone died. Only Tanya remained. Tanya was saved from starvation. She was taken out of Leningrad and began to be treated for complete exhaustion, but it was already very late, neither medicine nor food helped. Hunger, cold and death of relatives completely destroyed her health, after a while, as Tanya arrived at the hospital, she died. But she left this little diary for us.

Tanya Savicheva- little girl, student primary school from Leningrad, became famous all over the world thanks to her diary. A terrible diary in which she filled out only 9 pages. And which became one of the main mournful symbols of the Great Patriotic War.

Tanya Savicheva (right) and her niece Masha Putilovskaya a few days before the start of the war, the village of Sablino, June 1941. Tanya is 11 years old, Masha is 6. Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org

Tanya Savicheva was born on January 23, 1930 in a large and friendly family - mother, father, two sisters Zhenya and Nina, brothers Leka and Misha. The house is a full cup: Tanya's father was an entrepreneur, he owned his own bakery, bakery, and even a cinema in Leningrad. But in the 1930s, private property began to be alienated, and private traders from Leningrad were exiled beyond the 101st kilometer. The Savichev family also went there. Tanya's father was very worried about what had happened, because now he could not adequately support his large family. In the end, stress, lack of money made themselves felt - Nikolai Savichev fell ill with cancer and died on March 5, 1936.

The family that lost its breadwinner was soon able to return to Leningrad. They - mother, Tanya, brothers and sisters - settled with their grandmother on the 2nd line of Vasilyevsky Island, in house 13/6 in apartment number 1. Just under the apartment of their closest relatives - Tanya's father's brothers, uncle Vasya and uncle Lyosha. Life slowly improved.

The year 1941 has come. In the summer, Tanya and her mother planned to visit relatives in Dvorishchi, at first they wanted to go all together, but then they decided that brother Misha would go first, and Tanya and her mother after: they didn’t want to leave their grandmother alone on her birthday - June 22. In the morning, Tanya gave her grandmother a gift, and at 12:15 on the radio People's Commissar Foreign Affairs of the USSR Vyacheslav Molotov announced the start of World War II. Tanya and her mother stayed in Leningrad ...

Memorial plaque on the house where Tanya Savicheva lived. Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org / Mikhail Gruznov

The Savichev family helped the Red Army as best they could: sister Nina dug trenches, Zhenya donated blood for the wounded, Tanya collected bottles for incendiary mixtures, Tanya's mother sewed uniforms for soldiers, and Lyoka, together with Uncle Lyosha and Uncle Vasya, went to sign up for the front. But from the military enlistment office they were sent home - Leka had poor eyesight, and the uncles had long "outgrown" the draft age.

On September 8, 1941, the blockade of Leningrad began, but the Savichev family was sure that they would hold out together, survive, survive ... Following a hungry autumn, a harsh winter came. Somehow, while cleaning the house, Tanya found a notebook forgotten by her sister Nina. Part of the book was filled with Nina's notes, but the other - with the alphabet for phone numbers - remained untouched. Tanya did not throw away the find and kept it in her locker. Soon, the first entry under the letter “Zh” appeared in this diary: “Zhenya died on December 28 at 12.00 in the morning, 1941.” ( hereinafter, punctuation, spelling and grammar are preserved - ed.).

My sister, despite severe exhaustion, continued to donate blood for the wounded and every day walked seven kilometers to the factory and back. On December 28, Zhenya was no longer able to go this way. She died in the arms of her sister Nina.

Less than a month later, in the diary of Tanya Savicheva, other lines under the letter “B” were already inscribed in children's handwriting: “Grandma died on January 25th. 3 p.m. 1942. Grandmother Evdokia constantly malnourished, she did not want to overeat her already hungry grandchildren. In January, she became very ill. The doctor diagnosed - alimentary dystrophy, suggested to go to the hospital. But my grandmother refused. She understood that everything was pointless, and did not want to take a bed in the hospital, which the wounded might need.

On February 28, 1942, sister Nina did not return home. Mom tried to make inquiries, but she never found out anything. This time, Tanya did not write anything in her diary, the girl wanted to believe that her sister was alive.

Less than a month after Nina, Tanya's brother Leka left. But there was no hope here, Tanya knew that he was gone forever. Under the letter "L" Tanya wrote with a pencil: "Lyoka died on March 17 at 5 o'clock in the morning in 1942." Leka, like his grandmother, died of starvation and severe exhaustion.

The next entry was not long in coming: "Uncle Vasya died on April 13, 2 a.m., 1942." Hunger, like the most terrible epidemic, killed the Savichev family one by one.

Before his death, Uncle Lyosha could no longer walk, the doctor shrugged. Relatives could only watch him fade away. Tanya took up her pencil again. She wrote down: "Uncle Lyosha on May 10 at 4 o'clock in the afternoon, 1942." and hid the hated diary. But after three days she had to get it again. Three days later, the last four most terrible inscriptions appeared in the little notebook of the little girl Tanya Savicheva:

Under the letter "M" - "Mom on May 13 at 7.30 am 1942"; under the letter "C" - "The Savichevs died"; under the letter "U" - "All died"; under the letter "O" - "There is only Tanya" ...

Tanya Savicheva died on July 1, 1944.

Tanya left forever, never knowing that not all the Savichevs died. Sister Nina and brother Misha survived. Nina, along with her colleagues, was evacuated from Leningrad right from work. Everything took place in such a hurry that she could not even convey the news to her relatives. Misha was wounded, but still survived and returned from the front.

Nina, who returned to Leningrad after the blockade was lifted, found a small notebook with 9 terrible entries drawn in pencil by an unsteady child's hand from Evdokia. By chance, the diary of a little girl who buried her family was seen by Nina's acquaintance, the scientific secretary of the Hermitage. So the story of the life and death of a simple Leningrad schoolgirl Tanya Savicheva in 1946 came to the exhibition "Heroic Defense of Leningrad". Today, 9 leaves from the diary of the girl Tanya are kept in the State Museum of the History of St. Petersburg, and copies of them have been distributed all over the world as a memory of a little girl who described her childhood story of a terrible war.

Tanya Savicheva was born on January 25, 1930 in the village of Dvorishchi near Gdov, and grew up, like her brothers and sisters, in Leningrad. Tanya was the fifth and most youngest child in the family - she had two sisters and two brothers.

In the summer of 1941, the Savichevs were going to leave Leningrad, but they did not have time, the war took them by surprise. They had no choice but to help the front as best they could and hope for an end to this horror. The notebook went to Tanya in memory of her older sister Nina, who went missing during the shelling. Everyone in her family thought she was dead. Then Tanya began to make her terrible notes.

Best of the day

"The Savichevs are dead"

"All Died"

"There is only one Tanya"

Tanya was found in her house by employees of the sanitary teams, who went around the houses in search of survivors. She was taken to the village of Shatki along with many orphans like her, but it was no longer possible to save the girl.

Tanya Savicheva died on July 1, 1944, never having lived to see the Victory, never knowing that her sister Nina and brother Misha were alive, that she was not alone.

Tanya's diary became one of the evidence of the prosecution at the Nuremberg trials, and she herself will forever remain in the memory of those who survived those terrible years.