In Korolenko we rode along the banks of the Lena. Collection of ideal social studies essays

26.04.2020

We drove along the banks of the Lena to the south, and winter caught up with us from the north. However, it might seem that she is coming towards us, descending from above, along the river.

In September, it was still quite warm near Yakutsk, not a single piece of ice was yet visible on the river. At one of the nearby stations, we were even tempted by a wonderful moonlit night and, in order not to spend the night in a stuffy yurta of a machine operator, which had just been smeared outside (for the winter) with still warm manure, we lay down on the shore, making our beds in boats and hiding ourselves in deer skins. At night, however, it seemed to me that someone was burning my right cheek with a flame. I woke up and saw that the moonlit night had become even whiter. There was frost all around, frost covered my pillow, and his touch seemed so hot to me. My comrade, who slept in the same boat with me, probably dreamed the same thing. The moon shone right in his face, and I saw terrible grimaces that appeared on him every now and then. His sleep was strong and probably very painful. At this time, another of my companions got up in the next boat, lifting up the coats and skins with which he was covered. Everything was white and fluffy with frost, and all of him seemed like a white ghost, suddenly emerging from the cold glare of hoarfrost and moonlight.

“Brrr…” he said. - Frost, brothers ...

The boat swayed under him, and from its movement on the water there was a sound, as if from breaking glass. It was in places protected from the fast current that the first “banks” became, still thin, retaining traces of long crystalline needles that broke and rang like thin crystal ... The river seemed to become heavy when it felt the first blow of frost, and the rocks along its mountain banks, on the contrary became lighter, more airy. Covered with hoarfrost, they went into an obscure, illuminated distance, sparkling, almost ghostly ...

It was the first hello of frost at the beginning of a long journey ... Hello cheerful, perky, almost playful.

As we moved slowly and with delays further south, the winter grew stronger. Entire backwaters were already covered with a film of dark pristine ice, and a stone thrown from the shore rolled for a long time, sliding on a smooth surface and causing a strange, ever-increasing iridescent ringing, reflected by the echo of mountain gorges. Further, the ice, having already tightly grasped the edges of the river and the strengthened "zaberezh", resisted the fast current. The frost continued its conquests, the banks expanded, and each step in this struggle was marked by a line of broken ice floes, showing where until recently there was a living current, retreating again a sazhen or two to the middle ...

Then, in some places, snow lay on the banks, sharply setting off the dark, heavy stream of the river. Still farther - small mountain rivers joined this struggle. Gradually arriving from the sources, they now and then broke open their ice at the mouths and threw it into the Lena, blocking the free flow and making it difficult for her own struggle with frost ... The features of the breaks on the river became higher and higher; ice floes thrown by the current to the edges of the banks are getting thicker. They had already formed real ramparts, and sometimes we could see from the shore how an alarming movement began among these ramparts ... This river angrily threw ice floes that still moved freely along its core into the motionless ice fortifications that bound it, punched gaps, crumbled ice into pieces, into needles , into the snow, but then again retreated in impotence, and after a while it turned out that the white break line moved even further, the ice strip became wider, the channel narrowed ...

The further, the more this struggle became stubborn and grandiose. The river was no longer throwing thin ice floes, but huge blocks of the so-called hummock, which piled on top of each other in a monstrous disorder. The picture became more and more bleak. Closer to the shores, the hummock had already frozen in ugly masses, and in the middle it was still tossing and turning in heavy, disorderly ramparts, hiding the freezing channel from view, like a wild crowd closing the place of execution. All nature seemed to be full of fright and sad, almost solemn expectation. The deserted gorges of the mountain shores obediently reflected the dry crackling of the breaking ice fields and the heavy grunting of the exhausted river.

After some time, the dark stream in the middle also turned white: along it, quietly tossing and turning, colliding, rustling, white ice floes of continuous ice drifted thickly, ready to finally squeeze the subdued and exhausted current.

Once, from a small coastal cape, we saw some black object among these quietly moving ice masses, clearly standing out against a white and yellow background. In the desert places everything attracts attention, and among our little caravan conversations and conjectures began.

“Crow,” someone said.

“A bear,” objected another coachman.

Opinions were divided. To some, the black dot seemed no larger than a crow, to others no less than a bear: the distant monotony of these white moving masses, lazily swimming between high mountains, - completely distorted the perspective.

- Where can a bear come from in the middle of the river? I asked the driver, who suggested a bear.

- From the other side. In the third year, a bear from that island crossed over with three cubs.

- Nonche, too, a beast from that shore is coming to ours. Looks like it's going to be a tough winter...

“The frost is driving,” added a third.

Our entire caravan stopped at the cape, waiting for the approach of an object that interested everyone. Meanwhile, the white ice porridge was quietly moving towards us, and it was noticeable that the black dot on it was changing its place, as if actually crossing the ice floes to our shore.

“But this, brothers, is a goat,” said one of the drivers at last.

“Two,” added another, peering.

Indeed, it turned out to be mountain goats, and indeed there were two of them. Now we could clearly see their dark graceful figures in the midst of a real icy hell. One was bigger, the other smaller. Maybe they were mother and daughter. Around them the ice floes thrashed, collided, twirled and crumbled; during these collisions, in the intervals, something boiled and splashed with foam, and tender animals, alert, stood on a relatively large ice floe, picking up their thin legs in one place ...

- Well, what will happen! said the young coachman with deep interest.

The huge ice floe, which was floating in front of the one on which the goats were standing, seemed to slow down and then began to turn around, stopping the movement of those behind. From this, a whole hell of destruction and splashing rose again around the animals. The ice floes became vertical, climbed on top of each other and broke with a crash as loud as shots. From time to time, the dark depths opened and closed again between them. For a moment, two pitiful dark spots completely disappeared in this chaos, but then we immediately noticed them on another ice floe. Gathering their thin, trembling legs again, the goats stood on another icy platform, ready for a new jump. This was repeated several times, and each jump, with calculated steadiness, brought them closer to our shore and away from the opposite.

One could already trace the plan of intelligent animals. Not far from us, the end of the cape projected into the river with a sharp edge, and here the ice floes, dispersed by the current, broke with special force. But the more distant ones, which avoided the line of impact, were immediately picked up by the reflected jet and carried away again to the other side of the river. The eldest of the two goats, apparently leading the crossing, with each jump, obviously, was heading for this cape, thundering from the pressure of the ice drift ... Whether she saw us or not, she obviously did not take our presence into account. We, too, stood motionless on the cape itself, and even a large, pointed-eared and predatory machine dog that followed us was obviously completely unselfishly interested in the outcome of these bold and tragically dangerous evolutions ... Quite close to the coast, a dozen fathoms from a whole bunch of people, the goats were still absorbed only in the collision of the ice floes and their jumps. When the ice floe on which they were standing, quietly circling, approached the fatal place, it even took our breath away ... A moment ... thrown stone, rushed to the shore, over this chaos.

Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? List the answer numbers in ascending order.

1) The narrator's interlocutor, Sokolsky, doubts: is every person capable of selfless help when it is associated with a risk to his life?

2) According to the observations of local coachmen, such “crossings” of animals from the other side portend a very cold winter.

3) According to the narrator, the animals were saved not only by the survival instinct, but also by the ability to calculate their steps in advance, intelligence, courage and determination.

4) Getting closer to the shore, the goats rushed to the people in the hope that they could save them if they fell into the water.

5) The dog instantly reacted to the appearance of the goats and rushed to cut across the youngest.

Explanation.

Statement 1) is confirmed by Proposition No. 37.

Statement 2) is confirmed by sentences No. 9-10.

Statement 3) is confirmed by sentences No. 31-32.

Statement 4) contradicts Propositions No. 27, 29.

Statement 5) contradicts Proposition No. 31.

Answer: 123

Relevance: 2016-2017

Difficulty: normal

Codifier section: Semantic and compositional integrity of the text.

Mariam Grigoryan 25.04.2015 13:00

which sentences confirm the 3rd proposition

Tatyana Yudina

(25) This was repeated several times, and each new jump with calculated steadiness brought them closer to our shore.

However, the smart animal, having decided to fight for life to the end, was not at all afraid of us, enemies in everyday life, and did not think for a minute.

the guest 19.01.2016 18:46

Question 3 is incorrect. The animal does not and cannot have a mind, courage, determination, there are only reflexes and instinct.

Tatyana Yudina

In the text, the animal is called smart. Let's not dispute what is written in the text.

Which of the following statements are true? List the response numbers in ascending order.

1) Sentence 2 contains a descriptive fragment.

2) In sentences 19-20, reasoning is presented.

3) Sentence 21 indicates the reason for what is said in sentence 22.

4) Sentences 30-32 provide a description with elements of reasoning.

5) The predominant type of text is reasoning.

Explanation.

Sentences 30-32 contain a narrative, not a description with elements of reasoning.

Most of all in the text of the narrative, not reasoning, so the remaining options are correct.

Answer: 123

Relevance: 2016-2017

Difficulty: normal

Masha Safronova (Katav-Ivanovsk) 13.03.2015 17:01

Why is the word "run" taken too?

Tatyana Yudina

Yes, that's how they write it in dictionaries.

Daria Bokun 09.05.2016 09:02

The error is also due to "ran". The question arises, to which word to quote?

Tatiana Statsenko

You are right, it is possible to use a phraseological unit without a verb - “frost on the skin.” Example: I have a chill on my skin from all this (without the word “ran” general meaning the phrase has been preserved, which means that it is indivisible). The answer has been corrected.

Galina Ivanenko 21.12.2016 15:27

phraseological unit - frost ran over the skin. This is the full version. It is given in dictionaries. There may be an abbreviated version, but this does not make the full one cease to exist. The word "ran" in this context is not a free lexeme with an independent meaning.

Someone had a frost on their skin = someone 1) froze 2) was frightened. Fr-m polysemantic. But "ran" cannot be thrown out of the phraseological unit.

Tatyana Yudina

All tasks for the search for phraseological units have this drawback. And everyone has different dictionaries ... In this case, I agree with you. It seems that in the answers to the exam at the exam, this fact will not be of decisive importance. The full version was included in the answer, along with frost on the skin.

Mikhail Alexandrovich 16.10.2017 14:08

Can there be a phrase "fatal place"?

Tatiana Statsenko

The phrase may be, but it is not a phraseological unit.

From sentences 17-18 write out the word formed in a non-suffix way.

Explanation.

In sentence 17, the word CROSSING (CROSSING) is formed in a non-suffix way from the verb CROSSING.

Answer: crossing

Among sentences 11-18, find one (s) that is (s) connected with the previous one using a possessive pronoun. Write the number(s) of this offer(s).

Sentence 14 is connected to the previous ones using the possessive pronoun "their".

Answer: 14

Relevance: Current academic year

Difficulty: high

Codifier section: Means of communication of sentences in the text

Rule: Task 25. Means of communication of sentences in the text

MEANS OF COMMUNICATION OF OFFERS IN THE TEXT

Several sentences connected into a whole by a topic and a main idea are called a text (from Latin textum - fabric, connection, connection).

Obviously, all sentences separated by a dot are not isolated from each other. Between two adjacent sentences of the text there is semantic connection, and not only sentences located nearby can be related, but also separated from each other by one or more sentences. The semantic relations between sentences are different: the content of one sentence can be opposed to the content of another; the content of two or more sentences can be compared with one another; the content of the second sentence can reveal the meaning of the first or clarify one of its members, and the content of the third can reveal the meaning of the second, etc. The purpose of task 23 is to determine the type of relationship between sentences.

The wording of the task may be as follows:

Among sentences 11-18, find one (s) that is (s) connected with the previous one using a demonstrative pronoun, adverb and cognates. Write the number(s) of the offer(s)

Or: Determine the type of connection between sentences 12 and 13.

Remember that the previous one is ONE HIGHER. Thus, if the interval 11-18 is indicated, then the desired sentence is within the limits indicated in the task, and the answer 11 may be correct if this sentence is related to the 10th topic indicated in the task. Answers can be 1 or more. The score for the successful completion of the task is 1.

Let's move on to the theoretical part.

Most often, we use this text construction model: each sentence is linked to the next one, this is called chain link. (We will talk about the parallel connection below). We speak and write, we combine independent sentences into a text according to simple rules. Here's the gist: two adjacent sentences must refer to the same subject.

All types of communication are usually divided into lexical, morphological and syntactic. As a rule, when connecting sentences into text, one can use several types of communication at the same time. This greatly facilitates the search for the desired sentence in the specified fragment. Let's take a closer look at each type.

23.1. Communication with the help of lexical means.

1. Words of one thematic group.

Words of the same thematic group are words that have a common lexical meaning and denote similar, but not identical, concepts.

Word examples: 1) Forest, path, trees; 2) buildings, streets, sidewalks, squares; 3) water, fish, waves; hospital, nurses, emergency room, ward

Water was clean and transparent. Waves ran ashore slowly and silently.

2. Generic words.

Generic words are words related by the relationship genus - species: genus is a broader concept, species is a narrower one.

Word examples: Chamomile - flower; birch - tree; car - transport etc.

Suggestion examples: Under the window still grew Birch tree. How many memories I have associated with this tree...

field chamomile become a rarity. But it's unpretentious flower.

3 Lexical repetition

Lexical repetition is the repetition of the same word in the same word form.

The closest connection of sentences is expressed primarily in repetition. Repetition of one or another part of the sentence - main feature chain connection. For example, in sentences Behind the garden was a forest. The forest was deaf, neglected the connection is built according to the “subject - subject” model, that is, the subject named at the end of the first sentence is repeated at the beginning of the next one; in sentences Physics is science. Science must use the dialectical method- "model predicate - subject"; in the example The boat has landed on the shore. The beach was strewn with small pebbles.- model "circumstance - subject" and so on. But if in the first two examples the words forest and science stand in each of the worthwhile proposals in the same case, then the word Coast It has different forms. lexical repetition in USE assignments the repetition of a word in the same word form, used to enhance the impact on the reader, will be considered.

In texts of artistic and journalistic styles, the chain connection through lexical repetition often has an expressive, emotional character, especially when the repetition is at the junction of sentences:

Here the Aral Sea disappears from the map of the Fatherland sea.

Whole sea!

The use of repetition here is used to enhance the impact on the reader.

Consider examples. We do not yet take into account additional means of communication, we look only at lexical repetition.

(36) I heard a very brave man who went through the war once say: “ It used to be scary very scary." (37) He spoke the truth: he used to be scared.

(15) As an educator, I happened to meet young people who yearn for a clear and precise answer to the question of higher education. values life. (16) 0 values, allowing you to distinguish good from evil and choose the best and most worthy.

note: different forms of words refer to a different kind of connection. For more on the difference, see the paragraph on word forms.

4 Root words

Single-root words are words with the same root and common meaning.

Word examples: Motherland, be born, birth, kind; break, break, break

Suggestion examples: I'm lucky be born healthy and strong. History of my birth nothing remarkable.

Although I understood that a relationship is needed break but he couldn't do it himself. This gap would be very painful for both of us.

5 Synonyms

Synonyms are words of the same part of speech that are similar in meaning.

Word examples: to be bored, to frown, to be sad; fun, joy, rejoicing

Suggestion examples: At parting, she said that will miss. I knew that too I will be sad through our walks and conversations.

Joy grabbed me, picked me up and carried me... jubilation seemed to have no boundaries: Lina answered, answered at last!

It should be noted that synonyms are difficult to find in the text if you need to look for a connection only with the help of synonyms. But, as a rule, along with this method of communication, others are used. So, in example 1 there is a union too , this relationship will be discussed below.

6 Contextual synonyms

Contextual synonyms are words of the same part of speech that come together in meaning only in a given context, since they refer to the same subject (sign, action).

Word examples: kitten, poor fellow, naughty; girl, student, beauty

Suggestion examples: Kitty recently lived with us. Husband took off poor guy from the tree where he climbed to escape from the dogs.

I guessed that she student. Young woman continued to be silent, despite all efforts on my part to talk her.

It is even more difficult to find these words in the text: after all, the author makes them synonyms. But along with this method of communication, others are used, which facilitates the search.

7 Antonyms

Antonyms are words of the same part of speech that are opposite in meaning.

Word examples: laughter, tears; hot Cold

Suggestion examples: I pretended to like this joke and squeezed out something like laughter. But tears strangled me, and I quickly left the room.

Her words were warm and burned. eyes chilled cold. I felt like I was under a contrast shower...

8 Contextual antonyms

Contextual antonyms are words of the same part of speech that are opposite in meaning only in this context.

Word examples: mouse - lion; house - work green - ripe

Suggestion examples: On the work this man was gray mouse. Houses woke up in it a lion.

ripe berries can be safely used to make jam. And here green it is better not to put, they are usually bitter, and can spoil the taste.

We draw attention to the non-random coincidence of terms(synonyms, antonyms, including contextual ones) in this task and tasks 22 and 24: it is the same lexical phenomenon, but viewed from a different angle. Lexical means may serve to connect two adjacent sentences, or they may not be a link. At the same time, they will always be a means of expression, that is, they have every chance of being the object of tasks 22 and 24. Therefore, advice: when completing task 23, pay attention to these tasks. You will learn more theoretical material about lexical means from the help rule for task 24.

23.2. Communication by means of morphological means

Along with lexical means of communication, morphological ones are also used.

1. Pronoun

A pronoun connection is a connection in which ONE word or MULTIPLE words from the previous sentence is replaced by a pronoun. To see such a connection, you need to know what a pronoun is, what are the ranks in meaning.

What you need to know:

Pronouns are words that are used instead of a name (noun, adjective, numeral), designate persons, point to objects, signs of objects, the number of objects, without specifically naming them.

According to the meaning and grammatical features, nine categories of pronouns are distinguished:

1) personal (I, we; you, you; he, she, it; they);

2) returnable (oneself);

3) possessive (mine, yours, ours, yours, yours); used as possessive also forms of personal: his (jacket), her work),them (merit).

4) demonstrative (this, that, such, such, such, so many);

5) defining(himself, most, all, everyone, each, different);

6) relative (who, what, what, what, which, how much, whose);

7) interrogative (who? what? what? whose? who? how much? where? when? where? from where? why? why? what?);

8) negative (no one, nothing, no one);

9) indefinite (someone, something, someone, someone, someone, someone).

Do not forget that pronouns change by case, so "you", "me", "about us", "about them", "no one", "everyone" are forms of pronouns.

As a rule, the task indicates WHAT digit the pronoun should be, but this is not necessary if in specified period there are no other pronouns that play the role of CONNECTING elements. It must be clearly understood that NOT EVERY pronoun that occurs in the text is a link.

Let us turn to examples and determine how sentences 1 and 2 are related; 2 and 3.

1) Our school has recently been renovated. 2) I finished it many years ago, but sometimes I went and wandered around the school floors. 3) Now they are some kind of strangers, others, not mine ....

There are two pronouns in the second sentence, both personal, I And her. Which one is the one paperclip, which connects the first and second sentence? If this is a pronoun I, what is it replaced in sentence 1? Nothing. What replaces the pronoun her? Word " school from the first sentence. We conclude: communication using a personal pronoun her.

There are three pronouns in the third sentence: they are somehow mine. Only the pronoun connects with the second they(=floors from the second sentence). Rest in no way correlate with the words of the second sentence and do not replace anything. Conclusion: the second sentence connects the pronoun with the third they.

What is the practical importance of understanding this mode of communication? The fact that you can and should use pronouns instead of nouns, adjectives and numerals. Use, but do not abuse, as the abundance of the words "he", "his", "them" sometimes leads to misunderstanding and confusion.

2. Adverb

Communication with the help of adverbs is a connection, the features of which depend on the meaning of the adverb.

To see such a connection, you need to know what an adverb is, what are the ranks in meaning.

Adverbs are invariable words that denote a sign by action and refer to the verb.

Adverbs of the following meanings can be used as means of communication:

Time and space: below, on the left, near, at the beginning, long ago and the like.

Suggestion examples: We got to work. at first it was hard: it was not possible to work in a team, there were no ideas. Then got involved, felt their strength and even got excited.note: Sentences 2 and 3 are related to sentence 1 using the indicated adverbs. This type of connection is called parallel connection.

We climbed to the very top of the mountain. Around we were only the tops of the trees. Nearby clouds floated with us. A similar example of a parallel connection: 2 and 3 are related to 1 using the indicated adverbs.

demonstrative adverbs. (They are sometimes called pronominal adverbs, since they do not name how or where the action takes place, but only point to it): there, here, there, then, from there, because, so and the like.

Suggestion examples: I vacationed last summer in one of the sanatoriums in Belarus. From there it was almost impossible to make a phone call, let alone work on the Internet. The adverb "from there" replaces the whole phrase.

Life went on as usual: I studied, my mother and father worked, my sister got married and left with her husband. So three years have passed. The adverb "so" summarizes the entire content of the previous sentence.

It is possible to use and other categories of adverbs, for example, negative: B school and university I didn't have good relationships with my peers. Yes and nowhere did not add up; however, I did not suffer from this, I had a family, I had brothers, they replaced my friends.

3. Union

Connection with the help of unions is the most common type of connection, due to which various relationships arise between sentences related to the meaning of the union.

Communication with the help of coordinating unions: but, and, but, but, also, or, however and others. The task may or may not specify the type of union. Therefore, the material on unions should be repeated.

Details about coordinating conjunctions are described in a special section.

Suggestion examples: By the end of the weekend, we were incredibly tired. But the mood was amazing! Communication with the help of the adversative union "but".

That's how it's always been... Or that's how it seemed to me...Communication with the help of a separating union "or".

We draw attention to the fact that very rarely only one union participates in the formation of a connection: as a rule, lexical means of communication are used simultaneously.

Communication using subordinating unions: for, so. A very unusual case, since subordinating conjunctions connect sentences as part of a complex subordinate. In our opinion, with such a connection, there is a deliberate break in the structure of a complex sentence.

Suggestion examples: I was in total despair... For I did not know what to do, where to go and, most importantly, who to turn to for help. The union for matters because, because, indicates the reason for the state of the hero.

I didn’t pass the exams, I didn’t enter the institute, I couldn’t ask for help from my parents and I wouldn’t do it. So There was only one thing left to do: find a job. The union "so" has the meaning of the consequence.

4. Particles

Communication with particles always accompanies other types of communication.

Particles after all, and only, here, out, only, even, the same bring additional shades to the proposal.

Suggestion examples: Call your parents, talk to them. After all It's so simple and so difficult at the same time - to love ...

Everyone in the house was already asleep. AND only grandmother muttered softly: she always read prayers before going to bed, begging the powers of heaven for a better share for us.

After the departure of her husband, it became empty in the soul and deserted in the house. Even the cat, which used to run like a meteor around the apartment, only yawns sleepily and still strives to climb into my arms. Here Whose hands should I lean on...Pay attention, connecting particles are at the beginning of the sentence.

5. Word forms

Communication using the word form consists in the fact that in adjacent sentences the same word is used in different

if this noun - number and case
if adjective - gender, number and case
if pronoun - gender, number and case depending on grade
if verb in person (gender), number, tense

Verbs and participles, verbs and participles are considered different words.

Suggestion examples: Noise gradually increased. From this growing noise became uncomfortable.

I knew my son captain. With myself captain fate did not bring me, but I knew that it was only a matter of time.

note: in the task, “word forms” can be written, and then this is ONE word in different forms;

“forms of words” - and these are already two words repeated in adjacent sentences.

The difference between word forms and lexical repetition is of particular complexity.

Information for the teacher.

Consider, as an example, the most difficult task real USE 2016. We give the full fragment published on the FIPI website in "Guidelines for teachers (2016)"

Examinees' difficulties in completing task 23 were caused by cases when the condition of the task required distinguishing between the form of a word and lexical repetition as a means of connecting sentences in the text. In these cases, when analyzing the language material, students should pay attention to the fact that lexical repetition involves the repetition of a lexical unit with a special stylistic task.

We give the condition of task 23 and a fragment of the text of one of USE options 2016:

“Among sentences 8–18, find one that is related to the previous one with the help of lexical repetition. Write the number of this proposal.

Below is the beginning of the text given for analysis.

- (7) What kind of an artist are you when you don’t love your native land, an eccentric!

(8) Maybe that's why Berg did not succeed in landscapes. (9) He preferred a portrait, a poster. (10) He tried to find the style of his time, but these attempts were full of failures and ambiguities.

(11) Once Berg received a letter from the artist Yartsev. (12) He called him to come to the Murom forests, where he spent the summer.

(13) August was hot and calm. (14) Yartsev lived far from the deserted station, in the forest, on the shore of a deep lake with black water. (15) He rented a hut from a forester. (16) Berg was taken to the lake by the forester's son Vanya Zotov, a stooped and shy boy. (17) Berg lived on the lake for about a month. (18) He was not going to work and did not take oil paints with him.

Proposition 15 is related to Proposition 14 by personal pronoun "is he"(Yartsev).

Proposition 16 is related to Proposition 15 by word forms "forester": a prepositional case form controlled by a verb, and a non-prepositional form controlled by a noun. These word forms express different meanings: the meaning of the object and the meaning of belonging, and the use of the considered word forms does not carry a stylistic load.

Proposition 17 is related to Proposition 16 by word forms ("on the lake - on the lake"; "Berga - Berg").

Proposition 18 is related to the previous one by means of personal pronoun "he"(Berg).

The correct answer in task 23 of this option is 10. It is sentence 10 of the text that is connected with the previous one (sentence 9) with the help of lexical repetition (the word "he").

It should be noted that among the authors of various manuals there is no consensus, what is considered a lexical repetition - the same word in different cases (persons, numbers) or in the same one. The authors of the books of the publishing house " national education”, “Exam”, “Legion” (authors Tsybulko I.P., Vasiliev I.P., Gosteva Yu.N., Senina N.A.) do not give a single example in which words in various forms would be considered lexical repeat.

At the same time, very difficult cases, in which words in different cases coincide in form, are considered differently in manuals. The author of the books N.A. Senina sees in this the form of the word. I.P. Tsybulko (based on a 2017 book) sees lexical repetition. So, in sentences like I saw the sea in a dream. The sea was calling me the word “sea” has different cases, but at the same time there is undoubtedly the same stylistic task that I.P. Tsybulko. Without delving into the linguistic solution of this issue, we will indicate the position of the RESHUEGE and give recommendations.

1. All obviously non-matching forms are word forms, not lexical repetition. Please note that we are talking about the same linguistic phenomenon as in task 24. And in 24, lexical repetitions are only repeated words, in the same forms.

2. There will be no coinciding forms in the tasks for the RESHUEGE: if the linguists-specialists themselves cannot figure it out, then the graduates of the school cannot do it.

3. If the exam comes across tasks with similar difficulties, we look at those additional means of communication that will help you make your choice. After all, the compilers of KIMs can have their own, separate opinion. Unfortunately, this may be the case.

23.3 Syntactic means.

Introductory words

Communication with the help of introductory words accompanies, complements any other connection, complementing the shades of meanings characteristic of introductory words.

Of course, you need to know which words are introductory.

He was hired. Unfortunately, Anton was too ambitious. On the one side, the company needed such personalities, on the other hand, he was not inferior to anyone and in nothing, if something was, as he said, below his level.

We give examples of the definition of means of communication in a small text.

(1) We met Masha a few months ago. (2) My parents have not yet seen her, but did not insist on meeting her. (3) It seemed that she also did not strive for rapprochement, which upset me a little.

Let's determine how the sentences in this text are related.

Sentence 2 is related to sentence 1 by a personal pronoun her, which replaces the name Masha in offer 1.

Sentence 3 is related to sentence 2 using word forms she her: "she" is the form nominative case, "her" is the genitive form.

In addition, sentence 3 has other means of communication: it is a union too, introductory word seemed, rows of synonymous constructions did not insist on meeting And didn't want to get close.

Nikita Petrov 02.11.2015 10:19

why not 11 sentence? There is also a possessive pronoun at the very beginning ...

Tatiana Statsenko

but this possessive pronoun (our) has nothing to do with the "fierce winter" from sentence 10.

Rayana Ayupova 30.12.2016 19:45

And in sentence 18, the pronoun "them" is rather demonstrative?

Tatyana Yudina

Nih is a personal form of the pronoun "they".

Julia Ryabova 29.03.2019 12:17

and if, for example, sentences 11-18 are indicated, and in 11 there will be a possessive pronoun linking the sentence with the previous one (10), then is it necessary to write sentence 11? after all, 10 is not included in the sentences indicated in the assignment.

Tatiana Statsenko

No no need.

Read the review snippet. It examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the gaps with the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list.

"IN. Korolenko, as a true master of the story, in a small volume managed to fully convey to the readers the features of the episode experienced by the narrator. In syntax, the frequent use of (A) _____ (sentences 2, 18, 21, 30) makes the narrative lively, dynamic, and the use of such a syntactic means of expression as (B) _____ (sentences 34, 36) helps to place semantic accents. In turn, paths such as (B)_____ (sentences 2, 27) and (D)_____ (“graceful figures” in sentence 14, “ruthless ice floes” in sentence 18, “to the fatal place” in sentence 26), saturate the text with special expressiveness, artistry and at the same time help convey the author's attitude to his characters and what is happening in general.

List of terms:

2) comparison

3) a number of homogeneous members

4) exclamatory sentences

5) syntactic parallelism

6) epiphora

7) rhetorical questions

8) lexical repetitions

9) epithets

Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

A	B	IN	G

Explanation (see also Rule below).

Let's fill in the blanks.

"IN. Korolenko, as a true master of the story, in a small volume managed to fully convey to the readers the features of the episode experienced by the narrator. Often used in syntax a number of homogeneous members(sentences 2, 18, 21, 30) makes the narrative lively, dynamic, and the use of such a syntactic means of expression as syntactic parallelism(sentence 34 - “Here it is - the desire to live”; sentence 36 - “Here it is - the desire to save ...”), helps to place semantic accents. On the other hand, paths such as comparison(sentence 27 - "like a stone thrown") and epithets(“graceful figures” in sentence 14, “ruthless ice floes” in sentence 18, “to the fateful place” in sentence 26), saturate the text with special expressiveness, artistry and at the same time help convey the author’s attitude to his characters and what is happening in general.

Answer: 3529.

Answer: 3529

Rule: Task 26. Language means of expression

ANALYSIS OF THE MEANS OF EXPRESSION.

The purpose of the task is to determine the means of expression used in the review by establishing a correspondence between the gaps indicated by the letters in the text of the review and the numbers with definitions. You need to write down matches only in the order in which the letters go in the text. If you do not know what is hidden under a particular letter, you must put "0" in place of this number. For the task you can get from 1 to 4 points.

When completing task 26, you should remember that you fill in the gaps in the review, i.e. restore the text, and with it semantic, and grammatical connection . Therefore, an analysis of the review itself can often serve as an additional clue: various adjectives of one kind or another, predicates that agree with omissions, etc. It will facilitate the task and the division of the list of terms into two groups: the first includes terms based on the meaning of the word, the second - the structure of the sentence. You can carry out this division, knowing that all means are divided into TWO large groups: the first includes lexical (non-special means) and tropes; into the second figure of speech (some of them are called syntactic).

26.1 A TROPWORD OR EXPRESSION USED IN A PORTABLE MEANING TO CREATE AN ARTISTIC IMAGE AND ACHIEVE GREATER EXPRESSION. Tropes include such techniques as epithet, comparison, personification, metaphor, metonymy, sometimes they include hyperbole and litotes.

Note: In the task, as a rule, it is indicated that these are TRAILS.

In the review, examples of tropes are indicated in brackets, as a phrase.

1.Epithet(in translation from Greek - application, addition) - this is a figurative definition that marks a feature that is essential for a given context in the depicted phenomenon. The epithet differs from a simple definition artistic expressiveness and imagery. The epithet is based on a hidden comparison.

Epithets include all the "colorful" definitions that are most often expressed adjectives:

sad orphan land(F.I. Tyutchev), gray fog, lemon light, silent peace(I. A. Bunin).

Epithets can also be expressed:

-nouns, acting as applications or predicates, giving a figurative description of the subject: sorceress-winter; mother - cheese earth; The poet is a lyre, and not only the nurse of his soul(M. Gorky);

-adverbs acting as circumstances: In the north stands wild alone...(M. Yu. Lermontov); The leaves were tense elongated in the wind (K. G. Paustovsky);

-gerunds: the waves are rushing thundering and sparkling;

-pronouns expressing the superlative degree of this or that state of the human soul:

After all, there were fighting fights, Yes, they say, more what kind! (M. Yu. Lermontov);

-participles and participial phrases: Nightingale vocabulary rumbling announce the forest limits (B. L. Pasternak); I also admit the appearance of ... scribblers who cannot prove where they spent the night yesterday, and who have no other words in the language, except for words, not remembering kinship(M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin).

2. Comparison- This is a visual technique based on the comparison of one phenomenon or concept with another. Unlike metaphor, comparison is always binomial: it names both compared objects (phenomena, features, actions).

Villages are burning, they have no protection.

The sons of the fatherland are defeated by the enemy,

And the glow like an eternal meteor,

Playing in the clouds, frightens the eye. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

Comparisons are expressed in various ways:

The form of the instrumental case of nouns:

nightingale stray youth flew by,

wave in bad weather Joy subsided (A. V. Koltsov)

form comparative degree adjective or adverb: Those eyes greener sea and our cypresses darker(A. Akhmatova);

Comparative turnovers with unions like, as if, as if, as if, etc .:

Like a predatory animal, to a humble abode

The winner breaks in with bayonets ... (M. Yu. Lermontov);

Using the words similar, similar, this is:

Into the eyes of a cautious cat

Similar your eyes (A. Akhmatova);

With the help of comparative clauses:

Golden foliage swirled

In the pinkish water of the pond

Just like a light flock of butterflies

With fading flies to a star. (S. A. Yesenin)

3.Metaphor(in translation from Greek - transfer) is a word or expression that is used in figurative meaning based on the similarity of two objects or phenomena on some basis. In contrast to comparison, in which both what is being compared and what is being compared is given, a metaphor contains only the second, which creates compactness and figurativeness of the use of the word. The metaphor can be based on the similarity of objects in shape, color, volume, purpose, sensations, etc.: a waterfall of stars, an avalanche of letters, a wall of fire, an abyss of grief, a pearl of poetry, a spark of love and etc.

All metaphors are divided into two groups:

1) general language("erased"): golden hands, a storm in a teacup, mountains to move, strings of the soul, love has faded;

2) artistic(individual-author's, poetic):

And the stars fade diamond thrill

IN painless cold dawn (M. Voloshin);

Empty skies transparent glass (A. Akhmatova);

AND eyes blue, bottomless

Blooming on the far shore. (A. A. Blok)

Metaphor happens not only single: it can develop in the text, forming whole chains of figurative expressions, in many cases - covering, as if permeating the entire text. This extended, complex metaphor, an integral artistic image.

4. Personification- this is a kind of metaphor based on the transfer of signs of a living being to natural phenomena, objects and concepts. Most often, personifications are used to describe nature:

Rolling through sleepy valleys, Sleepy mists lay down And only the horse's clatter, Sounding, is lost in the distance. The autumn day went out, turning pale, Rolling up fragrant leaves, Taste a dreamless dream Half-withered flowers. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

5. Metonymy(in translation from Greek - renaming) is the transfer of a name from one object to another based on their adjacency. Adjacency can be a manifestation of a relationship:

Between action and tool of action: Their villages and fields for a violent raid He doomed swords and fires(A. S. Pushkin);

Between the object and the material from which the object is made: ... not that on silver, - on gold ate(A. S. Griboyedov);

Between a place and the people in that place: The city was noisy, flags crackled, wet roses fell from the bowls of flower girls ... (Yu. K. Olesha)

6. Synecdoche(in translation from Greek - correlation) is kind of metonymy, based on the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another on the basis of ratio between them. Most often, the transfer occurs:

From less to more: Even a bird does not fly to him, And a tiger does not go ... (A. S. Pushkin);

Part to whole: Beard, why are you still silent?(A.P. Chekhov)

7. Paraphrase, or paraphrase(in translation from Greek - a descriptive expression), is a turnover that is used instead of a word or phrase. For example, Petersburg in verse

A. S. Pushkin - "Peter's creation", "Beauty and wonder of midnight countries", "city of Petrov"; A. A. Blok in the verses of M. I. Tsvetaeva - “a knight without reproach”, “blue-eyed snow singer”, “snow swan”, “almighty of my soul”.

8. Hyperbole(in translation from Greek - exaggeration) is a figurative expression containing an exorbitant exaggeration of any sign of an object, phenomenon, action: A rare bird will fly to the middle of the Dnieper(N. V. Gogol)

And at that very moment couriers, couriers, couriers... you can imagine thirty-five thousand one couriers! (N.V. Gogol).

9. Litota(in translation from Greek - smallness, moderation) - this is a figurative expression containing an exorbitant understatement of any sign of an object, phenomenon, action: What tiny cows! There is, right, less than a pinhead.(I. A. Krylov)

And walking importantly, in orderly calmness, The horse is led by the bridle by a peasant In large boots, in a sheepskin coat, In large mittens ... and himself with a fingernail!(N.A. Nekrasov)

10. Irony(in translation from Greek - pretense) is the use of a word or statement in a sense opposite to the direct one. Irony is a type of allegory in which mockery is hidden behind an outwardly positive assessment: Where, smart, are you wandering, head?(I. A. Krylov)

26.2 "Non-special" lexical figurative and expressive means of the language

Note: The tasks sometimes indicate that this is a lexical means. Usually in the review of task 24, an example of a lexical means is given in brackets, either in one word or in a phrase in which one of the words is in italics. Please note: these funds are most often needed find in task 22!

11. Synonyms, i.e. words of the same part of speech, different in sound, but the same or similar in lexical meaning and differing from each other or shades of meaning, or stylistic coloring (brave - brave, run - rush, eyes(neutral) - eyes(poet.)), have great expressive power.

Synonyms can be contextual.

12. Antonyms, i.e. words of the same part of speech, opposite in meaning ( truth - lies, good - evil, disgusting - wonderful), also have great expressive possibilities.

Antonyms can be contextual, that is, they become antonyms only in a given context.

Lies happen good or evil,

Compassionate or merciless,

Lies happen cunning and clumsy

Cautious and reckless

Captivating and joyless.

13. Phraseologisms as a means of linguistic expression

Phraseological units (phraseological expressions, idioms), i.e. phrases and sentences reproduced in finished form, in which the integral meaning dominates the values of their components and is not a simple sum of such meanings ( get into trouble, be in seventh heaven, a bone of contention) have great expressive potential. The expressiveness of phraseological units is determined by:

1) their vivid imagery, including mythological ( the cat cried like a squirrel in a wheel, Ariadne's thread, the sword of Damocles, Achilles' heel);

2) the relevance of many of them: a) to the category of high ( the voice of one crying in the wilderness, sink into oblivion) or reduced (colloquial, colloquial: like a fish in water, neither sleep nor spirit, lead by the nose, lather your neck, hang your ears); b) to the category of language means with a positive emotionally expressive coloring ( store as the apple of an eye - torzh.) or with a negative emotionally expressive coloring (without the king in the head is disapproved, the small fry is neglected, the price is worthless - contempt.).

14. Stylistically colored vocabulary

To enhance expressiveness in the text, all categories of stylistically colored vocabulary can be used:

1) emotionally expressive (evaluative) vocabulary, including:

a) words with a positive emotional and expressive assessment: solemn, sublime (including Old Church Slavonics): inspiration, coming, fatherland, aspirations, secret, unshakable; sublimely poetic: serene, radiant, spell, azure; approving: noble, outstanding, amazing, courageous; affectionate: sun, darling, daughter

b) words with a negative emotional-expressive assessment: disapproving: conjecture, bicker, nonsense; disparaging: upstart, delinquent; contemptuous: dunce, cramming, scribbling; swear words/

2) functionally-stylistically colored vocabulary, including:

a) book: scientific (terms: alliteration, cosine, interference); official business: the undersigned, report; journalistic: report, interview; artistic and poetic: azure, eyes, cheeks

b) colloquial (everyday-household): dad, boy, braggart, healthy

15. Vocabulary of limited use

To enhance expressiveness in the text, all categories of vocabulary of limited use can also be used, including:

Dialect vocabulary (words that are used by the inhabitants of any locality: kochet - rooster, veksha - squirrel);

Colloquial vocabulary (words with a pronounced reduced stylistic coloring: familiar, rude, dismissive, abusive, located on the border or outside the literary norm: goofball, bastard, slap, talker);

Professional vocabulary (words that are used in professional speech and are not included in the system of the general literary language: galley - in the speech of sailors, duck - in the speech of journalists, window - in the speech of teachers);

Slang vocabulary (words characteristic of jargons - youth: party, bells and whistles, cool; computer: brains - computer memory, keyboard - keyboard; soldier: demobilization, scoop, perfume; jargon of criminals: dude, raspberry);

Vocabulary is outdated (historicisms are words that have fallen out of use due to the disappearance of the objects or phenomena they designate: boyar, oprichnina, horse; archaisms - obsolete words, naming objects and concepts for which new names have appeared in the language: brow - forehead, sail - sail); - new vocabulary (neologisms - words that have recently entered the language and have not yet lost their novelty: blog, slogan, teenager).

26.3 FIGURES (RHETORICAL FIGURES, STYLISTIC FIGURES, FIGURES OF SPEECH) ARE STYLISTIC TECHNIQUES based on special combinations of words that are beyond the scope of normal practical use, and aimed at enhancing the expressiveness and descriptiveness of the text. The main figures of speech include: rhetorical question, rhetorical exclamation, rhetorical appeal, repetition, syntactic parallelism, polyunion, non-union, ellipsis, inversion, parcellation, antithesis, gradation, oxymoron. Unlike lexical means, this is the level of a sentence or several sentences.

Note: In the tasks there is no clear definition format that indicates these means: they are called both syntactic means, and a technique, and simply a means of expression, and a figure. In task 24, the figure of speech is indicated by the number of the sentence given in brackets.

16. Rhetorical question is a figure in which a statement is contained in the form of a question. A rhetorical question does not require an answer, it is used to enhance the emotionality, expressiveness of speech, to draw the reader's attention to a particular phenomenon:

Why did he give his hand to insignificant slanderers, Why did he believe false words and caresses, He, who from a young age comprehended people?.. (M. Yu. Lermontov);

17. Rhetorical exclamation- this is a figure in which an assertion is contained in the form of an exclamation. Rhetorical exclamations strengthen the expression of certain feelings in the message; they are usually distinguished not only by special emotionality, but also by solemnity and elation:

That was in the morning of our years - Oh happiness! oh tears! O forest! oh life! Oh the light of the sun! O fresh spirit of birch. (A. K. Tolstoy);

Alas! a proud country bowed before the power of a stranger. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

18. Rhetorical appeal- This is a stylistic figure, consisting in an underlined appeal to someone or something to enhance the expressiveness of speech. It serves not so much to name the addressee of the speech, but to express the attitude towards what is said in the text. Rhetorical appeals can create solemnity and pathos of speech, express joy, regret and other shades of mood and emotional state:

My friends! Our union is wonderful. He, like a soul, is unstoppable and eternal (A. S. Pushkin);

Oh deep night! Oh cold autumn! Silent! (K. D. Balmont)

19. Repeat (positional-lexical repetition, lexical repetition)- this is a stylistic figure consisting in the repetition of any member of a sentence (word), part of a sentence or a whole sentence, several sentences, stanzas in order to draw special attention to them.

The types of repetition are anaphora, epiphora and catch-up.

Anaphora(in translation from Greek - ascent, rise), or monotony, is the repetition of a word or group of words at the beginning of lines, stanzas or sentences:

lazily hazy noon breathes,

lazily the river is rolling.

And in the fiery and pure firmament

The clouds are lazily melting (F. I. Tyutchev);

Epiphora(in translation from Greek - addition, final sentence of the period) is the repetition of words or groups of words at the end of lines, stanzas or sentences:

Although man is not eternal,

That which is eternal, humanely.

What is a day or a century

Before what is infinite?

Although man is not eternal,

That which is eternal, humanely(A. A. Fet);

They got a loaf of light bread - joy!

Today the film is good in the club - joy!

Paustovsky's two-volume book was brought to the bookstore joy!(A. I. Solzhenitsyn)

pickup- this is a repetition of any segment of speech (sentence, poetic line) at the beginning of the corresponding segment of speech following it:

he fell down on the cold snow

On the cold snow, like a pine,

Like a pine in a damp forest (M. Yu. Lermontov);

20. Parallelism (syntactic parallelism)(in translation from Greek - walking side by side) - an identical or similar construction of adjacent parts of the text: adjacent sentences, lines of poetry, stanzas, which, when correlated, create a single image:

I look to the future with fear

I look at the past with longing... (M. Yu. Lermontov);

I was your ringing string

I was your blooming spring

But you didn't want flowers

And you didn't hear the words? (K. D. Balmont)

Often using antithesis: What is he looking for in a distant country? What did he throw in his native land?(M. Lermontov); Not the country - for business, but business - for the country (from the newspaper).

21. Inversion(translated from Greek - rearrangement, reversal) - this is a change in the usual word order in a sentence in order to emphasize the semantic significance of any element of the text (word, sentence), to give the phrase a special stylistic coloring: solemn, high-sounding, or, conversely, colloquial, somewhat reduced characteristics. The following combinations are considered inverted in Russian:

The agreed definition is after the word being defined: I am sitting behind bars in damp dungeon(M. Yu. Lermontov); But there was no swell on this sea; stuffy air did not flow: it was brewing great thunderstorm(I. S. Turgenev);

Additions and circumstances expressed by nouns are in front of the word, which includes: Hours of monotonous fight(monotonous strike of the clock);

22. Parceling(in translation from French - particle) - a stylistic device that consists in dividing a single syntactic structure of a sentence into several intonation-semantic units - phrases. At the place of division of the sentence, a period, exclamation and question marks, ellipsis can be used. In the morning, bright as a splint. Terrible. Long. Ratny. Was broken rifle regiment. Our. In an unequal battle(R. Rozhdestvensky); Why is nobody outraged? Education and healthcare! The most important spheres of society's life! Not mentioned in this document at all(From newspapers); It is necessary that the state remember the main thing: its citizens are not individuals. And people. (From newspapers)

23. Non-union and multi-union- syntactic figures based on intentional omission, or, conversely, conscious repetition of unions. In the first case, when unions are omitted, speech becomes compressed, compact, dynamic. The depicted actions and events here quickly, instantly unfold, replace each other:

Swede, Russian - stabs, cuts, cuts.

Drum beat, clicks, rattle.

The thunder of cannons, the clatter, the neighing, the groan,

And death and hell on all sides. (A.S. Pushkin)

When polyunion speech, on the contrary, slows down, pauses and a repeated union highlight words, expressively emphasizing their semantic significance:

But And grandson, And great-grandson, And great-great-grandson

They grow in me while I myself grow ... (P.G. Antokolsky)

24.Period- a long, polynomial sentence or a very common simple sentence, which is distinguished by completeness, unity of the theme and intonation split into two parts. In the first part, the syntactic repetition of the same type of subordinate clauses (or members of the sentence) goes with an increasing increase in intonation, then there is a separating significant pause, and in the second part, where the conclusion is given, the tone of voice noticeably decreases. This intonation design forms a kind of circle:

Whenever I wanted to limit my life to a domestic circle, / When a pleasant lot ordered me to be a father, a spouse, / If I were captivated by the family picture for at least a single moment, then, it would be true, except for you, one bride would not be looking for another. (A.S. Pushkin)

25. Antithesis, or opposition(in translation from Greek - opposition) - this is a turn in which opposite concepts, positions, images are sharply opposed. To create an antithesis, antonyms are usually used - general language and contextual:

You are rich, I am very poor, You are a prose writer, I am a poet.(A. S. Pushkin);

Yesterday I looked into your eyes

And now - everything is squinting to the side,

Yesterday, before the birds sat,

All larks today are crows!

I'm stupid and you're smart

Alive and I'm dumbfounded.

O cry of women of all times:

"My dear, what have I done to you?" (M. I. Tsvetaeva)

26. Gradation(in translation from Latin - a gradual increase, strengthening) - a technique consisting in the sequential arrangement of words, expressions, tropes (epithets, metaphors, comparisons) in order of strengthening (increasing) or weakening (decreasing) of a sign. Increasing gradation usually used to enhance the imagery, emotional expressiveness and influencing power of the text:

I called you, but you did not look back, I shed tears, but you did not descend(A. A. Blok);

Glowing, burning, shining huge blue eyes. (V. A. Soloukhin)

Descending gradation is used less often and usually serves to enhance the semantic content of the text and create imagery:

He brought the tar of death

Yes, a branch with withered leaves. (A. S. Pushkin)

27. Oxymoron(in translation from Greek - witty-stupid) - this is a stylistic figure in which usually incompatible concepts are combined, as a rule, contradictory to each other ( bitter joy, ringing silence etc.); at the same time, a new meaning is obtained, and speech acquires special expressiveness: From that hour began for Ilya sweet torment, lightly scorching the soul (I. S. Shmelev);

There is melancholy cheerful in the scares of dawn (S. A. Yesenin);

But their ugly beauty I soon comprehended the mystery. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

28. Allegory- allegory, the transfer of an abstract concept through a specific image: Must defeat foxes and wolves(cunning, malice, greed).

29.Default- a deliberate break in the statement, conveying the excitement of the speech and suggesting that the reader will guess what was not said: But I wanted ... Perhaps you ...

In addition to the above syntactic expressive means, the following are also found in the tests:

-exclamatory sentences;

- dialogue, hidden dialogue;

-question-answer form of presentation a form of presentation in which questions and answers to questions alternate;

-rows of homogeneous members;

-citation;

-introductory words and constructions

-Incomplete sentences- sentences in which a member is missing, which is necessary for the completeness of the structure and meaning. Missing members of the sentence can be restored and context.

26.12.2016 16:02

why in B the answer is 5 and not 6? how to distinguish between them

Tatyana Yudina

Indeed, a difficult question. They talk about parallelism when sentences go side by side, one after another, they are very similar in structure to each other, as it usually happens in poetry.

I

We drove along the banks of the Lena to the south, and winter caught up with us from the north. However, it might seem that she is coming towards us, descending from above, along the river.

“Brrr…” he said. - Frost, brothers ...

It was the first hello of frost at the beginning of a long journey ... Hello cheerful, perky, almost playful.

II

“Crow,” someone said.

“A bear,” objected another coachman.

- Where can a bear come from in the middle of the river? I asked the driver, who suggested a bear.

- From the other side. In the third year, a bear from that island crossed over with three cubs.

- Nonche, too, a beast from that shore is coming to ours. Looks like it's going to be a tough winter...

“The frost is driving,” added a third.

“But this, brothers, is a goat,” said one of the drivers at last.

“Two,” added another, peering.

- Well, what will happen! said the young coachman with deep interest.

They were already on the beach. But on the other side of the spit there was a dark strip of water, and a handful of people blocked the passage. However, the intelligent animal did not think for a minute. I noticed the look of her round eyes, looking with some strange confidence, and then she rushed herself and sent the youngest straight towards us. The lathe dog, a large, shaggy Polkan, stood aside in embarrassment when the older goat, blocking the younger one, ran past her, almost touching her shaggy coat with her side. The dog merely tucked its tail between its legs and ran away thoughtfully, as if puzzled by its own generosity and afraid that we would interpret it in a way that was unfavorable to it. But we approved of her restraint and only joyfully looked up, where two slender bodies flickered in the air, sprawling over the tops of the rocks ...

III

Ivan Rodionovich Sokolsky, head of the prospecting mining party, rode this station with us as a random fellow traveler. Once, some kind of storm brought him to distant Siberia, and he no longer tried to escape from here, being drawn into the life of a prospector rich in unique impressions. He was a large man, with a weather-beaten face, a graying mane of hair, and as if frozen features that did not easily betray spiritual movements. His feelings seemed to be as hidden under an inexpressive physiognomy as the course of a river under the ice. In his koshevoy (in which I rode this station with him) there was a gun in a case made of elk skin, and although he stood nearby and had only to stretch out his hand to take out the gun, he did not make this movement. His hard gray eyes did not leave the animals all the time, and for the first time during our - short, however - acquaintance, it seemed to me that in these gray eyes something was flashing that was not entirely cold and not entirely rough.

When this whole little episode ended happily, we all sat down again and our caravan moved on, stretching out under the rocky shore. We were all in a kind of cheerful mood, and everyone discussed the daring feat of an animal that managed to maintain such composure in the midst of so many dangers.

“However,” I said, smiling, “something must be attributed to us as well. You might think that frost has the ability to awaken good feelings.

- From what do you conclude this? Sokolsky asked seriously.

- From the completely unusual behavior of this Polkan, and also, forgive the comparison - your own: your gun was left in the case.

“Yes,” replied the seeker. - It's true. These poor animals overcame so many dangers before our eyes, and I think even Polkan was ashamed to end it all with a simple murder on the shore ... Have you noticed with what selflessness the eldest closed the youngest from the dog? .. Would any person do this under such circumstances?

- Any mother, I think ... - I said, smiling. - In general, I think this little episode had a strong effect on you.

Sokolsky's face bore traces of inner excitement, his eyes looked with mild sadness.

“Yes,” he replied thoughtfully. - It reminded me of one story and one person ... So you said about the effect of frost and about good feelings. No, frost is death. Have you thought that a person can freeze, for example ... conscience?

“And even the whole person can turn into an ice floe, that is, cease to be a person,” I answered, smiling again. The mood of my companion seemed to me more and more mysterious.

Text by V. G. Korolenko: (1) We drove along the banks of the Lena to the south, and winter caught up with us from the north.

(2) However, the river stubbornly fought the frost: closer to the banks it
turned into a frozen, ugly, dirty-white mass, and in the middle
the ice was still tossing and turning in heavy, disorderly waves, hiding from the eyes
a freezing riverbed, like a wild crowd hiding the place of execution.
(3) And then one day from a small coastal cape we saw quietly
moving ice blocks some black object, clearly highlighting
on a white and yellow background.
(4) − Crow, - said one of the coachmen.
(5) − Bear, objected another coachman.
(6) − Where can a bear come from in the middle of the river? I asked him.
A27
(7) − From the other side. (8) In the third year, a bear from that island
crossed with three cubs. (9) Nonche is also a beast from that shore to
ours is coming. (10) Apparently, the winter will be fierce ...
(11) Our caravan stopped at the cape, waiting for the approach of interested
the subject that has fallen all over.
(12) - But these, brothers, are roes, - finally one of the coachmen said.
(13) Indeed, it turned out to be two mountain goats. (14) Now it's clear
their dark graceful figures were visible among the real ice
nightmare. (15) One of the goats was bigger, the other smaller. (16) We
It was assumed that they were mother and daughter. (17) Moreover, the eldest is clearly
led the crossing. (18) Around them ruthless ice floes beat,
collided, twirled and crumbled; something simmered in between and
sprayed with foam, and tender animals, alert, stood on the icy
piece, picking up their thin legs in one place ... (19) Probably, they
It was scary, because their life could end at any second. (20) But,
apparently, it was even more terrible for them to stay on the other side, since they, so
terribly risking, they started this most dangerous crossing.
(21) A huge ice floe that floated in front of the one where the goats stood became like
as if to slow down and began to turn around, stopping the movement
rear. (22) From this, a whole hell of destruction rose again around the animals
and splash. (23) For a moment, two pitiful dark spots were completely
disappeared in this chaos, but then we noticed them on another ice floe. (24) Again
collecting their thin trembling legs, the goats stood ready for the next
jump. (25) This was repeated several times, and each new jump
with calculated steadfastness brought them closer to our shore.
(26) When the ice floe, on which the goats were, approached the fateful
the place of collision with the shore, our skin ran cold from fear for their
fate: it was difficult to survive in such a hell of accumulated ice masses.
(27) Dry crackling, chaos of debris, suddenly rising up and crawling on
the icy edges of the cape, - and two black bodies lightly, like a thrown stone,
rushed to the shore.
(28) We, standing on the cape, involuntarily blocked the free passage for the goats.
(29) However, an intelligent animal, having decided to fight for life to the end, does not at all
afraid of us, enemies in everyday life, and did not think for a minute.
(30) I noticed the look of her round eyes, looking with some strange
confidence, and then she rushed herself and sent the youngest straight to us.
(31) From such courage and determination, even our big predatory dog
Polkan, instead of rushing at the prey, embarrassedly
lass. (32) And the older goat, carefully blocking the younger one, ran
past the dog, fearlessly touching his fur with his side ...
(33) − These poor animals have overcome so many dangers before our eyes
news ... (34) Here it is - the desire to live, - Sokolsky said thoughtfully,
our occasional companion when we hit the road again.
(35) − Have you noticed with what selflessness the eldest helped.

the youngest and how did you close the youngest from the dog? (36) Here it is - the desire to save ...
(37) Will every person do it under such circumstances?
(38) - Any mother, I think ... - I said, smiling.

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A mother's love is perhaps one of the strongest feelings all over the world. Next to her, nothing can compare. From Pocon centuries, mother was always ready to go anything for your child.

It is this problem that Vladimir Galaktionovich Korolenko raises in this text. Perhaps this is the problem that is relevant today. The author tells us about two fragile goats who are stuck on an ice floe. "One of the goats was larger, the other smaller. We assumed that they were mother and daughter," the text says.. Thereafter, the elder goat carefully blocked the youngest when they ran past the dog. In the final part of the text, Korolenko draws attention to the mother who protects her daughter., whether it's a person or not. "-Have you noticed with what dedication the older one helped the younger one and how she closed the younger one from the dog? Here it is - the desire to save ... Will every person do this under such circumstances? - Every mother, I think ..." - it is said in text. Indeed, any mother will protect his child. The author believes that the mother is ready for anything, even risk for your child.

write out metaphors from the text. 1. It is difficult to stay at home on the first winter day. 2. We went to forest lakes. 3. It was solemn in the forests ... about light and quiet. 4.

Day (as if) dozed off. 5. Only snowflakes fell from a cloudy high sky. 6. We carefully ... breathed on them and they ... turned ... into clean droplets of water, then they became cloudy, see ... burst and rolled down to the ground like beads. 7. We (not) hurriedly wandered through the forests until dusk, walked around familiar places. 8. Old sn ... weights sat ruffled ... on snow-covered mountain ash. 9. We plucked a few bunches of seized ... oh frost rowan. 10. A lot of duckweed always swam on a small lake ... Larin's pond. 11. This (hour) the water in the lake was black ... black transparent all the duckweed sank to the bottom by winter. 12. Off the shores of the nar ... was a glass ... layer of ice. 13. The ice was so transparent that it was difficult to notice even (in) near it. 14. I saw a flock of boats off the coast and threw a small stone at them. 15. A stone fell on the ice; 16. We broke off individual pieces of ice with our hands. 17. They crunched and left ... on the fingers a mixed ... smell of snow and lingonberries. 18. The sky overhead was very bright white, and towards the horizon it thickened and its color reminded ... sv ... net. 19. (From) there were slow ... snow clouds. 20. It was getting darker and quieter in the forests, and finally thick snow began to fall. 21. He that ... l in the blue (black ... rny) water sh ... boiled his face with ... he sprinkled with gray smoke of the forest. 22. Winter began ... to rule over the earth.

Open the brackets, fill in the missing letters. 1. The shores are changing, others are sailing (to) meet

2. We wanted to understand (in) the mystery surrounding this house.

3. (B) close to the banks of the Aldan, forests rushed past, striking in their majestic beauty.

4. This city is a steppe mirage, which has emerged (into) a dense, quite tangible form.

5. The expedition had to go down (along) that slope (to) down.

6. (At) the top turned out to be a (not) large dark window.

7. (At) the end of the year it was planned to hold a competition.

8. (At) the end, five friends were together again.

Which sentence is not spelled together? a) On the shelf I saw several books (not) read by me. b) Among other finds was a wooden

box, closed and (not) damaged.

c) (Not) those who passed the medical examination were not allowed to take the exam.

d) The guilt of the defendant is (not) proven.

2) In what case is it written NN?

The newcomer's appearance was sloppy: for a long time the (1) shoes were lace up (2) to half, the (3) elm (4) sweater hung in a shapeless bag.

a) 1, 2, 3; c) 2, 3;

3) In which sentence is the highlighted definition isolated? (No punctuation marks.)

a) The banks of the Lena left and right steep and completely covered with forest.

b) The common people here wear woven from light cane hats.

c) teacher Russian language and literature Sergei Danilovich came to our school recently.

d) Red brick building with massive gates turned out to be a tobacco factory.

4) Point out the sentence with a grammatical error.

but) Special place Pushkin's work is occupied by works that reflect the historical past.

b) A special place in Pushkin's work is occupied by works that reflect the historical past.

c) Pushkin has several works in which the past is displayed.

d) Pushkin has works that reflect our past.

5) What is the complexity of the proposal?

We were completely lost, but, fortunately, we met two compatriots who accompanied us to the hotel.

but) homogeneous members And introductory word;

b) homogeneous members, isolated circumstance and definition;

c) a separate circumstance and a separate definition;

d) homogeneous members, an introductory word and a separate definition.

6) Which digits should be replaced with a comma?

Written by Voltaire (1) "History of Charles 12" (2) is part of a multi-volume collected works (3) published in Paris (4) at the beginning of the century.

b) 2, 3; d) 3.4.

7) In which sentence is it not written separately?

a) It was hot, (un)usual for these places.

b) The owner appeared, sleepy and (not) shaved.

c) (Not) accustomed to independent work children have difficulty learning school course.

d) Previously, this disease was considered completely (in)curable.

8) In what case is it written nn?

The lake was right behind the meadow, sowing (1) clover, but it was forbidden for us (3) to walk along some (2) meadows, and there was no protopt (4) path nearby.

a) 1, 4; c) 3.4;

July is hot and I want to swim, and that's the luck of me and my sisters were invited to go for a swim at Lake Aslykul Lake Aslykul

the largest in Bashkiria, we arrived at the water and beckoned us to itself, we decomposed and decided to bask in the sun so that we would even more want to swim there on the lake, I sunbathed, swam and splashed, my sisters and I swam on an air mattress and much more, you never know what you can do on on the lake you can sit on the shore and watch how a marvelous beautiful pair of swans swims splashes and spreads across the wide lake as the sun sets and a wonderful sunset is reflected in the water and of course you can just breathe yes yes just breathe fresh clean air you never know what you can do on the lake, you can lie down, listen to the splash of water and the joyful laughter of children and think how good it is to live

You need commas in sentences separated by members

1. Returning from the bazaar (1), a woman met (2) a preoccupied (3) son.

2. The forest (1) dressed in silver hoarfrost (2) surrounded us (3) shaking (4) with snow-covered tops.

3. Humbling (1) cars (2) gray from dust and dirt (3) slowly moved along the highway.

4. Dew-silvered (1) leaves (2) swayed slightly (3) shedding damp dust (4) and (5) sparkling with a golden sheen.

5. The wind (1) is angry and cold (2) sadly (3) sang its song (4) similar to the howl (5) of a hungry wolf.

6. From trees (1) shrouded in light fog (2) and from ferns (3) large sprays fell.

7. Across the river (1) smoking (2) someone's lonely and sad fire was burning (3).

8. The highway went south (1) passing villages (2) visible (3) either to the right (4) or to the left of the road.

9. Danko rushed forward (1) high (2) holding a burning heart (3) and (4) lighting the way for people with it.

10. From the linden alley (1), spinning (2) and overtaking each other (3), yellow round leaves (4) flew and (5) getting wet (6) lay down on the wet road (7) and on the wet dark green grass of the meadow.

11. We (1) having worked during the day (2) tired (3) and (4) lulled by the sound of rain (5) quickly fell asleep.

12. Thickets (1) strewn with large (2) in a fist (3) red

(4) colors (5) were visible in the distance.

13. On the lake (1) among green forests (2) white water lilies (3) like stars (4) bloomed.

14. Bathed in sunshine (1), the waters sparkled (2) like melted silver (3) and (4) stunned by the opened picture