Adverb. §5: Adjectives and adverbs

07.12.2020

§ 5. Adjectives. Adverbs

5.1. Adjectives in the Tatar language are grammatically similar to adverbs in Russian, i.e. they do not change either in numbers or in cases, and have only degrees of comparison.

To form degrees of comparison of qualitative adjectives in the Tatar language, the following are used:

a) affix -rak/-рәк in the formation of a comparative degree;

b) particles bik, yn in the formation of superlatives;

c) paired forms also serve to form superlatives;

d) affixes -gylt / -gelt / -kylt / -kelt, -su, -syl and others when forming a diminutive form.

Paired superlatives of adjectives are used very often. They can be translated in different ways depending on the context: yam-yashel can be translated: very green, green-very green, etc. In the table, we tried to convey only the general stylistic coloring pair forms. The first components of paired forms, as a rule, contain the first sound or the beginning of the first syllable of the meaning-bearing component and usually end in the sound [p]. There are some exceptions - yam-yashel.

The diminutive degree in each case is formed in its own way, so you will be forced to memorize each form separately as needed. Not all qualitative adjectives form this form. It is peculiar in the main "color" adjective:

to specific properties Tatar language, and in particular, the Tatar adjective should be attributed to conversion - the transition of a word from one part of speech to another without a formal change. This is also in Russian: worker (adjective) and worker (noun); canteen (adjective) and canteen (noun). But in the Tatar language, this process is of a large-scale nature. You need to pay special attention to the transition of nouns into relative adjectives:

5.2. Adverbs and adjectives of the Tatar language are formally similar to each other. They easily pass into each other without changes (more often adjectives into adverbs). Only the adverb reveals the meaning of the verb, and the adjective reveals the meaning of the noun or pronoun.

Yakhshi machine. - Good car.

Yakhshi Ashley. - Works well.

We have noticed that students without much effort catch this difference in the course of the text.

In the Tatar language, most adjectives and adverbs are derivatives. You will get acquainted with the basic word-formation means in the course of work on the Basic Course.

THE EXERCISE

Put the adjectives in the forms of degrees of comparison and translate:

Sample: zur - zurrak (more); bik zur (very large); inzur (the biggest).

Kyzyl (red); kara (black); kechkenә (small); ak (white); yakhshi (good); nachar (bad).

Topic 4. Pronoun.

The student must know:

Morphological features of pronouns,

ranks of pronouns,

Declension of pronouns.

Pronouns in the Tatar language are used instead of independent words, but they do not name them and do not determine their content.

The following categories of pronouns are distinguished:

The name of the categories of pronouns
Personal (zat almashliklari)	min - I; sin - you; st - he (she, it); without - we; sez - you; alar - they.
Indicative (kүrsәtu almashlyklary)	bu - this (this, these); shul - this one; st it; tege – that one; shundy, andy, mondy - like that.
Interrogative (sorau almashlyklary)	by whom? - who? nərsə? - what? nichek? - how? kaida? - where? Kaichan? - when? Nick? - why? nindi? - which? kaisa? - which the?
Collective (җyyu almashlyklary)	uz - own, barcha, barlyk, һәmә - everything, һәr, һәrber - each, etc.
Indefinite (bilgesezlek almashlyklary)	nindider - some, kemder - someone, әllа kaychan - once, аllа nichek - somehow, ber - someone, etc.
Negative (yuklyk almashlyklary)	berkem - nobody, hichkem - nobody, berkade - nowhere, hichkaida - nowhere, bernarsә - nothing, etc.

Many pronouns take the possessive affix and decline in cases:

Declension of pronouns min, st, uz (I, he, myself)

case
Basic		st - he, she, it	үzem - (I) myself (a)
Possessive	minem - at me, mine	anyң - from him, him, her, her	үzemneң - at the self, at the very
Directional	mina - me	ana - to him, to her	үzemә - most, most
Accusative	mine - me	ana - his, her	uzemne - most, herself
original	minnan - from me, from me	annan - from him, from him, from her, from her	үzemnәn - from oneself, from oneself
local-temporal	minda - at me, on me	anda - on him, on her, on him, on her	үzemdә - at the very, on the very, at (on) the very

1. Decline pronouns without , sez , st by cases

2. Choose pronouns for the verbs ashym, yazasyn, barabyz, kitte, aytmäs, birersen.

3. Translate Russian phrases into Tatar in one word, putting the appropriate possessive affixes after the nouns. Put them in the directive case.

His friend, my father, their house, our team, your song, your sister, my business, her hair, your finger.

4. Decline pronouns hichkem , Bernards , by cases and compositionmake suggestions with them.

5. Rewrite the text, inserting the demonstrative pronouns given in brackets, in the correct case.

Bu ... (without) fatirybyz. Menә ... (bu) torus cabinet, ... (tege) sofa ... (bu) uryndyklar, ... (tege) өstәl. Karavat yoky bүlmаsendә. Cue cabinets yes ... (shul). Stenaga rәsem elengәn... (st) enem yasada.

Topic 5. Adjective and its ranks.

The student must know:

Morphological features of adjectives,

Degrees of adjectives.

In the Tatar language, adjectives denote signs of objects, do not have formal indicators, always precede the word being defined, and do not agree with the noun: zaңgәr chachәk- blue flower zәңgәr chәchәklәrҙ- blue flowers.

The quality differs asyl) and relative ( nisby) adjectives, and qualitative ones have four degrees:

Degree name

exponents

Examples

Positive

(Gadi dәrәҗә)

matur - beautiful

sary - yellow

tүgәrәk - round

Comparative

(Chagyshtyru dәrәҗәse)

matur-rak - more beautiful

sary-rak - yellower.

tүgәrәg-rәk - rounder

excellent

(Artiklyk dәrәҗәse)

a) partial repetition of the basis;

b) amplifying particles: iң - the most, bik - very, үtә - over

sap-sary - very yellow

tүp-tүgәrәk - the most round

bik matur - very handsome

inzur - the largest

үtә sizger - hypersensitive

Diminutive - from adjectives expressing color

(Kimlek dәrәҗәse)

kylt/-kelt

Gelt/-gelt

Syl / - sat, - su

sar-gylt - yellowish

al-su - pinkish

ak-syl - whitish

zәңgәr-su - bluish

Relative adjectives express the external, inorganic properties of objects in relation to other objects, material, composition, place, time, etc.: machines - having a car urmanly- having a forest җimeshle - having berries, tongues- spring, өydege - home, tesses - toothless, ellyk - yearly, yearly, etc.

The Tatar language borrowed many relative adjectives from Russian (sometimes in a truncated form): realist, active, musical, politician, physicist, revolutionary, agrarian etc.; from Arabic: Adabi- literary, iҗtimagy - public, gyilmi - scientific, dini- religious, etc.

Assignments for independent work.

1.To the names of birdsAdd adjectives, then make sentences.

2. Form all possible degrees of adjectives, make sentences.

Koran, shayan, zәңgәr, tөche, kin, taza, әybat, ak, kyzyl, nәzek, oly, bәlәkәy, yalangach, sory, tours, salkyn, kainar, sary, ozyn, kakre, tүgәrәk.

3 .Form the comparative degree of adjectives.

Kyzyl, ak, tämle, zur, kechkenә, biek, tәbәnәk, kochle.

4. Form a superlative degree of adjectives:

Guzal, bark, nachar, җiңel, sary, tamsez, zur, kyibat , ak, әche, ere, yomshak, fidals.

5. Imagine you are on a tour of your city. How will you tell about it?Specify adjectives

Topic 6. Adverb.

The student must know:

Morphological features of adverbs,

Classes of adverbs.

An adverb expresses a sign of an action or a sign of a sign and is an invariable part of speech. The semantic classification of adverbs is reflected in the following scheme:

Ranks of adverbs	Examples
1. Mode of action (saf raveshlar)	tyn - quietly, әkren - slowly, shәp - good, җәyaү - on foot, kinәt - suddenly, annan-monnan - somehow, etc.
2. Measures and degrees (kulәm-chama rәveshlәre)	az - little, kүp - a lot, botenlәy - at all, beraz - a little, bik - very much, tāmam - completely, baitak - quite a lot, etc.
3. Comparisons (ohshatu-chagyshtyru rәveshlәre)	keshelәrchә - like a human being, tolkedәy - like a fox, timerdәy - like iron, kaһarmannarcha - heroically, etc.
4. Places (uryn raveshlare)
5. Time (vakyt rәveshlәre)	bersekҩngә - the day after tomorrow, bugen - today. irtәgә - tomorrow, byel - today, kichә - yesterday, kyshyn - in winter, etc.
6. Reasons and goals	yuri - out of spite, zerәgә - in vain, yucca - in vain, bush - useless, tick - so-so, etc.

The adverb constantly characterizes the verb and more often refers to it, acts as various circumstances. Adverbs, as in Russian, do not decline, usually precede the verb.

Assignments for independent work.

1. Specify adverbs. Translate the sentences into Russian.

Ochrashyrga vakyt az kaldy. Sin aldan bar! Beraz kotep tor ale. Biredә rәkhәt. Min sezne bөtenlәy hәterlәmim. Kochka sezne ezlәp taptym. Sez ruscha bik yakhshy sөylәshәsez. Street bezgә sirak kilә. Min tiz kaityrmyn. Tizdan җәy җitә. Khazer son inde. Talinkә chelpәrәmә kilep vatyldy. Sin bu shigyrne yattan belesenme? Tram bik akren bar. Aide, җәyaү kaitabyz!

2. Read the story of G. Tukay "Yaz". Find adverbs you know.

Yaz mart aennan bashlana.

Inde kon urtalarynda koyash shakty җylyta heady.

Koyash inde kүktә, kyshtagy kebi kүrenep kenә kitmichә, ozak tora heady. Shunlyktan könnär ozaya, tonnär kyskar.

Karlar, bozlar erilar. Su өstendә koymәlәr, steamer, ak faruslar payda bula.

3. Form adverbs from numerals.

4. Compose or select 6 sentences from fiction in which adverbs of all categories would be used. Specify the categories of adverbs.

5. Write down 10 adverbs from the dictionary, make sentences with them.

Topic 7. Verb. Verb conjugations. The present tense of the verb.

The student must know:

Morphological features of the verb,

Present tense verb endings

Conjugation for persons and numbers.

The verb denotes the action or state of a person, object, phenomenon and is characterized in the Tatar language by the category of affirmation and negation, moods, categories of person, number, time, pledge and the degree of action.

The negative form is formed by adding affixes to the stem of the verb -ma/-ma, and the stress falls on the syllable before this affix: kuy - kuyma(put it - don't put it) at - atma(drop - don't drop) сөй – сөймә(love - do not love).

The verb has conjugated personal ( soothing) and non-conjugated impersonal ( zatlanyshsyz) forms. Conjugates include the indicative ( hikaya figul), imperative ( boeryk bullshit), desired ( telak figyl) and conditional ( shart bullshit) mood of the verb, to non-conjugated - participle ( syyfat bullshit), gerund ( Khal figyl), action name ( isem bullshit), infinitive.

The conjugated stem of the present tense ( Khazerge Zaman) is formed from the stem of the verb by means of an affix -а/-ә(if the stem ends in a consonant): cal - cal-a(remains); through the affix th/-s(if the stem ends in a vowel): sail - sail-th(chooses) eshl - eshl-i(working)

Conjugation table of present tense verbs for persons and numbers in positive and negative aspects

positive form	negative form
	single number	multiple number	single number	multiple number
	sail-th-m (choose)	bel-ә-without (we know) sail-th-byz (choose)	sayla-m-th-m (do not choose)	white-m-and-without (don't know) sayla-m-th-byz (do not choose)
	bel-ә-sen (you know) sail-th - son (you choose)	bel-ә-sez syl-th-syz (choose)	bel-m-i-sen (you do not know) sayla-m-y-son (do not choose)	bel-m-i-sez (do not know) sayla-m-th-syz (do not choose)
	sail-th (chooses)	bel-ә-lәr sail-th-lar (choose)	(does not know) sayla-m-th (does not choose)	bel-m-i-lar (do not know) sayla-m-th-lar (do not choose)

Assignments for independent work.

1. Find the stems of the verbs and put them into temporary forms:
Sample: kilu (come) - kil (come); kīlė (comes); kilde (came); kilgan (came, it turns out); Keeler (will come); kilachek (will definitely come).
sanau (count); yazu (to write); kalu (to stay); betu (end); bashlanu (begin); chigu (go out).
2. Conjugate the following verbs for persons and numbers.

Yasama, uinama, eshlәmә, bir, kil, asha, yaza , өyrәnә , white , soyli.

3. Verbs : uylarga , sөylәrҙ , ezlargә , kararga will conjugatebin otrynominalinfusiontime.

4. Make up a short story on the topic “Tabyn yanynda pokhta bul”. Use the verbs yu, sөrt, utyr, al, that, asha, аyt.

5. Form a negative form of the verb.

Yozә, җyydy, uylagan, bulyshyr, kitty, yazdy, belgan.

Topic 8. Past tense of the verb.

The student must know:

Past tense verb endings

Conjugation for persons and numbers.

past indefinite(bilgesez yaks natiҗәle үtkәn zaman) expresses an action that the speaker himself did not see; it is formed by adding affixes to the stem of the verb -gan/-gan(after voiced consonants and vowels), - kan/-kan(after voiceless consonants):

Singular

Plural

yaz-gan-myn (I wrote, it turns out)

sip-kan-men (I watered, it turns out)

yaz-gan-byz (we wrote, it turns out)

sip-kan-without (we watered, it turns out)

yaz-gan-syn (you wrote, it turns out)

sip-kan-sen (you watered, it turns out)

yaz-gan-syz (you wrote, it turns out)

sip-kan-sez (you watered, it turns out)

yaz-gan (he wrote, it turns out)

sip-kan (he poured, it turns out)

yaz-gan-nar (they wrote, it turns out)

sip-kan-nar (they watered, it turns out)

Unlike Russian, the Tatar language has several more complex past tenses:

1) past continuous ( tamamlanmagan utkәn zaman): bar ide - walked; soyli ide - told (a);

2) long past ( kүptәn үtkәn zaman): bargan ide - walked sөylәgәn ide- told (a);

3) past multiple tense ( kabatlauly utkan zaman): bara thorgan ide- walked (a); soyli torgan ide- used to tell (a).

These compound past tense forms are formed by adding an auxiliary verb idea to verb forms -a, -gan, -a thorgan. It is also characteristic that only auxiliary idea.

Singular

past continuous

long gone

Past

multiple

let's go bar

I went

bargan go

I walked (then)

bara thorgan let's go

I used to go

bar ideas

did you go

bargan idea

you walked (then)

bar torgan ideas

you used to go

bar ide

He went

bargan ide

he walked (then)

bara thorgan ide

he used to go

Plural

past continuous

long gone

Past

multiple

bar idek

we went

bargan idek

we walked (then)

bara thorgan idek

we used to go

bara ideas

did you go

bargan idegez

you walked (then)

bara thorgan ideas

you used to go

baralar ide

they walked

bargannar ide

they walked (then)

bara torgannar ide

they used to go

Assignments for independent work.

1. Conjugate verbsin the past time:

kiendeme, tyңladymy, аytteme, bardymy, eshlәdem, ukydymy.

2. Make sentences using the wordchonks and verbs in –gan ide/ - gan ide.

3. Form certain past tenses of verbs and compositionbthose suggestions.

Kil, al, ashla, siz, bashla.

4. Put these verbs in negative form.

Uky, аyt, al, sөylә, asha, yaz, atla, yuyn

5. Tell us about your visit to the concert, indicate the past tense of the verb.

Topic 9. The future tense of the verb.

The student must know:

Future tense verb endings

Conjugation for persons and numbers.

Future(kilachek zaman) has 3 forms: future indefinite ( bilgesez kilachek zaman), categorical future ( bilgele kilachek zaman) and the future in the past ( kilаchәk-үtkәn zaman).

The future indefinite tense expresses an action that will take place after the moment of speech, but of which the speaker is not entirely sure. This time is formed by adding affixes -R(after vowels) and -ar/әr, -yr/-er(after consonants). negative form -mass/-mass in the 2nd and 3rd persons.

Singular

Plural

yazarmyn

I will write apparently

yazmam(un)

I won't write apparently

Yazarbyz

we will probably write

yazmabyz

we will not write

Yazarsyn

you will probably write

yazmassyn

you probably won't write

yazarsyz

you write apparently

jazmassyz

you do not write, apparently

yazar

he will probably write

yazmas

he won't write

yazarlar

they will probably write

yazmaslar

they won't write

Singular

positive form	negative form
Min kite-achak-myn	kite-ma-yachak-myn
I'll be back (required)	I will not be back
Sin kite-achak-syn	kite-ma-yachak-son
You will be back (required)	you won't come back
Ul kite-achak	st kite-ma-yachak
He'll be back (required)	he will not return

Plural

Without kite-achak-byz	kite-ma-yachak-byz
We will be back (required)	we won't be back
Sez kite-achak-syz	kite-ma-yachak-syz
You will be back (required)	you won't come back
Alar kite-achak-lar	kite-ma-yachak-lar
They'll be back (required)	they won't come back

Future in the past expresses a process that was to be carried out in the future, but which is transferred to the past. Formed by adding an affix to the stem of the verb -achak + ide, -әchәk + ide, - yachak + ide, yachҙk + ide: baracak ide(he had to go) sөylәyachәk ide(he should have said):

Assignments for independent work.

Yat, uky, asha, bir, white.

2. Say which form of past or future tenses would you use in the following sentences in Tatar: We went to the cinema yesterday. Next year, maybe he will go to university. He will probably go to the countryside next week. Tomorrow will be Friday. Maybe it will snow tomorrow. Blew in the morning cold wind. Pushkin was born in 1799.
3. Translate the verb forms (use additional words to convey certainty-uncertainty): bara (to go); uylada (think); sin eshlәgәnsen (to do); without kitәchәkbez (leave); alar sanar (count); sez kilersez (come); Chykkan st. (get out).
4. Form negative forms of the verb. Read the resulting pairs aloud several times.:
ashli - ashlami; bards; bar; kilgan; chyga; Chinese; sanar; yazam; yazachakmyn; ashlәgan; eshlәgәnsen; chyga; chygabyz.

5. Conjugate the verbs yatla, uky, elama, soyla in all three forms of the future tense.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR PERFORMING CONTROL WORK

The control work is carried out either in a separate notebook in a cage, or on A4 sheets, made on a computer.

Adverb. The word adverb (Greek 【πί〴〳ημα, Latin adverbium) actually means a verb (from 〳〟μα, verbum verb). But even Barsov in his grammar (XVIII century) noted that the etymological meaning of the term adverb does not correspond to later ... ... History of words

adverb- 1. ADVERB, I; cf. Lingu. The totality of local dialects or dialects of some l. languages that have dialectal features common to them. South Great Russian N. North Great Russian n. Celtic n. 2. ADVERB, I; cf. Lingu. Invariable part of speech... encyclopedic Dictionary

ADVERB- (tracing paper, Latin adverbium, Greek epirrhema), part of speech, a class of full-valued words, unchanged or changed only by degrees of comparison. Denotes a sign of an action or state (sings well, sleeps soundly) and a sign of quality (very ... ... Modern Encyclopedia

ADVERB- a group of dialects interconnected by a number of common phenomena ...

ADVERB- part of speech, a class of full-meaning words, unchanged or changed only by degrees of comparison. Designates a sign of action (state) or quality. In a sentence, it usually acts as a circumstance ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

ADVERB Dictionary Ushakov

ADVERB- 1. ADVERB1, adverbs, cf. (ling.). The totality of local dialects, dialects that have common features, the dialect is larger than the dialect. Okachee and akaya adverbs of the Russian language. 2. ADVERB2, adverbs, cf. (gram.). Invariable part of speech, ... ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

ADVERB 1- ADVERSE 1, I, cf. The totality of the territorial dialects of what n. language. North Great Russian n. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

ADVERB 2- ADVERSE 2, I, cf. In grammar: a part of speech denoting a sign of an action, another sign (quality, property), less often H of an object, for example. clear, loud, here, always, home, at night, soft-boiled. Pronominal adverbs (here, there, where, where, from where, ... ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

adverb- ADVERB, I, cf. The totality of the territorial dialects of what n. language. North Great Russian n. II. ADVERB, I, cf. In grammar: a part of speech denoting a sign of an action, another sign (quality, property), less often an object, for example. clear loud... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

Books

A set of tables. English language. Noun. Pronoun. Adverb (9 tables), . Educational album of 9 sheets. Art. 5-8658-009. Plural of nouns. Pronouns 1. Pronouns 2. Some/any. Adverbs. Nouns used only in singular… Buy for 2297 rubles
A set of tables. Russian language. Adverb. 6 tables + methodology, . Educational album of 6 sheets. The concept of adverb. Degrees of comparison of adverbs. NOT with adverbs ending in O, E. A hyphen between parts of words in adverbs. b after hissing at the end of the adverb. Morphological analysis ... Buy for 1532 rubles
Notes that guide to a thorough understanding of the Book of Genesis, including the translation of this book into the Russian dialect,. Notes that guide to a thorough understanding of the Book of Genesis, including the translation of this book into the Russian dialect / Spirits. acad. rector, archim. Filaret E 63/106: Moscow: Synod. a type.,…

Full text of the dissertation abstract on the topic "The structure and semantics of adverbs in the modern Tatar literary language"

SO ST. O;

as a manuscript

AKBEROVA ALFIRA GILMULOVNA

STRUCTURE7 AND SEMANTICS OF ADVERBS IN THE MODERN TATAR LITERARY LANGUAGE

10.02.02-LANGUAGES OF THE PEOPLES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION (TATAR LANGUAGE)

dissertations for competition degree candidate of philological sciences

Kazan -1998

The work was carried out in the Department of Lexicology and Lexicography of the Institute of Language, Literature and Art named after G. Ibragimov of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan.

scientific adviser

Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan, Doctor of Philology,

Candidate of Philology,

Associate Professor R.S. Abdullina

Lead Institution: Bashkir State University

The defense of the dissertation will take place on March 31, 1998 at 15:30 at a meeting of the dissertation council for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philology at the G. Ibragimov Institute of Language, Literature and Art of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan at the address: 420503, Kazan, st. .Lobachevsky,

The dissertation can be found in the Scientific Library of the Kazan Science Center Russian Academy of Sciences (Kazan, Lobachevsky st., 2/31).

Scientific secretary of the dissertation

Professor

F.A. Ganiev

Official Opponents

Doctor of Philology, Professor

F.Yu. Yusupov

Council of Candidate of Philological Sciences

Adverbs in modern Turkic languages are usually divided into primitive, morphologically inseparable at the present stage, and derivatives: suffixal and complex.

All Turkic languages present adverbs - isolated forms of spatial cases: dative-directive, local and original, adverbs, which are often elevated by researchers to relic case forms. In the Turkic languages, structural models of complex adverbs are observed, genetically ascending to word combinations various types. In all Turkic languages, paired dialects of the type are also noted: anda-monda, bugen-irtage, alli-artly.

In Turkology, there is no generally accepted semantic classification of adverbs yet. However, most researchers divide adverbs into two groups: attributive and adverbial. often in the first group there are still quantitative adverbs.

Adverbs of time, place, causes and conditions, purposes and effects are included in adverbs of adverbs.

In the modern Tatar language, the adverb is one of the least stable grammatical categories, which is expressed, firstly, in the constant retreat of part of the adverbs to functional words (postpositions, conjunctions, particles); secondly, adverbs, in some of their grammatical features, are close to adjectives and largely coincide with them morphologically and in terms of the functions performed in the sentence; thirdly, adverbs are in constant relationship with other parts of speech

(adjectives, nouns, verbs, etc.), which makes it difficult to establish lexical and grammatical boundaries between them. Some adverbs have both lexical and grammatical synonyms that go beyond this category.

3) the word formation of adverbs in some of its aspects also requires clarification;

4) individual syntactic functions of the adverbs of the Tatar language are not fully disclosed.

Find out and define the theoretical foundations for the allocation of adverbs both in Tatar linguistics and in Turkic studies; to single out, on the basis of the theoretical guidelines adopted in the work, the semantic groups of adverbs available in the Tatar language;

Describe the complete system category of comparison of adverbs of the Tatar language;

Find out, if possible, all the syntactic functions of the adverbs of the Tatar language.

Scientific novelty. In the dissertation, the adverbs of the modern Tatar language are described monographically for the first time: 1) studied in in full the history of the study of adverbs in Tatar linguistics; 2) the theoretical basis for the allocation of adverbs as a part of speech in the Tatar language is considered; 3) the paper considers in great detail the semantic classification of adverbs on the basis of unified and clear criteria, highlights new semantic groups of adverbs with subgroups; 4) the word formation of adverbs is studied as a system with the inclusion of all its methods, including conversion.

Theoretical and practical significance. The study of dialects of the Tatar language has an important theoretical and practical value. The paper reveals the specificity of adverbs as a part of speech in the Tatar language, which expands the source base for further research.

studies of parts of speech in the Tatar language. The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that the results of the study are of applied importance for teaching the Tatar language; they can be used in the preparation teaching aids and grammar for universities, as well as when writing an academic grammar of the Tatar language. The obtained theoretical conclusions of the dissertation can be used in the study of the typology of Turkic and other foreign languages.

Materials and sources. The work was written on the basis of a card file compiled by the author by a continuous selection of adverbs from "Tatar telelenen, atzlatmaly suzlege" (in 3 volumes), K., 1977-1981, Tatarcha-ruscha suzlek, M., 1966, Tatarcha-ruscha suzlek, K., 1995, Russian-Tatar dictionary, K., 1955, Russian-Tatar dictionary, M., 1991, Russian-English dictionary, M., 1981, 1990. The study is based on the material of the Tatar literary language and its dialects taken from specialized literature, the press and folklore. All examples in Tatar are given with translation into Russian. In a number of cases, Tatar words are translated literally to preserve and accurate transmission features of the original.

Materials of related Turkic languages are involved, as well as typological parallels in unrelated languages.

Approbation. Scientific results research was reported at the final scientific conferences of the Institute of Language, Literature and Art. G. Ibragimova of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan (1995-1997), at scientific and practical conferences at the Elabuga State Pedagogical Institute (1991-1997), at the International Congress of Turkologists (Ufa, 1997), at the regional scientific and practical conference (Elabuga, 1997). Articles and abstracts of reports have been published on the topic of the dissertation.

Work structure. The work consists of an introduction, five chapters, a conclusion, a bibliography and an appendix (Tatar-Russian-English Dictionary of Adverbs).

In the "Introduction" the choice of topic is justified and the goals and objectives of the study are formed, the relevance and scientific novelty, and the practical value of the work are revealed.

The first chapter deals with the following issues: the history of the study of dialects in Turkic studies and in Tatar linguistics. The adverb as a grammatical category was studied already in the 19th century as the grammars of the Turkic languages were compiled.

In 1846, A. Kazembek's "General Grammar of the Turkish-Tatar Languages" was published, where a special chapter is devoted to adverbs.

In 1869, members of the Altai Mission in Kazan published the Grammar of the Altai Language. The authors of this grammar include interjections, adverbs, postpositions, and conjunctions as “particles”.

them on the basis of Altaic, Uighur, Turkish, Uzbek and Kazakh languages. By the beginning of the twentieth century, Turkologists singled out the dialect as independent part speech, although some researchers limited themselves to only individual morphological indicators, while others noted their functional and semantic features, there were also attempts to classify according to those and other features. But in general, the category of adverbs has not been comprehensively studied in the Turkic languages. The lack of correct criteria for determining individual parts of speech has led to some erroneous phenomena when classifying a particular group of words as an adverb. These problems were indicated in the works of A. Kazembek, S. B. Yastremsky, A. Borovkov, N. K. Dmitriev, N. P. Dyrenkova, L. N. Kharitonov, P. Azymov, F. G. Iskhakov, A. N .Kononova, L.A. Pokrovskaya, N.A. Baskakova, S.A. Gochiyaeva, E. Jamaldinova, S. Kurenova, Z.Z. Absalyamova,

A.N. Iskakova and others.

The adverb occupies a certain place among other parts of speech and is distinguished by a variety of functions in the Tatar language. Its study begins in early XIX century. So, in the grammar of I. Giganov "Grammar of the Tatar language" (1801) for the first time the adverb is mentioned as a part of speech.

A certain attention was paid to the dialect in Tatar linguistics in the works of I. Giganov, I. Khalfin, A. Troyansky, K. Nasyri, G. Nugaybek, G. Alparov, M. Kurbangaliev, R. Gaziz, L. Zalyai,

V.N.Hangildina, D.G.Tumasheva, A.M.Latypova, K.Z.Zinnatullina and others.

In "Tatar Grammar" (K., 1993), the adverb is defined as an independent part of speech, which denotes non-procedural signs of action, state and quality: it is noted that, in terms of lexical and grammatical meaning, adverbs are close to adjectives.

Chapter two. This chapter deals with the theoretical foundations of the allocation of adverbs as an independent part of speech in Turkic studies and in Tatar linguistics.

The signs by which this or that part of speech is determined are not something uniform for all languages. On the contrary, they are closely dependent on the general conditions of the structure of the language. They cannot be the same, for example, for the Russian language, which has a developed morphological system, and for English, in which the forms of inflection are very few, and for the Turkic languages, which belong to another morphological type - agglutinative-analytical, where the characteristic morphological feature is the implementation of word formation and inflection by adding single-valued suffixes that have a strict sequence.

In Turkology, the issue of adverbs has not yet been finally resolved, the problem remains open, although in the existing grammars of many languages, the characteristic of adverbs is given a certain place. There is an opinion that the problem of the adverb, as a part of speech, is objectively difficult and complex.

The studies of the Turkologists of the last century are of great scientific value for Turkology, so here we see the first attempts to systematize the grammatical structure of a single Turkic language, although the conclusions do not always meet the requirements modern science. The solution to the problem of identifying an adverb as a part of speech is reflected in the works of A. Bain, G. Suit, V.N. Zhigadlo, L.V. Shcherba,

A.I. Iskakov, V.N. Zhirmunsky, V.A. Bogoroditsky,

V.A. Gordlevsky, A.N. Samoilovich, A.K. Borovkov, N.K. Dmitriev, V.M. Nasilov, E.V. Sevortyan, A.N. Kononov, N.A. Baskakov, L. N. Kharitonova, S. A. Gochiyaeva and others.

For many years, the grammar of the Tatar language has been based on the traditional classification by parts of speech. We all use this classification, it is firmly rooted in school and university textbooks, normative, theoretical and historical grammars of the Tatar language. Familiar categories fall within the usual framework, and we have become so accustomed to some contradictions and ambiguities that at best they are stipulated, or even not noticed at all.

Many grammarians note the difficulty of separating adverbs into a separate part of speech. This is due to the heterogeneity of groups of words that are usually referred to as adverbs, the lack of common positive paradigmatic features that are relevant for this part of speech and common to all types of adverbs, as well as the lack of a single semantic criterion and the impossibility of bringing all types of adverbs under one syntactic category.

An adverb is considered to be an invariable part of speech, the meaning of which is reduced to the designation of a sign of a process, a sign of an action or a sign of a sign. There is a point of view that the term “invariable” cannot be attributed to an adverb, since the suffixes of comparing adverbs are structurally close to inflection and create a system, a paradigm of forms that cannot but be considered forms of inflection. This position is contested primarily by the fact that the degrees of comparison do not characterize the entire class, but only a group of qualitative adverbs. Like adjectives in a positive degree, adverbs represent a feature beyond comparison, however comparative characterized by comparison with other features, and highest degree quality is defined in superlatives.

The set of considered features, namely lexical meaning, syntactic functions and morphological structure of adverbs gives good reasons for separating adverbs into an independent part of speech.

The third chapter deals with the semantic categories of adverbs. Our material allows us to establish such general semantic groups in the Tatar language as:

defining adverbs,

Circumstance adverbs.

Defining adverbs determine the quality of an action or state or indicate quantitative actions, properties, a sign of a state (degree of quality, intensity of action, etc.). Accordingly, two subgroups of definitive adverbs are distinguished:

Adverbs of manner or mode of action,

Quantitative adverbs.

Adverbs of image or mode of action express qualitative characteristic actions or states of the subject. These adverbs have several subgroups:

a) adverbs expressing the quality of the action: bushlay "for free",

b) adverbs expressing the way of performing an action;

c) adverbs expressing the method, form of the action;

d) adverbs expressing the intensity of the action: shaulap "stormy",

e) adverbs, similitudes, comparisons: irlerche "like a man",

f) adverbs expressing the physical condition of a person;

g) adverbs expressing the mental state of a person;

h) adverbs expressing the reproduction of speech in a particular language, observing the rules of a particular language: Tatar "in Tatar",

i) adverbs expressing an action performed by a group, and not by a single person: bergv "together", bergelep "together".

Quantitative adverbs express a qualitative characteristic of an action, property, state, indicating the intensity of the action and state or the degree of quality and attribute. They are divided into the following groups: a) adverbs expressing action in quantitatively; . b) adverbs expressing the magnitude of the action: aylap "monthly",

c) adverbs expressing actions that take place in full: betenley "completely", tulysyncha "in full".

d) adverbs expressing the multiplicity of an action.

Circumstantial adverbs are indicators of temporal and spatial relations, indicating the circumstances under which an action is performed or a state exists.

Adverbs of place express the place or direction of action. There are several varieties of adverbs of place: a) adverbs expressing the place of the action;

b) adverbs expressing actions taking place in a certain place: shushynda "here", moida "here", sulda "to the left",

c) adverbs expressing an action emanating from a certain place;

d) adverbs expressing the direction of action: sulga "to the left",

e) adverbs expressing actions that take place at some distance from a certain place: chitten "from afar",

e) adverbs expressing actions taking place in a circular direction: tireli "around".

Adverbs of time characterize actions or states in relation to time. They specify the moment of performing an action or being in a certain state. Accordingly, the following groups of adverbs of time are distinguished:

a) adverbs indicating the correlation of an action or state with the moment of speech: bugen "today", hvzer "now",

b) adverbs expressing the precedence of a given action or

states to another action: al dan "earlier", elek "earlier",

c) adverbs indicating that a given action or state will occur after another action or a certain point in time;

d) adverbs indicating the correlation of an action with a certain point in time: kvndez "day", tenle "night",

e) adverbs indicating the completion of an action;

f) adverbs indicating the duration or duration of an action or state: kvnozyn "all day1,

g) adverbs expressing actions that can never happen: Iichzaman "never", ichkaychan "never",

h) adverbs expressing more or less frequent repetition of an action: kvnaralash "every other day", kaychak "sometimes",

i) adverbs emphasizing the instantaneous action or occurrence of a state: kinetten "suddenly", shunduk "immediately".

j) adverbs expressing the parallelism of an action.

Adverbs of consequence express the consequence of an action.

Adverbs of reason indicate the cause, the reason for which an action occurs or occurs.

Adverbs of condition indicate the accompanying conditions of the action in progress.

Adverbs of purpose indicate the expediency and inexpediency of the action being performed.

The fourth chapter includes three sections and is devoted to word formation and the structure of adverbs. It also concerns the question of the degree of comparison of adverbs.

Adverbs in the Turkic languages were replenished and replenished from the reserves of nouns, adjectives, numerals, interjections, verbs.

parts of speech. Spreading and multiplying at the expense of other categories of Turkic languages, adverbs do not lose their functional connection with them.

The separation of modal words, words of the category of state and particles from the class of adverbs into separate parts of speech has somewhat facilitated the task of the modern researcher. Nevertheless, even now the adverb as a part of speech continues to unite a heterogeneous group of words.

The structure of adverbs. Adverbs, like other parts of speech, are divided into root, suffix, compound.

The most ancient dialects are referred to as root dialects. Many modern root dialects are found almost unchanged in ancient Turkic monuments.

Root adverbs are included in the main vocabulary of the Tatar language. According to our data, over 200 adverbs in the Tatar language function as root. Naturally, they are recognized as adverbs and are the main core of the class of adverbs as parts of speech. There are two types of root adverbs:

unconditionally root, such as: az "little", to blame "very", vrak "far", esh "often", yush "menyle", tshk "simply", ozak "long";

adverbs that historically represent derivative words, but according to the rules of the modern Tatar language, are morphologically inseparable, such as: shakty "enough", vire "here", tagy "still \ inde" now", / sdiylyu "suddenly", cholgaya "backwards", elek earlier", yuga-ry "high".

Suffix adverbs are adverbs consisting of a root and a word-forming suffix, easily separable from the root and usually used to form other adverbs.

The Tatar language has a significant number of suffix adverbs. According to our observations, their number reaches over 350. The most common and productive are the following suffixes:

ChaAche: without te "in our opinion", legal "according to the law" yamg / shrcha "in Tatar-ski", kisekchv "e completely, svilvshkoncho by agreement";

Lata/-letv: akchalata "with money", beteyalete "entirely", yashellete in green form, kureletyo on purpose", scheyauletyo on foot", unlata "ten men";

Lai / -lay: berenchelvy "j0-11b, rb \ x \ urtalai" in half, bushlay "free", tegeler? differently", irtelay prematurely";

Lap / -lap. aman "for months", bashaklap "grain by grain", bergvlap "together", bishlvp "five five", balloon "with honey", dikkatlap "attentively";

Ga/-sh-ka/-kasulga "to the left", century "up", kirege ^back", kezgZ in autumn", /a/gzh<э"вечером", озаккт"надолго", бушка"впустую"; -дан/-дэн, -тан/-тэн. кителглгасгая"немедленно", икелэнмвстэн" без колебаний", я/^еь/здад"несознательно", ахырдан"потом".

Compound adverbs are formed by combining two or more stems into one lexically unified one, and also by doubling the stems. Compound adverbs fall into the following groups: proper compound adverbs, paired adverbs, compound adverbs.

Properly complex adverbs are formed by adding two or more stems. The components of own complex adverbs can be:

adverb /shch + pronoun: Nichkaida "nowhere", ¡tchkaydan "from nowhere", Ychkaya "nowhere";

adverb Iich + adverb: / shchkamchan "never";

adverb Iich + noun: Ъchvakyt "never", Iichzaman "never";

adjective yaan "naked" + noun: yalaves "without clothes", zhgasgtvli "barefoot", yalanayak 6osshosh \ yalayate!? naked", yalanbash "without headgear", yalankul "without mittens;

noun + adverb: ayagure "standing", basharkan "head down",

numeral ber + - noun: beravyzdan "at the same time", bervakyt "someday", berkavsh some time", berkve" on the sly", berkvk the other day", bermelnyo, once", berrattvn "nearby", £7??shwsh; gan "unanimously", b (?/gkmg "at the same time";

numeral ber + pronoun: berkay yes "nowhere", berkay "nowhere", bernikadvr "several", bernicho "several \ ber-nihetle" several", bernichakly "a little";

numeral ber + adverb: bersuzsez "unquestioningly", ber-totashtan "in a row, bertuktausyz" (хсш) & ryno \ bervzlexez "constantly".

paired adverbs are formed by reduplication, serve to give an amplifying nuance or plurality.

Depending on the nature of the changes, the following types of paired adverbs are noted:

paired-repeated adverbs formed by doubling the stems, which are nouns, numerals, adverbs: bertek-bvrtek "grains", tel-tel "pieces", tamchy-tamchy "drops", berer-berar "single", bvyao-beynyo in detail", yes-yesh often", kabat-kabat "repeatedly", yes, yes, "little by little".

Properly paired adverbs, which, according to the type of formation, can be divided into morphologically formed repetitions and repetitions with phonetic changes.

Paired adverbs can also be formed from synonymous, antonymous words: bara-kaitsComing-leaving, Jvgerv-atshyu running now and then, yaz-k ez "spring oh-autumn", con- tv ^ day and night.

Compound adverbs are a variety of complex adverbs, consisting of several components, in the role of which can be nouns, adjectives, pronouns, adverbs, gerunds, postpositions, onomatopoeic words: kvtue white * herd", chiktentysh "excessively" ach kilesh "in a hungry state" tvrtiplervveshte "neatly", tigez itep "exactly", stay itep "in this way", shart itep "with a bang", utep kiteshli "in passing".

Word formation of adverbs. In Turkology, the word formation of adverbs was given very little attention, so the question of the word formation of adverbs remained little studied, the authors only described the meanings of adverbs.

The section on the formation of adverbs became permanent only from the 40s of the 20th century in Turkic grammars. The suffixal method of formation of adverbs stood out mainly. Although most authors of Turkic grammars note three main ways of forming adverbs: lexical, morphological and syntactic..

The word-formation form of the modern Tatar language reflects various changes in the word-formation system, and indeed in the life of the vocabulary as a whole. There are the following main ways of word formation of the adverbs of the Tatar language, known from the early periods of its development: phonetic, suffixal, stem formation, lexicalization, conversion.

Word formation in a phonetic way as an independent way is unproductive in the modern Tatar literary language. It should be noted that the phonetic changes of the word also affected the formation of adverbs. Here we see two types of phonetic way of forming adverbs:

omission of the sound: lg.eram "forbidden" and eral ^ in vain "shchebet" fast "and shet" zhzhvo", tvnlZnochyu and t©nz (dial.) "yesterday". Here we see the formation of adverbs from adjectives and adverbs; shift of stress: yada "new" and yada "just", zere "wasted" zero1 too", here the formation of adverbs from an adjective and an adverb.

The suffixal way of forming adverbs in the Tatar language is one of the oldest and at the same time productive way. Word formation with the help of suffixes is a very stable way of enriching the vocabulary of the Tatar language. Suffix -cha/-che. The main models for the formation of adverbs with this suffix are: Ac\\~cha/-che, N+-4(3/-che, ~Нr\+-cha/-che, Ad.)+-cha!-ch&.

Suffix -namaf-lete. This suffix is characterized by the fact that from the point of view of the source language, only Tatar words are the generating bases of this suffix. The main models are: N+-lat/-lete, A6)+lat/-let&, U+lat/-let,

kyu+lata/-lete, Num+-lata/-lete.

Suffix -lay/-lay. In its meaning -lai/-ley is close to the suffix -lata/-lete. But interchangeability is possible only in adverbs where only adjectives are the generating basis, for example, bushpata-bushlay, bvtenlate-bvtenlzy. Korylata-korylai, tolla ta-tollai, yashlete-yashley, terelate-terelei, chilete-chiley.

The main models are: N+-lay/-ley, Adj+ -lay/-lay, Prep+ -lay/lay.

Suffix -lap/-lap. Combining two suffixes -la to form verbs and to form a participle gives a very active suffix that forms an adverb. With the help of this suffix, adverbs are formed: N+ -lap/-lap, Adj+ -lap/-lap, Adv+ -lap/-legg^yt + -lap/-lap.

Active suffixes should also include such suffixes around which there are many controversial issues. These suffixes in the modern language are included in the system of case means. Adverbs formed with the help of such suffixes can be divided into three groups:

1. Adverbs formed with the suffix -ga / -ga, (-ka / - which are suffixes of the directional case. They join different parts of speech and form adverbs of such models: Adj + -ga / -ge, (-ka / -ke ), N+ -ga/-ge, (-ka/"-ke), Adv+ -ga/-gv, (-t/-ke), V+ -ga/-ge\

2. Adverbs formed with the suffix -dan/-dan, (-tan/-ten), (-nan/-nan), which is the suffix of the original case. They join different parts of speech and form adverbs of such models: N+ -dan/~den, Adj+ -dan/-den, Prop + -danAdem, (-manf-ten), Adv+ -dan/-ddn, (~tan/-ten ), PP+ -nan/-nen, prev.sl. + -tan/-ten, Num + -dan/-Ддн, (-tan/-tel).

3. Adverbs formed with the suffix -da/-da, (mal-te), which refers to the suffix of the local-temporal case. It joins nouns (N), adverbs (Adv), verbs (V), predicative word and pronouns (Prop) and forms adverbs of models: N + -yes / -yes, (-ma / - go), Adj + -yes / - yes, (-ta/-ta), Adv+ - da/-de, (-ta/-cho), Prop+ -bal-da, Part+ -da/-da, (~ma/-ta).

passive suffixes.

Suffix -latyp/-lotepg. Like the suffix ~lap/-lep, this suffix is added to adverbs formed with the suffix -na/- cha, giving the meaning of strengthening the feature:

K. & h + -Latyg "-latep. Tatarchalatyp" in Tatar, Ruschalatyp "in Russian".

Suffix -ly / "whether. Attaches to nouns ^), adjectives AcU), verbs (V) and forms an adverb of such models: -ly / -li, -ly / -li, Af + -ly / -li.

The suffix -lash/-lesh forms the following adverbs: N4- -lashAlvsh, -lash/-lesh, A<1у+ -лаш/-лэш.

Suffix -chy/-che. The meaning of this suffix in some way coincides with the meaning of the suffix -na/-che, which makes it possible to say that they are genetically related. It forms adverbs Prop + chy/-che.

The suffix -chai/-cheng is attached to the names of clothes or shoes, it means a sign of a mode of action with the meaning "dressed in something". N4--chan/-chen.

The suffix -ma/-me denotes an action carried out to an extreme degree. Forms models: -ma/-me, Ac1u+ -ma/-me.

The suffix -my/-mi has a negative meaning and forms adverbs of the way of action: -my/-mi.

Suffix -gari/-gere, (-kari/-kare). joins nouns: -gars/-gere, (-kars/-re).

Among the passive suffixes, there are those that participate in the formation of singular adverbs.

The foundation in all forms is very productive in the modern Tatar language. The essence of this method lies in the fact that two roots or two word-forming stems, consisting of a root and a suffix, or two grammatically formed words, or several roots, stems, words, are combined into one lexical unit that has the features of a word.

In the formation of actually complex adverbs, the addition of two bases is observed. More often, one component specifies the meaning of another component, and in the case when one component is a pronoun, it plays the role of a prefix, carrying a specific meaning. For example, /?b>p "everyone, everyone" brings the meaning of regular repetition of an action; y?" "your" introduces the meaning of possessiveness, the adverb Iich "not at all, not at all, at all, adds the meaning of negation, the numeral be / s" one "functions as an indefinite article, and also carries the meaning of measure, degree, the first component yalyam" naked " specifies the second with its direct meaning.

In the Tatar language, there are the following productive types and models for the formation of actually complex adverbs: N-Ac1u: Asc+ 14: Rgop+I: Pgop+Pgop; Pron+As/; Ac1y + Pron; Ac1y+Ac1y; Aey + "I; Kish + I; Num + Pron; Mit + Ac /.

In the formation of paired adverbs, reduplication prevails. Both components of paired adverbs can be nouns, and, having a composing relation between them, they come in various forms: simple, suffixal, and others.

N+ N: tvrkem-ta/yellow^groups", con-go//day and night", schyay-kysh "in winter and summer", yaz-kvz "spring and autumn",

N -ly + N -ly: atali-ully "ogz with son", anaiy-kyzly "mother and daughter", turle-pochmakly "at home", etle-mechel hostile", shikle-turle "back and forth", ally- artlh one after another".

Both components of paired adverbs can be a verb, and various verb forms such as gerund (VAdv), participle (Part) can be components that make up an adverb.

VAdv -a+VAdv -a; ava-zuya<э"шатаясь", егыла-тора"падая вставая, бвгелэ-сыгыла" еле-еле", оча-куна" с настроением", э телэ-твртелэ" толкаясь", абына-свртенэ"спотык&ясъ".

Wai\-my/-mi+UAA\-my/-mi: swish-kuymy "incessantly", tukmi-chechmi "in detail", army-talmy "relentlessly".

VAdv -n +VAdv- ": tozlap-borgchlal1 very strongly", vaklap-teyaklep "detailedly" sadly", kyryp-beterep" board-natally", kvel-yanyp" enthusiastically", yanyi-yeshel" diligently".

Part + Part (the first component in a positive form, the second in a negative form): zhiter-zhitmes "not enough", kyyar-kyymas "not daring", tuyar-tuymas "hungry, teler-telemek? without desire".

Paired adverbs, the components of which are very few numerals: bervr-berer "one by one", unga-berga "rarely", berge-ber "one on one".

The complete repetition of adverb components enhances the feature of the adverb, while other patterns are similar as in other parts of speech, i.e. forms of adverbs with case endings can be components of paired adverbs.

Adv+Adv: esh-esh "often", beine-beine "very detailed", bo-ryn-boryn "for a long time", hvchke-kvchke "barely-eyas\ Adv+Adv: annan-monnaya" from here and from here", anda -monda "here and there", tegende-yes! here and there", ary-biry "back and forth", shven-kyshyn "summer and winter", language-kvze^spring and autumn".

AsK "-dan + As": utodan-riz "through", ashadan-asha *through" Formation of adverbs of ways of lexicalization of word combinations: N4-PP white: bagiy white ^ completely", yayy bele ^ sideways", kotu be ^ gan "herd ", kvch-hel" belen "barely", dert ¿^//ay "passionately".

I + RR tysh \ kvchten tyiScherez", chamadan tysh" beyond measure", chikten tysh "excessively".

ASU + RR kilesh, reveshte, teste, something: tere kshgt "alive", chi ki-lesh "raw", tuk kileyS in a full state", ashigych teste "hurriedly", yarashly reveshte "respectively", bush kve "empty" .

Af + RR itep: shep itei "good", matur ntel "nice", tigez itep "exactly", kytyrshy itep "uneven".

Prop + RR itep: alai itep "in this way", bolai itep "in this way", tegelay itep-km in this way.

The formation of complex adverbs by lexicalization with their simultaneous suffixation:

phrase + -lap: ikekullap "with joy", Yaryaklap "comprehensively", beryaklap "one-sidedly" tours smacked "straight" without turning, kulammashlap "alternately", bashtubenlep1 somersault", kush taken into account !? handfuls", bernichelal" several", phrase + -sez \ bersuzsez "unquestioningly, phrase + -ny / -not: bermelneodnazhdy", berkevne "recently", bervakytky \ once-t

As for the formation of adverbs by conversion, it should be noted that the adverb is semantically very broad, since it determines the quality of an action, property and state, sign, or already indicates under what circumstances an action is performed or a state exists. Considering the fact of the invariability of adverbs, we can presumably say that the words of almost all parts of speech can turn into adverbs, i.e. before us is the fact of the formation of adverbs by conversion. So, by way of conversion to

In Tatar, nouns (N), adjectives (Adj), verbs and its forms (V. Adv, Part) and numerals (Num) pass into adverbs.

It can be seen from the considered material that the adverbs related to different categories in terms of meaning are formed by the conversion method. Moreover, the adverb is still an underformed part of speech, i.e. which continues to develop, its quantity just increases with adverbs formed by the method of conversion.

The most characteristic morphological feature of adverbs is their immutability, and, consequently, their lack of grammatical categories inherent in other significant parts of speech. There are different points of view around the term of immutability, since the comparison suffixes of adverbs structurally create a system of inflection. But it should be noted that degrees of comparison are naturally formed only from those adverbs that allow this by meaning, i.e. in a group of adverbs, degrees of comparison are a category that does not cover the entire class of adverbs.

The comparative degree is formed using the suffix -rak / -rek.

The superlative degree expresses the highest degree of quality, sign, optimal measure and is formed in two ways:

by partial reduplication, its modified first syllable is added to the beginning of the adverb: yalgyz "lonely" -yash-yalgyo "completely lonely", ary "further" -ap-ary "even further", tynych "quietly" -typ-tynych "very quietly ", Typhi straight" - dumb-tu^l / "absolutely straight", overcoat "petko" -pluck-overcoat "very easily", bushka "in vain" -boop-bush on "no way" no matter what.

with the help of adverbs expressing the intensity of the action: bik "very", ute "too", kf /> i? i "extremely\

The fifth chapter highlights the syntactic functions of adverbs. In syntactical terms, adverbs are characterized by their use as a circumstance. Adverbs act as all kinds of circumstances and are the only part of speech for which this syntactic function is the main and absolutely predominant. The close relationship between adverbs as a part of speech and circumstance as a member of a sentence is also evidenced by the complete parallelism of the types of adverbs and circumstances.

In a sentence, adverbs are in the function of the circumstance of the mode of action, time, place, measure and degree, consequences, conditions, causes and goals.

Definitive adverbs characterize an action or feature in terms of quality and method of flow, determine the nature and quality of the process.

Circumstantial adverbs denote spatiality, temporal, causal and target relationships. They indicate the circumstances under which the action takes place. They determine the nature and qualities of the process, do not determine its features, but only designate an external characteristic, while attributive adverbs determine its internal character.

The main syntactic function of the adverb is the role of the circumstance in the sentence. In a sentence, adverbs are usually combined with verbs for the most part. It is possible to combine them with other parts of speech, such as adjectives, nouns and adverbs.

Adverbs can also act as a predicate, definition.

Conclusion

1. The combination of three features, namely the lexical meaning, syntactic functions and morphological structure of adverbs, gives good reasons for separating adverbs into an independent part of speech. The adverb in the modern Tatar literary language acts as a broad, rich in meanings and motley category, which includes a complex system of word types that are quite far from each other.

2. It becomes obvious that a line of clear morphological differentiation of adverbs from adjectives is currently being drawn, paying special attention to the features of the word-formation process and the semantic classification of adverbs.

3. Within the category of adverbs, there are two main types that differ sharply from each other in meaning: attributive, adverbial adverbs. The dissertation provides a detailed semantic classification of these types of adverbs with differentiated subgroups.

4. The most well-established types of word-formation of the adverbs of the Tatar language are the following types: suffix method, basic composition, conversion.

5. There is a significant expansion of the composition of adverbs due to the adverbialization of various parts of speech, such as nouns, adjectives, numerals, pronouns and verbs, also passing through a multi-stage stringing of morphological elements. In the process of adverbialization, adverbs related to various semantic categories are formed.

1. Comparative analysis of the English and Tatar languages / / Abstracts of reports and speeches at the XXX university scientific and practical conference April 18-21, 1994 - Elabuga, 1994, p. 57-58.

2. The history of the study of adverbs in the Tatar language / / Problems of lexicology and lexicography of the Tatar language. / - Issue 2, - Kazan, 1995, p. 108121.

3. Some questions of the study of adverbs in English linguistics // Proceedings of the XXXI university scientific and practical conference April 1995 - Elabuga, 1995, - pp. 76-77.

4. History of the study of adverbs in Turkology //Problems of lexicology and lexicography of the Tatar language./ - Issue Z. - Kazan, 1998.

5. Theoretical foundations for the selection of adverbs as parts of speech Shroblemy of lexicology and lexicography of the Tatar language./ Issue Z. - Kazan, 1998.

6. Semantic classification of adverbs in the Tatar language. Deposit. - Moscow, 1998. - 25 pages - No. 53234. - 01/22/1998.

Relevance of the topic. Goals and objectives of the study.

Chapter 1. History of the study of adverbs in Turkic studies and in Tatar linguistics.

1.1 History of the study of adverbs in Turkic studies.

1.2 History of the study of adverbs in Tatar linguistics.

Chapter 2

2.1 Problems of identifying adverbs as an independent part of speech in linguistics.

2.2 Identification of adverbs as an independent part of speech in Tatar linguistics.

Chapter 3. Semantic classification of adverbs.

Chapter 4. Structure and word formation of adverbs.

4.1 Structure of adverbs.

4.2 Word formation of adverbs.

4.3. Degrees of comparison of adverbs.

Chapter 5. Syntactic functions of adverbs.

Dissertation Introduction 1997, abstract on philology, Akberova, Alfira Gilmullovna

An adverb is an indeclinable and non-conjugated independent part of speech that denotes a sign of an action or a sign of another sign, by education it correlates with all independent categories of words, and in a sentence it is a circumstance, usually adjacent to a verb, less often to an adjective and an adverb.

The class of adverbs in the Tatar language has been replenished and is replenished with new units as a result of: a) the isolation of case forms of the name and participle forms of the verb; b) word formation according to productive models; c) tracing and borrowing.

Adverbs in the Turkic languages are usually divided into primitive, morphologically inseparable at the present stage, and derivatives: suffixal and complex.

All Turkic languages present adverbs - isolated forms of spatial cases: dative-directive, local and original; adverbs, which are often raised by researchers to relic case forms. In the Turkic languages, structural models of complex adverbs are observed, genetically ascending to phrases of various types. In all Turkic languages, paired adverbs of the type are also noted: anda-mondau bugen-irtege, alli-artly.

In Turkology, there is no generally accepted semantic classification of adverbs yet. However, most researchers divide adverbs into two groups: attributive and adverbial. Often in the first group, quantitative adverbs are also distinguished. Adverbs of time, place, causes and conditions, purposes and effects are included in adverbs of adverbs.

The formation of the class of adverbial words certainly began at the earliest stages of the existence of the Turkic language. Names with qualitative and circumstantial meanings, names in the form of adverbial cases, adverbial forms passed into this class.

Qualitative adverbs genetically go back to qualitative names of different origin. Many of them are common Turkic, found in the earliest written monuments. From the group of qualitative adverbs, a small number of adverbial words with the meaning of measure and degree can be distinguished.

The relevance of the study of adverbs in the Tatar language is caused by the fact that:

1) the theoretical (scientific) foundations for identifying adverbs as parts of speech have not been fully clarified;

2) semantic groups of adverbs are not fully established and differentiated on the basis of common criteria;

3) the word formation of adverbs in some of its aspects also requires clarification;

4) the syntactic functions of the adverbs of the Tatar language are not fully disclosed.

All this is the result of the lack of a comprehensive, monographic study of the dialects of the Tatar language.

The goals and objectives of the study follow from the above considerations.

The work sets the following goals and objectives:

To trace the history of the study of adverbs in Turkic studies and in Tatar linguistics from the first grammars published at the beginning of the 19th century to the present day;

Find out and define the theoretical foundations for the allocation of adverbs both in Tatar linguistics and in Turkic studies;

To single out, on the basis of the theoretical principles adopted in the work, the semantic groups of adverbs available in the Tatar language;

Establish the entire system of structure and word formation of adverbs;

Describe the complete system of the category of comparison of adverbs of the Tatar language;

Find out, if possible, all the syntactic functions of the adverbs of the Tatar language.

Conclusion of scientific work dissertation on the topic "Structure and semantics of adverbs in the modern Tatar literary language"

CONCLUSION

Summing up the analysis and description of adverbs in the modern Tatar literary language, it is necessary to draw the following conclusions:

1. The adverb in Turkic grammars did not occupy a clear place among the significant or functional words. Language researchers considered the place of the adverb as intermediate between the significant and functional parts of speech, classifying adverbs formed from the significant parts of speech as a significant part, and those adverbs whose origin is not established as an official part of speech.

2. The variety of constructive adverbs in terms of the type of word formation in the ancient Turkic monuments shows that there were both primitive and derivative, as well as complex adverbs, although they are essentially a combination of lexical units, nevertheless expressing adverbial meanings.

3. In Turkology, the word formation of adverbs was given very little attention, so the question of the word formation of adverbs remained little studied, the authors only described the meanings of adverbs. The section on the formation of adverbs became permanent only from the 40s of the XX century in Turkic grammars. The suffixal way of forming adverbs stood out mainly. Although most authors of Turkic grammars note three main ways of forming adverbs: lexical, morphological and syntactic. Obeying the basic laws of word formation, an adverb, like any independent part of speech, has all the ways of word formation in each particular language.

4. The study of adverbs in Tatar linguistics begins already at the beginning of the 19th century. In the first grammars of the Tatar language, an adverb was distinguished only on the basis of one or two signs. In some works, adverbs formed by suffixes are considered as words formed in a phonetic way. Separate adverbs, which today represent a simple basis, are presented as compound words. Predicative words are considered in some works as adverbs.

5. The combination of three features, namely the lexical meaning, syntactic functions and morphological structure of the adverb, gives good reasons for separating adverbs into an independent part of speech. The adverb in the modern Tatar literary language acts as a broad, rich in meaning and variegated category, which includes a complex system of word types that are quite far from each other.

6. It becomes obvious that at present the process of morphological delimitation of adverbs from adjectives continues to proceed actively, with special attention being paid to the features of the word-formation process and the semantic classification of adverbs.

7. There is a significant expansion of the composition of adverbs due to the adverbialization of various parts of speech, such as nouns, adjectives, numerals, places and

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204. Abdulla Alish R.T. Rafail Tvkhfetullin

205. A.G. Ayaz Gylazhev S.B. - Salih Battal

206. Atilla Rasih S.R. ■ Svbbuh Rafikov

207. A.Sh-Afzal Shamov S.Kh. Sibgat Hakim

208. A.e Abdullah Ehmwt S.Sh. - Sows Shakurov

209. G.A. Gamil Afzal T.G. - Tayaki Gyizzet

210. G.B. Homer Bepshrov F.B. ■ ■ Fethi Burnash

211. G.G.- Tariff Gobvi F.K.- Fatih Kerim

212. G.I. Galimzhdin Ibrahimov F.Kh. - Fatih Hesni

213. G.K. Gadel Kutui F.E. ■ Fatih Emirhang.m. Gabdrakhmai Minsky Kh.V. - Hey Wahitg.t. Gabdulla Tukay H.S. - Khaliq Sadrig.h. Gali Khutsiev Kh.T. - Sheekhazade Babichg.e. Gabdrakhman Epselemov sh.g. ■ ■ Sheuket Galiev

214. D.A. Derya^ia Apiakova School of Economics ■ Sheriff Kamalz.n. Zeki Nuri Sh.U. - Shamil Usmanovi.g. Ibrahim Ghazi E.B. - Ehsen Bayanovk.n. Kayum Nasyri E.E. - Ehmet Yerikvi

215. K.T. Kerim Tinchurin E.I. ■ Ehmet Ishak

216. M.G. Mezh,it Gafuri E.K. Enee Kamal

217. M.M.- Mehommet MeIdiev E.F. Ehmet Feizi

218. M.F.- Mirheider Feizi ayu. Ehmet Young

219. M.E.- Mirsey Emir y.t. Ladi Taktash1. M.Sh.- Musa L^elil 1. N.V.- Nur Bayan 1. N.G.- Nebire Gyimatdinova 1. N.I.- Nvkyi Isenbvt 1. N.F.- Nurikhan Fettah

Adverb. §5: Adjectives and adverbs

Books

Full text of the dissertation abstract on the topic "The structure and semantics of adverbs in the modern Tatar literary language"

Dissertation Introduction 1997, abstract on philology, Akberova, Alfira Gilmullovna

Conclusion of scientific work dissertation on the topic "Structure and semantics of adverbs in the modern Tatar literary language"

List of scientific literature Akberova, Alfira Gilmullovna, dissertation on the topic "Languages ​​of the peoples of the Russian Federation (indicating a specific language or language family)"

List of scientific literature Akberova, Alfira Gilmullovna, dissertation on the topic "Languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation (indicating a specific language or language family)"