Ship 11711. The largest in the fleet: what tasks can the Russian landing ship of the new generation Ivan Gren be able to solve

25.10.2019

In Russia, many people late XIX v. it was believed that for a long time in the history of the country a simple principle (or, as they would say now, an algorithm) operated: a good ruler was replaced by a bad one, but the next one was good. Let's remember: Peter III was bad and very unpopular, Catherine II went down in history as the Great, Paul I was killed, Alexander I defeated Napoleon and was very popular, Nicholas I was feared, Alexander II carried out great reforms, and Alexander III- counter-reforms. Nicholas II ascended the throne in 1894, at the age of 26, received a good education. He was expected to continue reforms, primarily the completion of political reforms.

Nicholas II and Alexandra Feodorovna in costumes of the era of Mikhail Romanov

Nicholas II was born in 1868 and as a teenager was present at the death of his grandfather, Alexander the Liberator. In 1894, after the death of his father, he came to the throne. In 1917 he was overthrown from the throne, and in 1918 he was shot without trial together with his family in Yekaterinburg.

He received a good education, made a good impression on those around him with his manners. Nicholas himself and many of his entourage believed that at the age of 26 he was "not ready to rule." He was strongly influenced by relatives, uncles, the dowager empress, the most influential finance minister S.Yu. “The tsar was a rag, without a single thought in his head, frail, despised by everyone,” Ernest Feterlein, admiral, head of the decryption service until 1917 in Russia, and after 1917 in England, characterized Nikolai.

During his lifetime, Nicholas was called "bloody". In 1896, during the coronation celebrations in Moscow, during the distribution of royal gifts on the Khodynka field, a stampede arose in which more than a thousand people died. On January 9, 1905, a peaceful procession was shot in St. Petersburg. On the day of Bloody Sunday, more than 1,500 people died and more than 5,000 people were injured. During the mediocre Russo-Japanese war of 1904-1905, to which the tsar was pushed by his closest personal entourage, more than 200 thousand Russian soldiers died. More than 30 thousand people became victims of repressions by the gendarmerie, police, cartel expeditions, pogroms inspired by the tsarist police. During the First World War of 1914-1918, in which Russia was drawn into due to short-sighted, inconsistent and indecisive foreign policy Nicholas II, Russia had already lost 2 million killed and 4 million maimed by the time the tsar was overthrown.

“The people forgave him Khodynka; he was surprised, but did not murmur against the Japanese war, and at the beginning of the war with Germany he treated it with touching confidence. But all this was imputed to nothing, and the interests of the Motherland were sacrificed to the shameful orgy of rasputinism and the avoidance of family scenes by the power-hungry hysteria. The absence of a heart that would tell him how cruelly and dishonorably he brought Russia to the brink of destruction is also reflected in the lack of feeling dignity thanks to which, amid the humiliation, abuse and misfortune of all those close to him, he continues to drag out his miserable life, unable to die with honor in defense of his historical rights or to yield to the legitimate demands of the country, ”wrote a lawyer, writer, senator, member of the State Council, Honorary Academician of the Pushkin Department of Fine Literature of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences Anatoly Fedorovich Koni (1844-1927).

V Soviet time there was such an anecdote. With the introduction of the title of Hero of Socialist Labor in 1938, one of the first to receive this title was Nikolai Aleksandrovich Romanov (posthumously). With the wording "For the creation of a revolutionary situation in Russia."

This anecdote reflects a sad historical reality. Nicholas II inherited from his father a rather powerful country and an excellent assistant - the outstanding Russian reformer S. Yu. Witte. Witte was dismissed because he opposed Russia's involvement in the war with Japan. The defeat in the Russo-Japanese War accelerated the revolutionary processes - the first Russian revolution took place. Witte was replaced by the strong-willed and decisive P. A. Stolypin. He began reforms that were supposed to turn Russia into a decent bourgeois-monarchical state. Stolypin was categorically opposed to any action that could drag Russia into new war. Stolypin died. New big war led Russia to a new, big revolution in 1917. It turns out that Nicholas II, with his own hands, contributed to the emergence of two revolutionary situations in Russia.

Nevertheless, in 2000, he and his family were canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church as saints. The attitude towards the personality of Nicholas II in Russian society is polar, although official means mass media did everything to portray the last Russian tsar "white and fluffy." During the reign of B. N. Yeltsin, the remains of the remains were buried royal family in the aisle of the Peter and Paul Cathedral.

Curious about what activities the last Russian tsar, even biased media can write little about his personal contribution to solving the country's diverse problems. Everything more or less reasonable, promising and important that appeared during the reign of Nicholas II (parliament, the legalization of political parties and trade unions, the reduction of the working day, the introduction of social insurance, the development of cooperation, preparations for the introduction of a universal primary education etc.), was not the result of his own positions, and often took place in spite of his active resistance. “Remember one thing: never trust him, he is the most false person in the world,” said I. L. Goremykin, who twice served as chairman of the Council of Ministers under Nicholas II, with knowledge of the matter.

After the revolution of 1917, the elderly Ivan Logginovich Goremykin was killed by peasants from the villages adjacent to his estate.

From a purely human point of view, Nikolai Romanov can be understood and pitied. After four daughters, his beloved wife gave birth to a son, who turned out to be sick with hemophilia (blood incoagulability). The child suffered terribly. At that time, people with hemophilia rarely survived to adulthood. “The illness of the heir was a terrible blow to the sovereign and empress. I will not exaggerate if I say that grief undermined the health of the Empress, she was never able to get rid of the feeling of responsibility for her son's illness. The sovereign himself aged many years in a year, and those who closely observed could not fail to notice that disturbing thoughts never left him, ”wrote A. A. Vyrubova, a lady-in-waiting very close to the royal family, about the situation.

It seems that the family tragedy pushed all other problems into the background for the royal couple. Can the supreme ruler of a huge state afford it? The answer is unequivocal. “There is cowardice, treachery and deception all around,” Nicholas II wrote in his diary on the day of his abdication. And what did he, I wonder, count on if he didn’t care about anyone or anything? The tsar realized that the commanders of the fronts did not support him. The doctor told him that the prince was unlikely to live another couple of years. And the king signed the Manifesto on abdication. “He did it with the same ease as if he had surrendered the squadron,” one of the eyewitnesses recalled.

“The fate of Alexei strikes with some kind of gloomy paradox - the long years of the struggle of parents and doctors to save the life of a seriously ill child ended in an instant brutal reprisal,” writes the author of the special work, Barbara Berne.

From that moment on, the tsar became a private person, a citizen of the Romanovs. His canonization will remain a highly controversial decision of the Russian Orthodox Church, since at least the life of Nicholas II was by no means the life of a holy man, and his death was the result of a struggle of many forces. For some, the dead emperor was more desirable than a prosperous pensioner somewhere in England, where royal family did not want to accept English The Royal Family. By the way, none of the more than 100 clergymen went into exile in Siberia with the imperial family. Yes, and Russian Orthodox Church successfully took advantage of the situation in order to restore the patriarchate in general in the absence of a king and strong power.

The burial of the king in the Peter and Paul Cathedral also seems to be overkill. Under pre-revolutionary legislation, a private person could not be buried with rulers who died "in the line of duty."

The only consolation is that the fuss of the members of the Romanov dynasty around the empty throne has almost stopped. They know that according to the Law of Succession, one of the most important laws of the Russian Empire, none of the remaining Romanovs has legal rights to the throne. Does Russia need a new dynasty? This is another question.

The statement is true for different spheres of human life. At least many believe that the nickname of Nicholas 2 "bloody" determined the fate of the last Russian tsar. It was it that caused the troubles of the crowned family. Let's try to figure it out. But before talking about the nickname, let's remember what Nikolai Alexandrovich was like. The last ruler of the Russian Empire. The last king the Romanov dynasty.

Publicism on the topic

There is not much information left about the last Russian Tsar. After the death of the Generalissimo Soviet Union- Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin, information about the imperial terror was tabooed. And at one time not many managed to write monographs: Kasvinov, Usherovich and a few other single enthusiasts.

After the collapse of the USSR, publications dedicated to the last emperor of Russia appeared one after another. In 2017, many sources were summarized and the book by Gennady Potapov and Alexander Kolpakidi "Nicholas 2. Saint or bloody?" was published.

The authors position their work as a base of facts about the last Russian Tsar. And they are trying to answer one of the rhetorical questions of our time: "What was he, Nicholas 2?" And they also express their opinion why the washing of the king’s personality from bloodstains is happening right now. Who benefits from this and what awaits Russia if a unanimous opinion is formed in society about the personality of Nikolai Alexandrovich.

Emperor's personality

Calm, imperturbable and cold-blooded, weak-willed, indecisive and unprincipled, secretive and trusting - what qualities his contemporaries did not endow the emperor with, arguing, holy or bloody Nicholas 2. But everyone unanimously agrees on one thing - he was well educated and well educated. Having studied the course of jurisprudence and military affairs at the level of higher educational institutions, Nicholas 2 was a literate person.

He spent his childhood in a modest, by imperial standards, estate in Gatchina. After the death of his father, Alexander 3 significantly narrowed his circle of contacts and moved away from the center with his whole family. And there life was seething, there were conversations, balls were held. Little Nicky and his brother Mikhail were deprived, as they would say today, of socialization. Perhaps that is why, even after the abdication, Nicholas 2 felt good in the dilapidated houses in which he lived with his family until the execution.

Legacy of the last Russian Tsar

The country went to Nicholas 2 in good condition. The economy was on the rise. Technology, science and culture developed rapidly. At the beginning of the 20th century, about 10% of the world's population lived in Russia (now only 2%).

If we refer to the data of the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedia, the Russian Empire was one of the 6 advanced countries in terms of the pace of development and the results achieved.

What did the last Russian tsar leave?

In order to awaken the spirit of patriotism among the people, it was decided to organize a small victorious war. Japan received the honorary title of enemy. However, Russia was not prepared for a possible confrontation. As a result: the defeat in Manchuria, the Battle of Tsushima, the surrender of Port Arthur. The people blamed the king and military leaders for everything. The war with Japan and its victims strengthened the nickname of Nicholas 2 "bloody" in the minds of the people. Why is a difficult question. The tsar spared the main military leaders - Kuropatnik, Rozhdestvensky and Stessel and adequately accepted the news of the defeat.

The soldiers returning from the battlefield even then allowed themselves to commit excesses with their superiors. At full speed, they threw their commanders out of the cars. The gap between the authorities and the people, as well as the stratification in society, has intensified. A small victorious war brought the country to the threshold of revolution. All that was left was to knock on the door.

fatal sunday

Shaken reputation of Nicholas 2 "Bloody Sunday". Opinions about this event, like many others, are divided among historians. Someone considers it a provocation, and someone - a way of expressing will. From time immemorial, the people have worn petitions to the kings, and the monarchs, wanting to be closer to the people, gave them a go. For example, the merchant-Saltychikha Catherine the Great condemned precisely at the request of the people.

The list of workers' demands dated November 5 did not belong to the category of radical ones: an eight-hour working day, a minimum wage of 1 ruble, round-the-clock work in 3 shifts, and others.

The reason for the march as a cardinal measure was the financial crisis, the fall in oil and coal prices, the ruin of banks and rising unemployment. For example, stocks fell 71%.

However, there is another opinion that "Bloody Sunday" was a planned action. The organizer of the event, the former was associated with the revolutionaries. The opposition knew that this could end in casualties, and consciously pushed the people to this step. They got their way. The result of "Bloody Sunday" was the execution of civilians and an even greater increase in the discontent of the people.

Lena execution

Despite the high income of the enterprises, the working conditions of the workers were terrible: cold water, poorly heated barracks. Many risked their health and life to feed their families. And there was something to risk for: at the Lena mines, gold miners received about 50 rubles, excluding overtime. Perhaps Nicholas 2 would not have received the nickname "bloody" for another execution, in which he was impassively accused, but only in 1912, the shareholders of the Lena Gold Association began to issue coupons instead of salaries and canceled overtime. The angry people went out to a peaceful procession, and they suffered the fate of the St. Petersburg workers. Several hundred employees were shot, and Nicholas 2 was also blamed for this trouble.

The reason for the deterioration of working conditions was the struggle of shareholders for the right to own mines. Carried away, they stopped paying attention to the demands and discontent of the workers, for which they paid millions. After the massacre of colleagues from the partnership, about 80% of the employees quit. For more than one year, the Lena mines suffered serious losses.

World War I

At the beginning of the 20th century, European states were on the verge of a world war. All that was needed was a reason. And he was found - a Serbian student helped. He killed the heir to the Austrian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, and his wife in Sarajevo.

Austria declares war on Serbia, Russia stands up for the Slavic brothers. However, neither the country nor the army was ready for this war. Its results were also not of interest to the empire; it turned from a local war into a redivision of the world.

At the beginning of the entry into the arena of confrontation, the people were determined and patriotic. Many people remember the manifestation on Palace Square on July 20, 1914, the participants of which, when Nicholas II appeared on the balcony of the Winter Palace, knelt down. But the king changed his mind about the war, which allowed the opposition to strengthen their position in society.

The results of the First World War were the February and October revolutions in Russia and the November revolution in Germany, the liquidation of four empires (the Russian, German, Ottoman empires and Austria-Hungary, the latter two being divided). The authority of the king fell even more.

Bolshevik contribution

According to historians, the Bolsheviks did a lot to demonize Nicholas 2. But the most significant contribution to the desecration of the name of the last Russian tsar was made with the help of the November provocation.

As a result of a consistent policy, power passed to the Bolshevik criminals. They set a course for mass violence and genocide, for the "Red Terror". And in order to justify their actions, they continued to tell the people about the atrocities of the former king. This is the main answer to the question: "Why did Nicholas 2 get the nickname "bloody"?"

Nikolai Alexandrovich Romanov

On the day of the 145th anniversary of Nicholas II, Patriarch Kirill of Moscow and All Russia called on Russians to follow the example of the holy emperor in loyalty to God and the Fatherland.

Addressing the faithful after the consecration of the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral of the Novo-Tikhvin Convent in Yekaterinburg, the Patriarch noted that Nicholas II set an example of a true Christian who remained faithful to God and Fatherland to the end and made the country a great power.

“It would seem that such a person should be carried in his arms and thanked for the fact that with his quiet voice and his meek appearance, never offending or insulting anyone, he managed to organize the work of the country in such a way that in a short time, including passing through the ordeals of the 1905 revolution, she became strong and powerful,” the primate said.

According to him, Russia will great country, "without a doubt, subject to only one condition: if we remain faithful to God and love for our Fatherland."

“Then no temptations, promises, no promise of a beautiful, instantly beautiful life, like somewhere else in other countries, will tempt us, if in exchange for this we are required to renounce God, the Church and betray the fundamental, deep interests of the Fatherland,” - said the patriarch.

He also appealed to wealthy people, urging them to donate funds to strengthen the spiritual foundations of Russia, "so as not to repeat the historical catastrophe of the past."

Well, we will have to turn to history and show the falsity of Gundyaev's statements about the "great power" and the monster Romanov.

On May 18, 1896, Muscovites went to meet the new tsar - "for a party Khodynka field”, to where the Airport Terminal is located today, near the Aeroport metro station. The people were handed out sweets, rolls with sausage, money ... By the evening of the same May 18, 2689 loyal subjects were killed or crippled, according to the Moscow governor. The next day, the king forever received the nickname "Nicholas the Bloody." Before the appearance of the Bolsheviks was another 8 years.

Reading Russian newspapers, statistics reports, the Germans, French, Belgians and other "Europeans" clutched their heads - "Sentry! These Russians are breeding like rabbits and will soon take over the whole of Europe! The fact is that it was wild for a European to read messages that this or that Russian woman had a 21st daughter or a 17th boy ... There is a record: in the 18th century, a Russian woman from the Shuisky district gave birth to 69 children; one father had 72 registered children from 2 wives (data from the Guinness Book of Records and the national book of records "Divo" ("Pravda", 6-3-1994, p. 4)). And on average, in her life of 30-50 years, a Russian woman gave birth to 10-12 children. There were at least 40-45 million such women in labor in the Empire. And this means that during the years 1880-1916 these women gave birth to at least 400 million children. Where are they?!

According to the documents - "The first general census of the population of the Russian Empire in 1897", no. I-II, St. Petersburg, ed. Ministry of Internal Affairs, 1897 - in 1897 the country had 129 million subjects, including Poland, Finland, etc., and by 1913 the same empire had only 166 million people. Where are the other 234 million born?!

This is not a completely correct calculation. The authors obtained 234 million as the difference between the conditional 400 million in 1916 and the real 166 million in 1913.

Books of those years - Lositsky A. Etudes on the population of Russia according to the 1897 census, "God's World", St. Petersburg, 1905, No. 8, Collection of information on Russia for 1884-1885, 1890, 1896 and other years, publishing house of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, St. Petersburg, 1887-1897; Statistics of the Russian Empire, 1883-1904, publishing house of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, 1887-1906, 2 volumes, and others - show the facts of mortality and fertility in those days. “Not only ruin, but the direct extinction of the Russian peasantry has been going on in the last decade with amazing speed,” testifies the Russian nobleman V.I. Ulyanov-Lenin after studying hundreds of statistical documents, memoirs, eyewitness accounts at the end of the 19th century (Lenin, vol. 5, p. 297). - (The authors give references to Lenin according to the Complete Works in 55 volumes (Moscow: Politizdat, 1958-1965).)

The All-Russian famine of 1891 covered more than 40 million people, of which, according to official data, more than 2 million adults of only Russian nations died (obviously, they took into account all the Slavs - from the editors), because "foreigners" in those years were generally still according to the newspapers of those years, Count Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy was not covered by statistics.

Then there were other all-Russian "famines" of 1900-1903, which covered the same 40 million, when 3 million adults died; 1911, after the notorious reforms of Stolypin, which covered at least 30 million, when another 2 million adults died ...

But there were also local, regional “starvations”, in one or another part of the Empire almost every year, from which other millions of adults died ...

The famine of 1891 was so terrible that it stunned even the royal family, information about the famine "leaked" to the press. But the famine of 1900-1903 was already under strict censorship, information about it was sparingly - but because of the major uprisings of peasants and workers, it was no longer possible to silence it. In 1902-03, 200,000 regular troops were used to suppress peasant uprisings and workers' uprisings in the Poltava and Kharkov provinces alone, i.e. 1/5 of the entire Russian army of those years, and this - not counting hundreds of thousands of gendarmes, Cossacks, police officers and other police "evil" - according to Adjutant General Kuropatkin (History of the CPSU in 6 volumes, vol. 1, M., 1964, p. 359).

The famine of 1911 was not allowed to be silenced either by the press of the Cadets and Socialist-Revolutionaries, or by the press of the Black Hundreds-"patriots" who hated Stolypin...

In total, in 1891-1913, at least 7 million adults died from hunger, diseases, epidemics in “ big cities"and 0.5-0.7 million annually in "small towns" throughout the Empire, i.e. total - 17-19 million adults.

Why shouldn't the anti-communists, who accuse the Bolsheviks of "organizing" the famine in the Volga region in 1921 and in the Ukraine in 1932-1933, compare these "famines" with the "famines" of the tsarist period?

What about children? It turns out that even according to official tsarist statistics, out of 6-7 million babies born every year, at least 43% did not live up to a year or up to 5 years of age. In other words, every year at least 4.4 million children died in the Empire: from starvation, disease, epidemics, poisoning...

Consequently, during the years 1880-1916, at least 158 million children died, of which 96.8 million died during the reign of Nicholas the 2nd.

In total, during the years 1880-1916, at least 176 million children and adults died of hunger and disease ... With the money that was used to build the Temples of "Christ the Savior", for which they bought live lilacs and live roses in the south of France and took them to balls in the royal palaces, "gobbled up" - according to Count Tolstoy - hundreds of thousands of aristocrats and merchants, spending on champagne and on "sweets" and other extravagance - more than tens of millions of children could be saved from death ...

Nothing has changed in the psychology of the Russian rich and priests since those times. The same temples, the same gluttony.

But the “Orthodox Christians” who were in power spat on children dying of ordinary hunger… And all the temples, palaces and churches built in those years have a “document in stone” about the murder of children!

For comparison: the "savior of the fatherland" Minister Stolypin received only an official salary per year of more than 80 thousand rubles in gold (from the diary of Count L. N. Tolstoy), and 25% of all the peasants of the Empire did not have a single horse, which cost 30-40 in those years rubles ...

After the notorious reforms of Stolypin, Russia produced 470 kg of grain per capita, and Canada, the USA, Argentina - 1190 kg of grain per capita ("Soviet Russia", 28-12-1990, p. 3), i.e. the yield in the empire was no higher than 6.5 centners per hectare ... until 1913. And in the 1950-70s in the same Poltava and Kharkov lands, the yield was 30-40 centners per hectare.

Nicholas the Bloody and the Forgotten Russian Revolution.

Nicholas the Bloody - for the nickname given by Muscovites, he took revenge on Moscow in December 1905. “Moscow is knee-deep in blood!”, “Moscow is neck-deep in blood!” - newspapers and magazines came out with such headlines in December 1905 and January 1906, telling about the horrors that the tsarist guards troops did, “in checkerboard pattern"shooting the city ... from heavy artillery pieces from Sparrow Hills and other hills.

The working people, "like the entire Russian people," have "no human rights. Thanks to your officials, we have become slaves,” wrote the workers in the petition with which they went to the tsar on Sunday, January 9, 1905 (Lenin, vol. 30, p. 309). On the square, the workers knelt before the Cossacks and gendarmes, asking them to let them through to hand over the petition...

“The blood and brains of the workers splattered the pavement, paved with their own hands,” this is what the workers also wrote, but already those who survived after the executions, handing out this leaflet on the barricades at night (vol. 9, p. 260).

According to a foreign correspondent, after one barricade was stormed on the night of January 9-10, "about a hundred workers are left lying on the battlefield" (p. 228). According to other foreign correspondents, “whole carloads of corpses” are being taken out of the capital to be secretly buried (p. 243).

Government report: of those who went to the king, 96 were killed, 330 people were injured. But - on January 13, loyal journalists submitted to the Minister of Internal Affairs of the Empire a list of surnames for 4600 killed and mortally maimed (p. 227).

According to the newspapers of that year, more than 40 thousand corpses with bayonet and saber wounds, trampled horses, broken shells, etc. passed through the hospitals of the city and its environs. And how many "didn't pass"?!

During 1905-07, there were many armed uprisings, strikes, and other actions of the masses in the Empire, suppressed by one method - the “blood and brains” of people on the ground ...

September 25, 1905 - janitors cleared the streets of Moscow of blood: in one day, Cossack policemen killed 50, wounded 600 people (vol. 11, p. 348).

October 1905 - Jewish pogroms: 4 thousand killed, 10 thousand maimed across the country ...

December 1905 - an uprising in Moscow: according to some sources, more than 20 thousand people were killed and maimed, according to others - at least 70-80 thousand people: adults and children ...

Warsaw, Riga, Minsk, Odessa, Krasnoyarsk, Chita, etc. - more than 500 cities of the Empire were covered with barricades, or for some other reason, covered with people's blood ...

In Kiev, on October 18, Cossacks and soldiers killed “several hundred” children and adults (newspaper “Kievlyanin”, No. 317, see V.V. Shulgin. “What We Don’t Like About Them”, from “Khors”, 1992, pp. 247-250), in the city of Tomsk a crowd of "trading" and other people "burned down the building" of the administration of the Siberian Railway. roads and a theater where more than 600 women, children and other “protesters” burned down (Shulgin, pp. 265-266).

600 to 500 - already 300 thousand corpses! And this is only according to the information that got into the newspapers and contains at least some numbers! And how much information without numbers, and how much facts did not get into the newspapers at all?!

It is estimated that in 2 years - 1905-1906 - the peasants burned down 2 thousand estates of landowners out of 30 thousand existing in the European part of the Empire; peasant battles covered 50% of all counties of this part.

A fact has been preserved: in 1914, doctors examined conscripts for the army and were horrified - 40% of all recruits had a flogged ass or back with traces of Cossack whips or ramrods ...

40% of Russian men (men-Slavs in the Republic of Ingushetia - from the editors) are flogged! “Asians” that year were not yet taken into the army. But they also flogged women ...

Summing up the information of the newspapers of the beginning of the century, other data, we can say that "Nikolai the Bloody" with his punitive machine destroyed at least 3 million adults during the years of the Russian revolution of 1905-1907.

For comparison: during the February-March Revolution of 1917, on February 25-28, 1.4 thousand people were killed and wounded in Petrograd, of which 869 were military, of which 80 were officers (A.I. Denikin, Essays on Russian Troubles , J. Issues of the history of the CPSU, No. 1, 1990, p. 29).

For 2 days of the Great October revolution only 6 people were killed, 50 were wounded (“Bulletins of the Bureau of Military Commissars”, No. 2, 30-12-1917, p. 5), and during the months of the triumphal procession of Soviet power - for November 1917 - February 1918 - across Russia were killed from there were no more than 10 thousand people on both sides ... “Big blood” poured after May 1918, when the Entente intervention began and uprisings rose in Ukraine against the German occupation ...

Nicholas the Bloody and the dictatorship of the House of Holstein in Russia.

"Unfortunate patriots" shout that the Bolsheviks killed the "Russian" tsar... But who said that he is Russian?! The French ambassador to Russia in 1915-1916, Maurice Palaiologos, calculated that Nicholas the 2nd was only 1/128th “Russian” by blood, and everything else was German (Robert Massey. Nikolai and Alexander. M., 1990, 212). But this is not the whole truth...

Tsarina Alexandra Fedorovna, wife of Nicholas II, forbade the reprinting and distribution of the Gothic Almanac throughout the Empire, the only aristocratic magazine in the world devoted only to legitimacy, i.e. full legality of all dynasties in Europe (A.A. Mosolov. At the court of the last Russian Emperor: Notes of the head of the office of the Ministry of the Imperial Court. M., 1993, p. 44), which provides evidence that Russia is ruled by the “Holstein-Gottorp dynasty -Romanovs" (p. 44).

"We take official history"Houses of the Romanovs", published by 1913. The ancestor of the House - Glanda-Kambila Divonovich from the House of Nedron Vedavitovich, of "Prussian-Lithuanian" origin, moved to Russia in 1283 and was baptized in the church as Ivan Kobyla. From him came the Zakharyins-Romanovs. Fyodor Nikitich Romanov, nephew of Tsarina Anastasia, wife of Ivan the Terrible, himself married a servant of the sister of Tsar Boris Godunov, a Circassian woman, who gave birth to Mikhail Romanov, who became king since 1613, the grandson of this semi-Russian (??) Tsar, Peter the 1st married on Marta Skavronskaya, the daughter of Samuel, whom the church baptized as Catherine.

From Marta Samuilovna ("Catherine the 1st") Anna Petrovna was born, who - from her husband Karl-Friedrich-Holstein-Gottorp - gave birth to Peter the 3rd. Peter 3rd married Princess Anhalt-Zerbst, baptized as "Catherine 2nd".

This Anhalt gave birth to Paul 1st, and from his wife, Princess of Wirtemberg-Sturtgard, Alexander 1st was born ... And all the other Alexanders and Nicholas married only "German princesses" ...

Nicholas 2nd was born by the "Princess of Denmark", and he himself married the "Princess of Hesse-Darmstadt, Alice-Beatrix" ... his own granddaughter English queen Victoria.

"Rus-patriots" shout at the Bolsheviks that they are "bastards" - they killed the tsar. But there is a “question” - why are some men who killed the king not “bastards”, while others are “bastards” ?! Why is it possible for one to kill kings, while the other cannot?! Or is this only permissible for the “chosen ones”?!

Really. The authors ask a legitimate question: why is there so much noise because of the murder of Nicholas II, on which the current Orthodox anti-communists do not stop shedding crocodile tears, and absolute silence in connection with the murders of other tsars-priests. Where is the justice? Why were other kings worse?

The reign of the “House of Romanovs” itself began with the murder of a 4-year-old baby, the legally legal “Russian Tsar”, the son of Marina Mnishek and her husband, the legitimate Tsar False Dmitry. The baby prevents the "Romanovs" from being kings, and therefore the child is killed. But the “blood of the innocent” demands vengeance, and of the 18 tsars and tsarinas who ruled in Russia as the Romanovs, only 2 or 3 people die, almost indisputably, of their own death, and all the rest - who were killed, who were poisoned, who poisoned themselves or renounced ... under someone's pressure (???). Even earlier, in the 17th and 16th centuries, men in boyar and Cossack "dresses" killed: the mother of Ivan the Terrible, a Lithuanian; then Boris Godunov and his son Fyodor, Shuisky and 3 False Dmitrys, who were legally and legally registered as "Russian tsars" ...

Peter the 1st overthrows Tsarina Sophia and his brother Ivan; and then he himself suspiciously, "suddenly" dies of a trifling cold in 1725. 1762 - Emperor Peter III was killed. 1764 - Emperor Ivan the 6th was killed. 1801 - Emperor Paul 1st was killed. 1825 - in Taganrog poisoned (or secretly abdicated) Emperor Alexander 1st.

1855 - Emperor Nicholas 1st drank poison (at the insistence of someone!). Here the Emperor Alexander the 2nd was killed by student I. Grinevitsky in 1881. And all the previous Emperors were killed by their relatives, guards, close boyars ...

The House of Romanov came to power as a result of civil wars and interventions in the early 17th century and "burnt down" in the fire of civil wars and interventions in the early 20th century. Everything is natural, as natural is the rebirth of the House of Romanov into the House of Holstein ...

Holstein Bloody and forgotten wars…

Almost 1 million soldiers were sent by the tsar to China for the war with Japanese capital, in order to protect their personal and Holstein-Rothschild capitals in those parts. In this war, Russia lost 400 thousand killed, mutilated, captured (History of the USSR. M., 1986, textbook for grade 9, p. 36). As a result of the defeat, Russia lost its sea and other fortresses created by the labor of Russian peasants, ships, thousands of wagons of military equipment, half of the island. Sakhalin, all the Kuril Islands, the richest fisheries, etc. etc.

True, after such defeats, Russia again gathered 1 million, including 600 thousand bayonets (A.A. Ignatiev. Fifty years in the ranks. Goslitizdat, 1941, p. 293), i.e. she could deliver a new blow to the already bloodless Japanese troops and recapture everything, but - the Russian revolution of 1905 began in Russia, and therefore the entire bourgeois world quickly came to the aid of the Holstein-Bloody Tsar - Japanese capital quickly went to peace treaties so that the tsar could quickly transfer battle-hardened troops from distant Manchuria to Ukraine, the Volga and central Russia to defeat the revolutionaries ...

French capital quickly gave the tsar a loan for 2.24 billion francs in gold (and today it is 300-500 billion dollars), negotiations on this loan were quickly carried out by the Mendelssohn group (Lenin, vol. 11, p. 334).

Lenin in this place gives a different figure: the amount of the loan was 75 million pounds sterling (about 700 million rubles), of which about half will fall on France.

"Princess of Hesse-Darmstadt" Alice-Beatrix, i.e. Tsarina Alexandra Feodorovna demanded from her husband, Nicholas 2nd - "My birdie, do not give any of them mercy!" - and Holstein-Bloody "did not give" ...

The resolution of Nicholas 2 of July 8, 1906 reads: “I remind the Main Military Judicial Administration of my opinion regarding death sentences. I recognize them as correct when they are carried out 48 hours after the commission of the crime "...

In 48 hours, conduct an investigation, listen to the defense, organize a jury trial, and even hang them! ... Nice, clear, clear ...

Officers Ming and Riemann with their royal guards carried out a clear order in December 1905 - “destroy barricades, houses, factories occupied by revolutionaries with artillery fire” (A.V. Gerasimov. On the edge with terrorists. M., 1991, p. 52) - according to the law of the church: “Kill everyone. God in heaven will decide for himself who is a heretic and who is a legitimate believer!

“No one has been given the right to engage in murder,” the tsar’s resolution reads at the Address of all members of the Imperial family in defense of Prince Dmitry Pavlovich, who participated in the murder of Rasputin, in December 1916 (A.A. Mosolov, p. 248) ...

“The Russians need a fist,” Alice-Beatrice writes to her Birdie (Alexandra’s letter to Nikolai dated February 22, 1917), demanding that he shoot Petersburg ...

All this is natural: the circulation of capital demanded its protection!

In 1905, 30 thousand landowners had as much land as 10 million Russian peasants, heads of families ... And the tsar and members of his family were the richest landowners and, at the same time, the richest capitalists in the world ...

The circulation of capital is a delicate matter. We offer some facts.

In 1905 in Russian Empire there were 408 million acres of arable and cultivated land. Of these, state - 138 million, specific - 7.8 million, church and monastery - 2.5 million, etc. The income for each peasant per year did not exceed 49 rubles, the subsistence minimum did not fall below 49 rubles (“The owner’s library. Edited by A.P. Dead. How much land is in Russia and how do we use it. Supplement to the magazine“ Needs of the Village. 1917, No. 11).

Of these riches, the king personally owned 7 million acres, the princes - other millions of acres. And each Russian peasant had an average of 3-4 acres.

The land of the House of Romanov on the "market" was worth more than 100 million rubles. gold, the total income of the House is 24 million rubles. gold every year (Robert Massey, p. 62). The royal family had 7 palaces in their personal property, served internally by servants and officials of 15 thousand people.

The tsar personally owned the Nerchinsk and Altai mines (A.A. Mosolov, p. 129), on which convicts worked ...

Separately from the royal family, his close relatives “ate”: more than 30 brothers, uncles, not counting women (as it should be according to those laws), and each of them received 280 thousand rubles a year. gold from the treasury, and to them must be added all the income from the "specific lands", from which only members of the Imperial family were fed. "Specific land" on the market in 1913 cost at least 60 million rubles. gold (A.A. Mosolov, p. 129).

Other aristocrats were not "poor" either: for example, Prince Yusupov had 37 estates, mines, oil fields, factories, mills, etc. etc., and his income and all the wealth then exceeded 600 million dollars (Robert Massey, p. 319).

At the entrance to the "Summer Garden" in St. Petersburg there was a sign - forbidding entry to "dogs and lower ranks" (A.A. Ignatiev, p. 94).

"He who controls the people's money controls the people" is an American proverb. In the Russian Empire, the money of the country was controlled by the House of Holstein and its "accomplices" ...

As a result of the abolition of serfdom in 1861, the House of Romanov-Holstein immediately received 50 million rubles. gold net income only from the "specific" peasants for their "purchase" of the land from which the peasants fed ("Historical Notes", vol. 63, p. 97; P.A. Zaionchkovsky. The abolition of serfdom in Russia. M., 1954, p. 192).

At the same time, Tsar Alexander II transferred his personal and family money to the Bank of England, i.e. to the bank of the London branch of the Rothschild family - 200 million rubles. gold at the same rate.

One good dairy cow then cost 2 r. At the current exchange rate, such a cow costs at least 5-7 thousand dollars. This means that the king had more than 590 billion dollars, something 2-3 times more than all the personal wealth of the modern five richest people in the world ...

And therefore, if in the first years of the power of Nicholas the 2nd, foreign capital had (or controlled, which is almost the same thing) the wealth of the Empire in the amount of 20-30%, then by 1913 it was already 60-70%, and by September 1917 years - 90-95% ...

And this growth is also one of the results of the work of Birdie from the Family of the Mare.

As a shareholder, Nicholas II gave 200 thousand rubles. the Far Eastern concession on the Yalu River in Manchuria; in this concession, the main money belonged to the mother of the king and her entourage. And it was precisely because of dominance over this concession that the war between Russia and Japan began in 1904 (A.A. Mosolov, p. 129).

French capital concluded a state agreement with Japan on mutual assistance and armed the Japanese army the latest technology receiving large profits from this war. From these profits, a loan was given for the murder of Russian revolutionaries ...

From the murder of Russian soldiers and officers in Manchuria, Russian tsar and merchants, French bankers and merchants profited, and with this money they killed the rebellious masses in order to keep the circulation of capital intact ...

The House of Rothschild owned 50% of the capital of the Lensky gold mining partnership. Birdie's mother, Princess of Denmark, as well as other shareholders from the House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov, were very pleased with the growth in profits from this "partnership", since profits increased 10 times only in 1900-1911.

Only the workers and their families were dissatisfied, and therefore, in the Lena mines in 1912, Russian officers and Cossacks with soldiers killed and mortally wounded more than 500 of these dissatisfied ...

In response to indignation at this atrocity, the Minister of the Interior of the Empire said in the State Duma: “So it was and so it will continue to be” ...

The Holstein tsars used Jewish bankers to finance Jewish pogroms (persecutions, in fact, against Jewish workers), in order to thereby defeat the Russian proletariat (A. Simanovich, Rasputin and Jews. Riga, 1991, pp. 5, 23, 117).

The enemies of the working people of Russia deliberately lump together all the Jews - both the deeds of the Jewish bourgeoisie and the deeds of the revolutionaries in Russia who had Jewish roots.

What about the circulation of capital? But what about: the money of "Russian" tsars, princes, etc. lie in English, French and other banks. Banks of Rothschilds and Arsteins, Berings and Rockefellers invest Russian money in the construction of the factories of Krupp, Stinnes, Thyssen and others in Germany, Schneider-Creusot in France, etc. With Russian money, these factories produce weapons that kill Russian peasants dressed in soldiers' and officer overcoats in the fields of Manchuria, Galicia, Belarus ...

The profit from this circulation of capital is pocketed by the owners of money: the Holstein-Romanovs, the Yusupovs, the Rothschilds and other "merchants of the 1st guild".

War is such a slaughter of people, which gives a lot of capital!

During the months of the "Brusilov breakthrough" in the summer of 1916, his troops captured over 450 thousand officers and soldiers, "i.e. as many as there were enemy troops in front of me at the beginning of the offensive, ”the enemy lost more than 1.5 million people killed and wounded, but by November there was already an army of 1 million soldiers in front of him (A.A. Brusilov, p. 217 ).

If Brusilov and other Russian generals had not been hindered by Nicholas II himself, then they would have done away with the “enemy of the Fatherland” in 2-3 months of the war, but then there would be no profits that banks got in 4 years of war!

Of the 15.5 million mobilized Russian soldiers in 1914-1916 in Russia, 7.9 million were killed, died of wounds, or died in captivity, according to General N. Golovin (Robert Massey, p. 280).

On the other hand, “capital, headed by the names of Rothschild and Rockefeller, rules the world,” and “the wealth invested in their banks by the royal family of the Romanovs gave them an income of 50 billion” dollars only from the 1st World War (Todor Dichev, Nicola Nicolae. Sinister conspiracy , 1992, p. 8).

“This is not a war, sir, this is a massacre,” said a Russian and an Englishman at the Tsarist Headquarters (Robert Massey, p. 272), “in the last battles, a third of the people did not have rifles,” complains General Belyaev (ibid.).

The German General Hindenburg, the future president of Germany, also complained that they, the Germans, were forced to shovel "mountains of enemy bodies in front of our trenches in order to be able to see the battlefield and fire on the fresh advancing lines" of the Russians (Robert Massey, p. 280).

So, in 1880-1917, the following were killed: (1) children under 5 years old - 158 million, (2) adults in "peaceful" times - 18 million, (3) in the days of revolutions and riots - 3 million, ( 4) in the Russo-Japanese war - 1 million, including those who died from wounds, died in captivity, (5) in the 1st world warrior- 8 million people In total -188 million. But there were deaths from industrial injuries, poisonings, suicides, from everything that is called "brutal labor". According to statistical documents of all the same years, this is 3-4 million adults and adolescents annually, counting both the city and the village, both Russians and non-Russians. For the years 1880-1916 - this is at least 110-130 million people ...

In general - for the years 1880-1916 - from hunger, disease, murders, wars, industrial injuries, etc. - at least 308 million people were killed ...

If it weren’t for these crimes of tsarism and world capital, at least 520 million people would have lived in Russia by 1917 ...

Nikolai Alexandrovich Romanov

On the day of the 145th anniversary of Nicholas II, Patriarch Kirill of Moscow and All Russia called on Russians to follow the example of the holy emperor in loyalty to God and the Fatherland.

According to him, Russia will become a great country, "without a doubt, subject to only one condition: if we remain faithful to God and love for our Fatherland."

He also appealed to wealthy people, urging them to donate funds to strengthen the spiritual foundations of Russia, "so as not to repeat the historical catastrophe of the past."

Well, we will have to turn to history and show the falsity of Gundyaev's statements about the "great power" and the monster Romanov.

On May 18, 1896, Muscovites went to meet the new tsar - "to the Khodynka field party", to where the Airport Terminal is located today, near the Aeroport metro station. The people were handed out sweets, rolls with sausage, money ... By the evening of the same May 18, 2689 loyal subjects were killed or crippled, according to the Moscow governor. The next day, the king forever received the nickname "Nicholas the Bloody." Before the appearance of the Bolsheviks was another 8 years.

This is not a completely correct calculation. The authors obtained 234 million as the difference between the conditional 400 million in 1916 and the real 166 million in 1913.

But there were also local, regional “starvations”, in one or another part of the Empire almost every year, from which other millions of adults died ...

The famine of 1911 was not allowed to be silenced either by the press of the Cadets and Socialist-Revolutionaries, or by the press of the Black Hundreds-"patriots" who hated Stolypin...

In total, in 1891-1913, at least 7 million adults died from hunger, diseases, epidemics in the "big cities" and 0.5-0.7 million annually in "small cities" throughout the Empire, i.e. total - 17-19 million adults.

Consequently, during the years 1880-1916, at least 158 million children died, of which 96.8 million died during the reign of Nicholas the 2nd.

Nothing has changed in the psychology of the Russian rich and priests since those times. The same temples, the same gluttony.

Nicholas the Bloody and the Forgotten Russian Revolution.

Nicholas the Bloody - for the nickname given by Muscovites, he took revenge on Moscow in December 1905. “Moscow is knee-deep in blood!”, “Moscow is neck-deep in blood!” - newspapers and magazines came out with such headlines in December 1905 and January 1906, telling about the horrors that the tsarist guards troops did, “in a checkerboard pattern” shooting the city ... from heavy artillery guns from Sparrow Hills and other hills.

During 1905-07, there were many armed uprisings, strikes, and other actions of the masses in the Empire, suppressed by one method - the “blood and brains” of people on the ground ...

September 25, 1905 - janitors cleared the streets of Moscow of blood: in one day, Cossack policemen killed 50, wounded 600 people (vol. 11, p. 348).

October 1905 - Jewish pogroms: 4 thousand killed, 10 thousand maimed across the country ...

December 1905 - an uprising in Moscow: according to some sources, more than 20 thousand people were killed and maimed, according to others - at least 70-80 thousand people: adults and children ...

Warsaw, Riga, Minsk, Odessa, Krasnoyarsk, Chita, etc. - more than 500 cities of the Empire were covered with barricades, or for some other reason, covered with people's blood ...

A fact has been preserved: in 1914, doctors examined conscripts for the army and were horrified - 40% of all recruits had a flogged ass or back with traces of Cossack whips or ramrods ...

40% of Russian men (men-Slavs in the Republic of Ingushetia - from the editors) are flogged! “Asians” that year were not yet taken into the army. But they also flogged women ...

During the 2 days of the Great October Revolution, only 6 people were killed, 50 were injured (“Bulletins of the Bureau of Military Commissars”, No. 2, 30-12-1917, p. 5), and during the months of the triumphal procession of Soviet power - for November 1917 - February 1918 - in Russia, no more than 10 thousand people were killed on both sides ... "Big blood" poured after May 1918, when the Entente intervention began and uprisings rose in Ukraine against the German occupation ...

Nicholas the Bloody and the dictatorship of the House of Holstein in Russia.

“We take the official history of the “Romanov House”, published by 1913. The ancestor of the House - Glanda-Kambila Divonovich from the House of Nedron Vedavitovich, of "Prussian-Lithuanian" origin, moved to Russia in 1283 and was baptized in the church as Ivan Kobyla. From him came the Zakharyins-Romanovs. Fyodor Nikitich Romanov, nephew of Tsarina Anastasia, wife of Ivan the Terrible, himself married a servant of the sister of Tsar Boris Godunov, a Circassian woman, who gave birth to Mikhail Romanov, who became king since 1613, the grandson of this semi-Russian (??) Tsar, Peter the 1st married on Marta Skavronskaya, daughter of Samuel, whom the church baptized as Catherine.

This Anhalt gave birth to Paul 1st, and from his wife, Princess of Wirtemberg-Sturtgard, Alexander 1st was born ... And all the other Alexanders and Nicholas married only "German princesses" ...

Nicholas 2nd was born by the "Princess of Denmark", and he himself married the "Princess of Hesse-Darmstadt, Alice-Beatrix" ... the granddaughter of the English Queen Victoria.

Holstein Bloody and Forgotten Wars…

Lenin in this place gives a different figure: the amount of the loan was 75 million pounds sterling (about 700 million rubles), of which about half will fall on France.

In 48 hours, conduct an investigation, listen to the defense, organize a jury trial, and even hang them! ... Nice, clear, clear ...

“The Russians need a fist,” Alice-Beatrice writes to her Birdie (Alexandra’s letter to Nikolai dated February 22, 1917), demanding that he shoot Petersburg ...

All this is natural: the circulation of capital demanded its protection!

The circulation of capital is a delicate matter. We offer some facts.

In 1905, the Russian Empire had 408 million acres of arable and cultivated land. Of these, state - 138 million, specific - 7.8 million, church and monastery - 2.5 million, etc. The income for each peasant per year did not exceed 49 rubles, the subsistence minimum did not fall below 49 rubles (“The owner’s library. Edited by A.P. Dead. How much land is in Russia and how do we use it. Supplement to the magazine“ Needs of the Village. 1917, No. 11).

Of these riches, the king personally owned 7 million acres, the princes - other millions of acres. And each Russian peasant had an average of 3-4 acres.

The tsar personally owned the Nerchinsk and Altai mines (A.A. Mosolov, p. 129), on which convicts worked ...

At the entrance to the "Summer Garden" in St. Petersburg there was a sign - forbidding entry to "dogs and lower ranks" (A.A. Ignatiev, p. 94).

"He who controls the people's money controls the people" is an American proverb. In the Russian Empire, the money of the country was controlled by the House of Holstein and its "accomplices" ...

And this growth is also one of the results of the work of Birdie from the Family of the Mare.

French capital concluded a state treaty with Japan on mutual assistance and armed the Japanese army with the latest technology, receiving large profits from this war. From these profits, a loan was given for the murder of Russian revolutionaries ...

In response to indignation at this atrocity, the Minister of the Interior of the Empire said in the State Duma: “So it was and so it will continue to be” ...

The enemies of the working people of Russia deliberately lump together all the Jews - both the deeds of the Jewish bourgeoisie and the deeds of the revolutionaries in Russia who had Jewish roots.

The profit from this circulation of capital is pocketed by the owners of money: the Holstein-Romanovs, the Yusupovs, the Rothschilds and other "merchants of the 1st guild".

War is such a slaughter of people, which gives a lot of capital!

Of the 15.5 million mobilized Russian soldiers in 1914-1916 in Russia, 7.9 million were killed, died of wounds, or died in captivity, according to General N. Golovin (Robert Massey, p. 280).

So, in 1880-1917, the following were killed: (1) children under 5 years old - 158 million, (2) adults in "peaceful" times - 18 million, (3) in the days of revolutions and riots - 3 million, ( 4) in the Russo-Japanese War - 1 million, including those who died of wounds, died in captivity, (5) in the 1st World War - 8 million people. In total -188 million. But there were deaths from industrial injuries, poisonings, suicides, from everything that is called "brutal labor". According to statistical documents of all the same years, this is 3-4 million adults and adolescents annually, counting both the city and the village, both Russians and non-Russians. For the years 1880-1916 - this is at least 110-130 million people ...

In general - for the years 1880-1916 - from hunger, disease, murders, wars, industrial injuries, etc. - at least 308 million people were killed ...

If it weren’t for these crimes of tsarism and world capital, at least 520 million people would have lived in Russia by 1917 ...

A new look at the first Russian revolution of 1905 and "Bloody Sunday"

In Soviet times, all textbooks told about the rotten tsarist regime and bloody Nicholas II. The Soviet Union has been gone for more than a quarter of a century, but the myths of Soviet propaganda still live firmly in our minds.

You will learn from this short article:

Where did the nickname "bloody" come from?
What compensation was appointed by the Sovereign to the families of the dead and crippled on the Khodynka field and during the procession on January 9, 1905.
"Bloody Sunday" - a peaceful procession or a political provocation of the revolutionaries?
Compare for yourself: the number of executions under the tsar and during the terror of the Bolsheviks.

Where did the nickname "bloody" come from? It is associated with two events: the Khodyn tragedy and "Bloody Sunday". But it is enough to compare the number of victims of these tragedies with the consequences of the revolutionary terror of 1905-1910. and repressions of the 1930s Soviet power to understand who was actually bloody.

Khodynskaya tragedy took place in Moscow in May 1896 and is associated with the coronation of Tsar Nicholas II.

After the coronation, according to tradition, festivities for the people were to take place: huge tables were set up on the Khodynka field near the city walls. The townspeople and peasants were invited to a sumptuous festive meal as guests of the Emperor. Early in the morning, even before dawn, on Khodynka gathered over half a million people.

“Due to the unexpected number of people gathered, the police were unable to cope with the crowd, and at the moment the gifts were distributed, there was an incredible stampede. After 10-15 minutes order was restored, but it was too late. 1282 people died on the spot, several hundred were injured».
Historian S.S. Oldenburg

The Bolsheviks used this tragedy as an excuse to hang on Nicholas II the cliché "bloody".

Of course, there was no personal fault of Nicholas II in this tragedy, but like any head of state, he took full responsibility for what happened. He ordered to give 1,000 rubles to each family of the deceased on the Khodynka field, assigned personal pensions to the families of the dead and crippled, established a special shelter for orphaned children, and accepted all the expenses for the funeral at his own expense.

None of the participants in the tragedy blamed the 26-year-old king, who had just ascended the throne. When the tsar visited the wounded in the hospital, many of them were worried, with tears in their eyes they asked the tsar to forgive them, the “unreasonable ones” who spoiled “such a holiday”.

“By coincidence, on the day of the misfortune, a brilliant reception was scheduled at the French embassy, for which our French allies had long been preparing, having spent huge amounts of money and a lot of effort on these celebrations. On the recommendation of the Minister of Foreign Affairs, the Sovereign, with a heavy heart, decided not to cancel His visit, so as not to cause political rumors. He placed the duty of the King's ministry above all else. At the appointed hour, the Sovereign arrived at the French embassy, remained there for the minimum time stipulated by the protocol, and then departed, instructing the ambassador to convey His gratitude to the French people for their friendly feelings towards Russia ... His courageous gesture was duly appreciated in the foreign press, especially the French one. As for the Russian liberal public and the leftist press, they tried, for propaganda purposes, to use this case to present the Sovereign as a heartless, ruthless and cruel person.
Historian E.E. Alferiev

One of the key figures in the conspiracy was the priest G. Gapon, the organizer of the strike and the mass procession of workers to the tsar with a petition.

Calling for a "peaceful procession", at one of the meetings Gapon addressed the workers:

“If ... they don’t let us through, then we will break through by force. If the troops shoot at us, we will defend ourselves. Part of the troops will go over to our side, and then we will arrange a revolution. We'll set up barricades, we'll smash gun shops, we'll smash the prison, we'll take over the telegraph and telephone. The Socialist-Revolutionaries promised bombs ... and ours will take "(Newspaper "Iskra" No. 86 of 1905).

The Petersburg Committee of the Bolsheviks issued a proclamation:

“Do not ask the king and do not even demand from him, do not humiliate yourself before our sworn enemy, but throw him off the throne and drive out the entire autocratic gang with him - this is the only way to win freedom”.

This is what the petrels of the “peaceful” procession looked like.

It was in its purest form a political provocation of the revolutionaries, who, in the difficult conditions for Russia of the Russo-Japanese War, on behalf of the people, made political demands on the tsarist government.

On Sunday morning, January 9, 1905, the demonstrators went from different parts of the city to the Winter Palace. In addition to the banners (selected by force in the church), red banners and banners with the slogans “Down with the autocracy!”, “Long live the revolution!”, “To arms, comrades!” appeared over the crowds.

“The provocateurs of the “peaceful” procession were the first to open fire. The police were the first to be killed. In response, a company of the 93rd Irkutsk Infantry Regiment opened fire on an armed demonstration. In principle, there was no other way out for the police. They did their duty."
Historian A. Borisyuk

The peaceful procession turned into an armed clash with law enforcement forces. The result was casualties on both sides.

From the report of the Director of the Police Department A.A. Lopukhin:

“Electrified by agitation, crowds of workers, not succumbing to the usual general police measures and even cavalry attacks, stubbornly rushed to the Winter Palace, and then, irritated by the resistance, began to attack military units themselves. This state of affairs led to the need for emergency measures to restore order, and military units had to act against huge gatherings of workers with firearms.

... on the 4th line of Vasilyevsky Island, the crowd set up a barricade with a red flag. In the same area, two more board barricades were built, and here an attack was made on the building of the 2nd police station of the Vasilyevsky part, the premises of which were broken, and there were also attempts to damage telephone and telegraph messages.

From the windows of the houses adjacent to the barricades, shots were fired at the troops, and Schaff's edged weapons factory was looted here, and the crowd tried to arm themselves with stolen blades, most of which, however, were taken away.

... On the same day, 5 private shops were looted on the Petersburg side, and 2 state-owned wine shops on Vasilyevsky Island.

Further, the report stated that “on January 9, 96 people were killed (including a police officer) and up to 333 people were wounded, of which another 34 people died before January 27 (including one assistant bailiff)”, then there is a total number of people killed was 130 people. The reports of "thousands of victims" spread by the liberal press at home and abroad did not correspond to reality.

On the same day, the workers, in an appeal to the Metropolitan of St. Petersburg, expressed complete repentance for what had happened: “Only in our darkness did we admit that some persons alien to us expressed political desires on our behalf.”

And again the sovereign shows mercy and care for the victims. He orders to release 50,000 rubles from his own funds to assist family members of the dead and wounded (this was reported in the Gazette of St. Petersburg City Administration No. 16 of January 20, 1905). History does not know of another similar case, so that during a difficult war, funds were allocated for charitable assistance to the families of the injured participants. anti-state demonstrations.

The question arises whether the decision to use weapons was not erroneous. Maybe the government should have made concessions to the workers?

Historian S.S. Oldenburg, a contemporary of those events, gives an unequivocal answer: "Compliance with the advancing crowd either leads to the collapse of power, or even worse bloodshed".

After January 1905, a real revolutionary terror.

“The turmoil that began in January 1905 engulfed the entire empire. Dozens of people died every day at the hands of terrorists. From January 1905 to 1907, 9 thousand people were killed by terrorists, from January 1908 to January 1910 - 7 thousand 634 people. Total number victims of terror amounted to 16 thousand 634 people. It is noteworthy that the Russian liberal intelligentsia "traditionally" sympathized not with the victims of terror, but with the terrorists, in whom the progressives saw the vanguard of the struggle against the hated autocracy.
Candidate of Historical Sciences P.V. Multatuli

So what is Nicholas II to blame for? In that he protected his people and the existing political system?

For this, Nicholas II did not need mass repressions against the entire people.

The subsequent severe measures of reprisals against terrorists and rebels led to the fact that by the beginning of 1908 the revolutionary moods in the country were suppressed, the wave of bloody crimes was stopped, and life returned to normal.

Let's compare some numbers.

Under Nicholas II in 1908 (a record for the number of executions) executed 1300 Human.

According to the official data of the OGPU-NKVD (source: Mozokhin O.B.) :

- in 1921, when full swing walked Civil War in Russia, the OGPU was shot 9701 Human:

- in 1937 (the height of Stalinist repressions) was subjected to the highest measure of punishment 353074 man!

The result of tsarist repressions was 7.5 times less than in the first years of Soviet power, and 270 times less than in one of the most difficult years of Stalinism.

And this is when compared with the official data of the OGPU-NKVD.

But there are other statistics as well.

So, in the study of A.I. Ivanov "Demographic losses of Russia - the USSR" on the basis of archival statistics, other figures are given. It says "on the total losses of the country's population with the formation of the Soviet state, caused by its internal politics, its conduct of the civil and world wars throughout 1917-1959.".

"one. The establishment of Soviet power 1917-1929 The number of casualties - over 30 million people.

2. The costs of building socialism (collectivization, industrialization, liquidation of the kulaks, the remnants of the "former classes") 1930-1939. - 22 million people.

Total - more than 52 million people.

So who is really bloody?

“The Bolsheviks said, and now the Communists continue to say that Nicholas II is bloody. That's who to keep silent, so it's the communists. There were no more bloody than their leaders Lenin and Stalin in the entire Russian history!”