Chosen council. Schism of the Russian Orthodox Church

In 1533, Vasily 3 dies, passing the throne to his eldest son Ivan. Ivan Vasilievich at that time was 3 years old. Until he came of age, he could not rule on his own, so the first years of his reign are characterized by the power of his mother (Elena Glinskaya) and the boyars.

Regency of Elena Glinskaya (1533-1538)

Elena Glinskaya was 25 years old in 1533. To govern the country, Vasily 3 left the boyar council, but the actual power was in the hands of Elena Glinskaya, who ruthlessly fought against everyone who could claim power. Her favorite, Prince Ovchin-Obolensky, massacred some of the boyars of the council, and the rest did not oppose the will of Glinskaya.

Realizing that a three-year-old child on the throne is not what the country needs, and that the reign of her son Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible could be interrupted without actually starting, Elena decided to eliminate the brothers of Vasily 3 so that there would be no pretenders to the throne. Yuri Dmitrovsky was arrested and killed in prison. Andrei Staritsky was accused of treason and executed.

The reign of Elena Glinskaya, as regent of Ivan 4, was quite productive. The country has not lost its power and influence in the international arena, and an important reform has been carried out within the country. In 1535, a monetary reform took place, according to which only the king could mint coins. In total there were 3 types of money at face value:

• A penny (it depicted a rider with a spear, hence the name).
• Money - was equal to 0.5 kopecks.
• Polushka - equal to 0.25 kopecks.

In 1538 Elena Glinskaya dies. Guess. That it was a natural death is naive. A young and healthy woman dies at 30! Apparently, she was poisoned by the boyars who wanted power. This opinion is shared by most historians studying the era of Ivan the Terrible.

Boyar rule (1538-1547)

At the age of 8, Prince Ivan Vasilyevich was left an orphan. Since 1538, Russia passed under the rule of the boyars, who acted as guardians over the infant tsar. Here it is important to understand that the boyars were interested in personal gain, and not the country and not the young king. In 1835-1547, this was the time of a brutal massacre for the throne, where the main opposing sides were 3 clans: Shuisky, Belsky, Glinsky. The struggle for power was bloody, and all this happened in front of the child. At the same time, there was a complete decay of the foundations of statehood and insane eating of the budget: the boyars, having received all the power in their hands, and realizing that this was for 1013 years, began to line their pockets as best they could. In the best way they can demonstrate what was happening in Russia at that time, 2 sayings: “The treasury is not a miserable widow, you won’t get it” and “The pocket is dry, so the judge is deaf.”

Ivan 4 was strongly impressed by elements of boyar cruelty and permissiveness, as well as a sense of his own weakness and limited power. Of course, when the young king received the throne, there was a 180-degree turn of consciousness, and then he tried everything to prove that it was he main man in the country.

Education of Ivan the Terrible

The following factors influenced the upbringing of Ivan the Terrible:

• Early loss of parents. There were also practically no close relatives. Therefore, there really were no people who would strive to give the child the right upbringing.
• The power of the boyars. From the very early years Ivan Vasilyevich saw the strength of the boyars, saw their antics, rudeness, drunkenness, struggle for power, and so on. Everything that a child cannot see, he not only saw, but also took part in it.
• Church Literature. The archbishop, and later the metropolitan, Macarius had a great influence on the future king. Thanks to this man, Ivan 4 studied church literature, being carried away by moments about the fullness of royal power.

In the upbringing of Ivan, the contradictions between word and deed played a big role. For example, in all the books and speeches of Macarius, they talked about the fullness of royal power, about its divine origin, but in reality, every day the child had to deal with the arbitrariness of the boyars, who did not even feed him dinner every evening. Or another example. Ivan 4, as a virgin king, was always taken to meetings, meetings with ambassadors and other state affairs. There he was treated like a king. The child was seated on the throne, everyone bowed at his feet, talked about admiration for his power. But everything changed as soon as the official part ended and the king returned to his chambers. Here there were no more bows, but there was the boyars' harshness, their rudeness, sometimes even insulting the child. And such contradictions were everywhere. When a child grows up in an atmosphere, when one thing is said and another is done, it breaks all patterns and affects the psyche. This eventually happened, because in such an atmosphere, how can an orphan know what is good and what is bad?

Ivan loved to read and by the age of 10 he could quote many passages from it. He took part in church services, sometimes even participated in them as a chorister. He played chess quite well, composed music, knew how to write beautifully, and often used folk sayings in his speech. That is, the child was absolutely talented, and with parental upbringing and love, he could become a full-fledged personality. But in the absence of the latter, and with constant contradictions, it began to manifest itself and back side. Historians write that at the age of 12, the king threw cats and dogs from the roofs of the towers. At the age of 13, Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible ordered the dogs to tear Andrei Shuisky, who, drunk and in dirty clothes, lay down on the bed of the late Vasily 3.

Independent government

Crowning the kingdom

On January 16, 1547, the independent reign of Ivan the Terrible began. The 17-year-old youth was crowned king by Metropolitan Macarius. For the first time, the Grand Duke of Russia was named tsar. Therefore, we can say without exaggeration that Ivan 4 is the first Russian tsar. The coronation took place in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. The cap of Monomakh was placed on the head of Ivan 4 Vasilyevich. Monomakh's cap and the title "Tsar" Russia becomes the successor Byzantine Empire, and the king thereby towered over the rest of his subjects, including the governors. The population perceived the new title as a symbol of unlimited power, since not only the rulers of Byzantium, but also the rulers of the Golden Horde were called kings.

The official title of Ivan the Terrible after the coronation - king and Grand Duke all Russia.

Immediately after the beginning of independent rule, the king married. On February 3, 1947, Ivan the Terrible married Anastasia Zakharyina (Romanova). This significant event, since soon the Romanovs will form a new ruling dynasty, and the marriage of Anastasia to Ivan on February 3 will be the basis for this.

The first shock of the autocrat

Having received power, without a regency council, Ivan 4 decided that this was the end of his torment, and now he is really the main person in the country with absolute power over others. The reality was different, and soon the young man realized this. The summer of 1547 turned out to be dry, and on June 21 a strong storm broke out. One of the churches caught fire, and because of the strong wind, the fire quickly spread throughout wooden Moscow. The fires continued on June 21-29.

As a result, 80,000 people in the capital were left homeless. Popular indignation was directed at the Glinskys, who were accused of witchcraft and kindling a fire. When the mad crowd raised an uprising in Moscow in 1547 and came to the tsar in the village of Vorobyevo, where the tsar and the metropolitan were hiding from the fires, Ivan the Terrible for the first time saw the uprising and the power of the mad crowd.

Fear has entered into my soul, and trembling into my bones, and my spirit has humbled itself.

Ivan 4 Vasilyevich

Once again, a contradiction happened - the king was sure of the limitlessness of his power, but he saw the power of nature that caused the fire, the power of people who raised an uprising.

Government system

The system of government in Russia under the reign of Ivan the Terrible must be divided into 2 stages:

• The period after the reforms of the Chosen Rada.
• Oprichnina period.

After the reforms, the management system can be graphically depicted as follows.

During the Oprichnina period, the system was different.

A unique precedent was created when there were 2 systems of government in the state at the same time. At the same time, Ivan 4 retained the title of king in each of these branches of government.

Domestic politics

The reign of Ivan the Terrible in terms of internal government of the country is divided into the stage of reforms of the Chosen Rada and the oprichnina. Moreover, these systems of government were fundamentally different from each other. All the work of the Rada was reduced to the fact that the power should be with the tsar, but in its implementation he should rely on the boyars. The oprichnina concentrated all power in the hands of the tsar and his system of government, and relegated the boyars to the background.

During the time of Ivan the Terrible, great changes took place in Russia. The following areas have been reformed:

• Ordering the law. The Sudebnik of 1550 was adopted.
• Local government. The feeding system was finally abolished, when the boyars lined their pockets locally, and did not solve the problems of the region. As a result, the local nobility got more power in their hands, and Moscow got a more successful tax collection system.
• Central administration. A system of "Orders" has been implemented, which streamlined power. In total, more than 10 orders were created, which covered all areas of activity domestic policy states.
• Army. A regular army was created, which was based on archers, gunners and Cossacks.

The desire to strengthen his power, as well as failures in the Livonian War, led to the fact that Ivan the Terrible creates Oprichnina (1565-1572). You can read more about this topic on our website, but for a general understanding, it is important to note that as a result of it, the state actually went bankrupt. An increase in taxes and the development of Siberia began, as steps that could attract additional money to the treasury.

Foreign policy

By the beginning of the independent reign of Ivan 4, Russia had significantly lost its political status, since 11 years of boyar rule, when they cared not about the country, but about their own wallet, had an effect. The table below shows the main directions foreign policy Ivan the Terrible and key tasks in each area.

East direction

Here the maximum successes were achieved, although everything did not start in the best way. In 1547 and 1549 military campaigns against Kazan were organized. Both of these campaigns ended in failure. But in 1552 the city managed to take. In 1556, the Astrakhan Khanate was annexed, and in 1581 Yermak's campaign to Siberia began.

South direction

Campaigns to the Crimea were undertaken, but they were unsuccessful. The largest campaign took place in 1559. The proof that the campaigns were unsuccessful is in 1771 and in 1572 the Crimean Khanate carried out raids on the young territories of Russia.

Western direction

To solve problems on western borders Russia in 1558, Ivan the Terrible begins the Livonian War. Until a certain time, it seemed that they could end in success, but the first local failures in the war broke the Russian tsar. Blaming everyone around for the defeats, he started the Oprichnina, which actually ruined the country and made it incompetent. As a result of the war:

• In 1582, peace was signed with Poland. Russia lost Livonia and Polotsk.
• In 1583 peace was signed with Sweden. Russia lost cities: Narva, Yam, Ivangorod and Koporye.

The results of the reign of Ivan 4

The results of the reign of Ivan the Terrible can be characterized as contradictory. On the one hand, there are indisputable signs of greatness - Russia has expanded to enormous proportions, gaining access to the Baltic and Caspian Seas. On the other hand, the country was economically in a deplorable position, and this despite the addition of new territories.

Map

Map of Russia towards the end of the 16th century

Comparison of Ivan 4 and Peter 1

Russian history is amazing - Ivan the Terrible is portrayed as a tyrant, usurper and just a sick person, and Peter 1 is a great reformer, founder of " modern Russia". In fact, these two rulers are very similar to each other.

Upbringing . Ivan the Terrible lost his parents early, and his upbringing went by itself - he did what he wanted. Peter 1 did not like to study, but he liked to study the army. The child was not touched - he did what he wanted.

Boyars. Both rulers grew up during a period of fierce boyar strife for the throne, when a lot of blood was shed. Hence the hatred of both for the nobility, and hence the approach of people without a family!

Habits. Today they are trying to denigrate Ivan 4, saying that he was almost an alcoholic, but the truth is that this fully suits Peter. Let me remind you that it was Peter who created “the most joking and most drunken cathedral.”

The murder of a son. Ivan is accused of killing his son (although it has already been proven that there was no murder, and his son was poisoned), but Peter 1 also pronounced a death sentence on his son. Moreover, he tortured him and Alexei died from torture in prison.

Expansion of territories. During the reign of both Russia significantly expanded territorially.

Economy . Both rulers brought the country to a complete decline, when the economy was in a terrible state. By the way, both rulers loved taxes and actively used them to fill the budget.

Atrocities. With Ivan the Terrible, everything is clear - a tyrant and a murderer - that's what he calls official history, accusing the king of atrocities against ordinary citizens. But Peter 1 was of a similar stock - he beat people with sticks, personally tortured and killed archers for rebellion. Suffice it to say that during the reign of Peter the population of Russia decreased by more than 20%. And this is taking into account the capture of new territories.

There are many similarities between these two people. Therefore, if you praise one and demonize the other, it may make sense to reconsider your views on history.

). It was the time of reforms.

At the beginning of his reign, Ivan IV surrounded himself with far-sighted and intelligent people who he trusted. Among them were the nobleman Adashev, Metropolitan Macarius, the priest Sylvester, and the head of the Ambassadorial Department Ivan Viskovaty. They entered into history titled "The Chosen One".

The term "Chosen Rada" was introduced by Prince Kurbsky. Prince Andrei Mikhailovich Kurbsky - an outstanding commander, one of educated people of his time. He was a personal friend of Ivan IV, served him "faithfully". The historian N. M. Karamzin wrote about him: “Whether he fought near Tula, near Kazan, whether in the steppes of Bashkiria, on the fields of Livonia, everywhere victory adorned his forehead with its laurels.” For the feat near Kazan, Kurbsky received land in the Moscow region and the rank of boyar.

Relatives of Tsar Ivan the Terrible from the Glinsky family, with their arrogance and arbitrariness, earned universal hatred. In the summer of 1547, after a grandiose fire in Moscow, a popular uprising directed against them. uncle king Yuri Glinsky was killed by a mob on Cathedral Square in the Kremlin. Frightened Ivan took refuge in his country residence on the Sparrows mountains. The estates of the Glinskys were plundered, and they themselves fled from the capital. The authorities hardly managed to restore order in the city.

The Moscow uprising shocked and frightened Tsar Ivan. He realized that he urgently needed advisers who could warn him against mistakes in time and explain the mechanisms of supreme power. Not trusting the boyars, Ivan decided to resort to the help of people who were not very noble, but honest and knowledgeable. So, under the young Tsar Ivan IV, in addition to the Boyar Duma, a kind of “supreme council” arose - the Chosen Rada.

Part The chosen one is glad included Metropolitan Macarius, clerk Alexey Adashev, royal confessor priest Sylvester, head of the Ambassadorial order clerk Ivan Viskovaty, young voivode prince Andrey Kurbsky and etc.

Members of the Chosen Rada were prominent figures of that era.

Alexey Fedorovich Adashev

Alexey Fedorovich Adashev - Kostroma landowner. He was in charge royal archive, was the custodian state seal, led the petition order, had a court rank of a sleeping bag, that is, he was one of the people closest to the king. The Russian historian N. M. Karamzin spoke of him as follows: “The beauty of the century and mankind.”

Sylvester

Sylvester is a priest of the Annunciation Cathedral in the Kremlin. Originally from Novgorod, he was an educated person, he collected a rich library. He was one of the authors and compilers of the book on home economics - "Domostroy".

Metropolitan Macarius

Metropolitan Macarius took care of Ivan IV from childhood and had a beneficial effect on him. He did much to educate the clergy. With his participation and with his blessing, the first printing house was opened in Moscow and the first printed book, The Apostle, was published.

Under the Elected Rada, a number of reforms were carried out in the country. material from the site

At the end of the 50s. 16th century the attitude of the king towards the members of the Chosen Rada has changed. Adashev was sent by the governor to Livonia, where he soon died. Sylvester was exiled to the Solovetsky Monastery, where he died. Prince Kurbsky, fearing reprisals, fled the country and went to the service of the Polish king.

Historians believe that main reason the cooling of the king towards his associates should be sought in the reforms that they began to implement. The transformations initiated by the Chosen Rada proceeded slowly, and the results did not appear immediately. Ivan IV, as an impatient man, accused his associates of doing nothing for the state, but only trying to take power away from him.

After the fall of the Chosen One, the second period of the reign of Ivan IV began ( oprichnina). The centralization of power in the country began to be carried out through violence.

The Tver Principality and the Novgorod Republic were annexed in the reign ...

Ivan III

The overthrow of the Horde yoke took place in the reign ...

Ivan IV

The first measure of serfdom in Russian legislation was the introduction of...

St. George's day rules

In the Sudebnik of 1497, it was (and) introduced (s) ...

St. George's day rule

Ivan IV ruled in...

1533-1584.

The Chosen Rada was called ...

The reign of Ivan IV does NOT include:
- annexation of the Tver principality
- overthrow Mongolian yoke
- adoption of the first all-Russian code of laws
- "standing" on the river. acne
- the final enslavement of the peasants
- creation regular army
- creation of the Russian fleet
- adoption of the "Council Code"
- introduction of the poll tax

Unification of Novgorod and Kiev under the rule of Oleg 882g
Baptism of Russia 988g, 990g
The defeat of the Polovtsy by V. Monomakh 1103-1113

The development of the Moscow state in the XVI century. Ivan groznyj.
The reign of Ivan IV does NOT include:

- accession Novgorod Republic

- annexation of the Tver principality

- the introduction of the "rule of St. George's day"

- overthrow of the Mongol yoke

- adoption of the first all-Russian code of laws

- "standing" on the river. acne

- the final enslavement of the peasants

- creation of a regular army

- creation of the Russian fleet

- adoption of the "Council Code"

- introduction of the poll tax

At the beginning of the XVI century. the theory "Moscow - the third Rome" appeared, proposed by the Pskov monk

Philotheus

For the first time, the crowning of the kingdom took place in the reign ...

Ivan IV

Convocation of the first Zemsky Sobor - 1549
The beginning of the oprichnina - 1565
The beginning of the reign of Ivan IV - 1533

Territories allocated in the 1550s-1570s to a special destiny with a special army and public administration were called...

Oprichnina

Restriction of the transition of peasants on St. George's Day as an all-Russian measure was first introduced

Sudebnik 1497

The first Russian dated printed book, published in 1564 by Ivan Fedorov, was called

"Apostle"

Yermak's campaign in the 80s. 16th century initiated the annexation to Russia ...

Western Siberia

Ivan IV ruled in...

The estate was called (was) ...

Land tenure granted on terms of service

The convocation of the first Zemsky Sobor refers to the reign ...

Ivan IV

The first wedding to the kingdom took place in _____.

Land ownership granted on the terms of service is called ...

Estate

The Chosen Rada was called ...

Unofficial government under Ivan IV

The beginning of the annexation of Siberia refers to the reign ...

Ivan IV

The beginning of the annexation of Siberia is associated with the name ...

Yermak

The famous icon "Trinity" was painted at the beginning of the 15th century by...

Andrey Rublev

To the unofficial government Chosen Rada, created in the initial period of the reign of Ivan IV, included ...

Makary, A. Kurbsky

The Zemsky Sobor was...

estate-representative body

Trouble in Russia

The cross-kissing record was given to those elected at the Zemsky Sobor in 1606 by the tsar
Vasily Shuisky

the beginning of the reign of V. Shuisky - 1606

election to the kingdom of M. Romanov - 1613

the defeat of the uprising I. Bolotnikov - 1607

the overthrow of V. Shuisky - 1610

death of B. Godunov - 1605

board of B. Godunov - 1598-1605

the reign of V. Shuisky - 1606-1610

the reign of the "seven boyars" - 1610-1612

reign of False Dmitry I - 1605-1606

creation of the Tushino camp - 1608

the beginning of the reign of B. Godunov - 1598

The liberation of Moscow from the Polish invaders - 1612

The uprising of Ivan Bolotnikov took place in ___ year

1606-1607

Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was elected at the Zemsky Sobor in ___

Board of the First Romanovs

Legal consolidation of the indefinite investigation of fugitive peasants - 1649
The beginning of the reign of the first Romanovs - 1613
The uprising of the Cossacks and peasants led by Stepan Razin - 1670-1671
Nikon's renunciation of the patriarchate - 1658
Acceptance of the "Council Code" - 1649
The election of Mikhail Romanov to the kingdom - 1613
Accession to the throne of Alexei Mikhailovich - 1645 - 1676
The uprising of the archers and the beginning of the regency of Sophia - 1698
The reign of the Romanov dynasty 1613

In 1654, the accession to Russia was completed ...

Left-bank Ukraine

In the "Cathedral Code" was (oh, a) ...

finalized serfdom

"Cathedral Code" was adopted in the board ...

Alexey Mikhailovich

Church reform in the middle of the 17th century. Was held...

Patriarch Nikon

The event of the "rebellious age" was

- uprising led by St. Razin
- salt and copper riots
- Moscow uprising of 1648
- Pskov and Novgorod uprisings of 1650

Pereyaslav Rada in 1654 adopted important decision o (o)

Accession of Ukraine to Russia

"rebellious age contemporaries called...

17th century

Church reform in the middle of the 17th century. led to...

The split of the Russian Orthodox Church

The reign of the first Romanovs does NOT include:
- Livonian War
- the beginning of the annexation of Siberia
- introduction of oprichnina
- annexation of the Kazan Khanate
- annexation of the Astrakhan Khanate
- annexation of the Novgorod Republic
- activities of the Chosen One
- overthrow of the Mongol yoke
- the introduction of the "rule of St. George's day"
- the introduction of "reserved years"

In 1670-1671. there was an uprising led by

Stepan Razin

"Cathedral Code" was adopted in ...

Born at the turn of the 17th century. portraiture is called...

Icon

Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov was nicknamed...

"The Quietest"

A new phenomenon in the economic development of Russia in the XVII century. It was...

The emergence of manufactories