Vasily 3 years. Vasily III Ivanovich ascended the throne

30.10.2019

1917 is one of the most hackneyed topics in Russian historiography. At the same time, it cannot be said that it does not deserve such increased attention, which was given to it both in Soviet era, as well as in our days. No matter how much it is said about its readiness, profitability to third parties and foreign financial injections, the February Revolution of 1917 had objective reasons and prerequisites that have been growing for many years. It is about them and about the nature of the revolution that will be discussed in this article.

Causes of the 1917 Revolution

After all, this event did not at all become the first revolutionary shock for the Russian Empire. The obvious need for a large-scale reorganization of the social, political and economic structure began to manifest itself from the very middle of the 19th century. As early as 1853-56, Russia demonstrated the backwardness of Russia in comparison with the advanced states of that time - England and France. Certain measures were indeed taken, but the large-scale reforms of the 1860s did not lead to sufficient results. The features of the law on the elimination of serfdom did not allow the peasants to breathe deeply, the "catching up" modernization of production remained "catching up" by the beginning of the 20th century. The beginning of the new century becomes for Russia a period of constant social unrest. In the country, one after another, political parties of various kinds arise and form. Many of them call for the most decisive action. The main pressing issues of

there was a necessary democratization public life, alleviating the fate of the suffocating peasant class, the creation of labor legislation and the resolution of contradictions between the rapidly growing working class and the capitalists. Neither the revolution of 1905-1907, nor (first of all, the agrarian one, undertaken as an attempt to solve the main problem of social contradictions - the peasant one) did not lead to anything significant. And which began in 1914, the First World War further aggravated the situation in the country, bringing it devastation and economic collapse. Although the events of 1905-1907 did not lead to the desired results, they served as a kind of preparatory stage for progressive forces. Therefore, the events of 1917 were, in their own way, a continuation of the revolution of 1905-1907. Since the hardships of the war were the last straw, the 1917 revolution began with anti-war

demonstrations, demands to immediately conclude peace and, of course, to resolve the social problems noted above, which reached their apogee during this period. Among the causes of any revolution, it is always also important to name factors that did not take place earlier, but which made it possible for it to take place at a certain moment. In our case, a sharp drop in the authority of the Romanov family should be highlighted. If even in the second half of the 19th century the peasants believed in a “good tsar”, who simply did not know about their troubles, and were ready to go and lay down their lives for the “all-Russian father”, like the epic Ivan Susanin, then the spread of bourgeois-democratic and socialist ideas was already at the beginning The 20th century undermined this blind obedience.

The results of the revolution of 1917

However, February also did not bring solutions to all problems. The rapidly developing events really led to the fall of the monarchical regime and the democratization of the political system. Civil equality and inviolability of the person were finally proclaimed. However, even greater instability was established in the country. A peculiar result of the revolution was the dual power that arose in Russia - the Soviets of Soldiers' and Workers' Deputies in the localities and in the center. The ensuing months of political and social stagnation raised the question of the necessary continuation of the reforms that had begun. 1917 became such a continuation.

The Great Russian Revolution is the revolutionary events that took place in Russia in 1917, starting with the overthrow of the monarchy during the February Revolution, when power passed to the Provisional Government, which was overthrown as a result of the October Revolution of the Bolsheviks, who proclaimed Soviet power.

February Revolution of 1917 - The main revolutionary events in Petrograd

Reason for revolution: Labor conflict at the Putilov factory between workers and owners; interruptions in the supply of food to Petrograd.

Main events February Revolution took place in Petrograd. The leadership of the army, headed by the chief of staff of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, General Alekseev M.V., and the commanders of the fronts and fleets, considered that they did not have the means to suppress the riots and strikes that had engulfed Petrograd. Emperor Nicholas II abdicated. After his intended successor, Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich also abdicated, the State Duma took control of the country, forming the Provisional Government of Russia.

With the formation of Soviets parallel to the Provisional Government, a period of dual power began. The Bolsheviks form detachments of armed workers (Red Guards), thanks to attractive slogans, they are gaining considerable popularity, primarily in Petrograd, Moscow, in large industrial cities, the Baltic Fleet, and the troops of the Northern and Western fronts.


	Demonstrations of women demanding bread and the return of men from the front.
	The beginning of a general political strike under the slogans: "Down with tsarism!", "Down with autocracy!", "Down with war!" (300 thousand people). Clashes between demonstrators and police and gendarmerie. A telegram from the tsar to the commander of the Petrograd military district demanding "to stop the unrest in the capital tomorrow!"
	Arrests of leaders of socialist parties and workers' organizations (100 people). Execution of workers' demonstrations. Proclamation of the tsar's decree on the dissolution of the State Duma for two months. The troops (4th company of the Pavlovsky regiment) opened fire on the police.
	Mutiny of the reserve battalion of the Volynsky regiment, its transition to the side of the strikers. The beginning of the mass transition of troops to the side of the revolution. Creation of the Provisional Committee of the members of the State Duma and the Provisional Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet.
	Establishment of a provisional government
	Abdication of Tsar Nicholas II from the throne

Event that happened October 25, 1917 in the capital of the then Russian Empire, Petrograd, became just an uprising of the armed people, which stirred up almost the entire civilized world.

A hundred years have passed, but the results and achievements, the impact on world history October events remain the subject of discussions and disputes among numerous historians, philosophers, political scientists, specialists various areas law, both in our time and in the past twentieth century.

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Briefly about the date October 25, 1917

Officially in the Soviet Union, today this ambiguously assessed event was called - the day October revolution 1917, it was a holiday of the entire vast country and the peoples inhabiting it. It brought about a radical change in the social and political situation, transformation of political and social attitudes on the position of peoples and each individual individually.

Today, many young people do not even know what year the revolution took place in Russia, but it is necessary to know about it. The situation was quite predictable and brewed for several years, then the significant main events of the October Revolution of 1917 took place, the table briefly:

What is the October Revolution in the historical concept? The main armed uprising led by V. I. Ulyanov - Lenin, L. D. Trotsky, Ya. M. Sverdlov and other leaders of the communist movement in Russia.

The revolution of 1917 is an armed uprising.

Attention! The uprising was carried out by the Military Revolutionary Committee of the Petrograd Soviet, where, oddly enough, the Left Socialist-Revolutionary faction represented the majority.

The success of the coup was ensured by the following factors:

Significant level of popular support.
The provisional government was inactive and did not solve the problems of Russia's participation in the First World War.
The most significant political aspect compared to previously proposed extremist movements.

The faction of Mensheviks and Right Socialist-Revolutionaries could not organize more or less real option alternative movement in relation to the Bolsheviks.

A little about the causes of the October events of 1917

Today, no one refutes the idea that this fateful event practically turned not only the whole world upside down, but also radically changed the course of history for many decades to come. Far from being a feudal, bourgeois country striving for progress, it was practically turned upside down directly during certain events on the fronts of the First World War.

The historical significance of the October Revolution, which took place in 1917, is largely determined by the termination. However, as modern historians see it, there were several reasons:

The influence of the peasant revolution as a socio-political phenomenon as an aggravation of the confrontation between the peasant masses and the landowners who remained at that time. The reason is the “black redistribution” known in history, that is, distribution of land to the needy. Also in this aspect, the negative impact of the redistribution of land allotments on the number of dependents had an effect.
Working sections of society experienced significant city government pressure on residents rural areas, government became the main lever of pressure on the productive forces.
The deepest decomposition of the army and other power structures, where the majority of the peasants went to serve, who could not comprehend certain nuances of the protracted hostilities.
revolutionary fermentation of all sections of the working class. The proletariat at that time was a politically active minority, constituting no more than 3.5% of the active population. The working class was largely concentrated mainly in the industrial cities.
The national movements of the popular formations of imperial Russia developed and reached their climax. Then they sought to achieve autonomy, a promising option for them was not just autonomy, but a promising autonomy and independence from the central authorities.

To the greatest extent, it was the national movement that became the provoking factor in the beginning of the revolutionary movement on the territory of the vast Russian Empire, which literally disintegrated into its component parts.

Attention! The combination of all causes and conditions, as well as the interests of all sections of the population, determined the goals of the October Revolution of 1917, which became the driving force behind the future uprising as a turning point in history.

Popular unrest before the start of the October Revolution of 1917.

Ambiguous about the events of October 17

The first stage, which became the basis and the beginning of world change historical events, which became a turning point not only in the domestic, but also on a global scale. For example, the assessment of the October Revolution, Interesting Facts which lie in the simultaneous positive and negative impact on the socio-political world situation.

As usual, every significant event has objective and subjective reasons. The overwhelming majority of the population had a hard time experiencing wartime conditions, hunger and deprivation peace became necessary. What were the conditions in the second half of 1917:

Formed in the period from February 27 to March 03, 1917, the Provisional Government headed by Kerensky didn't have enough tools to solve all problems and questions without exception. The transfer of land and enterprises into the ownership of workers and peasants, as well as the elimination of hunger and the conclusion of peace, became an urgent problem, the solution of which was inaccessible to the so-called "temporaries".
The prevalence of socialist ideas among the general population, a noticeable increase in the popularity of Marxist theory, the implementation by the Soviets of the slogans of universal equality, the prospects for what the people expected.
The emergence of a strong opposition movement led by a charismatic leader, which was Ulyanov-Lenin. This party line at the beginning of the last century became the most promising movement to achieve world communism as a concept further development.
In the conditions of this situation, they became as much as possible in demand radical ideas and the problems of society requiring a radical solution - the inability to lead the empire from the thoroughly rotten tsarist administrative apparatus.

The slogan of the October Revolution - "peace to the peoples, land to the peasants, factories to the workers" was supported by the population, which made it possible to radically change political system in Russia.

Briefly about the course of events on October 25

Why did the October Revolution happen in November? The autumn of 1917 brought an even greater increase in social tension, political and socio-economic destruction was rapidly approaching its peak.

In industry, financial sector, transport and communication systems, agriculture a complete collapse.

Russian multinational empire broke up into separate nation-states, contradictions between representatives of various peoples and intra-tribal disagreements were growing.

Significant influence on the acceleration of the overthrow of the Provisional Government had hyperinflation, rising food prices Against the backdrop of lower wages, increased unemployment, a catastrophic situation on the battlefields, the war was artificially dragged out. Government of A. Kerensky did not submit an anti-crisis plan, and the initial February promises were practically abandoned.

These processes in the conditions of their rapid growth only increased influence leftist political movements throughout the country. These were the reasons for the unprecedented victory of the Bolsheviks in the October Revolution. The Bolshevik idea and its support by the peasants, workers and soldiers led to the deputy majority in the new state system - the Soviets in the First Capital and Petrograd. There were two directions in the plans for the Bolsheviks to come to power:

Peaceful diplomatically conditioned and legally confirmed the act of transferring power to the majority.
The extremist trend in the Soviets demanded armed strategic measures, in their opinion, the plan could only be implemented power grab.

The government, created in October 1917, was called the Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. The shot of the legendary cruiser "Aurora" on the night of October 25 gave signal to start the assault Winter Palace, which led to the fall of the Provisional Government.

October Revolution

October coup

Consequences of the October Revolution

The consequences of the October Revolution are ambiguous. This is the coming to power of the Bolsheviks, the adoption by the Second Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies of the Decrees on Peace, Land, the Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of the Country. Was created Russian Soviet Republic, later the controversial Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed. In various countries of the world, pro-Bolshevik governments began to come to power.

The negative aspect of the event is also important - the protracted that brought more destruction crisis, famine, millions of victims. The collapse and chaos in a vast country led to economic destruction of the global financial system, a crisis that dragged on for more than a decade and a half. Its consequences fell heavily on the shoulders of the poorest segments of the population. This situation has become the basis for a decrease in demographic indicators, a lack of productive forces in the future, human casualties, and unplanned migration.

1917 This year there have been many events that have drastically affected world history and development of Russia. February Revolution, the overthrow of the monarchy, the establishment of the Provisional Government, and then the October Revolution and the coming to power of the Bolsheviks. Let us take a closer look at the October Revolution, a turning point in the history of Russia and in the lives of many people of that time.

Causes of the October Revolution in 1917

Consider the causes of the October Revolution. 1917, almost 4 years Russia participates in the First World War, the forces are running out. The provisional government cannot provide the front with elementary things for the successful conduct of military operations: food and weapons. The army is devastated, military operations are poorly coordinated, so the Russian army suffers defeats one after another, loses many people.

The extreme weakness of the army, combined with the general state of the country, gave rise to one of the main causes of the October Revolution. In addition, when the Provisional Government came to power, many hoped that the new government would finally solve the pressing issue of land. The military who were at the front were afraid that the land would be divided without them, this became the reason for the flight from the place of hostilities, thus further weakening the army.

Difficult living and working conditions, the lack of rights of workers became another major cause of the revolution.

The course of the October Revolution

The unresolved peasant, worker, national issues showed the weakness of the Provisional Government, its inability to resist the devastation in the country. The provisional government became unpopular. At the same time, the well-organized Bolshevik Party is strengthening its positions in the political arena, led by the charismatic leader V.I. Lenin, already after the July crisis, speaks of a course towards an armed seizure of power.

On October 10, a meeting of the TsKRSDRP (b) is held. The Bolsheviks finally pass to an armed uprising. All preparation is carried out in the Military Revolutionary Committee, the actual leadership of the course of the revolution is taken by L.D. Trotsky. October 24 Kerensky (Chairman of the Provisional Government) closes the newspapers of the Bolsheviks. All events unfold in Petrograd. The Bolsheviks again ensure the publication of the Rabochy Put newspaper, take control of 9 bridges, the State Bank, a telephone exchange, railways. All important infrastructure is in the hands of the Bolsheviks. At 13:00 the Bolsheviks occupy the Admiralty and the Mariinsky Theatre. At 18:00 an ultimatum to the government is announced. At 21:45, the legendary volley sounds from the cruiser "Aurora" and the assault on the Winter Palace begins. At 02:10 the Provisional Government is arrested. Already on October 25, the 2nd Congress of Soviets is gathering.

Results of the October Revolution of 1917

As a result, the Bolsheviks manage to seize power. In Russia, the ruling elite and ideology are completely changing. Power passes into the hands of the Communist Party, which seeks to build a socialist society in which there will be no social inequality, no rich and poor, and the working class will have civil rights and freedoms. And indeed, the party initially issued decrees on peace, on land, trying to resolve the most pressing issues at that time.

The class division of society was destroyed, the church got rid of power. The old foundations collapsed, the persecution of the church began.

For almost 100 years the Communist Party has been in power. There were many unfortunate moments, cruel (repressions of the 30s, dispossession, collectivization). There were also brilliant victories, such as the victory in the Great Patriotic War, industrialization. Historians are still arguing about the results of the Great October Revolution, but the fact that it is called "great" says a lot.

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Causes of the October Revolution of 1917:

war weariness;
industry and Agriculture countries were on the verge of complete collapse;
catastrophic financial crisis;
the unresolved agrarian question and the impoverishment of the peasants;
delaying socio-economic reforms;
the contradictions of the dual power became a prerequisite for a change of power.

On July 3, 1917, unrest broke out in Petrograd demanding the overthrow of the Provisional Government. Counter-revolutionary units, by government decree, used weapons to suppress the peaceful demonstration. Arrests began, the death penalty was restored.

The dual power ended with the victory of the bourgeoisie. The events of July 3-5 showed that the bourgeois Provisional Government did not intend to fulfill the demands of the working people, and it became clear to the Bolsheviks that it was no longer possible to seize power by peaceful means.

At the VI Congress of the RSDLP (b), which took place from July 26 to August 3, 1917, the party took a guide to the socialist revolution through an armed uprising.

At the August State Conference in Moscow, the bourgeoisie intended to announce L.G. Kornilov as a military dictator and time the dispersal of the Soviets to coincide with this event. But the active revolutionary uprising frustrated the plans of the bourgeoisie. Then Kornilov on August 23 moved troops to Petrograd.

The Bolsheviks, carrying out great agitation work among the working masses and soldiers, explained the meaning of the conspiracy and created revolutionary centers for the struggle against Kornilovism. The rebellion was suppressed, and the people finally understood that the Bolshevik Party is the only party that defends the interests of the working people.

In mid-September, V.I. Lenin worked out a plan for an armed uprising and ways to carry it out. The main goal of the October Revolution was the conquest of power by the Soviets.

On October 12, the Military Revolutionary Committee (MRC) was created - a center for preparing an armed uprising. Zinoviev and Kamenev, opponents of the socialist revolution, gave the terms of the uprising to the Provisional Government.

The uprising began on the night of October 24, the day the II Congress of Soviets opened. The government immediately succeeded in isolating it from the armed units loyal to it.

October 25 V.I. Lenin arrived at Smolny and personally led the uprising in Petrograd. During the October Revolution, the most important objects such as bridges, telegraph, government offices were seized.

On the morning of October 25, 1917, the Military Revolutionary Committee announced the overthrow of the Provisional Government and the transfer of power to the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. On October 26, the Winter Palace was captured and members of the Provisional Government were arrested.

The October Revolution in Russia took place with the full support of the masses of the people. The alliance between the working class and the peasantry, the defection of the armed army to the side of the revolution, and the weakness of the bourgeoisie determined the results of the October Revolution of 1917.

On October 25 and 26, 1917, the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets was held, at which the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) was elected and the first Soviet government was formed - the Council People's Commissars(SNK). V.I. was elected Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars. Lenin. He put forward two Decrees: the "Decree on Peace", which called on the warring countries to stop hostilities, and the "Decree on Land", expressing the interests of the peasants.

The adopted Decrees contributed to the victory of Soviet power in the regions of the country.

November 3, 1917 with the capture of the Kremlin Soviet authority won in Moscow. Further, Soviet power was proclaimed in Belarus, Ukraine, Estonia, Latvia, in the Crimea, in the North Caucasus, in Central Asia. The revolutionary struggle in Transcaucasia dragged on to the end civil war(1920-1921), which was a consequence of the October Revolution of 1917.

The Great October Socialist Revolution divided the world into two camps - capitalist and socialist.