The location of the planets in the orbits of the solar galaxy. Solar system planets in order

The new words didn't fit in my head. It also happened that a textbook of natural history set before us the goal - to remember the location of the planets of the solar system, and we were already choosing means to justify it. Among the many options for solving this problem, there are several interesting and efficient ones.

Mnemonic in its purest form

The way out for modern students was invented by the ancient Greeks. No wonder the term "mnemonics" comes from a consonant Greek word, meaning in literal translation "the art of remembering." This art gave rise to a whole system of actions aimed at memorizing a large amount of information - "mnemonics".

They are very convenient to use if you just need to memorize a whole list of any names, a list of important addresses or phone numbers, or remember the sequence of objects. In the case of the planets of our system, such a technique is simply irreplaceable.

We play associations or "Ivan gave birth to a girl ..."

Each of us remembers and knows this rhyme since elementary school. This is the mnemonic counter. We are talking about that couplet, thanks to which it becomes easier for a child to remember the cases of the Russian language - “Ivan gave birth to a girl - He ordered to drag the diaper” (respectively - Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Instrumental and Prepositional).

Is it possible to do the same with the planets of the solar system? - Undoubtedly. A mnemonic for this astronomical educational program has already been invented quite a large number. The main thing you need to know: they are all based on associative thinking. It is easier for someone to imagine an object similar in form to a memorized one, for someone it is enough to present a chain of names in the form of a kind of “cipher”. Here are just a few tips on how best to memorize their location, taking into account the distance from the central star.

Funny pictures

The sequence of removal of the planets of our star system from the Sun can be remembered through visual images. First, associate with each planet an image of an object or even a person. Then imagine these pictures one by one, in the sequence in which the planets are located inside the solar system.

1. Mercury. If you have never seen images of this ancient Greek god, try to remember the late lead singer of the Queen group - Freddie Mercury, whose last name is consonant with the name of the planet. It is unlikely, of course, that children can know who this uncle is. Then we propose to come up with simple phrases, where the first word would begin with the syllable MEP, and the second with KUR. And they must necessarily describe specific objects, which will then become a “picture” for Mercury (this method can be used as the most extreme option with each of the planets).
2. Venus. Many have seen the statue of Venus de Milo. If you show it to your children, they can easily remember this "armless aunt." Plus, enlighten the next generation. You can ask them to remember some friend, classmate or relative with that name - all of a sudden there are such in the circle of friends.
3. Land. Everything is simple here. Everyone must imagine himself, an inhabitant of the Earth, whose “picture” stands between two planets located in space before and after ours.
4. Mars. In this case, advertising can become not only an "engine of trade", but also scientific knowledge. We think you understand that you need to introduce a popular imported chocolate in the place of the planet.
5. Jupiter. Try to imagine some landmark of St. Petersburg, for example, the Bronze Horseman. Yes, even if the planet begins in the south, but the locals call the "Northern Capital" Peter. Such an association may not be useful for children, so invent a phrase with them.
6. Saturn. Such a “handsome man” does not need any visual image, because everyone knows him as a planet with rings. If there are still difficulties, imagine a sports stadium with a treadmill. Moreover, such an association has already been used by the creators of one animated film on a space theme.
7. Uranus. The most effective in this case will be the “picture”, in which someone is very happy about some achievement and, as it were, shouts “Hurrah!”. Agree - every child is capable of adding one letter to this exclamation.
8. Neptune. Show the children the cartoon "The Little Mermaid" - let them remember Ariel's dad - the King with a mighty beard, impressive muscles and a huge trident. And it does not matter that according to the plot, His Majesty is called Triton. Neptune, after all, also had this tool in his arsenal.

And now - once again mentally imagine everything (or all) that reminds you of the planets of the solar system. Flip through these images, like pages in a photo album, from the first "picture", the closest to the Sun, to the last, whose distance from the star is the greatest.

“Look, what kind of POINTS have turned out ...”

Now - to mnemonics, which are based on the "initials" of the planets. Remembering the order of the planets in the solar system is really the easiest thing to do by the first letters. This kind of "art" is ideal for those who do not have such a brightly developed figurative thinking, but everything is in order with its associative form.

The most striking examples of versification in order to fix in memory the order of the planets are the following:

"The Bear Comes Out for Raspberries - The Lawyer Managed to Escape the Lowlands";
"We All Know: Yulia's Mom Got on Stilts in the Morning."

You can, of course, not add up the rhyme, but simply pick up words that begin with the first letters in the names of each of the planets. A little advice: in order not to confuse Mercury and Mars, starting with the same letter, put the first syllables at the beginning of your words - ME and MA, respectively.

For example: In some places, Golden Cars were seen, Yulili As if Seeing Us.

You can come up with such proposals indefinitely - as long as your imagination is enough. In a word, try, train, remember ...

Article author: Mikhail Sazonov

Astrophysics - comparatively young science. But it was she who began to study interesting facts about the planets of the solar system, everything about their structure and composition. Distinguished from astronomy, she is engaged in physical composition celestial bodies .

The sky has always been the object of close attention and interest of mankind. The stars have been observed since the time of the mythical Atlantis. The structure of celestial bodies, the trajectories of their movement, the change of seasons on Earth - all this was attributed to the influence of stars. Many theories were confirmed, others were discarded. Over time, they discovered that the Earth not the only planet in our galaxy.

In contact with

List of celestial bodies

Going to description interesting features each, you need to list all the small and large solar system planets. A table indicating the position from the sun will be placed just below. Here we restrict ourselves to alphabetical enumeration:

• Venus;
• Land;
• Mars;
• Mercury;
• Neptune;
• Saturn;
• Jupiter;
• Uranus.

Attention! It is noteworthy that the top three included bodies on which, according to science fiction writers, people will settle over time. Scientists doubt this option, but everything is subject to science fiction.

Curious facts

Everyone saw the film "Carnival Night", so there is no need to retell the plot. But even in terms of the celebration of the New Year, which is discussed in the film, there should be a report on the topic: "Is there life on Mars?"

What happened to the lecturer and the report itself is well known to the audience. The news often contains information about Mars.

Astronomical information also includes the fact that it rotates on the fourth, if you count the trajectory from the Sun, belongs to the terrestrial group etc.

Mars

Interestingly, all the names of the nearest planets are named after the ancient Roman gods. Mars is the god of war in ancient mythology. There is some confusion as many consider him to be a god of fertility. Both of them are right. The Romans considered him the god of fertility, who could both destroy and save the crop. Then, already in ancient Greek mythology, he received the name Ares (Mars) - the god of war.

Attention! The Red Planet - Mars acquired its unofficial name due to the high content of iron on the surface, which gives it a reddish tint. The god received his formidable name in the mythology of Greece for the same reason. The reddish hue resembled the color of blood.

Few people know that the first spring month is named after the god of fertility. It sounds the same in almost every language. Mars - March, Mars - March.

Mars is considered one of the most interesting planets in the solar system for children:

1. The highest point on earth three times lower than the highest point of Mars. Mount Everest is over 8 km high. Mount Olympus (Mars) - 27 km.
2. Due to weaker gravity on Mars you can jump three times higher.
3. Like Earth, Mars has 4 seasons. Each lasts 6 months, and the whole a year is 687 earth days(2 earth years -365x2=730).
4. He has his own bermuda triangle". Of every three satellites launched towards it, only one returns. Two disappear.
5. Moons of Mars (two of them) revolve around it at about the same speed towards each other. Because orbital radii are different, they never collide.

Venus

An inexperienced user will immediately answer that the most hot planet solar system, this is the first from the sun - Mercury. but our Earth's twin Venus will easily give him a head start. Mercury has no atmosphere, and although it 44 days heated by the Sun, the same number of days it spends on cooling (Year on Mercury - 88 days). Venus due to the presence of an atmosphere with a high content of carbon dioxide keeps the temperature constant.

Attention! Located between Mercury and the Earth, Venus is almost constantly under a "greenhouse" cap. Temperatures hover around 462 degrees. For comparison, lead melts at 327 degrees.

Venus Facts:

1. She has no satellites, but itself so bright that it can cast a shadow.
2. A day on it lasts more than a year - 243 Earth days(year - 225).
3. 3. All planets in the solar system rotate counterclockwise. . Only Venus spins the other way.
4. The wind speed can reach 360 km/h.

Mercury

Mercury - first planet from the sun. Consider interesting information about him:

1. Despite being dangerously close to a hot neighbor, he there are glaciers.
2. Mercury boasts geysers. Because there is no oxygen They are made up of pure hydrogen.
3. American research satellites spotted the presence of a small magnetic field .
4. Mercury is eccentric. Its trajectory has an ellipse, the maximum diameter of which is almost twice the minimum.
5. Mercury is wrinkled and, since it has a minimum thickness of the atmosphere. As a result the inner core is cooling, shrinking. Therefore, his robe was covered with wrinkles, the height of which can reach hundreds of meters.

Saturn

Saturn, despite the minimum amount of light and heat, not covered by glaciers, since its main components are gases: helium and hydrogen. It is one of the ringed planets in the solar system. Galileo, who first saw the planet, suggested that the rings are a trace of the movement of two satellites, but they rotate very quickly.

Curious information:

1. Shape of Saturn oblate ball. This is due to the rapid rotation of the celestial body around its axis. Its diameter in the widest part is 120 thousand km, in the narrowest - 108 thousand km.
2. It ranks second in the solar system in terms of the number of its satellites - 62 pieces. At the same time, there are giants larger than Mercury, and there are very little ones with a diameter of up to 5 km.
3. The main decoration of the gas giant are its rings.
4. Saturn is 760 times larger than Earth.
5. Its density is second only to water.

Researchers have proposed an interesting interpretation of the last two facts in teaching children:

• If you create a bag the size of Saturn, then it would fit exactly 760 balls, the diameter of which is equal to the globe.
• If a giant bathtub comparable to its size was filled with water, then Saturn would float on the surface.

Pluto

Of particular interest is Pluto.

Until the end of the twentieth century, it was considered the most farthest planet from the sun, but in connection with the discovery of the second asteroid belt beyond Neptune, in which fragments were found with a weight and diameter exceeding Pluto, since the beginning of the 21st century it has been transferred to the status of dwarf planets.

An official name for bodies of this size has yet to be invented. At the same time, this "fragment" has five of its satellites. One of them - Charon, in its parameters is almost equal to Pluto itself.

There is no planet in our system with blue sky, except for the Earth and ... Pluto. In addition, it is noted that Pluto has a lot of ice. Unlike the ice sheets of Mercury, this ice is frozen water, since the planet is quite far from the main body.

Jupiter

But the most interesting planet is Jupiter:

1. He has rings. Five of them are fragments of meteorites approaching him. Unlike the rings of Saturn, they do not contain ice.
2. The moons of Jupiter were named after the mistresses of the ancient Greek god, after whom it is named.
3. It is the most dangerous for radio and magnetic devices. Its magnetic field can damage the instruments of a ship that tries to approach it.
4. The speed of Jupiter is also curious. The days on it are only 10 hours, and the year is the time during which the orbit around a star, 12 years.
5. The mass of Jupiter is several times greater than the weight of all the other planets revolving around the Sun.

Land

Interesting facts.

1. The South Pole - Antarctica, contains almost 90% of all ice on the globe. Almost 70% of the world's fresh water is also located there.
2. longest mountain range is under water. Its length is more than 600,000 km.
3. The longest range on land is the Himalayas (over 2500 km),
4. The Dead Sea is the second deepest point in the world. its bottom located at 400 meters below ocean level.
5. Scientists suggest that our celestial body used to have two moons. After a collision with him, the second crumbled and became an asteroid belt.
6. Many years ago, the globe was not green-blue, as in today's images from space, but purple, due to a large number bacteria.

These are not all interesting facts about the planet Earth. Scientists can tell more than one hundred curious, sometimes funny information.

gravity

The simplest interpretation of this term is attraction.

People walk on a horizontal surface because it attracts. The thrown stone sooner or later still falls - gravity action. If you are unsure of riding a bicycle, then you fall - gravity again.

The solar system and gravity are interconnected. celestial bodies have their own orbits around the star.

Without gravity, there would be no orbits. All this swarm flying around our luminary would have scattered in different directions.

The attraction is also manifested in the fact that all the planets are round. Gravity depends on distance: several pieces of any substance are mutually attracted, resulting in a ball.

Table of length of day and years

It is clear from the table that the farther the object is from the main luminary, the shorter the day and the longer the years. Which planet has the shortest year? On Mercury it is only 3 earth months. Scientists have not yet been able to confirm or refute this figure, because not a single terrestrial telescope will be able to constantly observe it. The proximity of the main luminary will certainly disable the optics. The data are received by means of space research vehicles.

The length of the day also depends on body diameter and its rotation speed. The white planets of the Solar System (terrestrial type), whose names are presented in the first four cells of the table, have a rocky structure and a rather slow speed.

10 interesting facts about the solar system

Our solar system: The planet Uranus

Conclusion

The giant planets located beyond the asteroid belt are mostly gaseous, due to which they rotate faster. At the same time, the entire quadruple has poles and an equator rotate at different speeds. On the other hand, since they are located at a greater distance from the star, they take quite a long time to complete the orbit.

All space objects are interesting in their own way, and each of them contains some kind of mystery. Their study is a long and very entertaining process, which every year reveals new secrets of the Universe to us.

Instruction

The terrestrial planets are closest to the Sun. There are 4 of them - Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars - in this order they are located relative to the Sun. The terrestrial planets are small in size and mass, have a significant density, and have a solid surface. Among them, the Earth has the largest mass. These planets have similar chemical composition and the same structure. In the center of each is an iron core. Venus is solid. Mercury, Earth and Mars have some of the core in a molten state. Above follows the mantle, outer layer which is called the bark.

All terrestrial planets have magnetic fields and atmospheres. The densities of the atmospheres and their gas composition differ significantly. Venus, for example, has a dense atmosphere made up mostly of carbon dioxide. At Mercury it is strongly discharged. It contains a lot of light helium, which Mercury receives from solar wind. Mars also has a fairly thin atmosphere, 95% carbon dioxide. The earth has significant atmospheric layer, which is dominated by oxygen and nitrogen.

Only 2 planets of the first four - Earth and Mars - have natural satellites. Satellites are space bodies that revolve around planets under the influence of gravitational forces. Earth has the Moon, Mars has Phobos and Deimos.

The second group - the giant planets - are located beyond the orbit of Mars in the following order: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. They are much larger and more massive than the terrestrial planets, but much - 3-7 times - inferior to them in density. Their main difference lies in the absence of hard surfaces. Their vast gaseous atmosphere, as it approaches the center of the planet, gradually condenses and also gradually turns into a liquid state. Jupiter has the largest atmospheric layer. The atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn contain hydrogen and helium, Uranus and Neptune - methane, ammonia, water and a small part of other compounds.

All giants have a small - relative to the size of the planet itself - core. In general, their cores are larger than any of the terrestrial planets. It is assumed that the central regions of the giants are a layer of hydrogen, which, under the influence of high pressure and temperature, acquired the properties of metals. That is why all giant planets have magnetic fields.

The giant planets have a large number natural satellites and rings. Saturn has 30 satellites, Uranus 21, Jupiter 39, Neptune 8. But only one Saturn has impressive rings, consisting of small particles rotating in the plane of its equator. The rest are barely noticeable.

Beyond the orbit of Neptune is the Kuiper belt, which includes about 70,000 objects, including Pluto. Next is the recently discovered Eris, moving in a highly elongated orbit and located relative to the Sun 3 times farther than Pluto. To date, 5 celestial bodies are known, classified as dwarf planets. These are Ceres, Pluto, Eris, Haumea, Makemake. It is possible that over time this will be replenished. According to scientists, only in the Kuiper belt about 200 objects can be qualified as dwarf planets. Outside the belt, their number increases to 2000.

Welcome to the astronomy portal site dedicated to our Universe, space, large and small planets, star systems and their components. Our portal provides detailed information about all 9 planets, comets, asteroids, meteors and meteorites. You can learn about the origin of our Sun and the Solar System.

The sun, together with the nearest celestial bodies that revolve around it, form the solar system. The number of celestial bodies includes 9 planets, 63 satellites, 4 rings of giant planets, more than 20 thousand asteroids, a huge number of meteorites and millions of comets. Between them there is a space in which electrons and protons (particles of the solar wind) move. Although scientists and astrophysicists have been studying our solar system for a long time, there are still unexplored places. For example, most of The planets and their moons have only been studied fleetingly from photographs. We saw only one hemisphere of Mercury, and no space probe flew to Pluto at all.

Almost the entire mass of the solar system is concentrated in the Sun - 99.87%. The size of the Sun in the same way exceeds the size of other celestial bodies. This is a star that shines on its own due to high surface temperatures. The planets surrounding it shine with the light reflected from the Sun. This process is called albedo. There are nine planets in total - Mercury, Venus, Mars, Earth, Uranus, Saturn, Jupiter, Pluto and Neptune. Distance in the solar system is measured in units of our planet's average distance from the sun. It is called an astronomical unit - 1 a.u. = 149.6 million km. For example, the distance from the Sun to Pluto is 39 AU, but sometimes this figure increases to 49 AU.

The planets revolve around the Sun in almost circular orbits that lie relatively in the same plane. In the plane of the Earth's orbit lies the so-called plane of the ecliptic, very close to the average of the plane of the orbits of the other planets. Because of this, the visible paths of the planets of the Moon and the Sun in the sky lie near the line of the ecliptic. The inclinations of the orbits begin their reading from the plane of the ecliptic. Those angles that have an inclination of less than 90⁰ correspond to counterclockwise motion (forward orbital motion), and angles greater than 90⁰ correspond to reverse motion.

In the solar system, all the planets move in forward direction. Pluto's largest orbital inclination is 17⁰. Most comets move in the opposite direction. For example, the same comet Halley - 162⁰. All the orbits of the bodies that are in our solar system are basically elliptical. The closest point of the orbit to the Sun is called perihelion, and the farthest point is called aphelion.

All scientists, taking into account terrestrial observation, divide the planets into two groups. Venus and Mercury, as the planets closest to the Sun, are called internal, and more distant external. The inner planets have a limiting angle of removal from the Sun. When such a planet is at its maximum east or west of the Sun, astrologers say that it is located at its greatest east or west elongation. And if the inner planet is visible in front of the Sun, it is located in inferior conjunction. When behind the Sun, it is in superior conjunction. Just like the Moon, these planets have certain phases of illumination during the synodic period Ps. The true orbital period of planets is called sidereal.

When an outer planet is behind the Sun, it is in conjunction. In the event that it is placed in the opposite direction to the Sun, it is said to be in opposition. That planet, which is observed at an angular distance of 90⁰ from the Sun, is considered as quadrature. The asteroid belt between the orbits of Jupiter and Mars divides the planetary system into 2 groups. The inner ones refer to the planets of the Earth group - Mars, Earth, Venus and Mercury. Their average density is from 3.9 to 5.5 g/cm 3 . They are devoid of rings, slowly rotate along the axis and have a small number of natural satellites. Earth has the Moon, and Mars has Deimos and Phobos. Behind the asteroid belt are the giant planets - Neptune, Uranus, Saturn, Jupiter. They are characterized by large radius, low density and deep atmosphere. There is no solid surface on such giants. They rotate very quickly, are surrounded by a large number of satellites and have rings.

In ancient times, people knew the planets, but only those that were visible to the naked eye. In 1781, V. Herschel discovered another planet - Uranus. In 1801, G. Piazzi discovered the first asteroid. Neptune was discovered twice, first theoretically by W. Le Verrier and J. Adams, and then physically by I. Galle. Pluto as the most distant planet was discovered only in 1930. Galileo discovered four moons of Jupiter in the 17th century. Since that time, numerous discoveries of other satellites have begun. All of them were made with the help of telescopes. H. Huygens first learned about the fact that Saturn is surrounded by a ring of asteroids. Dark rings around Uranus were discovered in 1977. The remaining space discoveries were mainly made by special machines and satellites. So, for example, in 1979, thanks to the Voyager 1 probe, people saw the transparent stone rings of Jupiter. And 10 years later, Voyager 2 discovered the heterogeneous rings of Neptune.

Our portal site will tell you basic information about the solar system, its structure and celestial bodies. We present only cutting-edge information that is relevant at the moment. The Sun itself is one of the most important celestial bodies in our galaxy.

The sun is at the center of the solar system. This is a natural single star with a mass of 2 * 1030 kg and a radius of approximately 700,000 km. The temperature of the photosphere - the visible surface of the Sun - 5800K. Comparing the gas density of the Sun's photosphere with the density of air on our planet, we can say that it is thousands of times less. Inside the Sun, density, pressure, and temperature increase with depth. The deeper, the more indicators.

The high temperature of the Sun's core affects the conversion of hydrogen into helium, resulting in a large amount of heat being released. Because of this, the star does not shrink under the influence of its own gravity. The energy that is released from the core leaves the Sun in the form of radiation from the photosphere. Radiation power - 3.86 * 1026 W. This process has been going on for about 4.6 billion years. According to approximate estimates of scientists, about 4% has already been processed from hydrogen into helium. Interestingly, 0.03% of the mass of the Star is converted into energy in this way. Considering the models of the life of the Stars, it can be assumed that the Sun has now passed half of its own evolution.

The study of the Sun is extremely difficult. Everything is connected precisely with high temperatures, but thanks to the development of technology and science, humanity is gradually mastering knowledge. For example, to determine the content chemical elements on the Sun, astronomers study radiation in the spectrum of light and absorption lines. Emission lines (emission lines) are very bright parts of the spectrum that indicate an excess of photons. The frequency of the spectral line indicates which molecule or atom is responsible for its appearance. The absorption lines are represented by dark gaps in the spectrum. They indicate missing photons of one frequency or another. And that means they are absorbed by some chemical element.

By studying the thin photosphere, astronomers estimate the chemical composition of its depths. The outer regions of the Sun are mixed by convection, the solar spectra are of high quality, and the physical processes responsible for them are explainable. Due to the lack of funds and technologies, only half of the lines of the solar spectrum have been intensified so far.

The sun is made up of hydrogen, followed by helium. It is an inert gas that does not react well with other atoms. Similarly, it is reluctant to show up in the optical spectrum. Only one line is visible. The entire mass of the Sun is 71% hydrogen and 28% helium. The remaining elements occupy a little more than 1%. Interestingly, this is not the only object in the solar system that has the same composition.

Sunspots are regions of the surface of a star with a large vertical magnetic field. This phenomenon prevents the gas from moving vertically, thereby suppressing convection. The temperature of this region drops by 1000 K, thus forming a spot. Its central part - "shadow", is surrounded by a higher temperature area - "penumbra". In size, such a spot in diameter slightly exceeds the size of the Earth. Its viability does not exceed a period of several weeks. There is no fixed number of sunspots. There may be more in one period and less in another. These periods have their own cycles. On average, their figure reaches 11.5 years. The viability of stains depends on the cycle, the longer it is, the less stains exist.

Fluctuations in the activity of the Sun practically do not affect the total power of its radiation. Scientists have long tried to find a link between Earth's climate and sunspot cycles. This solar phenomenon is associated with the event - "Maunder minimum". V mid-seventeenth century, for 70 years, our planet experienced the Little Ice Age. At the same time as this event, there was practically no spot on the Sun. Until now, it is not known exactly whether there is a connection between these two events.

In total, there are five large constantly rotating hydrogen-helium balls in the solar system - Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, Uranus and the Sun itself. Inside these giants are almost all the substances of the solar system. Direct study of distant planets is not yet possible, so most of the unproven theories remain unproven. The same situation is with the bowels of the Earth. But people still found a way to somehow study the internal structure of our planet. Seismologists cope well with this issue by observing seismic tremors. Naturally, their own methods are quite applicable to the Sun. Unlike seismic terrestrial movements, constant seismic noise acts in the Sun. Under the converter zone, which occupies 14% of the Star's radius, matter rotates synchronously with a period of 27 days. Higher in the convective zone, rotation proceeds synchronously along cones of equal latitude.

More recently, astronomers have tried to apply seismological methods to the study of giant planets, but there have been no results. The fact is that the instruments used in this study cannot yet fix the emerging oscillations.

Above the photosphere of the Sun there is a thin, very hot layer of the atmosphere. It can only be seen in moments solar eclipses. It is called the chromosphere because of its red color. The chromosphere is about several thousand kilometers thick. From the photosphere to the top of the chromosphere, the temperature doubles. But it is still unknown why the energy of the Sun is released, leaves the chromosphere in the form of heat. The gas that is above the chromosphere is heated to one million K. This region is also called the corona. Along the radius of the Sun, it extends for one radius and has a very low density of gas inside it. Interestingly, at low gas density, the temperature is very high.

From time to time, gigantic formations are created in the atmosphere of our star - eruptive prominences. Having the shape of an arch, they rise from the photosphere to a great height of about half the solar radius. According to the observations of scientists, it turns out that the shape of the prominences is constructed by lines of force emanating from the magnetic field.

Another interesting and extremely active phenomenon is solar flares. These are very powerful emissions of particles and energy lasting up to 2 hours. Such a flow of photons from the Sun to the Earth reaches in eight minutes, and protons and electrons reach in a few days. Such flashes are created in places where the direction of the magnetic field changes sharply. They are caused by the movement of substances in sunspots.