In September, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation published a progress report on the implementation of the UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs for short). Information designed to shed light on efforts to end extreme poverty and reduce premature mortality should also act as a stimulus. The nations of the world can—and should—do more to address the global development challenges facing the entire planet. This is the conclusion of this report.

The report does not single out any country for its potential to renew the world's "commitment to development." On the contrary, “leaders of all countries” have a responsibility to ensure that the SDG agenda is met by 2030. But we believe that there is one country that can do more than others to build the world described in the SDGs. This country is China.

Two years after the launch of the SDGs, international development is at a crossroads. The United States, a longtime flag bearer of aid foreign countries, are curtailing their participation, as well as Europe (albeit to a lesser extent). Meanwhile, China, which has recently formulated its global ambitions, has a chance to revive the concept and process of providing humanitarian development assistance.

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The SDGs, endorsed by the UN General Assembly in 2015, outlined a global development vision that aims to end poverty, improve education and health, reduce inequalities, increase resilience and mitigate climate change over the next 15 years. This is a broad approach to the topic of development, according to which problems, once considered specific to each country, are treated as challenges that the whole world must meet collectively. The UN Millennium Development Goals program, which ended in 2015, was, on the contrary, formulated more narrowly, its primary task was to solve problems in poor countries.

The Gates Foundation study suggests that the achievement of some of the goals of the SDG program is in jeopardy. For example, the health goals (SDG3), including the elimination of preventable deaths in newborns and children, are unlikely to be achieved within the stipulated time frame. At current rates, the target reduction in mortality in countries of South Asia and Africa will not be reached until the middle of this century.

Clearly, more global investment is needed in various forms of aid that have already proven effective on the ground. The Auxiliary Health Workers program in Ethiopia and the Health Care Assistants program in Malawi have helped reduce child mortality. Aid dollars should be used to expand similar programs to other regions.

But the opposite is happening. The growing isolationism that accompanies the populist backlash around the world has led to serious negative consequences for foreign aid programs. According to the OECD, in 2016 the volume of bilateral aid to the least developed countries of the world decreased by almost 4%. For these countries, such a drop is alarm signal because more than two-thirds foreign aid The money they receive comes from official development assistance programs (ODA for short).

The US continues to be the world's largest donor of nutrition programs and maternal and child health initiatives, but the country has led the way in reducing funding. President Donald Trump's 2017 budget proposal calls for a blatant 45% cut in US Agency for International Development (USAID) funding for water and sanitation projects, a 26% cut in global health funding, and an end to funding for planning programs families. It is not known whether Congress will support Trump's budget proposal, which provides for billions of dollars in aid cuts, but even a small reduction in US foreign aid spending will hurt many of the world's poorest people.

The United States is not alone in curtailing aid to foreign countries. The European Union's 2018 draft budget provides for a 90 million euro ($106 million) reduction in development spending, with Austria, Germany and Italy allocating their international development aid budgets to addressing the migration crisis, which is considered an imminent threat to national security. These are all worrisome trends because private philanthropy is unable to make up for government cuts in aid.

The world needs a new champion of international development programs, and China must take on this role. With traditional donors waning in their willingness to provide aid, China has a chance to become a leader in spending on human development, poverty alleviation and better health care.

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RIA Novosti 03.10.2017

The Chinese model of aid to foreign countries is indeed different from the Western one. Europe and the US have historically focused on funding medical and educational initiatives while stimulating the growth and activity of civil society. China, for its part, provides assistance on a bilateral basis and usually directs resources to infrastructure projects. Recently, however, the Chinese leadership has also begun to show interest in providing assistance to strengthen civil society and improve the quality of life.

While China's official aid is still small compared to what OECD countries are spending, the country is signaling its interest in becoming a development leader, especially in health care. At the UN Sustainable Development Summit in 2015, China pledged $2 billion for the implementation of the SDG program, and the proposed strategy of China's flagship Belt and Road Initiative includes cooperation in the medical field. In 2014, China pledged $47 million to help end the Ebola outbreak in West Africa. This amount was significantly less than the $1.8 billion promised by America, but China was one of the first to fulfill its financial obligations.

China's geopolitical and economic influence is growing, and so should its role in promoting international peace and development. There is no doubt that China's development intentions will be skeptical, as there are political and ideological differences between China and the West. However, such skepticism may be useful if, in particular, it forces the Western powers to reconsider their policy of reducing the amount of assistance to foreign countries.

But even if that doesn't happen, China already has the tools to become a leader in international development. And because China lifted some 470 million of its own citizens out of extreme poverty between 1990 and 2005, it also has experience. But most importantly, China now has a political chance. The United States and Europe are beginning to withdraw into themselves, so the successful achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals will increasingly depend on encouraging Chinese leadership - and gradually getting used to it.

The materials of InoSMI contain only assessments of foreign media and do not reflect the position of the editors of InoSMI.

INTRODUCTION

China belongs to the developing countries. For a long time, China has been striving for its own development, but at the same time, it has always tried to provide all possible assistance to others. developing countries experiencing economic hardships and taking on the corresponding international responsibilities. In the 1950s, shortly after the formation of the PRC, China was in a very tense financial situation and experienced a significant lack of material resources, but already at that time it began to provide economic and technical assistance foreign countries, gradually expanding the scope of assistance provided. In the late 70s, after China began to pursue a policy of reform and opening up, the country's economy began to develop rapidly, and the total power of the state increased significantly, but even at that time, China continued to be a developing country, since average level life was still low, and the number of poor people huge. Despite this, China has done its best to provide assistance to countries in need, assist the beneficiary countries in strengthening their ability to develop independently, and help to enrich and improve people's lives, promote economic development and social progress in the respective countries. Through China's assistance to foreign countries, friendly ties and economic and trade relations with many developing countries have been developed and strengthened, South-South cooperation has been promoted, and active contributions have been made to the common development of human society. China's assistance to foreign countries is based on the principles of equality and mutual benefit, is characterized by real efficiency, and keeps pace with the times without being subject to any political conditions. Thanks to this, China has formed a model for providing assistance to other countries, which has special Chinese characteristics.

I. FOREIGN AID POLICY

History of aid to foreign countries

China's assistance to foreign countries began with the provision of assistance to China's neighboring friendly countries. In 1950, China began to provide material assistance to the DPRK and Vietnam, which marked the beginning of China's assistance to foreign countries. After the Bandung Conference of the Countries of Asia and Africa in 1955, and following the development of relations with foreign states, Chinese aid began to extend not only to the socialist countries, but also to other developing countries. In 1956, China began to provide aid to Africa. In 1964, the Chinese government announced 8 principles of technical and economic assistance, which is provided on the basis of equality and mutual benefit and is not subject to any additional conditions. Thus, the main course of assistance to foreign countries was established. In October 1971, with the broad support of the developing countries, the PRC regained its rightful place in the UN. After that, China began to develop interaction in the fields of economy and technology with an even greater number of developing countries and built a number of large-scale infrastructure facilities there ( Railway Tanzania - Zambia, etc.). At that time, China, having overcome great difficulties within the country, provided maximum support to developing countries that fought for national independence and development of the national economy. Thus, a solid foundation was laid for New China's long-term friendly cooperation with developing countries. In 1978, after China began to pursue a policy of reform and opening up, China's economic cooperation with other developing countries began to move further and further away from the previous one-sided model, when China simply provided the beneficiary countries with the necessary assistance, and to transform into mutually beneficial interaction between countries. in various forms. China has adjusted the scope, planning, structure and scope of foreign assistance in accordance with domestic realities, further strengthened assistance to the least developed countries, and began to pay more attention to improving economic efficiency and long-term operation of objects within the framework of assistance; the way in which assistance is provided has also become much more flexible. In order to increase the effectiveness of the production facilities already built as part of the assistance, China is conducting various cooperation in the fields of technology and management (management by proxy, rental form of management, management on joint capital, etc.) with some beneficiary countries. Thanks to the aforementioned models of cooperation in the areas of economic improvement, enterprise management, productivity improvement, etc. achieved much better results than traditional technical cooperation . Thus, in the process of providing assistance to foreign countries, China embarked on a development path that is more suited to Chinese realities and at the same time more responsive to the urgent needs of the beneficiary countries. In the 90s of the XX century. In the process of accelerating the transition from a planned economy to a socialist-type market economy, China has begun a series of reforms in the field of foreign aid, emphasizing the diversification of aid sources and methods of providing aid. In 1993, the Chinese government, using part of the funds from the interest-free loans already paid by developing countries, set up a fund to help foreign countries for joint cooperation projects. The funds of this fund were mainly used to support joint cooperation in the fields of production and management between small and medium-sized Chinese enterprises and enterprises of the beneficiary countries. In 1995, China, through the Export-Import Bank of China, began to provide developing countries with medium-term and long-term low-interest and concessional loans in the nature of government assistance, which effectively expanded the financial sources of aid funds. At the same time, China began to pay more attention to strengthening the ability of the beneficiary countries themselves and continuously expand the scope of technical training in the course of assistance to beneficiary countries; training in China for officials of the beneficiary countries has gradually become the main content of interaction in the field of human resources development. In 2000, the China-Africa Cooperation Forum was launched, which has become an important platform for collective dialogue and an effective mechanism for pragmatic cooperation for China and friendly African countries in the new environment. Through the reforms of this period, the development path of the foreign aid policy was further expanded, and the results became even more obvious. After the advent of the new century, especially after 2004, on the basis of rapid and progressive economic growth and the continuous strengthening of the total power of the state, financial resources allocated as assistance to foreign countries also increased rapidly: in 2004-2009. the amount of the corresponding funds grew annually by 29.4%. China not only discussed aid projects through traditional bilateral channels, but also strengthened collective consultations with beneficiary countries at the international and regional levels. The Chinese government at the UN International Conference on Financing for Development, the UN Millennium Development Goals Conference, the China-Africa Cooperation Forum, the SCO, the China-ASEAN Leadership Meeting, the China-Caribbean Trade and Economic Cooperation Forum, the Cooperation Forum China-Pacific Islands Economic Development Forum, the China-Portuguese Economic Cooperation Forum and other regional cooperation mechanisms have repeatedly announced a package of measures and policies aimed at helping foreign countries, strengthening the scale of cooperation in the areas of Agriculture, infrastructure, education, healthcare, interaction in the field of development of human resources, clean energy sources, etc. In August 2010, the Chinese government convened the All-China Overseas Assistance Work Meeting, which comprehensively summarized relevant experience and approved important tasks for further strengthening and advancing work in China. new situation, as a result of which China's aid to foreign countries entered into new stage development.

Soviet time

Helping China

The victory won by the allies in the anti-fascist coalition in World War II, which resulted in the liberation of the peoples of Asia from Japanese occupation, did not bring peace to most countries of the Asia-Pacific region, and until the mid-70s of the XX century it continued to be one of the most conflict areas peace.

It is generally accepted that the participation of groups of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union after the Second World War in a number of military conflicts, as well as the provision of military and economic assistance to them by one of the parties, was largely dictated by the conditions of the confrontation between the two superpowers - the USA and the USSR, and in their person by the clash of two ideologies - communist and capitalist. At the same time, the involvement of the Soviet Union in the conflicts of the first post-war decade as an ally of one of the conflicting parties was determined, first of all, by the need to ensure the security of its Far Eastern territories by creating a “belt” of friendly states in this area.

Yes, before it started Civil War in China, the USSR sought to maintain friendly relations with both sides - the governments of the Kuomintang (Chiang Kai-shek) and the Chinese Communist Party (Mao Zedong). At the same time, I.V. Stalin declared that it did not matter to us under whose leadership the new Chinese state would be, as long as it was a state friendly to the Soviet Union. Only the aggressive policy of Chiang Kai-shek, aimed at seizing power by force and supporting the United States, predetermined the choice of the USSR as a potential ally - the CCP. And, consequently, the direction military aid from the Soviet Union.

As a result of the national liberation war of the Chinese people of 1937-1945, two public education. Each of the formations had its own armed forces, but their ratio was largely in favor of the Kuomintang. In addition, by the time the USSR entered the war with Japan, the main forces of the revolutionary army in Manchuria, led by the CPC, were surrounded by Japanese troops. They were saved from complete defeat by the swift offensive of the armed forces of the USSR and the defeat of a large grouping of the Kwantung Army in the territory of Northeast China. This accelerated the end of World War II and created favorable conditions for the post-war state formation of China with the unification of all anti-Japanese forces on a democratic basis, which was agreed between the USSR and the USA. However, by this time between the allies in anti-Hitler coalition disagreements arose. The US government staked on the Kuomintang as the future pillar of its policy in Asia. At the final stage of the war, the American military command made it possible for Chiang Kai-shek to accept the surrender of the Japanese armed forces. As a result, his army received more than 500 tanks, 12,500 guns, about 30,000 machine guns and 700,000 rifles, more than 1,000 aircraft, about 200 warships and a large amount of ammunition.

In that case and Soviet Union, given the current situation and the real threat of education in eastern borders country of an unfriendly state, headed for the support of the Chinese Communist Party. The USSR handed over captured weapons and military equipment of the former Kwantung Army to China. Including 600 tanks, 3.7 thousand guns, mortars and grenade launchers, about 12 thousand machine guns, over 3 thousand vehicles and 679 warehouses.

Broadcast Soviet command war trophies of the Kwantung Army to the Chinese Communists, 1945

Throughout the period until 1946, attempts to politically resolve the conflict did not stop, but under the cover of the negotiation process, the Kuomintang army increased its strength and continued to regroup troops in preparation for large-scale military operations. Meanwhile, by the beginning of the civil war, the restructuring of the United Democratic Army was basically completed. The CPC Central Committee agreed that in order to fight against the regular Kuomintang army, it is necessary to consistently and persistently improve the organization and training, methods and forms of guerrilla warfare. It must be said that the regular troops of the ODA, created with the help of the USSR and trained by Soviet military specialists, and the strengthened local formations of the people's armed forces were able not only to withstand, but also launched an offensive against the Kuomintang. By July 1947, it was possible to prepare the army for a counteroffensive, which developed into a general offensive in 1948, which was successful. Having suffered a defeat in the land theater of operations, the Chiang Kai-shekists did not give up their attempts to continue military operations against the PRC.

Mao Zedong proclaims the founding of the People's Republic of China from the Tiananmen rostrum, October 1, 1949

In subsequent years, Soviet specialists adopted Active participation in the creation and training of the People's Liberation Army of China. In the summer of 1948 alone, they trained more than 4,600 specialists in various professions. The provision of military assistance to China in 1946-1949 was accompanied by considerable human losses of the Soviet military contingent, which fulfilled its international duty to the end. According to generalized data obtained from various sources, during this period, the total number of Soviet military personnel who died on Chinese territory during the conduct of hostilities, as well as as a result of emergencies and died from diseases, amounted to more than 900 people. And the official decision to send military specialists to China took place only in the autumn of 1949. It seems that this is precisely why, unfortunately, there is practically no specific information about the contribution of each of our compatriots to the provision of military assistance to the Chinese comrades.

The victory of the People's Liberation Army of China over the troops of the Kuomintang led to the proclamation of the People's Republic of China on October 1, 1949. Immediately after this event, the USSR recognized the PRC and established diplomatic relations with it.

Gabriel Tsobechia

The moral and political support, as well as military and economic assistance provided by the Soviet state to the people of China, continued throughout their struggle for freedom and national independence. In 1911-1913. In China, a bourgeois-democratic revolution took place, as a result of which the Qing imperial dynasty was overthrown. Nevertheless, the feudal system and colonial dependence of the country on the imperialist powers, its fragmentation remained the same. Under the influence of the Great October Socialist Revolution of 1917, a new revolutionary upsurge began in China. A revolutionary-democratic government headed by Sun Yat-sen was established in the south of the country, who established contact with Soviet Russia. At his request, the USSR sent political and military advisers to China, provided weapons, assisted in the formation and training of the People's Revolutionary Army (NRA), as well as in directing its military operations against militaristic groups, and later against the Japanese invaders. In 1923, the first group of advisers left Moscow for the south of China. At the same time, the government of the USSR allocated the necessary funds in the amount of 2 million dollars. From 1924 to 1927, up to 135 Soviet military advisers worked in China. They represented various types of troops. Among them were such well-known military leaders as V. K. Blyukher, A. I. Cherepanov. Help from the USSR came to China with weapons, ammunition, military equipment, medicines, although at that time our country itself was in dire need of many things. The difficult international situation and the threat of aggression forced the Soviet government to spend significant funds on defense needs. In the early 1930s, after seizing the northeastern provinces of China, Japan began to turn the occupied territory into a springboard for advancing into northern China and attacking the Soviet Union. On the initiative of the Chinese Communist Party, which entered into cooperation with the Kuomintang in power, a united anti-Japanese front was created. Several liberated regions were formed, where significant forces of the Chinese Red Army were concentrated. But under the circumstances, China was under the threat of occupation by Japanese troops. Only prompt and comprehensive Soviet assistance could prevent aggression and ensure an independent state existence for China. In total, on the basis of agreements, China was supplied from the USSR: aircraft, tanks, machine guns, etc. The first mechanized division in the history of the Chinese army was created on the basis of Soviet technology. They did a lot to organize and train gun crews, and artillery officers and infantry officers - the basics of combat interaction. They took a direct part in the hostilities.

The merit of Soviet volunteer pilots is great in repelling Japanese aggression. In connection with the supply of aircraft from the USSR, they became instructors and teachers in Chinese aviation schools and courses, and actively participated in hostilities. All this greatly strengthened China's military aviation.

There is such an anecdote: a Chinese man is sitting on the rails crossing the field, and then another Chinese man comes up to him and says: "Move over."

Not funny? It's okay, this is a specific Chinese humor, they say, it does not matter that there are plenty of places nearby, the Chinese wanted to sit down on a warm one. And such a taste of surprise remains not only after jokes, but also in everything related to interaction with the Chinese side.

Despite the fact that China is becoming more and more attractive for business development every year, inexperienced entrepreneurs are literally waiting at every step. real dangers. “What?”, you ask. Let's figure it out.

scammers

The most ordinary crooks who have already got their hands on scams with Russian businessmen. This happens quite often: having received the money, the supplier simply stops communicating and disappears. In our practice, there was one case when a real performance was played in front of a businessman: they brought him to the factory, gave him tea, showed him the machines, introduced him to the leadership of the Chinese delegation, and so on. Then the satisfied entrepreneur returned to his homeland, transferred money to China, and only a week later found out that the company with which he had concluded an agreement simply did not exist. The plant where he was taken was rented, the employees were hired, and there are no ends to be found.

• Solution . In order not to find yourself in such a situation, carefully check whether the company you are going to work with actually exists. Chinese scammers usually create fake English sites and register them on American domains. To get a local domain, for example, .cn or .cn.com, the owner needs to show a passport, so the level of trust in such addresses is higher. It is also important to make sure that your potential partners have a Chinese version of the site and a landline phone number. If only mobile phones are indicated in the contacts, this is a reason to be wary.

Unscrupulous Suppliers

One of our clients worked in China for several years in a row with the same supplier. The partners produced and sent the goods exactly on time, the quality of the products suited him quite well. After a while, another supplier appeared who offered a lower price. The product samples sent were of good quality. Since the businessman wanted to save money in any way, he immediately ordered a large batch of goods from a new supplier. When the cargo arrived and the package was opened, it turned out that the new partners sent a complete marriage.

• Solution . Before starting cooperation it is necessary to specify all the nuances and be sure to fix the requirements for products in the contract. This rule cannot be neglected, even if you have been working with your supplier for a long time. It is not uncommon for the quality of the second, third or tenth batch to be much lower than the buyer expected.

Failed negotiations

An instructive story happened to our other customers before they began to cooperate with us. Two businessmen decided to go to China on their own to purchase products. They did not speak Chinese, they also knew English poorly. Without much difficulty, we found an interpreter in China and went to the factory. The negotiations went well - we managed to quickly agree with the management of the plant on the supply of products. Returning to Russia, the entrepreneurs decided to casually check the translator and handed over the dictaphone recording to a local agency. It turned out that a translator from China told customers more high prices, that is, he agreed on his "margin" on the goods.

• Solution . If you cooperate with a private translator, then you cannot be completely sure of either his decency or his level of business and technical proficiency. Chinese. But a professional company providing business organization services in another country values ​​its reputation and is responsible for the actions of all its employees to the client.

Overpricing after prior arrangements

I have heard more than once from partners and customers that many Chinese suppliers first declare a very low cost in order to lure them over. After the transfer of the prepayment, when production is already starting, the supplier may inform that you still need to pay a certain amount. For example, for packaging. Chinese merchants are quite inventive - they use a variety of tools to increase the check. The client, as a rule, cannot refuse, otherwise he will lose the prepayment.

• Solution. In order not to fall for this trick, you need to double-check and fix all the conditions in the contract.

Surprises at customs

In China, it is customary to exchange souvenirs. And the larger the deal, the more significant the gift will be. However, gifts often come unexpectedly. For example, the Chinese can put a couple of kilograms of tea, a set of dishes or a toy for a child right into the containers with the goods. And then they kindly ask in a letter if you received a “transfer”. And at this time, with a gray-haired head, you are trying to negotiate with the employees of the inspection complex so that your goods are not confiscated, because LED lamps appear in the declaration, and cute dresses are neatly packed in the container.

• Solution . You should not ask Chinese partners to refrain from sending gifts with cargo. You still won’t be able to explain all the subtleties of customs clearance, but you will offend your partners and the business will be shaken. There is only one solution in this situation: before passing through customs, all containers must be opened and their contents checked- As a rule, gifts lie in plain sight.

Unplanned expenses

Consider this situation: two logistics companies offer their services to a businessman. In the first company, the rate is $10,000, and in the second - $7,000. Naturally, the entrepreneur will go where it is cheaper. But I'll tell you from experience: very often, such clients fill bumps and return to those firms that provide a better service. A company offering a low price most likely does not agree on any hidden fees. You will learn about them at the moment when it will no longer be possible to change the carrier. One such entrepreneur, for example, had to pay a certain amount during customs clearance. It turned out that those were the terms of the contract. Of course, from the very beginning, no one conveyed this information to the client. Unforeseen expenses may also arise when transferring payment to a supplier in foreign currency.

• Solution . When working with China, you should always carefully ask about all costs at different stages, not only suppliers, but also carriers. Also pay attention at what rate the invoice is issued - at the rate of the Central Bank or at the rate of some commercial bank. The easiest way to avoid unplanned expenses is to seek help from a specialized organization. For example, to us, in Asia Import Group.

Complications on foreign exchange control

Most start-up entrepreneurs have problems with the transfer of currency to the supplier. In case of non-compliance with a number of rules, the entrepreneur is threatened with liability for withdrawing funds abroad.

• Solution . According to existing legislation, when transferring an amount exceeding $3,000 abroad, it is necessary to open a transaction passport and register a currency transaction. You also need to provide closing documents afterwards.

Damage or loss of goods

Damage or loss of goods often occurs during cargo delivery. A "gray" cargo scheme means that the customer does not receive any documents. And guarantees, in fact, too. Moreover, guarantees are simply impossible here. In essence, you act at your own peril and risk. And even if everything went like clockwork on the first shipment, this does not guarantee the same result in the future. In cargo transportation, the cargo is transferred from car to train, from train to car. Often this is done by unskilled personnel, that is, people with low social responsibility. They are not at all interested in the fact that the cargo arrives to the customer safe and sound. In addition, damage or loss of goods may occur at the manufacturing stage or during transportation.

• Solution. Returning a shipment from China is quite difficult, it takes a lot of time and effort. Therefore, from the very beginning it is necessary to prescribe in the contract in what condition the cargo should be at the time of its transfer from the manufacturer to the carrier. Insurance is also very important to ensure the safety of the order. By working with contractors under an official supply agreement, which specifies the volume and weight of the cargo, as well as all areas of responsibility for damage or loss, you reduce risks to a minimum.

Failure to deliver

Failure to meet deadlines occurs both through the fault of the manufacturer and the fault of the carrier. In the latter case, the delay occurs for various reasons, including those beyond the control of the carrier. For example, the goods may be delayed in transit due to weather conditions. So, quite often in China there is a descent of mudflows from the mountains. If we talk about customs, here the delay may occur due to queues at the terminal. Finally, the failure to meet deadlines is sometimes explained by the banal unprofessionalism of logisticians.

• Solution . To protect yourself from suppliers who miss deadlines, you must specify the dates of product readiness in the contract, as well as describe the punishment that follows in case of missed deadlines. With such an agreement, you can legally solve this problem. In the case of a logistics operator, you will be protected by the most detailed supply contract (or transport and forwarding services).