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Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was born on September 14 (26), 1849, in Ryazan. Literacy began when Ivan was eight years old. But he sat down at the school bench only after 3 years. The reason for this delay was a severe injury that he received while laying out apples to dry.

After recovery, Ivan became a student of the theological seminary. He studied well and quickly moved up to tutors, helping his lagging classmates.

As a high school student, Pavlov got acquainted with the works of V. G. Belinsky, N. A. Dobrolyubov, A. I. Herzen, and imbued with their ideas. But the pupil of the theological seminary did not become a fiery revolutionary. Soon Ivan became interested in natural science.

The young man was greatly influenced by the work of I. M. Sechenov, “Reflexes of the brain”.

After graduating from the 6th grade, Ivan realized that he did not want to follow the path he had chosen earlier and began to prepare for entering the university.

Further education

In 1870, Ivan Petrovich moved to St. Petersburg and became a student at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics. As in the gymnasium, he studied well and received an imperial scholarship.

As he studied, Pavlov became more and more interested in physiology. The final choice was made by him under the influence of Professor I.F. Zion, who lectured at the institute. Pavlov was delighted not only with the art of conducting experiments, but also with the amazing artistry of the teacher.

In 1875 Pavlov graduated with honors from the institute.

Main achievements

In 1876, Ivan Pavlov got a job as an assistant in the laboratory of the Medico-Surgical Academy. For 2 years he conducted research on the physiology of blood circulation.

The works of the young scientist were highly appreciated by S.P. Botkin, who invited him to his place. Accepted as a laboratory assistant, in fact, Pavlov headed the laboratory. During his collaboration with Botkin, he achieved amazing results in the field of studying the physiology of blood circulation and digestion.

Pavlov came up with the idea of ​​introducing a chronic experiment into practice, with the help of which the researcher has the opportunity to study the activity of a healthy organism.

Having developed the method of conditioned reflexes, Ivan Petrovich established that the physiological processes occurring in the cerebral cortex are at the basis of mental activity.

Pavlov's studies of the physiology of GNA had a huge impact on medicine and physiology, as well as on psychology and pedagogy.

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov won the Nobel Prize in 1904.

Death

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov passed away on February 27, 1936, in Leningrad. The cause of death was acute pneumonia. Ivan Petrovich was buried at the Volkovsky cemetery. His death was perceived by the people as a personal loss.

Other biography options

• studying short biography Pavlov Ivan Petrovich, you should know that he was an implacable opponent of the party.
• In his youth, Ivan Pavlov was fond of collecting. At first he collected a collection of butterflies, and then became interested in collecting stamps.
• The outstanding scientist was left-handed. All his life he had poor eyesight. He complained that he "can't see anything without his glasses."
• Pavlov read a lot. He was interested not only in professional, but also fiction. According to contemporaries, despite the lack of time, Pavlov read each book twice.
• The academician was an avid debater. He masterfully led the discussion, and few could compare with him in this art. At the same time, the scientist did not like it when people quickly agreed with him.

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, whose contribution to medicine can hardly be overestimated, made many discoveries that influenced many sciences.

Ivan Pavlov: contribution to science

Discoveries of Ivan Pavlov in the physiology of digestion have earned the highest international recognition. His work served as an impetus for the development of a new direction in physiology. It's about about higher physiology nervous activity.

Pavlov Ivan Petrovich devoted about 35 years of his life to his work. He is the creator of the method of conditioned reflexes. The study of the mental processes occurring in the organism of animals, with the help of this method, led to the creation of the doctrine of the mechanisms of the brain and higher nervous activity.

The brilliant Russian academician I.P. Pavlov, having carried out a series of experimental works, revealed to the world the concept conditioned reflex. Its essence is that, by combining a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned response, a stable temporary neoplasm appears. In his experiments, Pavlov used a sound signal (conditioned stimulus) before feeding the dog. Over time, he noticed that salivation ( unconditioned reflex) appears in the animal only at an already familiar sound, without food demonstration. However, this connection turned out to be temporary, that is, without the periodic repetition of the "stimulus - reaction" scheme, the conditioned reflex is inhibited. In practice, we can develop a conditioned reaction in a person to any stimulus: a smell, a certain sound, appearance etc. An example of a conditioned reflex in a person is the sight or simply the presentation of a lemon. Saliva begins to be actively produced in the mouth.

Another important merit of his is the development of the doctrine of what exist types of higher nervous activity. He also owns the doctrine of the "dynamic stereotype" (a complex of reactions to certain stimuli) and other achievements.

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936) - one of the most authoritative scientists in Russia, a physiologist, the creator of the science of higher nervous activity and ideas about the processes of regulation of digestion; founder of the largest Russian physiological school. In 1904, the Nobel Prize for the study of the functions of the main digestive glands was awarded to IP Pavlov - he became the first Russian Nobel laureate.

Pavlov, as a follower of Sechenov, dealt a lot with nervous regulation. Pavlov devoted more than 10 years to getting a fistula (hole) of the gastrointestinal tract. It was extremely difficult to perform such an operation, since the juice flowing from the intestines digested the intestines and the abdominal wall. I. P. Pavlov stitched the skin and mucous membranes in such a way, inserted metal tubes and closed them with stoppers, that there were no erosions, and he could receive pure digestive juice throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract - the salivary gland to the large intestine, which was done them on hundreds of experimental animals. He conducted experiments with imaginary feeding (cutting the esophagus so that food does not enter the stomach), thus making a number of discoveries in the field of gastric juice secretion reflexes. For 10 years, Pavlov, in essence, re-created the modern physiology of digestion.

Pavlov introduced into practice a chronic experiment that made it possible to study the activity of a practically healthy organism. With the help of the method of conditioned reflexes developed by him, he established that the basis of mental activity is physiological processes occurring in the cerebral cortex. Pavlov's studies of the physiology of higher nervous activity (the 2nd signal system, types of the nervous system, localization of functions, systemic work of the cerebral hemispheres, etc.) had a great influence on the development of physiology, medicine, psychology and pedagogy.

In 1921, the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars was issued on the creation of special conditions for scientific activity I.P. Pavlova. Scientific life in his laboratories began to revive. In 1925, the Institute of Physiology was established at the Academy of Sciences, and Pavlov remained its director until the end of his life. The scope of physiological research in our country has reached unprecedented proportions. I.P. Pavlov was at the head of all these works. Worldwide respect for this man was so great that at the XV International Congress of Physiologists in 1935 he was named "the first physiologist of the world" - such a "title" was not awarded to any scientist. More than 120 Academies, universities and scientific societies have elected I.P. Pavlova as a full or honorary member.

Pavlov's whole life was devoted to science. The rare hours of rest that he allowed himself were used to visit the theater, concerts, and especially art exhibitions. Pavlov loved Russian Wanderers, knew and understood realistic painting, was in close relations with I.E. Repin, M.V. Nesterov, N.N. Dubovsky and others. At the end of his life, he collected a significant collection of paintings by Russian artists.

I.P. Pavlov had an enormous pedagogical talent. Cheerful, friendly, open to people, he attracted them, knew how to inspire energy and interest in the most apathetic natures, it seemed. These qualities allowed him to create the largest scientific school in the field of physiology.

Pavlov's research was an epoch in the development of physiology; they promoted him to the ranks of the classics of natural science, made him a figure equal to Newton, Darwin, Mendeleev.

Pavlov's doctrine of the nervous higher activity one of the greatest achievements modern natural science. Pavlov was a multifaceted scientist. His outstanding research on the physiology of the cardiovascular vascular system and especially his classical research in the field of physiology of digestion, which won him worldwide recognition and fame as the creator of this important branch of modern physiology.

Academies of Sciences and Scientific Societies of Russia, England, France, USA, Germany and Italy and other countries of the world elected him as their member. Scientific merits of Pavlov and his high human qualities attracted the attention of scientists, writers and other cultural figures. Over the years, Pavlovian conditioned reflex topics have taken pride of place not only in the programs of international congresses of physiologists, but also in the programs of international congresses of psychologists and psychiatrists. In many countries, both monographic works and thematic collections devoted to topical issues Pavlov's teachings. Truly, Pavlov became a symbol of the era and a guiding star in the study of brain functions.

Pavlov's work attracted the attention of S.P. Botkin, an outstanding well-educated clinician who was a supporter of the physiological direction in the clinic. S.P. Botkin sought to link the clinical work of his medical staff with experimental studies in the field of physiology and pharmacology. Therefore, he decided to set up a special physiological laboratory at his clinic and entrusted the organization of this work to a young researcher, Pavlov, who began working in this laboratory in 1878. as a laboratory assistant (in fact, as the head of the laboratory).

Material on the physiology of digestion was summarized by Pavlov in "Lectures on the work of the main digestive glands."

For 20 years, Pavlov's laboratories at the Institute of Experimental Medicine and the Military Medical Academy have completed and published over 250 scientific papers, including about 90 dissertations.

In the same years, Pavlov received Active participation in the work of the "Petersburg Society of Russian Doctors. In 1892 he was elected a full member, and in 1900 an honorary member of this society. For 13 years he was a deputy chairman of this society and for 7 years his chairman.

Since 1900 Pavlov participated in international congresses of physiologists, and then psychologists and neurologists. Of particular note is the report "Experimental Psychology and Psychopathology in Animals", here for the first time Pavlov declared the possibility of a strictly objective, physiological analysis of phenomena that until that time had been explained only from a psychological point of view.

In 1901 Pavlov was elected a corresponding member, and in 1907. - full member Russian Academy Sciences. In 1912 he received an honorary doctorate in ancient english university in Cambridge.

In the early 90s, Pavlov began to study the physiology of the higher parts of the central nervous system - the cerebral cortex. Observing that with various stimuli associated with food - at the sight and smell of it, sounds reminiscent of it - the animal releases saliva, secretes gastric juice, etc. The physiologist said that the cause of secretion in these cases is the desire for food, the memory of it, the mental experiences of the animal.

Pavlov studied the reflex function of the brain for 35 years. Pavlov created his doctrine of the types of the nervous system. The Pavlovian classification of types is based on the individual difference in the characteristics of the nervous system: strength nervous processes, their balance and mobility. Accordingly, Pavlov recognized the existence of 4 main types of the nervous system:

1. Type of a strong, but unbalanced nervous system, which is characterized by a predominance of excitation over inhibition ("unrestrained type").

2. The type of a strong balanced nervous system with high mobility of nervous processes ("live", mobile type).

3. Type of a strong balanced nervous system with low mobility of nervous processes (“calm”, inactive).

V last years Pavlov's life was spent in three institutions: in the expanded physiological department of the Institute of Experimental Medicine, in the Physiological Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences and at the biological station in the village of Koltushi. Pavlov's laboratories were supplied with excellent equipment. in the work "Lectures on the work of the cerebral hemispheres."

I.P. Pavlov lived to be 86 years old. He died of pneumonia on February 27, 1936. Pavlov was buried in St. Petersburg at the Volkov cemetery next to the grave of another great Russian scientist - D.I. Mendeleev.

An outstanding physician, physiologist and scientist, who laid the foundation for the development of higher nervous activity as an independent subdivision of science. Over the years of his life, he became the author of many scientific articles, and achieved universal recognition, becoming a Nobel Prize winner in medicine, but the most important achievement in his entire life, of course, can be considered the discovery of a conditioned reflex, as well as several theories of the human cerebral cortex based on years of clinical trials.

With his scientific research, Ivan Petrovich was many years ahead of the development of medicine, and achieved amazing results that made it possible to significantly expand people's knowledge about the work of the whole organism and, in particular, all the processes occurring in the cerebral cortex. Pavlov came close to understanding the significance and immediate necessity of sleep as a physiological process, figured out the structure and influence of individual parts of the brain on certain types of activity, and took many more important steps in understanding the work of all the internal systems of humans and animals. Of course, some of Pavlov’s works were subsequently corrected and corrected in accordance with the receipt of new data, and even the concept of a conditioned reflex is used in our time in a much narrower sense than at the time of its discovery, however, Ivan Petrovich’s contribution to physiology simply cannot be underestimated by dignity.

Education and the beginning of research

Dr. Pavlov became keenly interested in the processes occurring in the human brain directly and reflexes in 1869 while studying at the Ryazan Theological Seminary, having read Professor Sechenov's book "Reflexes of the Brain". It was thanks to her that he left the Faculty of Law and began studying animal physiology at St. Petersburg University under the guidance of Professor Zion, who taught a young and promising student his professional surgical technique, which was legendary at that time. Further, Pavlov's career quickly went uphill. During his studies, he worked in the physiological laboratory of Ustimovich, and then received the position of head of his own physiological laboratory at the Botkin clinic.

During this period, he actively began to engage in his research, and one of the most important goals for Ivan Petrovich was the creation of a fistula - a special opening in the stomach. He devoted more than 10 years of his life to this, because this operation is very difficult due to the gastric juice that corrodes the walls. However, in the end, Pavlov managed to achieve positive results, and soon he could perform a similar operation on any animal. In parallel with this, Pavlov defended his thesis “On the centrifugal nerves of the heart”, and also studied abroad in Leipzeg, working together with outstanding physiologists of that time. A little later, he was also awarded the title of member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

The concept of a conditioned reflex and animal experiments

Around the same time, he achieves success in his main profile research, and forms the concept of a conditioned reflex. In his experiments, he achieved the production of gastric juice in dogs under the influence of certain conditioned stimuli, such as a flashing light or a certain sound signal. To study the effects of acquired reflexes, he equipped a laboratory completely isolated from external influences, in which he could fully regulate all types of stimuli. Through a simple operation, he removed the dog's salivary gland from its body, and thus measured the amount of saliva released during the demonstration of certain conditioned or absolute stimuli.

Also in the course of research, he formed the concept of weak and strong impulses that can be shifted in the necessary direction, in order, for example, to achieve the release of gastric juice even without direct feeding or food demonstration. He also introduced the concept of a trace reflex, which is actively manifested in children from the age of two years, and significantly contributes to the development of brain activity and the acquisition of various habits in the early stages of human and animal life.

Pavlov presented the results of his many years of research in his report in 1093 in Madrid, for which a year later he received worldwide recognition and the Nobel Prize in biology. However, he did not stop researching on this, and over the next 35 years he was engaged in various studies, almost completely reshaping the ideas of scientists about the work of the brain and reflex processes.

He actively collaborated with foreign colleagues, regularly held various international seminars, willingly shared the results of his work with colleagues, and over the past fifteen years of his life he actively trained young professionals, many of whom became his direct followers, and were able to penetrate even deeper into the secrets of human brain and behavioral traits.

The consequences of the activities of Dr. Pavlov

It is worth noting that Ivan Petrovich Pavlov until the very last day conducted various studies in his life, and in many ways it is thanks to this outstanding scientist in all respects that in our time medicine is on such a high level. His work helped to understand not only the features of brain activity, but also in terms of general principles physiology, and it was Pavlov's followers who, on the basis of his work, discovered the patterns of hereditary transmission of certain diseases. Separately, it is worth noting the contribution he made to veterinary medicine, and in particular to animal surgery, which reached a fundamentally new level during his lifetime.

Ivan Petrovich left a huge mark on world science, and was remembered by his contemporaries as an outstanding personality, ready to sacrifice for the sake of science. own benefits and amenities. This great person did not stop at nothing, and was able to achieve amazing results that no progressive scientific researcher has been able to achieve so far.

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov is a Nobel Prize winner and an internationally recognized scientific authority. Being a talented scientist, he made a significant contribution to the development of psychology and physiology. It is he who is considered the founder of such scientific direction, as he made a number of major discoveries in the field of digestion regulation, and also founded a physiological school in Russia.

Parents

The biography of Pavlov Ivan Petrovich begins in 1849. It was then that the future academician was born in the city of Ryazan. His Dmitrievich came from a peasant family and worked as a priest in one of the small parishes. Independent and truthful, he constantly clashed with his superiors, and therefore did not live well. Pyotr Dmitrievich loved life, had good health and loved to work in the garden and garden.

Varvara Ivanovna, Ivan's mother, came from a spiritual family. In her younger years, she was cheerful, cheerful and healthy. But frequent childbirth (there were 10 children in the family) greatly undermined her well-being. Varvara Ivanovna had no education, but diligence and natural intelligence turned her into a skilled educator of her own children.

Childhood

The future academician Pavlov Ivan was the firstborn in the family. Childhood years left an indelible mark on his memory. As he matured, he recalled: “I remember very clearly my first visit to the house. Surprisingly, I was only a year old, and the nanny carried me in her arms. For the fact that I remember myself early, says something else vivid memory. When my mother's brother was buried, I was carried out in my arms to say goodbye to him. This scene is still in front of my eyes."

Ivan grew up fervent and healthy. He enjoyed playing with his sisters and younger brothers. He also helped his mother (in household chores) and his father (when building a house and in a garden). His sister L.P. Andreeva spoke about this period of her life as follows: “Ivan always remembered dad with gratitude. He was able to instill in him the habit of work, accuracy, accuracy and order in everything. Our mother had tenants. Being a hard worker, she tried to do everything herself. But all the children idolized her and tried to help: bring water, heat the stove, chop wood. Little Ivan had to deal with all this.

School and trauma

He began to study literacy at the age of 8, but he only got to school at 11. It was all the fault of the case: once a boy laid out apples on a platform to dry. He stumbled, fell off the stairs and fell straight onto the stone floor. The bruise was quite strong, and Ivan fell ill. The boy turned pale, lost weight, lost his appetite and began to sleep badly. His parents tried to treat him at home, but nothing helped. Once the abbot of the Trinity Monastery came to visit the Pavlovs. Seeing the sickly boy, he took him to him. enhanced nutrition, fresh air and regular gymnastics returned Ivan strength and health. The guardian turned out to be smart, kind and very an educated person. He drove and read a lot. These qualities made a strong impression on the boy. The first book that Academician Pavlov received in his youth from the hegumen was the fables of I. A. Krylov. The boy learned it by heart and carried his love for the fabulist through his whole life. This book has always been on the scientist's desk.

Seminary training

In 1864, under the influence of his guardian, Ivan entered the theological seminary. There he immediately became the best student, and even helped his comrades as a tutor. Years of study introduced Ivan to the works of such Russian thinkers as D. I. Pisarev, N. A. Dobrolyubov, V. G. Belinsky, A. I. Herzen, N. G. Chernyshevsky, etc. The young man liked their desire to fight for freedom and progressive changes in society. But over time, his interests switched to natural science. And here a monograph by I. M. Sechenov "Reflexes of the brain" had a huge influence on the formation of Pavlov's scientific interests. After graduating from the sixth grade of the seminary, the young man realized that he did not want to pursue a spiritual career, and began preparing for entrance exams to university.

Studying at the University

In 1870, Pavlov moved to St. Petersburg with the desire to enter the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics. But it turned out to pass on legal. The reason for this is the limitation of seminarians in terms of the choice of professions. Ivan petitioned the rector, and two weeks later he was transferred to the physics and mathematics department. The young man studied very successfully and received the highest scholarship (imperial).

Over time, Ivan became more and more interested in physiology and from the third year he devoted himself completely to this science. He made his final choice under the influence of Professor I.F. Zion, a talented scientist, brilliant lecturer and skilled experimenter. Here is how Academician Pavlov himself recalled that period of his biography: “I chose animal physiology as my main specialty, and chemistry as an additional one. At that time, Ilya Fadeevich made a huge impression on everyone. We were struck by his masterfully simple presentation of the most complex physiological issues and his artistic talent in conducting experiments. I will remember this teacher for the rest of my life.

Research activities

The first Pavlovs date back to 1873. Then, under the guidance of F.V. Ovsyannikov, Ivan examined the nerves in the lungs of a frog. In the same year, together with a classmate, he wrote the first. The leader, of course, was I. F. Zion. In this work, students studied the influence of the laryngeal nerves on blood circulation. At the end of 1874, the results were discussed at a meeting of the Society of Naturalists. Pavlov regularly attended these meetings and interacted with Tarkhanov, Ovsyannikov and Sechenov.

Soon students M. M. Afanasiev and I. P. Pavlov began to study the nerves of the pancreas. The University Council awarded this work gold medal. True, Ivan spent a lot of time on research and did not pass his final exams, losing his scholarship. This forced him to stay at the university for another year. And in 1875 he brilliantly graduated from it. He was only 26 (the photo of Ivan Petrovich Pavlov at this age, unfortunately, has not been preserved), and the future was seen as very promising.

Physiology of circulation

In 1876, the young man got a job as an assistant to Professor K. N. Ustimovich, head of the laboratory at the Medico-Surgical Academy. In the next two years, Ivan conducted a series of studies on the physiology of blood circulation. Pavlov's work was highly appreciated by Professor S.P. Botkin and invited him to his clinic. Formally, Ivan took the position of a laboratory assistant, but in fact he became the head of the laboratory. Despite the poor premises, lack of equipment and meager funding, Pavlov achieved serious results in the field of studying the physiology of digestion and blood circulation. In scientific circles, his name became more and more famous.

The first love

In the late seventies, he met Serafima Karchevskaya, a student pedagogical department. The young people were united by closeness of views, common interests, loyalty to the ideals of serving society and fighting for progress. In general, they fell in love with each other. And the surviving photo of Ivan Petrovich Pavlov and Serafima Vasilievna Karchevskaya shows that they were a very beautiful couple. It was the support of his wife that allowed the young man to achieve such success in the scientific field.

Looking for a new job

For 12 years of work in the clinic of S.P. Botkin, the biography of Pavlov Ivan Petrovich was replenished with many scientific events, and he became famous both at home and abroad. Improving the working and living conditions of a talented scientist has become a necessity not only for his personal interests, but also for the development of Russian science.

But in the days of Tsarist Russia, it turned out to be extremely difficult for a simple, honest, democratic-minded, impractical, shy and unsophisticated person, which was Pavlov, to achieve any changes. In addition, the life of the scientist was complicated by prominent physiologists, with whom Ivan Petrovich, while still young, publicly entered into heated discussions and often emerged victorious. So, thanks to the negative review of Professor I. R. Tarkhanov about Pavlov’s work on blood circulation, the latter was not awarded the prize.

Ivan Petrovich could not find a good laboratory to continue his research. In 1887, he addressed a letter to the Minister of Education, in which he asked for a place in the department of some experimental university. Then he sent several more letters to various institutes and was refused everywhere. But soon luck smiled at the scientist.

Nobel Prize

In April 1890, Pavlov was elected professor of pharmacology at once in two and Tomsk. And in 1891 he was invited to organize a department of physiology at the newly opened University of Experimental Medicine. Pavlov headed it until the end of his days. It was here that he carried out several classic works on the physiology of the digestive glands, which were noted Nobel Prize in 1904. The entire scientific community remembers the speech delivered by Academician Pavlov “On the Russian Mind” at the award ceremony. It should be noted that this was the first prize awarded for experiments in the field of medicine.

Despite hunger and devastation during the formation Soviet power, V. I. Lenin issued a special decree in which Pavlov's work was highly appreciated, which testified to the exceptionally warm and caring attitude of the Bolsheviks. V as soon as possible academician and his staff were created the most favorable conditions for scientific work. Ivan Petrovich's laboratory was reorganized into the Physiological Institute. And on the occasion of the 80th anniversary of the academician, a scientific institute-city was opened near Leningrad.

Many dreams come true, which academician Pavlov Ivan Petrovich had been nurturing for a long time. The scientific works of the professor were regularly published. Clinics for mental and nervous diseases appeared at his institutes. All scientific institutions headed by him received new equipment. The number of employees increased tenfold. In addition to budgetary funds, the scientist each month received amounts to spend at his own discretion.

Ivan Petrovich was excited and touched by such an attentive and warm attitude of the Bolsheviks to his scientific work. After all, under the tsarist regime, he constantly needed money. And now the academician was even worried about whether he could justify the trust and care of the government. He spoke about this more than once both in his environment and publicly.

Death

Academician Pavlov died at the age of 87. Nothing foreshadowed the death of the scientist, because Ivan Petrovich had excellent health and rarely fell ill. True, he was prone to colds and had pneumonia several times. Pneumonia was the cause of death. On February 27, 1936, the scientist left this world.

Whole Soviet people mourned when Academician Pavlov died (the description of Ivan Petrovich's death immediately appeared in the newspapers). Gone big man and a great scientist who made a huge contribution to the development of physiological science. Ivan Petrovich was buried not far from the grave of D. I. Mendeleev.