Egyptian bird. Ibis bird: description, species, habitat
Not chrome, not leather, but not sandals either. Tarpaulin boots marched through half of Europe during the Great Patriotic War, but decades later, these already historical shoes are not written off to the museum archives. The history of tarpaulin boots was studied by Natalya Letnikova.
Peter Zhigimont. soldier song
1. Oiled fabric for their ships was used by the Vikings; the Aztec Indians sewed capes and shoes from it; invention of the XIX century - raincoats made of fabric impregnated with rubber, macs. Russia also looked closely at the technology in an attempt to replace expensive leather: only three million rubles went from the treasury annually for boots.
2. Tarpaulin soaked in a mixture of paraffin, rosin and egg yolk. 1904 invention by Mikhail Pomortsev. In appearance, the material is like leather, it did not let water through and “breathed”. The novelty was baptized by fire in the Russo-Japanese War: bags and covers for artillery were sewn from it. And Pomortsev was awarded gold medal at an exhibition in Milan.
3. After 30 years, Soviet scientists Boris Byzov and Sergey Lebedev received cheap artificial rubber, impregnation with which also made the fabric look like natural leather. Ivan Plotnikov established the production of footwear on an industrial scale. Just before the war, when it was necessary to urgently put on shoes for the army - at least in bast shoes. This is where chemists come in.
Marat Samsonov. Soldiers of Stalingrad
4. The name "kirza" is associated with the manufacturer - Cyrus ovskim per water; sometimes with the name of the kersey fabric, from which the material was first made; sometimes with an English village where there were sheep, from whose wool they made fabric. But for almost a century there has been only one association - with soldier's boots.
5. The history of the creation of footwear for the military is stored in the documentary fund of the Polytechnic Museum. On the eve of the 50th anniversary of victory in the Great Patriotic War, one of the nine developers of tarpaulin, chemical scientist Alexander Khomutov, donated his memoirs, photographs and a document on the award of the Stalin Prize to the museum.
6. High state award for the development of the material. In 1942, along with the designers of the legendary Katyusha, the Il and Yak aircraft, the Stalin Prize of 100 thousand rubles was also received by chemical scientists, the creators of tarpaulin boots. Soviet Union became the world's largest producer of tarpaulin. 85% of all production is for the needs of the army.
Leonid Golovanov. Let's get to Berlin!
7. "Let's get to Berlin!" In 1944, Soviet artist Leonid Golovanov drew one of the most famous wartime posters. A smiling soldier straightens his tarpaulin boot. The artist depicted the sniper Vasily Golosov, who accounted for more than 400 Nazis. The fighter himself fell in battle, but the poster retained the image of a war hero in the post-war years.
8. "Durable and easy to use." peaceful history tarpaulin boots has been around for decades. About 150 million pairs left the assembly line to put on shoes for builders, grain growers and ... the most daring fashionistas. So, Vyacheslav Zaitsev drew attention to tarpaulin boots. The couturier painted rough soldier's shoes orange in one of the first collections.
9. Tarpaulin boots in the 21st century become part of the museum exposition. One of the oldest museums in Russia - the Tula Museum of Weapons - has a whole collection dedicated to the history of soldier's shoes. In the Kimry Museum of Local Lore, tarpaulin boots are side by side with a movie relic - boots specially sewn in 1961 for the filming of the film "War and Peace".
10. Soldier boots in bronze. The monument by sculptor Dmitry Baikov was erected in the military town of Zvezdny in the Perm Territory. 40-kilogram kirzachs unite generations of artillerymen who served in these places, and the inhabitants of the village, most of whom also minted a step on the parade ground, as usual - in tarpaulin boots.
Boots- type of shoes with high tops. Traditionally, boots are understood to mean shoes with a high ankle. This is a prerequisite. The top can be knee-high, maybe a little higher, and there are completely high - up to the very hips. platform boot also happens to be very different - for example, some are equipped with a stiletto heel, others are on a wedge, and some are simply on a flat sole.
Story
Shoes ancient world
In the era of the Inquisition, the Spanish boot was called an instrument of torture.
Rubber boots first made their debut on Arthur Wellesley's feet in Britain in the early 19th century. Also known as the Duke of Wellington, the soldier (like many in those days) wore over the knee boots. Over the knee boots, standard shoes in the army, they were made of leather, had peninsular capes, reached the knee and showed off with a tassel at the very top. Deciding that they could be improved, Wellesley had his personal shoemaker change his pair of boots slightly. Among other changes, the duke asked the master to shorten them a little. As a result, among the British aristocracy, these boots were called rubber boots, and to this day they are called so.
The original wellingtons were made from leather, but in the mid-19th century, a man named Hiram Hutchinson bought a patent for vulcanizing natural rubber for shoes and began manufacturing rubber boots. The introduction of the Wellington rubber was met with great acclaim, especially among the farmers, who were able to work all day long, keeping their feet clean and dry.
Wellington became even more popular after the First and Second World Wars. Soldiers often spent long clock in flooded trenches, and rubber boots literally saved their legs. By the end of World War II, men, women and even children wore this shoes. In South Africa, miners used rubber boots as a means of communicating with each other, as they were sometimes prohibited from talking during the work process. The miners created the Gumboot dance (variations of which have become a popular pastime today) to rid themselves of boredom.
The lower cost of the manufacturing process has made this shoes standard for various professions. Often on rubber boots you can find a reinforced steel toe to avoid injury. Rubber boots are not only practical, but also stylish.
50 years ago, most rubber boots were made in only three colors - olive green, yellow and black. Today you can find these shoes in any shade. And although they were originally intended for rainy spring weather, boots can also become a colorful fashion statement.
In the USSR, rubber tires first appeared in the 1920s. They reached the peak of their popularity by the 1970s.
Nowadays, rubber boots are once again becoming an element of style. Representatives of world brands made bright and fashionable shoes out of clothes of a frankly working type, while retaining their practicality in rainy and cloudy weather.
Manufacturing materials
Gained great popularity boots made from PVC. They are distinguished by the ability to create any patterns and patterns on the surface, the use of bright colors, as well as lightness, strength and, therefore, durability. Another alternative to rubber in the production of such shoes is silicone.
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Despite the development high technology and the appearance of membranes, shoes made of leather and fabric still get wet. No membrane can withstand a long stay in water. Therefore, rubber boots are not going to give up their positions. On the contrary, they also keep up with the times ... The name rubber boots has taken root so much that we don’t even think about what these shoes are actually made of now. But rubber boots today are more likely
Boots boots - a wide class of shoes with a high top. The height of the top can be different, there are boots that cover the leg to the knee, over the knee boots, half boots that cover the leg to half the calf, or ankle boots only. Most boots have a heel, which in modern shoes is used only for beauty, and it makes someone even taller. Initially, the heel was used in shoes as an element that helps to overcome distances on loose ground,
GOST 5375-79. Boots are rubber shaped. Specifications with Amendments N 1-4 GOST 5375-79 Group L64 INTERSTATE STANDARD SHOULDED RUBBER BOOTS Specifications Rubber molded boots. Specifications OKP 25 9311 3100, OKP 25 9312 3100 Introduction date 1980-01-01 INFORMATION DATA 1. DEVELOPED AND INTRODUCED by the Ministry of Oil Refining and Petrochemical Industry of the USSR
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Winter hikes, hunting, picnics in the fresh frosty air are loved not only by men, but also by the fair sex. Especially for lovely ladies, the ATV company developed winter EVA boots - Umka. Practical and warm shoes for women are suitable not only for outdoors, but also for urban conditions. Walking with a stroller, outdoor work that requires a long stay in a stationary position, walking a dog will become much more comfortable if the legs are warm. Lightweight, comfortable Umka boots for women and teenagers have an attractive design and high thermal insulation properties. Features of technology Umka winter boots are made of EVA material (foamed polyethylene with ethyl vinyl acetate impurities), which has water and air impermeability, microporous structure. Due to the peculiarities of raw materials, boots keep feet warm at temperatures up to -35 degrees. The lightness of the material makes it possible to produce boots that weigh very little, which creates comfort when walking. High elasticity and elasticity of the material give the boots additional comfort. Specially designed insulation, consisting of several layers, not only retains heat, but also correctly removes moisture from the foot, so that a comfortable body temperature is maintained for a long time. EVA winter boots are easy to care for, resistant to temperature changes. Umka is a practical model for a long stay outdoors both in the city and in nature. Stylish design and high level comfort Umka winter boots are distinguished not only by their high heat-insulating properties, but also by their aesthetic appearance. The design of this model was developed by Italian specialists who paid Special attention comfort and attractiveness of boots. Easy-to-lift block allows you to stay on your feet for a long time without experiencing discomfort. Like other winter hunting boots, the Umka model is complemented by a reliable drawstring cuff that prevents snow from getting inside. EVA material has porous structure which makes it very easy. Boots Umka weigh only 700 grams. Light weight avoids additional fatigue during long walks. Insulation features The inner layer- This is a natural fur on a knitted fabric with high abrasion resistance. This layer promotes evaporation and removal of moisture, and also has high heat-insulating properties. The next layer is a non-woven fabric made of hollow fibers, which creates an air gap between the boot and the foot, enhancing the heat-shielding properties of the boot. The foil layer effectively retains heat inside. The fleecy surface of the outer layer of Spunbond provides for the collection of condensate from the inside of the boot, which is necessary to maintain a comfortable temperature. The removal of excess moisture helps to avoid excessive sweating of the feet. Umka boots for women and teenagers are a combination of practicality... Season-winter Gender-female EVA) Features - very light, 4-layer liner Warranty - 1 month Women's winter boots Umka SV-70 all-terrain vehicle (-35) 43 30 21.5/7.5 26/10 34 36 45 30.5 22/7.5 26.5/10 35 37 47 31 22.5/7.5 27/10.5 36 38 47 32 23/ 8 27.5/11 37 39 47 33 24/8 28/11 38 40 47.5 34 24.5/8.5 28.5/11.5 39 41 47.5 34.5 25/8.5 29 /11.5 40
Insulated boots Lesnik are designed for installers, for construction, loading and unloading operations, as well as for various industries and agriculture. Great for moving through the forest and staying in place for a long time in the most severe frosts. The outsole made of deep corrugated rubber with anti-slip properties ensures the safety of metalwork assemblers, and the presence of a thick felt pad in the sole provides excellent thermal insulation for the foot. The bootleg has a special leather regulator. The vamp and the back are made of genuine leather, which allows you to move comfortably in slushy weather. Boots height: 35cm Gender: male Season: winter Main color: black-grey Upper material: Sheep wool felt (100%), thickness 5-7mm. vamp genuine leather (1.8-2.2mm), thermoplastic 2mm in the toe and heel parts bottom part material: multi-layer sole (layers: pvc, genuine leather, microporous rubber, felt, microporous rubber, TEP-thermoplastic elastomer) sole attachment method: stitched Type of shoes: cloth and felt shoes Size chart cm 22.5 23 23.5 24.5 25 25.5 26.5 27 27.5 28.5 29 29.5 30.5 31 Russian size (RUS) 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 4 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 UK 3.5 4 5 6 6.5 7.5 8 9 9.5 10.5 11.5 12 13 13.5 Finding your size Determine your size as follows: Place your foot on a clean piece of paper. Mark the extreme borders of the foot. Measure the distance between the outermost points of the foot. Find the appropriate size in the table above.
Boots are made of modern EVA material. a high degree thermal insulation - retain heat in frost down to -60 C, protect against moisture penetration, 40% lighter than PVC analogues - the weight of the 1st pair is 700 gr. Provide impeccable walking comfort. Are completed with 2 sl. insulators made of foiled non-woven pile fabric and artificial fur with the addition of natural wool, an extension made of dense water-repellent Oxford fabric. The scope is quite wide: from footwear for winter fishing and hunting to work footwear not associated with aggressive environments. Boots height 40cm. Gender: male Season: winter Material: ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) Lining detail material: stocking - “thermal felt”, natural wool frost resistance -60С Type of footwear: EVA boots Size table cm 22.5 23 23.5 24.5 25 25.5 26.5 27 27.5 28.5 29 29.5 30.5 31 Russian size (RUS) 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 EUR 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 UK 3.5 4 195 6.8 7.5 12 13 13.5 Determination of size Determine your size according to the following scheme: Place your foot on a blank sheet of paper. Mark the extreme borders of the foot. Measure the distance between the outermost points of the foot. Find the appropriate size in the table above.
Model of high men's boots made of EVA material EVA similar to PVC) High frost resistance Zero thermal conductivity (the material has a low degree of heat transfer) Fully waterproof Shock-absorbing properties Health safety (material is not affected by fungi and bacteria) Average height -38 cm Weight of a pair of shoes: 41/42 size -550 g 42 /43 size -664 g 46/47 size -794 g Size range: 41/42-47/48 Without insulated stocking
The height of the berets is 17 cm. The classic model with a zipper on the side Top: genuine chrome leather Lining / insulation: faux fur (composed of 50% wool) Sole: wear-resistant TPE Method of attaching the sole: glue Insole: shoe wear-resistant cardboard, duplicated with lining material. Features of the model: classic low boots for security officers and for everyday use
The design of the top of the semi-boots with a side fastener of the Velcro type makes it possible to adjust the volume and width of the shaft. The waterproof, lightweight upper and the flexibility of the outsole provide additional wearing comfort and increase the time of uninterrupted use of the shoe. Gender: male Season: winter Main color: black Material of the top part: water-repellent fabric (Oxford) Material of the lining part: faux fur Material of the bottom part: PVC sole, vamp and heel - artificial leather Sole attachment method: molded Normative technical documentation: GOST 26167- 2005 Type of shoes: shoe covers, half boots, husky Size chart cm 22.5 23 23.5 24.5 25 25.5 26.5 27 27.5 28.5 29 29.5 30.5 31 Russian size (RUS) 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 46 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 UK 3.5 4 5 6 6.5 7.5 8 9 9.5 10.5 11.5 12 13 13.5 Finding your size Determine your size as follows: Place your foot on a clean sheet of paper. Mark the extreme borders of the foot. Measure the distance between the outermost points of the foot. Find the appropriate size in the table above.
The top of the fishing semi-combenizo is made of vinyl, which has high strength, wear resistance and elasticity. Vinitol is hermetically connected to a short boot, which allows you to wear it over outerwear. The bottom of the galosh is made by three-component molding with the use of a third additional intermediate layer of foamed PVC sole, which gives the shoe high cushioning, heat-shielding, antistatic and anti-slip properties. Gender: male Season: summer Main color: olive Upper material: vinitol with a knitted base Bottom material: polyvinylchloride - PVC Normative and technical documentation: GOST 5375-79 Molded rubber boots. Specifications. Type of shoes: semi-overalls PVC Size chart cm 22.5 23 23.5 24.5 25 25.5 26.5 27 27.5 28.5 29 29.5 30.5 31 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 UK 3.5 4 5 6 6.5 7.5 8 9 9.5 10.5 11.5 12 13 13.5 Finding your size Determine your size as follows: Place your foot on a clean piece of paper. Mark the extreme borders of the foot. Measure the distance between the outermost points of the foot. Find the appropriate size in the table above.
The vamp and heel are lined with natural leather, which protects the feet well in slushy weather. Designed for use at low temperatures. Boots are made of felt (coarse natural sheep's wool) with oil and petrol resistant soles (TEP) of the glue-and-stitch fastening method. Perfectly protect feet from low temperatures, oil products and general industrial pollution. The top is split, on the back there is a wedge with two leather adjustable fasteners that allow you to fill the bottom of the trousers inside the boots and tighten them along the leg. They are indispensable for use in all climatic zones, they have retained all the best properties of natural felt boots, which are so popular in our country. And in conditions of scarcity and high cost of the latter, they are a good alternative to felt boots. Felt boots can be used in various industries, construction, agriculture, warehouse or public utilities. Height: 31cm Gender: male Season: winter Upper material: Sheep wool felt (100%), thickness 5mm. The vamp inside is stitched with flannelette Material of the bottom part: frost-resistant thermoplastic TARNADO (TEP) is resistant to low temperatures Type of footwear: cloth and felt footwear ENG) 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 EUR 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 UK 3.5 4 5 6 6.5 7.5 8 9 9.5 10.5 11.5 Determine your size 13 size according to the following diagram: Place your foot on a blank sheet of paper. Mark the extreme borders of the foot. Measure the distance between the outermost points of the foot. Find the appropriate size in the table above.
Comfortable fishing boots for the spring-autumn period The basic boot is made of modern EVA material, which is characterized by low thermal conductivity, high thermal insulation and shock-absorbing properties Lighter than PVC analogs Completely waterproof Double seam technology is used inside the textile extension, which gives the shoe even greater strength, wear resistance and tightness Average height: 90 cm Weight of a pair of shoes: 41/42 size -900 g 42/43 size -934 g 46/47 size -1066 g Size range: 40/41-46/47 Boot material: EVA Fabric material: nylon
Shoes designed to protect against water and pollution - shoes molded with a high top, on the top - eyelets for attaching to the belt - boot height 80 cm Gender: male Season: summer Main color: black Material: rubber Type of shoes: waders Size chart See 22.5 23 23.5 24.5 25 25.5 26.5 27 27.5 28.5 29 29.5 30.5 31 48 49 UK 3.5 4 5 6 6.5 7.5 8 9 9.5 10.5 11.5 12 13 13.5 Finding your size Determine your size as follows: Place your foot on a clean piece of paper. Mark the extreme borders of the foot. Measure the distance between the outermost points of the foot. Find the appropriate size in the table above.
Shaft height: 40 cm Upper: Cordura Lining/insulation: duplex and jersey. Stocking with an energy-saving outer side and an inner side consisting of a three-layer felt. Rear outer pocket - synthetic wear-resistant material (Cordura) Sole: rubber galoshes and soles (MBS) Sole attachment method: stitch-molded Galoshes with seals in the heel and toe parts, as well as stiffeners in the toe part Model features: reinforcing inserts, belts - holders around the shaft, Velcro fastener Sizes: 40-46
Women's boots "Cross" are created taking into account the characteristics of the female foot. Shoes are designed for use in the countryside, for outdoor recreation and walks around the city. Footwear is designed for use both in the autumn-spring period and at negative temperatures TPR galosh (thermoplastic rubber) Two-component sole (PU + TPR) The boots are equipped with a removable insulated felt stocking. the shaft is tightened with a lace, guaranteeing comfort and protection against cold and moisture. Country of origin: Poland
Specially designed for hunters and fishermen to provide waterproof leg protection Height 35 cm Top - combined (textile, artificial leather). It is tightened on the push-button fixer Galosh EVA. Due to the large number of microbubbles, the material is an excellent thermal insulator with a low weight. Removable stocking: felt, foil, natural wool (sheepskin). Provides exceptionally high thermal insulation Sizes: 41-47
Go fishing with your husband, take a walk with your child, go to the supermarket for groceries, take the dog out? Be at least -40 ° C outside, you will not care about frost! Believe me, women's winter boots can be incredibly warm and very comfortable at the same time, and look stylish at the same time. It doesn’t matter if you are going to the store for 5 minutes or are going to spend several hours in the cold, you can be sure that you will definitely not freeze in these boots. They are very comfortable, like in slippers, as if you had not even left the house! Women's boots made of EVA (frost-resistant material). Boot cuff made of water-repellent Oxford fabric. They are completed with an inline stocking made of 6 layers based on natural materials with additional reinforcement of the heel part. The temperature of the heat remains up to -45°С Women's winter boots WOODLINE EVA 990-45 (-45) Size Shaft girth cm Shaft height cm Length/width of the sole of the inner insert cm Length/width of the sole of the boot cm Correspondence to size 36-37 47 28 25/8 .5 25/9.5 36-37 37-38 47 30 25.5/8.5 25.5/9.5 37-38 38-39 48 30 26/9 26.5/9.5 38-39 39-40 49 30.5 26.5/9.5 27/10 39-40 40-41 50 31 27.5/10 27.5/10.5 40-41 lambswool/knitted/linen/wool/linen/foil/abrasion resistant mesh/needle-punched fabric Material-ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) Features-very light, 6-layer liner 1-month warranty
The lining is sheathed with a dense waterproof material. Designed for use at low temperatures. Height: 30cm Gender: unisex Season: winter Upper part material: natural felt Bottom part material: frost-resistant PVC, felt insole, provides excellent thermal insulation of the foot Sole attachment method: molded Shoe type: cloth and felt shoes Size chart cm 22.5 23 23, 5 24.5 25 25.5 26.5 27 27.5 28.5 29 29.5 30.5 31 Russian Size (RUS) 35 35 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 48 EUR 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 48 49 UK 3.5 4 5 6 6.5 7.5 8 9 9.5 10.5 11.5 12 13 13.5 Sizing Determine your size as follows: Place your foot on a clean piece of paper. Mark the extreme borders of the foot. Measure the distance between the outermost points of the foot. Find the appropriate size in the table above.
Purpose: model for protection from low temperatures Gender: female Season: winter Main color: black Upper material: non-woven material (cloth) Lining material: Faux fur Bottom material: sole - PVC Normative technical documentation: GOST 26167-2005 Casual footwear . General specifications. Type of shoes: cloth and felt shoes Type of model: women's, children's clothing and shoes Size chart cm 22.5 23 23.5 24.5 25 25.5 26.5 27 27.5 28.5 29 29.5 30.5 31 43 44 45 46 47 48 EUR 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 UK 3.5 4 5 6 6.5 7.5 8 9 9.5 10.5 11.5 12 13 13.5 Sizing Determine your size as follows: Place your foot on a clean sheet of paper paper. Mark the extreme borders of the foot. Measure the distance between the outermost points of the foot. Find the appropriate size in the table above.
Winter boots NORFIN ARCTIC are lightweight running shoes for universal use. Ideal for running fishing, hunting and outdoor activities Thanks to the used Thinsulate and EVA materials, Norfin Arctic is lightweight, wicks moisture well, and the natural cut does not restrict the movement of the feet EVA foot pocket with rubber sole provides thermal protection in dynamics during low temperatures A three-layer liner, 10 mm thick, provides reliable thermal insulation: a layer of Thinsulate 200g - provides thermal insulation, as well as absorbs and removes moisture; foil reflects cold, maintaining body temperature; Fleece traps warm air while providing essential insulation
In addition to being waterproof and providing effective protection from the cold, this model is very light in weight. At use temperatures down to -40 ° C with active use, Military boots provide a high level of warmth and comfort. These shoes are designed for both wet cold weather and severe frosts. ◾Removable fur liner made of natural wool with foil and spunbond. ◾Wide insulated cuff made of water-repellent Oxford fabric with lacing ◾Convenient pocket on the shaft ◾Thickened sole with protectors Gender: male Season: winter Main color: black Camouflage color: green Material: polymers Upper material: tripled water-repellent Oxford material, foam rubber , Polizon, finish - artificial leather. Lining detail material: Removable woolen fur stocking with foil and spunbond Bottom detail material: ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA), resilient, elastic, resistant to abrasion, frost, moisture, creasing Type of shoes: shoe covers, half boots, huskies Color: black Lower temperature: - 40 Lining/insulation: wool Closure: lacing Country: Russia Size chart cm 22.5 23 23.5 24.5 25 25.5 26.5 27 27.5 28.5 29 29.5 30.5 31 47 48 EUR 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 UK 3.5 4 5 6 6.5 7.5 8 9 9.5 10.5 11.5 12 13 13.5 Sizing Determine your size as follows: Place your foot on a clean piece of paper. Mark the extreme borders of the foot. Measure the distance between the outermost points of the foot. Find the appropriate size in the table above.
No matter how first-class weapons an army is armed with, it will not go far without boots. And this very “running” part of the equipment of our army made a significant contribution to the Victory.
Kirz miracle
Tarpaulin boots are inseparable from the image of a Russian soldier and have even become a kind of symbol of our army. For people who happened to serve, they evoke a lot of conflicting memories. However, it was these shoes that turned out to be the best option for our army during the Great Patriotic War.
latex shoes
The history of kirza began with the discovery of Patagonia by Europeans. Patagonians, or big-footed, got their nickname for a reason. Having reached the shores of modern Argentina, the Europeans could not help but notice that the local Indians in bad weather dip their feet into the milky sap of rubber trees. After drying, the juice turned into waterproof "shoes" exactly on the foot, and the marks from such shoes could well frighten anyone, because they far exceeded the size of the feet not only of the local neighbors of the Patagonians, but also of the tallest Europeans. Over time, the miracle juice was called "latex", and European scientists became interested in it.
Macintosh by Macintosh
The first successful experiments with latex were carried out by the Scottish chemist Charles Macintosh (1766-1843). He was the first to create waterproof fabric, from which Europe enthusiastically began to sew macs - now they call raincoats from a variety of materials, but the first macs were made exclusively from rubberized fabric, which the scientist created under very unusual circumstances.
While experimenting with latex, Charles Mackintosh accidentally stained his trousers. Trying to scrub the stain with water, McIntosh was surprised to find that the fabric of his trousers had become water-repellent.
Russian contribution
The Macintosh invention inspired chemists. The experiments continued, and somewhere in the year 1840 at the factory in English city Springfield, someone thought of producing fabric for the production of "shoes for shoes." The idea of making protective footwear out of cloth proved to be attractive.
Chemists experimented until the appearance of kirza. Artificial rubber was synthesized in 1928 by the Russian chemist Lebedev. It was then that the production of tarpaulin began - a waterproof fabric based on cotton, coated with a water-repellent composition.
The first kirza was very fragile. In the cold, it hardened so much that it became brittle. She melted from the heat. It is possible that due to its imperfection, the rubberized fabric of the 19th century in Russia began to be called the original Russian word "kirza" (with an emphasis on the first syllable), meaning "a layer of frozen earth."
Kirzachi and padded jacket
In the very first days of the Patriotic War, the commissary services faced a problem: what to put on the fighters? Army shoes with windings (for hundreds of thousands of volunteers and called-ups) were sorely lacking. And it’s not that he couldn’t sew boots - there was simply nothing to sew them from. Natural raw materials at that time were only enough to put on several dozen divisions.
The homeland was saved by the chemist Ivan Plotnikov. Based on the invention of the chemist Lebedev, he set up the production of tarpaulin in Vyatka (later Kirov) at an artificial leather plant.
The material quickly gained unheard-of popularity, and shoes made from it in a short time acquired the status of a national one, because it was comfortable, practical and - most importantly - affordable for the completely impoverished people. Only a quilted jacket enjoyed such demand and popular love in Russia.
Stalinka for a boot
In August 1941, Plotnikov was given the following task: as soon as possible to improve the technology of making "tarpaulin". In the government, this issue was personally supervised by Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Kosygin.
By November, mass production of tarpaulin was established. And already on April 10, 1942, Plotnikov was awarded the Stalin Prize of the second degree in 100 thousand rubles. By the end of the war Soviet army numbered 10 million soldiers, shod in tarpaulin shoes.
To date, tarpaulin is produced according to military "recipes" developed by Plotnikov. Experts believe that more than 150 million pairs of them have been produced in the entire history of the kirzaches.
A gift of fate
Of course, tarpaulin boots were far from perfect, but still, compared to boots, they looked like a gift of fate. The high top protected the legs from moisture and uncomfortable windings were not needed. So the soldiers chose the lesser of two evils - they preferred tarpaulin boots with their constant companions - footcloths. By the way, our army is the only participant in the Second World War that supplied its soldiers with footcloths, all the rest preferred to wear shoes with a toe. Our soldiers had to make do with a long piece of cloth that protected their legs from calluses. With the advent of frost, tarpaulin boots, due to the lack of felt boots, turned into winter shoes. To make the leg less cold, it was wrapped with two footcloths - summer and winter. Winter was sewn from a thicker fabric, such as flannelette. In addition, newspapers were lined from the inside of the boots, which also helped to retain heat, since this was allowed by a spacious bootleg. Even in this "modified version"
it was easier to move around in boots than in felt boots, so that even in severe frosts, many soldiers remained faithful to the kirzachs. The tops of the boots served as a kind of additional pocket: they carried a spoon, a Finnish knife, which could be obtained during an attack, or a map.
Bright future
The war is over, and tarpaulin boots are iconic shoes Soviet period- was shod most of the population of the country. Collective farmers kneaded dirt in the fields in them, workers walked on the concrete floor of factory shops, soldiers were still marching. After work and on weekends, they went out for a walk along the central rural street or in the city park, also in a tarpaulin, because there were often simply no other shoes available.
Today, kirzachi are still as popular and in demand as they were 60 years ago. This phenomenon is a consequence of the highest functionality of tarpaulin, proven by generations. In kirza, our people defeated fascism, built objects of the space industry and nuclear energy. And to this day, many Russians are fighting in the kirza for a place under the sun.
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Kirza is a multi-layer durable cotton fabric impregnated with a rubber solution, subjected to heat treatment to a film-forming layer. The front surface of the tarpaulin is imitated under pigskin. Economic efficiency from the introduction of tarpaulin in the shoe industry amounted to 30 million rubles a year.
Of course, these are soldier's boots. Good old tarpaulin boots, made of multi-layered cotton fabric treated with film-forming substances, they served well during the hard military service.
Legs wrapped in chintz or flannelette footcloths quickly tucked into boots and conquered hundreds of kilometers on Soviet off-road. The boots were light and waterproof, footcloths absorbed sweat well, fitting the legs. And this, you see, is a lot for the passage of a many-kilometer path.
The history of tarpaulin boots began in 1903, when Mikhail Pomortsev, the inventor of tarpaulin, began to experiment with rubber substitutes known in Russia. A year later, he already received a waterproof tarpaulin, which was later successfully used for covers for guns, as well as in the manufacture of fodder bags.
The idea of creating skin from tissue did not leave Pomortsev, and soon he found a way by creating an emulsion from a mixture of egg yolk, rosin and paraffin. Such a multilayer fabric, impregnated with the said composition, was impervious to water, but, nevertheless, it "breathed". This was the "kirza".
Already in 1904, it was used in the Russo-Japanese War for the manufacture of horse ammunition, bags, cases, etc. The Russian Ministry of Industry promoted Mikhail Pomortsev's developments at international exhibitions in 1905 in Laugier, and the next year in Milan, where the work of the inventor was awarded the Gold Medal.
Then Petersburg aeronauts at the exhibition in 1911 awarded the tarpaulin with an incentive prize. And in 1913, at the All-Russian Hygienic Exhibition in St. Petersburg, Mikhail Mikhailovich received a silver award.
The first one struck World War, and the idea of sewing boots from tarpaulin was Pomortsev's best proposal at that time. In addition, he donated this idea to the army, refusing any fees. The military-industrial committee was very pleased with the tests of the new boots and their low cost, ordering a large batch of this new footwear for soldiers from the factories. But it was not there! The manufacturers boycotted it because of the lowest cost, and in 1916 this idea sunk into the grave along with Mikhail Pomortsev, who died at the age of 66.
Research in this area is still ongoing. Two Soviet scientists Boris Byzov and Sergey Lebedev brought the production of rubber in 1934 to an industrial scale. After their deaths, engineers Alexander Khomutov and Ivan Plotnikov picked up the baton, designing technological equipment and using the recently discovered new material and the Pomortsev method. However, the synthetic rubber of the first Soviet tarpaulin broke and cracked. The shoes were found to be unsatisfactory and not accepted for production.
They remembered her already in the Great patriotic war when shoes were sorely lacking for soldiers. In August 1941, the chief engineer of the Kozhimit plant, Ivan Plotnikov, was simply ordered to urgently finalize the tarpaulin in the shortest possible time. But only after a whole year of work, with the assistance of many Soviet scientists and researchers, the tailoring of tarpaulin boots was finally established. They were distinguished by moisture resistance, lightness, strength and convenience. In addition, in combination with footcloths, they perfectly kept warm.
This is how army boots were born, the vast majority of which are produced in Russia for the needs of the army. However, their sole and toe still make them rough leather, called yuft.
In the Perm village of Zvezdny, a bronze monument to tarpaulin boots weighing 40 kg was erected.
