From this lesson you will learn about the prerequisites for the great discovery of Charles Darwin - the theory of evolution. You will learn how Charles Darwin and R. Wallace came to the understanding that all the diversity of living organisms appeared on Earth thanks to evolution, what facts made them doubt the prevailing doctrines and break the old ideas about the world. What giants did Darwin stand on? How did he use the positions and views of A. Smith and T. Malthus? Who else influenced Charles Darwin in his young and mature years? How was the theory of evolution created, which turned the picture of the world of millions of people? What does it represent today?

Topic: Evolutionary doctrine

Lesson: Prerequisites for the emergence of Darwin's theory

In 17th century England, bourgeois revolution which leads to a revolution in the means of production or to industrial revolution.

The growth in the number of plants and factories led to an increase in demand for agricultural products, which, in turn, caused an increase in attention to agriculture and its rapid development.

At this time, based on the results of selection of domestic animals, Charles Darwin began to study the processes of speciation in the wild.

In the 19th century, England becomes the leading colonial power.

On one of the expeditions to the colony, to study natural resources Charles Darwin is sent as a naturalist on the Beagle.

For five years, C. Darwin (1831-1836) had the opportunity to explore the minerals, plants and animals of the studied places. The facts he discovered contradicted creationist views on the immutability of species and led the scientist to the idea of ​​evolution - that is, the consistent development of some types of living organisms from others.

The paleontological discoveries of Darwin made in South America, showed that species that existed millions of years ago not only differed from living animals, but also had common features with them.

Darwin noticed the similarity of extinct edentulous with modern armadillos, sloths and anteaters.

He noted that representatives of the fauna of the Galapagos Islands differ from related species of the American continent, but at the same time they are not found anywhere else.

He was surprised that on each large rocky island of the Galapagos archipelago there are different types of finches and giant tortoises (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Variety of Darwin's finches. On the left are the beaks of birds that feed on different foods.

Darwin could not believe that the Creator had the imagination to create so many different animals for such small islands. Thus, the views of creationists came into conflict with the observed reality.

Charles Darwin was greatly influenced by economic theories A. Smith and T. Malthus, created in the 18th century (on the economy and population growth).

Malthus noticed that geometric growth of the world's population, livelihoods increase only in arithmetic progression. The result is a shortage of livelihoods. This was due to the natural law of nature. Nature itself will bring balance through disease, famine, etc., sharply increasing competition.

The English naturalist Charles Lyell (a contemporary of Darwin) substantiated the idea of ​​variability earth's surface under the influence of water, climate, volcanic forces and other factors. He expressed the idea of ​​a gradual change in the organic world. His work also influenced the formation of the scientific worldview of Charles Darwin.

Chemists obtained results confirming the unity of animate and inanimate nature. Swedish scientist J. Berzelius at the end of the 18th century, studying chemical composition different parts of the body and some organic products (milk, blood, bones), came to the conclusion that creature consists of the same chemical elements, as objects of inanimate nature.

An equally important prerequisite for evolution was the discovery of the following phenomena:

1. The presence of homologous organs in animals and plants.

2. The unity of the plan of the structure of living organisms within types and divisions.

3. The similarity of the embryos of vertebrates in the early stages of development (the law of K. M. Baer).

4. Unity cellular structure organisms (the cellular theory of Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden).

These discoveries strengthened the idea of ​​the unity of the organic world, and created the prerequisites for the creation evolutionary theory formulated by Charles Darwin.

Bibliography

1. Kamensky A. A., Kriksunov E. A., Pasechnik V. V. General biology 10-11 class Bustard, 2005.

2. Belyaev D.K. Biology grade 10-11. General biology. A basic level of. - 11th ed., stereotype. - M.: Education, 2012. - 304 p.

3. Biology grade 11. General biology. Profile level/ V. B. Zakharov, S. G. Mamontov, N. I. Sonin and others - 5th ed., stereotype. - Bustard, 2010. - 388 p.

2. What were the prerequisites for the emergence of the theory of Ch. Darwin?

3. What do speciation and selection have in common?

4. Why is Charles Darwin's journey on the Beagle so important?

5. Discuss with friends the premises of Darwinism. How has the outlook of people changed after the publication of Charles Darwin's works?

Abstract

discipline ODB.07 BIOLOGY

student group ESSS-1-16

checked:

Introduction

Conclusion

Literature

Introduction

The main provisions of the evolutionary teachings of Ch. Darwin

Darwin's evolutionary theory is a holistic doctrine of the historical development of the organic world. It covers a wide range of problems, the most important of which are evidence of evolution, identification of the driving forces of evolution, determination of the paths and patterns of the evolutionary process, etc.

The essence of evolutionary teaching lies in the following basic provisions:

1. All kinds of living beings inhabiting the Earth have never been created by someone.

2. Having arisen naturally, organic forms were slowly and gradually transformed and improved in accordance with environmental conditions.

3. The transformation of species in nature is based on such properties of organisms as variability and heredity, as well as natural selection constantly occurring in nature. Natural selection is carried out through complex interaction organisms with each other and with factors of inanimate nature; this relationship Darwin called the struggle for existence.

4. The result of evolution is the adaptability of organisms to the conditions of their habitat and the diversity of species in nature.

Conclusion

The driving forces of evolution, according to Darwin, are hereditary variability and natural selection. Variability serves as the basis for the formation of new features in the structure and functions of organisms, and heredity reinforces these features. As a result of the struggle for existence, the most adapted individuals predominantly survive and participate in reproduction, i.e., natural selection, the consequence of which is the emergence of new species. At the same time, it is essential that the adaptability of organisms to the environment is relative.

Regardless of Darwin, A. Wallace came to similar conclusions. A significant contribution to the propaganda and development of Darwinism was made by T. Huxley (in 1860 he proposed the term "Darwinism"), F. Müller and E. Haeckel, A.O. and V.O. Kovalevsky, N.A. and A.N. Severtsov, I.I. Mechnikov, K.A. Timiryazev, I.I. Schmalhausen and others. In the 20-30s. 20th century the so-called synthetic theory of evolution was formed, combining classical Darwinism and the achievements of genetics.

As a holistic materialistic doctrine, Darwinism made a revolution in biology, undermined the positions of creationism and vitalism, rendered it in the 2nd half. 19th century huge impact on natural and social Sciences culture in general. However, even during the lifetime of Darwin, along with the wide recognition of his theory, various currents of anti-Darwinism arose in biology, denying or sharply limiting the role natural selection in evolution and put forward other factors as the main forces leading to speciation. The controversy on the main problems of the evolution of teaching continues in modern science.

Literature

Danilova V.S., Kozhevnikov N.N. Basic concepts of natural science. – M.: Aspect Press, 2000. – 256 p.

Concepts modern natural science/ Ed. V.N. Lavrinenko, V.P. Ratnikov. - M.: UNITI, 2000. - 203 p.

Concepts of modern natural science / Samygin S.I. etc. - Rostov n / D .: Phoenix, 1997. - 448 p.

Lemeza N.A., Kamlyuk L.V., Lisov N.D. Biology in examination questions and answers. – M.: Rolf, Iris-press, 1998. – 496 p.

Ruzavin G.I. Concepts of modern natural science: a course of lectures. - M.: Project, 2002. - 336 p.

Solopov E.F. Concepts of modern natural science. – M.: Vlados, 1999. – 232 p.

Khoroshavina S.G. Concepts of modern natural science: a course of lectures. - Rostov n / D .: Phoenix, 2002. - 480 p.

Abstract

discipline ODB.07 BIOLOGY

topic: Prerequisites for the emergence of the evolutionary theory of Ch. Darwin

Completed by: Grechman Olga Stepanovna

student group ESSS-1-16

checked:

teacher Chudinova Lyubov Evgenievna

Introduction

1. Prerequisites for the creation of the evolutionary theory of Ch. Darwin

2. evolutionary research Ch. Darwin

3. The main provisions of the evolutionary teachings of Ch. Darwin

4. Prerequisites and driving forces of evolution according to Ch. Darwin

5. The main results of evolution (according to Ch. Darwin)

Conclusion

Literature

Introduction

For the first time, the term "evolution" (from the Latin evolutio - deployment) was used in one of the embryological works by the Swiss naturalist Charles Bonnet in 1762. At present, evolution is understood as an irreversible process of changing a system that occurs in time, due to which something arises. something new, heterogeneous, standing on a higher stage of development.

The concept of evolution acquires a special meaning in natural science, where predominantly biological evolution is studied. Biological evolution is an irreversible and to a certain extent directed historical development of wildlife, accompanied by a change in the genetic composition of populations, the formation of adaptations, the formation and extinction of species, transformations of biogeocenoses and the biosphere as a whole. In other words, biological evolution should be understood as the process of adaptive historical development of living forms at all levels of the organization of living things.

The theory of evolution was developed by C. Darwin (1809-1882) and presented by him in the book The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favored Breeds in the Struggle for Life (1859).

Prerequisites for the creation of the evolutionary theory of Ch. Darwin

By the middle of the XIX century. a number of important generalizations and discoveries were made that contradicted creationist views and contributed to the strengthening and further development of evolution, making up the scientific prerequisites for the creation of Charles Darwin's evolutionary theory.

The first gap in the metaphysical worldview was made by the philosopher E. Kant (1724-1804), who in his famous work “The Universal natural history and the Theory of the Sky" rejected the myth of the first shock and came to the conclusion that the whole Earth and the solar system is something that arose in time. Thanks to the works of E. Kant, P. Laplace and V. Hertel, the Earth and the entire solar system began to be considered as developing in time.

In 1830, the English naturalist C. Lyell (1797-1875) substantiated the idea of ​​the variability of the Earth's surface under the influence of various natural causes and laws: climate, water, volcanic forces, and organic factors. Lyell suggested that the organic world is gradually changing, which was confirmed by the results of paleontological research by the French zoologist J. Cuvier (1769-1832).

In the first half of the 19th century, the idea of ​​the unity of all nature developed. The Swedish chemist I. Berzelius (1779-1848) proved that all animals and plants consist of the same elements that are found in inanimate nature, and the German chemist F. Wehler (1800-1882) for the first time in 1824 synthesized chemically in the laboratory oxalic acid, in 1828 - urea, thus showing that the formation organic matter carried out without the participation of some "life force".

In the 18th-19th centuries, as a result of the colonization of vast territories and their exploration, Europeans significantly expanded their ideas about the diversity of the organic world, about the patterns of its distribution across the continents of the globe. Systematics is intensively developing: all the diversity of the organic world required its classification and bringing into a certain system, which was important for the development of the idea of ​​the relatedness of living beings, and then of the unity of their origin.

In the first half of the 19th century, a detailed study of the geographical distribution of organisms begins; biogeography and ecology begin to develop, the first generalizations of which were important for substantiating the idea of ​​evolution. So, in 1807, the German naturalist A. Humboldt (1769-1859) expressed the idea that the geographical distribution of organisms depends on the conditions of existence. The Russian scientist K. F. Rulye (1814-1858) tries to interpret the historical change in the face of the Earth and the conditions of life on it and the influence of these changes on the change in animals and plants. His student N. A. Severtsov (1827-1885) expressed ideas about the relationship of organisms with environment, about the formation of new species as an adaptive (adaptive) process.

At the same time, comparative morphology and anatomy developed. Its success contributed to the elucidation not only of the similarity in the structure of various animal species, but also of such a similarity in their organization, which suggested a deep connection between them, their unity. Comparative embryology begins to take shape. In 1817-1818. THEIR. Pander discovered the germ layers and the universality of their laying in the embryogenesis of multicellular animals. The German researcher M. Rathke applied the theory of germ layers to invertebrates (1829).

In the late 20s of the nineteenth century, the Russian embryologist K. M. Baer (1792-1870) established the main types of embryonic development and proved that all vertebrate animals develop according to a single plan (subsequently, Baer's generalizations were called by Charles Darwin "the law of germinal similarities" and were used by him to prove evolution). A remarkable sign of embryonic similarity is, for example, the presence of gill slits in the embryos of all vertebrates, including humans.

In 1839, T. Schwann created a cell theory that substantiated the commonality of the microstructure and development of animals and plants. Thus, the intensive development of science, the accumulation in various fields of natural science of a large number of facts incompatible with creationist ideas, prepared the basis on which Darwin's teaching successfully developed.

Some political and economic ideas also contributed to the formation of Charles Darwin's ideas, primarily the views of A. Smith and T. Malthus. A. Smith (1723-1790) proceeded from the then strengthened idea of ​​natural laws and created the doctrine of "free competition". He believed that the engine of free competition is "the natural self-interest or" natural egoism "of a person, and this is the source of national wealth. Unfit in the process of free competition eliminated. The idea of ​​competitive relations also influenced the formation of ideas about the development of wildlife. These ideas, in all likelihood, prompted Darwin to think about the existence of some analogies in nature and contributed to the creation of evolutionary theory.

Achieved by the middle of the nineteenth century. major successes in the development of various areas in natural science, as well as in society, the conditions that stimulated the development of selection and created opportunities for putting forward the ideas of competition and selection, and were the prerequisites that paved the way for the formulation of the scientific concept of biological evolution.

Introduction

Charles Darwin's main work is called The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favored Species in the Struggle for Life (1859). This name reflects the main problem considered by Darwin - the species as a historical phenomenon: each species arises, develops and exists until the conditions of life change; when they change, the species either gradually dies out, or changes itself, giving rise to new species.

What is a view? The modern definition of a species is based on the Darwinian understanding of it.

View- this is a collection of individuals with a hereditary similarity of external and internal structure, physiological functions, ability to interbreed and reproduce, adaptability to certain conditions life and settled in nature in a certain territory (range).

Charles Darwin's doctrine of the evolution of the organic world reveals three main interrelated factors: variability, heredity and selection. Variability provides material for the evolutionary process - individual hereditary changes in organisms. On the basis of hereditary variability in the process of selection, species are formed that are adapted to various specific conditions of life, which leads to the diversity of species.

Charles Darwin first considered the formation of domestic animal breeds and cultivated plant varieties, and then species in their natural state. He believed that with this approach, his ideas would be more conclusive, since practitioners are well aware of how to obtain new breeds and varieties.

Darwin's teaching fundamentally undermined metaphysical ideas about the constancy and immutability of species and their creation by God. This doctrine became the basis for further development the sciences of the evolution of the organic world, as well as for all biological sciences.

Historical prerequisites for the emergence of the teachings of Charles Darwin

Socio-economic background. In the first half of the XIX century. England became the most advanced capitalist country, with high level development of industry and agriculture. Due to the ruin of small proprietors, land was concentrated in the hands of large landowners. Industrial demand for animal raw materials and foodstuffs contributed to the growth of animal husbandry. English pastoralists achieved exceptional success in breeding new breeds of sheep, pigs, cattle, chickens, etc. Large landowners bred numerous breeds of hunting dogs, trotting and racehorses, and pigeons, which were of sporting interest. New varieties of plants were also obtained: grain, vegetable, ornamental, berry, etc. The practice of animal breeders and plant growers convincingly showed that breeds of domestic animals and varieties of cultivated plants are changeable and are created by man, not God.

Advances in science. At the end of the XVIII - beginning of the XIX century. the successes of the sciences, in the figurative expression of Engels, punched "gaps" in the metaphysical view of nature. In astronomy, hypotheses about the origin solar system from a gaseous nebula. Geologists have discovered the successive formation of sedimentary layers - which means that Earth's crust developed historically. In chemistry, it became known that animate and inanimate nature consists of the same chemical elements; physicists discovered the law of energy transformation.

Among the biological sciences, systematics at that time still occupied a leading place. Scientific knowledge about animal and plant species has been greatly enriched. Systematics came to the conclusion about the existence of natural groups of organisms in nature. The system began to be considered as a reflection of varying degrees of similarity between natural groups and the subordination of lower systematic groups to higher ones, which inevitably led to the idea of ​​family ties between systematic groups.

In morphology and anatomy, thanks to comparative method research has gained wide recognition of the opinion that many animals have a single plan, both in the general structure of the body and in individual organs.

Comparative embryological studies have revealed a striking similarity in the early stages of development of the embryos of vertebrates and even animals belonging to different types.

The discovery of the cell and the creation of the cellular theory by the zoologist T. Schwann (1838-1839) gave strong evidence of the unity of all living things - the similarity in the structure of animal and plant cells.

Bright facts testifying to the variability of species have been provided by paleontology. On Earth, lower forms were successively replaced by higher ones: in times long past, the Earth was inhabited by other species of animals and plants, not similar to modern ones.

All these discoveries were in no way consistent with the doctrine of the immutability of the organic world and its creation by God.

Thus, the successes of science, the development of new breeds of animals and varieties of plants, the materials of overseas expeditions - all this prepared the ground on which the doctrine of the origin of species could arise. What was needed was a brilliant mind that would generalize and rework all the accumulated heterogeneous facts in the light of a certain idea, create a coherent system of reasoning and provide convincing evidence. Charles Darwin was one such scientist.

Charles Darwin (1809-1882). As a child, Charles Darwin was fond of collecting collections, chemical experiments, observing birds and insects. During his student years, he became well acquainted with scientific literature and mastered the methodology of field research, compiling collections and herbariums. In 1831-1836. Darwin traveled around the world on the Beagle. He studied the geological structure, flora and fauna of the visited countries, collected a huge number of different collections and sent them to England.

While studying the remains of extinct animals in South America, Darwin came to the conclusion that modern species were not created by God, but developed gradually from those that previously inhabited the Earth. On each island of the Galapagos archipelago, he found a special kind of finches and suggested that their ancestor was one species of American origin, which once settled on the islands. In Australia, Darwin became interested in marsupials and egg-laying mammals, long extinct in other parts of the globe. Australia as a mainland separated itself a very long time ago (when there were no higher mammals); marsupials and monotremes developed here independently of the evolution of mammals on other continents.

During the journey, Darwin made the first notes on the origin of species and returned to England with a desire to solve this problem. For the next 20 years, he worked hard to build and substantiate evolutionary theory. In the ability to notice and analyze facts, find connections between them and generalize, Darwin was truly brilliant.

All the works of Darwin that appeared after The Origin of Species developed and deepened various aspects of the main problem - the origin of species. In the book "Change in Domestic Animals and Cultivated Plants", using a huge amount of factual material, the patterns of evolution of breeds of domestic animals and varieties of cultivated plants were shown. In The Descent of Man and Sexual Selection, Darwin applied evolutionary theory to explain the origin of man, and in The Expression of Sensations in Man and Animals, he provided additional evidence for the animal origin of man. Darwin owns major works on botany, zoology and geology, in which certain issues of evolutionary theory are developed in detail.

Scientific and socio-economic background.

The middle of the 19th century was quite favorable for the formulation and development of the doctrine of the evolution of the organic world. Under the conditions of a rapid rise in industrial production, the natural sciences and philosophy intensively developed, which came to important generalizations based on the study of the characteristics of the physical manifestations of the forces of nature and the development of ways to use them in practice, the study of the diversity of the animal and plant world and the laws of life.

The most important generalizations of the natural sciences of the pre-Darwinian period include the following:

1) The hypothesis of I. Kant and Laplace on the origin of the planets of the solar system and the Earth, small particles, nebulae and their development.

2) Substantiation in 1830 by the English naturalist C. Lyell (1797-1875) of the idea that history has not only the Earth, but also its surface, which changed under the influence of the same natural causes that operate now, and not as a result of catastrophes .

3) The formation of the idea that not only the earth's surface, but also the animals and plants that inhabited it, also changed over time and have their own history. This idea arose as a result of the study of geological layers and paleontological studies of the remains of creatures that lived in distant eras.

4) The formation of the idea of ​​the nature of all nature on the basis of the works of Berzelius and Wehler. The Swedish chemist Berzelius (1779-1848) proved that all animals and plants consist of the same elements that are found in living nature, and the German chemist F. Weser (1800-1882) in the laboratory for the first time in 1828. He artificially obtained urea and showed that the formation of organic substances is carried out without the participation of a certain "life force".

5) The theory of cellular structure, created by the botanist M. Schleider (1838) and the zoologist T. Schwann (1838-1839), substantiated the commonality of the microstructure and development of animals and plants.

6) Works on the taxonomy of animals and plants, grouping organisms according to their likeness, were important for the development of the idea of ​​the relatedness of animal beings, and then of the unity of their origin.

7) The position on the unity of the structure and common origin of animal beings, which were supported by important generalizations in the field of comparative anatomy, embryology, animal and plant physiology.

8) The development of transformism in the works of the French materialist philosophers of the 18th century, and the studies of natural scientists, the design of the first evolutionary theory by J.B. Lamarck, which became an important scientific prerequisite for the teachings of Charles Darwin.

Thus, the intensive development of science and its differentiation, the accumulation in various fields of natural science of a large number of facts that are incompatible with creationist ideas, have prepared good foundation on which the teachings of Darwin successfully developed.

This was facilitated by the socio-economic conditions of the first half of XIX century. England of this era was a classical capitalist country, in which large-scale industry, rail and sea transport developed rapidly, cities grew, the urban population increased sharply, mainly due to the ruin of small farmers. England continued to conquer more and more colonies. To keep them in line, a large army and a powerful navy were needed.

The developing industry demanded more raw materials and foodstuffs from agriculture. Under these conditions, an intensive restructuring of agriculture was carried out: the concentration of land in the hands of large farmers increased, crop rotation was introduced, fertilizers were used, and machines were used for soil cultivation and plant care.

The selection developed especially rapidly. Existing animal breeds and plant varieties could not meet the growing demand. In England, experienced breeders appeared who, in a relatively short time, bred many new varieties of field, garden, ornamental plants and breeds of domestic animals with new useful traits. From exhibition to exhibition, which were held systematically, it was possible to trace the main directions of plant varieties and animal breeds. The achievements of breeders testified that a person can change breeds and varieties, adapt them to his needs through artificial selection. Thus, the practice of agriculture at that time raised the question of the unlimited variability of animals and plants to its full potential. Breeders have proved that selection is the main factor in shaping, with the help of which it is possible to achieve the maximum development of the desired traits in animals and plants.

C. Darwin witnessed the success of English breeding. He summarized the great experience of breeders, and skillfully used the data of agricultural practice to substantiate the theory of evolution of the organic world.

Life and scientific activity Charles Darwin.

C. Darwin lived in an era of turbulent community development When natural science was on the rise, important discoveries were made in science. He did not have a systematic biological education (he studied for two years at medical faculty in Edinburgh and then moved to Cambridge university, where in 1831 he graduated from the theological faculty), but was very fond of natural sciences, purposefully studied special literature, was engaged in collecting, hunting, took part in expeditions to study the geology, fauna, flora of certain regions of England, observed, wrote down what he saw, tried to give him rational explanation. He became close friends with such well-known scientists as the zoologist R. Grant, the botanist J. Henslow, and A. Sedgwick. And it is not surprising that when it became necessary to recommend an experienced naturalist as part of the expedition, Genslo named Darwin, who had sufficient natural science knowledge and skills as a field researcher.

At the end of 1831, a five-year round-the-world trip began on the ship Beagle. This journey was important event in Darwin's life, a real school for him. Working intensively as a geologist, paleontologist, zoologist, botanist, he collected a huge and very valuable scientific material, which played an exceptional role in the development of the evolutionary idea.

1. Geological observations on oceanic islands, in South America, the Cordilleras and other places confirmed Ch. Lyell's idea of ​​a constant change in the Earth's surface under the influence of external and internal causes.

2. Darwin owns a number of interesting paleontological finds. Comparison of the skeletons of fossil sloths, shellfish with living species showed that their skeleton is characterized by many common features; at the same time, there are noticeable differences in the structure of the skeleton of the compared forms. After analyzing numerous facts, Darwin came to the conclusion that extinct and current animals have a common origin, but the latter have changed significantly. The reason for this could be the changes that occurred over time on the earth's surface. They could also be the cause of the extinction of species, the remains of which are found in the earth's layers.

During his round-the-world trip, Darwin collected interesting materials that explain the patterns of geographical distribution of organisms in the latitudinal (from Brazil to Tierra del Fuego) and vertical (when climbing mountains) directions. He drew attention to the dependence of fauna and flora on the conditions of existence of animals and plants.

Darwin collected especially valuable material on the islands of the Galapagos archipelago, which are located in the equatorial zone. Pacific Ocean at a distance of 800 - 900 km to the west from the coast of South America. Darwin was particularly struck by the uniqueness of the fauna and flora of the Galapagos. There are relatively few species on the archipelago, but most of them are characterized by a large number of individuals. Darwin collected 26 species of land birds, all of which, with the exception of one, are very special and are not found anywhere else. He described 13 species of finches - endemic birds, i.e. common only in this region. In addition to other features, the species of finches differ in the shape and size of the beak - from massive, like a grosbeak, to small and thin, like a chaffinch or robin. Darwin proved that the structural features of the beak depend on the nature of the food of these birds (plant seeds, insects, etc.). It is interesting that on different islands there are different forms finches, and Darwin notes that one can actually imagine that one species was taken and modified at different ends of the archipelago. Zoologists call these birds Darwin's finches.

Comparing the fauna of the Galapagos and South America, Darwin states that the fauna of the archipelago bears the imprint of continental forms and at the same time is a special Galapagos variant. He observed a similar phenomenon on the Cape Verde Islands, where he established the similarity of island forms of animals with African species. These and other facts led Darwin to the idea that the islands were inhabited by continental forms, from which species originate, which have changed significantly under the new conditions of existence on the islands. He also reflects on the importance of isolation in the differentiation of species. Later, Darwin wrote that the peculiarities, the nature of the distribution of the Galapagos organisms, so impressed him that he began to systematically collect all the facts that had a certain relation to the species.

Darwin's stay in Tierra del Fuego and meeting with the natives led him to the bold idea of ​​the animal origin of man. The study of the structure of coral reefs was the basis for the development of Darwin's theory of the formation of coral islands.

After returning from a trip on October 2, 1836, Darwin elaborates and publishes the collected geological, zoological and other materials and works on developing the idea of ​​the historical development of the organic world, which originated during the trip. For over 20 years, he has been persistently developing and substantiating this idea, continues to collect and generalize facts, especially from the practice of plant growing and animal husbandry.

On November 24, 1859, the already mentioned brilliant work of Charles Darwin "The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favored Breeds in the Struggle for Life" was published. This book, which masterfully presented and comprehensively substantiated the scientific foundations of evolutionary theory, was very popular, and its entire circulation was sold out on the first day. One of Darwin's contemporaries figuratively compared the appearance of The Origin of Species with an explosion “which science has not yet seen, which took so long to prepare and so quickly struck, so inaudibly let down and so deadly striking. In terms of the size and significance of the destruction caused, in terms of the echo that echoed in the most distant branches of human thought, this was a scientific feat that had no equal.

Darwin's epochal work was reprinted 7 times during the author's lifetime, it quickly became known to scientists in other countries and was translated into most European languages, including Russian (1864).

After the publication of The Origin of Species, Darwin continued to work vigorously on the rationale for the problem of evolution. In 1868, he published the major work "Change in Domestic Animals and Cultivated Plants", where he comprehensively analyzes the patterns of variability, heredity, and artificial selection. Darwin extends the idea of ​​the historical development of plants and animals to the problem of the origin of man. In 1871, his book "The Origin of Man and Sexual Selection" was published, in which numerous evidences of the animal origin of man are analyzed in detail. The Origin of Species and the following 2 books constitute a single scientific trilogy, they provide irrefutable evidence of the historical development of the organic world, establish the driving forces of evolution, determine the paths of evolutionary transformations, and finally show how and from what positions complex phenomena and processes of nature should be studied. Darwin published 12 volumes of his works. His autobiography “Memories of the Development of My Mind and Character” is very interesting (in 1957 it was published by the publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR).

Darwin was noted for his keen powers of observation, rather developed analytical and synthetic abilities, scientific integrity, exceptional diligence, striving and accuracy in his work. Before last days his life he did not stop the systematic scientific research. So, on April 17, 1882, Darwin recorded the results of observations in his garden, and on April 19, the big heart of the titan of human thought stopped beating. Darwin was buried in Westminster Abbey (London) next to I. Newton, M. Faraday and other prominent scientists of England.

Biology teacher

MOU SOSH with. Gatishche

The purpose of the lesson: study the scientific and socio-economic background

the emergence of the evolutionary teachings of Ch. Darwin.

Tasks: 1) educational: consider the prerequisites for the emergence

theories of Ch. Darwin;

2) developing: continue the formation of skills and abilities

independent work, highlight the main thing, individual

work with handouts;

3) educational: patriotic education- on the example of works

domestic scientists in the development of the theory of evolution.

Lesson type: combined.

Conduct method: conversation, story, work with a reference note,

with map and handout.

Interdisciplinary connections: history, geography, ecology.

Intradisciplinary connections: zoology.

Ensuring the lesson: portrait of Ch. Darwin, geographical map,

visual material, Handout.

Equipment: computer

During the classes

I. Organizing time.

The message of the topic, the purpose of the lesson.

III. Learning new material.

1). Socio-economic background.

In various fields of biology in the first quarter XIX century, a huge amount of factual material was accumulated, which needed to be generalized. This generalization required new approaches. The practice of agriculture required the creation of a theory that would allow the development of breeding methods further. At that time England was one of the most developed capitalist countries, with a very well developed agriculture, moreover, a colonial country, which required the study of new territories. Therefore, in the middle of the 19th century, it was in England that conditions were formed for the creation of the theory of evolution. The honor of its creation undeniably belongs to Charles Darwin.

2). Scientific background.

Exercise. Read the textbook on p. 18-19, write down the names of scientists and the titles of their works.

The development of geology and paleontology, due to which the systematization of the geological layers of the Earth is carried out.

C. Lyell ("Fundamentals of Geology") laid the foundations of the historical
geology with its principles of actualism and historicism.

Advances in Chemistry: Wehler artificially synthesized urea.

Schleiden and Schwann create the cell theory.

In Russia: works by Roulier and Beketov.

Conversation: the discussion of the results.

3). Main stages life path and Ch. Darwin's journey.

Storyteachers .

(Working with the map. The teacher or student shows on the map the route that the journey took. Demonstrates images of Darwin's findings.)

Rice. 1 Beagle ship

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Fig.2 Route of the expedition Fig.3 Skeletons of sloths of South America

(on right modern look, on the left -

fossil)

C. Darwin () believes in the Bible in his youth, is going to become a rural pastor and is engaged in zoology as an amateur naturalist. At the age of 22, he leaves England for five years and, as a naturalist (without salary), sets sail on a round-the-world trip on the expedition ship Beagle of the English Admiralty. The purpose of his journey was to compile hydrographic charts for the British fleet. He circled the globe, passing from the south around South America, visited the waters of Australia and New Zealand, circled Africa from the south. During the stops, he collected botanical, paleontological and zoological collections, carried out geological observations.

"While traveling on Her Majesty's ship as a naturalist, I was struck by some of the facts concerning the distribution of organic beings in South America, and the geological relations between former and modern inhabitants of this continent."

Darwin notes that it is more logical to explain the diversity of the animal world by slow processes of changing forms than by individual acts of creation. The discovery of fossil giant armadillos - relatives of living forms - leads him to the conclusion about the relationship of extinct and existing forms. Having studied the flora and fauna of the Galapagos Islands, Darwin, using the example of differences between closely related species of finches, turtles, lizards, saw, as it were, the very process of evolution in action.

Various species of finches that differed in size and bill structure, but were very similar to the mainland species. Darwin suggested that once the birds came to the islands from the mainland and changed, adapting to different food sources (hard seeds, fruits, insects).

In Australia, the scientist was struck by the amazing ancient fauna: marsupials and egg-laying mammals that have long died out in other places on the globe.

Travel has played a decisive role in shaping scientific views Darwin. Entering the ship as a supporter of the immutability of wildlife, five years later, when returning home, Darwin was convinced that species could change and give rise to other species.

Charles Darwin returns to England as a convinced evolutionist.

A long period of development of a coherent theory of evolution begins, based on the discovery of the mechanism of the evolutionary process

(Students' attention is drawn to the actual material of the round-the-world trip, confirming:

Species variability;

The role of environmental conditions in speciation).

IV. Consolidation of the studied material

Consolidation of the studied material is carried out using handouts and a reference summary, which contains material on the evolutionary teachings of Ch. Darwin, the ground for the emergence of which was prepared by the success of the sciences late XVIII - early XIX century; about Darwin's journey, during which he collected material that prompted him to think about the variability of species and the origin of some from others; about the publication in 1859 of Darwin's book "The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favored Breeds in the Struggle for Life"; about the role of variability, selection, the struggle for existence, the adaptation of species to the environment in the process of evolution and the causes of the emergence of species diversity.

The main points of the actual material of the round-the-world trip are displayed on the screen, confirming:

- variability of species;

Similarities and differences between species;

Diversity of living organisms;

The adaptation of living organisms to the conditions of existence;

The role of environmental conditions in speciation.

Students are given cards with the image:

Darwin's finches;

Brown-bristle and giant armadillos;

two-toed sloth;

platypus;

Australian echidna;

Five types of kangaroo.

Students prepare reports by capturing specific facts about the highlights of their trip around the world.

V. Summing up the lessons.

1. Assess the degree of implementation of the goals set in the lesson.

2. Evaluate the work of students during class.

VI. Homework message.

Samples of handouts.

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