Location of the mainland North America. The geographical location of South America Comparison of the geographical location of the continents table

06.11.2019

We have completed the study of the southern continents - Africa, Australia, South America and Antarctica.

Today we will recall everything that has been studied and find common features of the nature of the southern continents.

The southern continents, as you remember, are conditionally called not only Australia and Antarctica, which are completely south of the equator, but also Africa and South America. The answer is simple: all four continents have a common history of development - they were all part of the Gondwana mainland.

Theme: Continents

Lesson: Generalization. Comparative characteristics southern continents

1. Introduction

Today in class you will learn:

1. Features of the geographical position of the southern continents

2. General features of the relief

3. Common features of climate and natural areas

2. Geographic location

The peculiarity of the geographical position of the southern continents is that three continents - South America, Africa and Australia - are located near the equator, so high temperatures prevail there throughout the year in most of the territory. Most of the continents are located in the subequatorial and tropical zones.

Antarctica is the only continent of the Earth, which is located around the South Pole, which determines the severity of its nature (see Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Map of Antarctica

3. General features of the relief

Since the southern continents once made up a whole continent, they have similar features of nature.

Having considered the physical map of the world and individual continents, we can distinguish several common features relief of all four continents (see Fig. 2):

In the relief of all continents, two main parts stand out - vast plains and mountains. Most of the continents are occupied by plains located on platforms. Various mountain systems are located on the outskirts of the continents: the Andes in South America - in the west, the Atlas in Africa - in the northwest, the Great Dividing Range in Australia - in the east.

These mountains, as it were, encircle the plains of Gondwana that were united in the past.

There is much in common in the structure of the plains of modern continents. Most of them are formed on ancient platforms, which are formed at the base of crystalline and metamorphic rocks.

Mineral deposits are closely connected with geological history, with the composition of rocks and the topography of the continents. All southern continents are rich in them. In similar geological conditions, oil fields were found off the western coast of Africa and at approximately the same latitudes - off the eastern coast of South America.

4. Climate and inland waters

Due to their geographic location in low latitudes, South America, Africa and Australia are located mainly in the equatorial, subequatorial, subtropical and tropical zones (see Fig. 3).

High temperatures prevail here. As for the amount and mode of precipitation, there is a great variety. Precipitation depends on the prevailing air masses, vertical movement air, wind direction and relief.

Rice. 3. Climate map

Inland waters depend on topography and climate. So, in Antarctica, there are no rivers due to low temperatures, and lakes are an exception. The densest river network and many lakes in the equatorial and subequatorial belts, where a lot of precipitation falls.

The direction and flow of rivers depend on the relief. Due to the fact that the mountains of South America are located in the west, and in Africa - in the east, the rivers of these continents carry their waters mainly to the Atlantic Ocean.

All three continents (South America, Africa and Australia) are well supplied with groundwater, which is widely used both in agriculture, and in the industry of desert areas.

5. Features of the location of natural areas

On the territory of the southern continents there are all natural areas low latitudes and the Antarctic belt (see Fig. 4). The temperate zones are poorly represented. As a rule, natural zones correspond to climatic regions.

Rice. 4. Map of natural areas

Latitudinal zonality is clearly expressed in the placement of zones. This is due to the predominance of plains on the continents. The altitudinal zonality is also clearly visible. It is especially pronounced in South America.

Thus, in the nature of the southern continents there is much in common, which is explained by a number of reasons:

General history of development earth's crust Long time of joint development of nature Similar geographical location

Homework

Read § 22 - 37, analyze the lecture. Run a test.

Bibliography

MainI am

1. Geography. Earth and people. Grade 7: Textbook for general education. uch. / A. P. Kuznetsov, L. E. Savelyeva, V. P. Dronov, series "Spheres". – M.: Enlightenment, 2011.

2. Geography. Earth and people. Grade 7: atlas. Series "Spheres".

Additional

1. N. A. Maksimov. Behind the pages of a geography textbook. – M.: Enlightenment.

Literature for preparing for the GIA and the Unified State Examination

"Explorations of North America" - Vikings. Equator. North America. Giovanni Caboto. Problematic situation. Scroll back the calendar. Bering Vitus Jonanssen (1681 - 1741). Icelandic Viking of Norwegian origin. There are two types of travel. The main task is to sail by sea to America. Sev. tropic. Conquests of Enrico Cortes.

"Geography of North America" - Why is the prairie called the "Breadbasket"? Why do mountains stretch to the west and plains to the east? Mr. McKinley. Why is America called America? R. Mississippi. Why are atmospheric tornadoes frequent on the mainland? 5700 m. North America. Colorado Labrador Bering Appalachian Saint Lawrence Cordillera.

"North America" - L. Erickson 1000. H. Columbus 1492-98. The deepest canyon is the Grand Canyon. Geographical position North America. In Canada - in English and French, in Mexico and Central America - mainly in Spanish. A single system of caves Flint-Mammoth reaches a length of 535 km. The Hubbard Glacier descends towards the bay.

"North America Grade 7" - Questions and assignments are written on "chamomile petals". Warm up. Contest of connoisseurs of the nature of the mainland. Forests are mixed, broad-leaved and variable - wet. 1 person from each team participate. the northernmost point of North America. 3 competition. one of the five Great Lakes. Murchison. All team members participate.

"Discovery of North America" - Natives of Europe and Africa. Sambo. Traveling North America. Eskimos. The past. Key dates geographical discoveries in America. History of discovery and research. Indians. Metis. Population. Mongoloids. Caucasians. Negroids. Indigenous. Mulattos.

"Peoples of North America" - Indian. The United States is an economically powerful, wealthy power in the world. Modern political map of North America. The Eskimos created a special arctic culture of hunters and fishermen. North American countries. Settlement of North America by Europeans. Indian settlement. At the end of the 18th century, the Americans won independence.

There are 11 presentations in total in the topic

North America is a continent covering an area of 24 million square meters. km. What extreme points does this continent have, and how is North America located relative to other continents? Description plan extreme points mainland and climatic zones will help to better understand the physical and geographical position of North America on the world map.

Geographical position

North America is the third largest continent after Europe and Africa. It is located in the Western Hemisphere north of the equator. Its extreme points are:

northern - Cape Murchison. It is located beyond the Arctic Circle, in Canada;
southern - Cape Maryato. This cape, located in Central Panama, is uninhabited;
western Cape Prince of Wales. This cape is located in Alaska;
eastern - Cape St. Charles. The cape is one of the ledges of Labrador and is located in Canada near Toronto.

The mainland is washed by all the oceans except the Indian. In the north it is washed by the Arctic Ocean, in the west - by the waters Pacific Ocean, and in the east - the waters of the Atlantic Ocean. North America and South America are separated by the Panama Canal, North America and Eurasia are separated by the Bering Strait.

Rice. 1. Bering Strait

In relation to the tropics, North America is crossed by the Northern Tropic in its southern part. There is a lot of precipitation in this zone, which is unusual for other continents. Deserts are located on other continents in the tropics.

The shores of the mainland are heavily indented, especially in the northern part of the continent. The largest peninsulas in North America are California, Florida and Labrador. The largest islands are Greenland and the islands of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. The territory of the mainland also includes the Bahamas, the island of Newfoundland, the Aleutian Islands, the Queen Charlotte Islands.

Climatic zones

North America is located in all climatic zones, except for the equatorial one.

The northern coast of the mainland, Greenland, the Canadian Arctic Archipelago are located in the Arctic zone. nature is very harsh here. It's hard to imagine, but in winter the temperature on the island of Greenland can drop to -50 degrees Celsius.

Almost the entire Alaska Peninsula, the coast of the Hudson Bay, the Labrador Peninsula, part of the mainland north of 58 degrees north latitude are located in the subarctic zone. Very large areas are covered with ice, widespread permafrost is a common occurrence.

Rice. 3. Alaska Peninsula

The temperate zone is characterized by a monsoon type of climate in the east, maritime - on the Pacific coast. In winter, arctic air masses cause a sharp cooling and snowstorms; in summer, tropical air brings heat and dry winds.

The subtropical belt is located between 30 and 40 degrees north latitude, it is divided into three areas: eastern, western and central. On the east coast, the climate is humid subtropical (very humid, warm summers). In the west - the Mediterranean type of climate (warm winters and dry hot summers). In the central part the climate is continental (warm summers, cold winters).

All of Central America, except for the south, is located in the tropical climate zone. The south is in the subequatorial. The climate in both these areas is determined by the trade winds.

The trade winds and monsoons are the winds that blow across North America. only the trade winds are constant winds and blow from the tropics towards the equator, while the monsoons change their direction twice a year and blow on land in summer and sea in winter.

What have we learned?

From this educational article for grade 7, the geographical position of the mainland of North America becomes clear. The mainland has four extreme points, and is also located in almost all climatic zones. The only ocean that does not wash the continent is the Indian Ocean.

Topic quiz

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Practical work № 13

Comparison of the geographical position of Australia and Africa; determination of similarities and differences between the main components of the nature of these continents.

Objective: identify the features of the geographical position of Australia and draw a conclusion about the influence of the geographical position of the mainland on the climate and characterra pregnancy.

Work sequence

I. Determine the geographical location of mainland Australia, using the plan and maps of the atlas. Oral work to determine the physical and geographical position of the mainland is combined with filling out a contour map, making the necessary calculations, and writing brief conclusions in a notebook.

Students use a plan to characterize the FGP of the mainland.

Make a conclusion about the size and extent of the mainland, the features of the physical and geographical position of the mainland, which determine its nature. Write a short conclusion in a notebook in the form of a table.

Mainland FGP Features

Features of nature

1 Mainland almost in the middle is crossed by the Southern Tropic

2. Weak indentation of the coastline

What part of Africa does Australia share a geographic location with? Where do you see this similarity?

Write a summary in your notebook.

Plan

Australia

Africa

How is it located relative to the equator, the tropics?

How is it located relative to the 00 meridian?

Extreme points:

What oceans do they wash?

What seas and bays are washed by?

How does it lie relative to other continents?

Conclusion: Identify the similarities and differences between Australian and African GPs

Africa is the middle continent, located between other continents, the equator crosses it in the middle, in the west is the Prime Meridian, thus Africa is the only continent located in all four hemispheres (western, eastern, northern, southern).
2. Australia - located in the Southern Hemisphere. Crossed by the Southern Tropic.

III. Determine the similarities and differences between the climates of Australia and Africa. Present the results of your work in the form of a table.

Comparable Features

Australia

Africa

Causes

similarities or differences

1. In what climatic zones is the mainland located?

2. Which climatic zone occupies a large area?

3. main feature mainland climate. (Fill in the missing.)

Mainland itself

Find out which part of Africa has the most similar climate to Australia. Write a summary in your notebook.

IV. Determine the similarities and differences between the inland waters of Australia and Africa. Present the results of your work in the form of a table.

Comparable Features

Australia

Africa

Causes

similarities or differences

1. The main food of the rivers

2. Presence of major river systems (insert name)

3. The presence of large lakes (specify the name).

What lake in Africa is Lake Eyre in Australia similar in its regime to?

Where do you see the similarities?

4. Which ocean basins do inland waters belong to?

5. Presence of drainless regions

Africa :Nile, Niger. Senegal, Congo, Zambezi. Limpopo. orange,Lake Chad. Victoria, Tanganyika,

Nyasa

Australia: Moorei, Darmina, Lake Eyre

V. Compare the natural areas and the organic world of Australia and Africa. Present the results of your work in the form of a table.

Comparable Features

Australia

Africa

Causes

similarities or differences

1. The main natural areas of the mainland

Since Australia has the same natural areas as South Africa (savannas and deserts predominate), does this mean that the same plants and animals live there? Specify the characteristic representatives of the flora and fauna of Australia and South Africa. Explain any similarities/differences.

2. Characteristic representatives of the plant world

3. Characteristic representatives of the animal world

VI. Make a conclusion which landscapes of which of the continents have undergone natural and anthropogenic changes to a greater extent. Write a summary in your notebook.

3. Natural areas of Africa: Moist equatorial forests; Variable tropical rainforests; Savannah (the largest natural zone in Africa); Altitudinal zone; Semi-deserts and deserts; Mediterranean.
4.Natural zones of Australia: Semi-deserts and deserts (largest); Savannah; Mediterranean; Moist equatorial forests; Variable tropical rainforests; Altitude zone.
That is, both continents have the same natural areas, however, in Australia, deserts and semi-deserts are the most common, and in Africa - savannahs.

Geographical location, history of exploration of South America

Practical work No. 13. Comparison of the geographic location of Africa and South America

Summary lesson

Features of the geographical position of South America.

History of discovery and development of the territory

Reference knowledge

southern continents

Algorithm for describing geographic location

Rules for determining the extreme points of the mainland and its length

Basic concepts

Physical location, latitude, extreme points of the mainland, coastline, New World, West Indies, Southern Ocean

Personalities

Amerigo Vespucci, Christopher Columbus, Nunez de Balboa, Francisco Orellano, Alexander Humboldt, Aimé Bonpland, Grigory Landdorf, Nikolai Vavilov

Geographic nomenclature

Extreme points: C - Cape Gallinas, S - Cape Frouard, W - Cape Parinas, B - Cape Cabo Branco.

Coastline objects:

Isthmus - Panama;

Channels - Panama;

Straits - Drake, Magellan;

Seas - Caribbean;

Bays - La Plata;

Islands - Tierra del Fuego, Greater and Lesser Antilles, Galapagos

Formed Skills

Describe the geographic location of the continent.

Identify similarities and differences in the geographical location of South America and Africa.

Name and show all objects of the coastline being studied, names and routes of travelers and explorers

Questions for current control

What is the position of South America among the continents?

In which hemispheres is the continent located?

With which continent does South America form a single part of the world?

For millions of years, the development of the nature of these two continents proceeded independently. Why?

What is the similarity between the latitudinal position of Africa and South America?

What features of the latitudinal position, unlike Africa, does South America have

Which traveler discovered America, in what year did it happen

Practical tasks

Compare the geographical location of Africa and South America, fill in the table in your notebook, draw a conclusion about the similarities and differences in geographical location and their impact on the nature of the continents.

Apply nomenclature objects to contour map

Practical work No. 13. Comparison of the geographical location of Africa and South America.

Objectives: students should know (understand): the features of the geographical location of South America, the discovery and development of the territory;

Students should be able to: describe the geographic location of the continent; identify similarities and differences in the geographical location of South America and Africa; name and show all the objects of the coastline being studied, the names and routes of travelers and explorers.

Persons: Amerigo Vespucci, Christopher Columbus, Alexander Humboldt, Nunez de Balboa, Francisco Orellano, Aimé Bonpland, Grigory Landdorf, Nikolai Vavilov.

Equipment: globe, physical map world, physical map of South America, portraits of travelers, contour maps, atlases, scorecards.
Board design: the theme of the lesson is "South America"; the area of the mainland is 18 million km2; table "Extreme points of the mainland"; Table "Book of Wonders of South America"; personalities: Amerigo Vespucci, Christopher Columbus, Alexander Humboldt, Nunez de Balboa, Francisco Orellano, Aimé Bonpland, Grigory Landdorf, Nikolai Vavilov.

Lesson type: combined.

During the classes:

Organizing time.

Blitz - a survey on questions. (Score cards are used to evaluate answers; red - "excellent", green - "good", white - "need to think"; for answers to questions marked *, two cards are issued.)

What is the place of Antarctica among other continents in terms of area? (Fifth)

What is the peculiarity of the geographical position of Antarctica? (Mainland entirely located in the Southern Hemisphere (near the Arctic Circle))

December, January, February - what is the season of the year in Antarctica? Summer.

In what year and by whom was Antarctica discovered? In 1820, Russian travelers F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev.

For the first time the South Pole was reached by an expedition led by? (R. Amundsen)

In 1840, man first set foot on the coast of Antarctica. It was? Frenchman Jules Dumont - d'Urville.

In what year was the International Geographic Year, which opened a new page in the exploration of Antarctica? * (In 1957)

How does Antarctica differ into two parts in terms of the nature of the relief? (Transantarctic mountains)

Which part of the mainland (western or eastern) is the highest? (Western)

Name the highest point in Antarctica. (Massif Vinson - 5140 m)

What is the name of an active volcano in Antarctica? (Volcano Erebus)

In what climatic zones is the mainland located? (in Antarctic)

Where is the coldest temperature recorded in Antarctica? (- 89.2 C)

(At Vostok Station, at the Pole of Cold)

What characterizes the climate of Antarctica?

Very low temperatures, dryness (low rainfall), very strong winds.

Stock winds are...? These are constant winds from the center of the mainland to its edges.

Name four poles that exist from the territory of Antarctica*.

South Pole, Pole of Relative Inaccessibility, Pole of Cold, South magnetic pole Earth.

What is the flora of Antarctica? Lichens.

Name the representatives of the animal world of Antarctica.

Penguins, gulls, petrels, killer whales, leopard seals, blue whales. In coastal areas there are a lot of fish, Antarctic shrimps.

Give arguments about the importance of the continent of Antarctica for our planet.

Antarctica is called the "weather kitchen" of the Earth. It affects the Earth's climate.

The ice of Antarctica contains a huge amount of fresh water.

A project is being developed to deliver icebergs to arid regions of the Earth.

Antarctica has huge reserves mineral.

There are no countries on the mainland, all people are engaged in scientific research. Antarctica is called a continent without borders, without wars and weapons!

Name the largest Antarctic stations.

Russian "Mirny" and American "Mc-Medro"

Considering the projects of the Antarctic station with the most comfortable conditions, if such projects are prepared. (Creative homework.)

The behavior of the results (counting cards), grading.

Exploring a new topic.

We have already studied three continents: Africa, Australia and Antarctica. Another continent awaits us: South America. Each continent is a special land on which there are many interesting and mysterious things. Open the very first page of the "South America" section (p. 25 of the textbook). Let's see how the author called this section: "South America - the continent of miracles." Why? We have to solve this riddle. And we will try to create a kind of Book of Wonders of the mainland, the entries in which will begin with the words “The most, the most, the most ...

Write down the topic of the lesson “South America” in your notebook.

And what wonderful records can we record today, without having yet studied the mainland in detail?

The deepest river in the world is the Amazon.

The longest mountain system in the world is the Andes.

Let's write this in a notebook (drawn out in the form of a table) under the heading:

"Wonders of South America"

№PP

Characteristic

Name

Dimensions

Amazon

Andes

Let's leave room for filling in the Book of Wonders of South America in the course of exploring the mainland. At the end of the study of South America, everyone can submit a completed book and receive an assessment for the work.

At the conclusion of the study of the continent of South America, the Book of Wonders may look like this:

"Wonders of South America"

№PP

Characteristic

Name

Dimensions

The river with the largest basin area

Amazon

The area of the basin is more than 7 million km. KV.

The longest mountain system in the world

Andes

6.4 thousand km

The highest navigable lake in the world

Titicaca

3812 m above world level

The highest waterfall in the world

Angel

1054 m

The largest lake

maracaibo

14350 sq. km.

The most high point

Mount Aconcagua

6960 m

The highest volcano in the world

Guallatiri in Chile

6060 m, eruption year 1960

The biggest lowland in the world

Amazonian

5 million sq. km

lowest point

Peninsula Valdes

42 m

The tallest tree

Ceiba

Height over 80 m

The lightest tree

Balsa

Lighter than cork and will not rot in water

The most durable tree

Quebraccio

Translated "Break the axe"

The largest rodent in the world

capybara

Weight about 60 kg

The smallest bird

hummingbird

Weight 2g

The most beautiful butterfly in the world

butterfly morpho

Wingspan reaches 210 mm

The driest desert in the world

Atacama

There wasn't a single rain

most expensive fur

At the chinchilla

Beautiful, durable and lightweight

The largest flying bird in the world

Condor

Wingspan over 3 m

The biggest turtles

In the Galapagos Islands

The length of her carapace can reach 122 cm with a mass of 300 kg.

The biggest carnival in the world

In Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Lasts 5 days

Most big cities

Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo

Ranked among the largest in the world

The study of the continents will take place according to the scheme familiar to you:

Geographical position. History of discovery and research.

Geological structure, relief and minerals.

Climate of South America

Mainland hydrography

Diversity of nature

South American population

Regions of South America

Geographic location of the mainland.

Why do we start the study of the mainland from a geographical location? What do we mean by the physical and geographical position of the mainland

This is a kind of mainland address.

HP affects the nature of the mainland.

Today you will independently characterize the geographical position of the mainland of South America, using the plan (textbook p. 249) and maps on the board and in atlases. We work in rows. 1 row determines the location of the mainland relative to the equator, the tropics and the polar circles. We divide point 2 of the plan in half: the 2nd row finds the extreme points, the 3rd row determines the length of the mainland from north to south and from west to east.

Students answer in pairs: one from the spot, the other at the blackboard duplicates a friend.

Table "Extreme points of mainland South America"

№pp

extreme point on the horizon

Name

Coordinates

Latitude

Longitude

Northern

Cape Galina

12 N

72 W

South

Cape Forward

54 S

71 W

Western

Cape Parinas

5 S

81 W

Eastern

Cape Cabo Branco

7 S

35 W

Mainland length:

From north to south along the meridian 70 W:

12 +54 =66;

66* 111 km=7326 m

From west to east along parallel 5 S:

81 – 35 = 46;

46* 110 km=5060 km

Nomenclature entry "South America":

Extreme points: Northern - Cape Gallinas, southern - Cape Frouard, eastern - Cape Cabo Branco, western - Cape Parinhas. Coastline objects: Caribbean Sea, Panama Canal, La Plata Bay, Strait of Magellan, Drake Passage, Lesser Antilles, about. Tierra del Fuego, Gallapagos Islands, Isthmus of Panama.

Conversation between teacher and students:

How is the mainland relative to other continents?

With which continent does South America form a single part of the world?

with North America.

For millions of years, the development of the nature of these two continents proceeded independently. Why?

Because North America was part of Laurasia, and South America was part of Gondwana.

Communication with North America through the Isthmus of Panama was formed only in the middle of the Cenozoic era during the formation of the Cordilleras. It connects the continents of the geologically young, long and narrow Isthmus of Panama, through which the Panama Canal is dug. The border between North South America is drawn along the Panama Canal.

2. Practical work No. 13 “Comparison of the geographical location of South America and Africa.

Objective:

Development of conducting skills comparative analysis based on various sources of geographic information.

Exercise:

Compare the geographic location of South America and Africa.

Fill in the table

Identify similarities and differences in the geographical position of the continents

Formulate a conclusion about the consequences arising from the similarity.

Factors Determining FGP

Mainland name

Similarity or difference between the components of nature

South America

Africa

Relation to the equator

Crosses in the northern part, located in the northern and southern hemispheres

Crosses almost in the middle, located in the Northern and Southern hemispheres

Similarity: location in the equatorial, subequatorial, tropical, subtropical zones

Relation to prime meridian

Located in the Western Hemispheres

Most are located in the Eastern Hemispheres

Various

relation to the tropics

Crosses the southern tropic

Crosses the northern and southern tropics

Similarity: location in hot zones

Relation to the oceans

From the west - Quiet, from the east - Atlantic

From the west - Atlantic, from the east - Indian

Are washed Atlantic Ocean

Coastline

Weakly indented

similarity

Approximate conclusion: Both continents have significant similarities in the geographical position of the mainland, which leads to a repetition of climate and nature. But South America is more southward, so narrow, southern part the mainland is colder. A wide part of the mainland is located in the hot zone. Both continents have slightly indented coastlines.

What explains the similarity of the outlines of the coasts of South America and Africa. In the past it was a single continent.

From the history of the discovery and exploration of South America.

It is known that on the maps of the ancient South and North America were absent. Nor was it on Ptolemy's map. However, legends about marvelous countries, where there is as much gold as sand, where people adorn themselves with necklaces of precious stones, where pepper, nutmeg and cloves ripen under the burning southern sun, were composed by chroniclers in the 15th century. These were legends told to the world by merchants, seekers of profit. Many scientists of that time suggested a possible western route to the rich countries of the East.

There is no consensus about who first reached America. Some believe that the Vikings discovered the New World, others are inclined to believe that the Asians, others are the inhabitants of Oceania. But it is truly known that after the voyage of Columbus, this Earth became known to the whole world, began to be settled and settled.

Many scientists and travelers have contributed to the study of the mainland.

There were also Russians among them. Using the material of the paragraph, as well as additional sources information, for the next lesson you will prepare a mini-message (1-3 messages) about the contribution of each traveler written on the board. You can make a table in your notebook.

Consolidation of the studied

Drawing on the contour map of the extreme points of the mainland, objects of the nomenclature.

Homework

Section 35 and assignments.

Mini messages about travelers (can be in the form of a table).