Brazilian Navy. brazilian navy
, (port. Marinha do Brasil) consist of the navy, naval aviation, marine corps and units special purpose. About 60 thousand people are subordinate to the naval forces.
The Federative Republic of Brazil is the largest state in the South American continent in terms of area and population. It occupies the eastern and central parts of the continent. The length of the land borders is about 16 thousand km. It has a dense river network. The Amazon River, the largest in the world in terms of basin size, full flow and length of the river system, flows through its territory. Washed from the east Atlantic Ocean, the length of the coastline is 7.4 thousand km. The composition also includes a number of island archipelagos.
Brazil is a major maritime power. Its economy is largely dependent on the state of merchant shipping, which requires protection. In addition, there are a large number of oil wells in the territorial and economic waters of the country, part of the license payments from the extraction of which goes to the modernization of the military fleet.
Naval Forces of Brazil photo
organization and structure
From left to right, emblem of the Brazilian Navy, Submarine Fleet, Marine Corps or Corps of Marine Fusiliers
The Brazilian Navy is headed by a minister who exercises overall command of the force through the command of maritime operations. It includes the commands of: the Navy (Navy), the Marine Corps (MP), the control of maritime navigation and naval areas. Operational management is carried out by the chief of staff of forces and the chief of naval operations (both with the rank of admiral).
In the interests of the Navy, the country is divided into nine naval regions or districts:
- -th Naval District of the Navy (headquarters in Rio de Janeiro),
- th district (El Salvador),
- -th (Natal),
- th (Belen),
- th (Rio Grande),
- -th (Ladariu),
- th (Brazil),
- th (Sao Paulo),
- th (Manaus).
History Naval Forces of Brazil photo
The Brazilian navy dates back to March 1823, when Admiral Cochrane (Lord Thomas Alexander Cochrane) led the country's fleet, which fought for separation from Portugal, and raised his flag on the ship "Pedro the First".
Until the mid-1970s, the Navy consisted almost entirely of rebuilt and modernized US Navy ships from World War II.
The republic is currently modernizing its navy and intends to acquire, after 2014-2015, three modern FREMM-class frigates, two Barroso-class corvettes, five NAPA-500-class patrol boats and five LCM8-class landing craft, as well as eleven non-nuclear submarines (until 2023). ) and three submarines with nuclear engines(with the help of France), and in the future - with atomic weapons (which are being developed under the leadership of the country's armed forces and, above all, the Navy).
Composition Naval Forces of Brazil photo
Now the navy includes 98 ships and vessels. The combat core of the fleet consists of: the aircraft carrier A12 "Sao Paulo" (the former French light aircraft carrier "Foch"), five diesel-electric submarines (German project 209/1400), nine frigates, five corvettes, five landing ships and nine patrol ships, as well as six raid minesweepers.
In 2003, the aircraft carrier Sao Paulo underwent a major overhaul in the French port of Brest.
Naval Forces Brazil aircraft carrier Sao Paulo only in 2025 it will be replaced by a new one
As of early 2012, the regular air wing on board consisted of 15 AF-1 aircraft (the Brazilian designation of the American A-4BR Skyhawk attack aircraft), four to six SH-3A or SH-3D helicopters, two UH-13 or three UH-14s, and two or three Tracker S-2T aircraft (with updated avionics) were used as AWACS. The Brazilians intend to operate the A12 Sao Paulo aircraft carrier for at least another 10 years, with a replacement by 2025 with a new ship.
Preparing a Brazilian Navy UH-12 helicopter for takeoff from the deck of the Minas Gerais aircraft carrier. Exercise UNITAS XXV, 1984
The frigate flotilla (9 units) consists of three Project 22 1st series ships (purchased in the UK) and six Niteroi class ships (built by Vosper Thornycroft). The last two Niteroi-class frigates were built in Brazil and were the first capital ships (with modern weapons) built in Brazil.
Brazilian Navy Niteroi-class frigate Constitution, Sevastopol photo 2013
Work is underway to create and equip the so-called frigate "Type-26", the concept of a promising "Single warship". There is not enough information about the frigate itself, but it is known that the English Sea Septor air defense system, which came to replace the Type-23 class frigates, will be responsible for the clear sky above it.
Corvette-class ships (five units) are represented by four Inhauma-class ships and one Barroso-class ship built according to national designs.
Brazilian Navy Inhaúma-class Corvette Frontin
Inhauma-class corvettes are multi-purpose and are designed to search for and destroy submarines and surface ships, to destroy ground targets and patrol in a given area. As part of their armament, there are Exoset MM-40 anti-ship missiles, but there are no anti-aircraft missile systems, which is a disadvantage.
Brazilian Navy destroyers Marsilio Dias and Alagoas in the foreground, joint exercises nine countries
A two-shaft diesel-gas turbine plant is used as a power plant. In 1994, construction began on an improved version of the corvette of this project - Barroso. Domestic corvettes cost the Brazilian fleet 120-140 million US dollars (in 1983 prices) per unit, and each took 6-7 years to build.
The Navy has five old landing craft: two landing dock ships (Thomaston class) and three large tank landing ships (one Sir Galahad class, one Sir Bedivere class and one Newport class). In addition to large landing craft, there are also eight landing craft (three of the LCU class and five of the LCM8 class) that are used as landing craft.
The combat strength is nine patrol ships. The newest of these are four British-built River Patrols (Amazonas class). In addition to the patrol ships, there are 17 more large patrol boats (PCBs), the newest of which are 12 Grajau-class (German-designed) and 2 NAPA-500-class (French-designed).
The aviation of the Brazilian Navy (the number of personnel is about 1300) is exclusively carrier-based aviation, which can be deployed on the aircraft carrier São Paulo or on capital ships fleet. It has in its composition
attack aircraft AF-1 / AF-1A on the deck of the aircraft carrier Sao Paulo of the Brazilian Navy
- 23 American AF-1 / AF-1A attack aircraft and carrier-based helicopters:
- 18 American multipurpose IH-6B (Bell 206B),
- 5 transport UH-14 (Eurocopter AS.332F),
- 2 UH-14 (EU AS.532),
- 8 multipurpose UH-13 (EU AS.355F2),
- 17 UFI-12s (assembled under license AS.355F2),
- 7 American anti-submarine SH-3B "Sea King",
- 13 British Westland AN-11A "Super Linke"
- 4 UH-15 (EC-725 Super Cougar).
Need to add Brazil has the largest helicopter fleet in South America, opportunities to modernize existing machines and to acquire new ones, including for the needs of the Navy. Naval aviation bases are located at:
- Naval Air Base San Pedro da Aldeia,
- Naval Aviation Base Rio Grande
- Manaus air base and Ladariu river base.
The Marine Corps (MP) of the Brazilian Navy, or Corps of Marine Fusiliers (Corpo de Fuzileiros Navais) was founded in 1808. At present, the number of MPs is about 15 thousand people. The MP Corps consists of the main command, the command of the MP forces in the fleet and the marine infantry groups.
The Marine Corps includes
- amphibious division (three infantry brigades, an air defense regiment, and a headquarters company),
- reinforcement units,
- paratrooper command,
- the Marine Corps base at Rio Meriti and the Tonelero Special Operations Battalion.
MP groups are based at Marine Corps bases in the cities of Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, Natal, Belene, Rio Grande, Ladariu and Brasilia. The River Operations Battalion of the Brazilian MP is based at Manaus.
The special forces are represented by the GRUMEC and GERRMEC combat swimmer units.
| Marinha do Brasil Naval Forces of Brazil |
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| 150px Emblem of the Brazilian Navy |
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| The country |
Brazil 22x20px Brazil |
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Brazilian Ministry of Defense |
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60,000 people; 98 ships; 89 aircraft and helicopters () |
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Naval Forces of Brazil(port. Marinha do Brasil) is one of the three branches of the Brazilian Armed Forces. Mainly include Navy, naval aviation, marines, special forces units and subunits.
Organization
Management of all forces, with the exception of the Marine Corps, is carried out through the Naval Operational Command (port. Comando de Operações Navais) headquartered in the country's capital.
Navy
Naval districts
- 1st Naval Region of the Brazilian Navy (Rio de Janeiro)
- 2nd Naval Region of the Brazilian Navy (El Salvador)
- 3rd Naval Region of the Brazilian Navy (Natal)
- 4th Naval Region of the Brazilian Navy (Belem)
- 5th Naval Region of the Brazilian Navy (Rio Grande)
- 6th Naval Region of the Brazilian Navy (Ladariu)
- 7th Naval Region of the Brazilian Navy (Brazilia)
- 8th Naval Region of the Brazilian Navy (Sao Paulo)
- 9th Naval Region of the Brazilian Navy (Manaus)
submarine force
Naval aviation
Reduced to the Fleet Aviation Command (port. Comando da Força Aeronaval) with headquarters at the San Pedro Air Station (Rio de Janeiro), subordinate to the Naval Operations Command.
The main striking force is a squadron (20 vehicles) of Skyhawk A-4MB carrier-based attack aircraft (Brazilian designation AF-1), purchased from Kuwait (former A-4KU). They are designed to operate from the aircraft carrier "Sao Paulo" (former French Foch). There are also 3 cars in the training version.
Additionally, 12 two-seat vehicles have been in the process of being upgraded by Embraer since 2009.
Pilot training was carried out in - gg with the help of a private contractor in the United States (Kay & Associates, Meridian Air Station). Deck qualification was held on the aircraft carrier Minas Gerais in January 2001 (with the participation of American instructors).
The rest of the force consists of helicopters various classes.
Naval aviation is based on the air station:
- San Pedro (port. Base Aérea Naval de Sao Pedro da Aldeia ), the state of Rio de Janeiro
- Ladariou (port. Base Fluvial de Ladario), the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, on the territory of the naval base
In addition, naval aviation uses the air base in Manaus (port. Base Aérea de Manaus) and an airfield on the island of Terrapleno de Leste (port. Ilha do Terrapleno de Leste)
Marines
Navy Special Forces
Locations
combat composition
Navy
| Type | Pennant number | Name | In the fleet | State | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Submarines | |||||
| submarine type 209/1400 | S30 | "Tupi" | since May 6, 1989 | in service | |
| submarine type 209/1400 | S31 | "Tamoyo" | since December 12, 1994 | in service | |
| submarine type 209/1400 | S32 | "Timbira" | since December 27, 1996 | in service | |
| submarine type 209/1400 | S33 | "Tapajo" | since December 21, 1999 | in service | |
| submarine type 209/1400 | S34 | "Tikuna" | since December 16, 2005 | in service | |
| Aircraft carriers | |||||
| Clemenceau-class aircraft carrier | A12 | "Sao Paulo" | since November 15, 2000 | in service | former Flag of France R99 "Foch" |
| Frigates | |||||
| Niteroi-class frigate | F40 | Niteroi | since 1976 | Former Great Britain 22x20px Great Britain | |
| Niteroi-class frigate | F41 | Defensora | since 1977 | Former Great Britain 22x20px Great Britain | |
| Niteroi-class frigate | F42 | Constituição | since 1978 | Former Great Britain 22x20px Great Britain | |
| Niteroi-class frigate | F43 | liberal | since 1979 | Former Great Britain 22x20px Great Britain | |
| Niteroi-class frigate | F44 | independence | since 1980 | Former Great Britain 22x20px Great Britain | |
| Niteroi-class frigate | F45 | União | since 1981 | Former Great Britain 22x20px Great Britain | |
| type 22 frigate | F46 | Greenhalgh | no data | former British Flag HMS Broadsword (F88) | |
| type 22 frigate | F48 | Bosisio | no data | former British Flag HMS Brazen (F91) | |
| type 22 frigate | F49 | Rademaker | no data | former UK Flag HMS Battleaxe (F89) | |
| Corvettes | |||||
| Inhauma-class corvette | V30 | Inhauma | since December 1989 | ||
| Inhauma-class corvette | V31 | Jaceguai | since 1991 | ||
| Inhauma-class corvette | V32 | Julio de Noronha | since 1993 | ||
| Inhauma-class corvette | V33 | frontin | since 1995 | ||
| Barroso-class corvette | V34 | barroso | since August 19, 2009 | ||
| Landing ships | |||||
| Newport-class tank landing ship | G28 | Mattoso Maya | no data | former U.S. Flag USS Cayuga (LST-1186) | |
| tank landing ship | G29 | Garcia d'Ávila | no data | former Flag of Great Britain RFA Sir Galahad (L3005) | |
| round table class tank landing ship | G25 | Almirante Saboia | no data | ex Flag of Great Britain RFA Sir Bedivere (L3004) | |
| G30 | Ceara | no data | former U.S. Flag USS Hermitage (LSD-34) | ||
| Thomaston-class landing craft | G31 | Rio de Janeiro | no data | former U.S. Flag USS Alamo (LSD-33) | |
| Patrol ships | |||||
| Auxiliary ships | |||||
| training ships | |||||
Naval aviation
| Formation or unit designation | Armament and equipment | Location |
|---|---|---|
| 1st Fighter Assault Aviation Squadron | McDonnell-Douglas A-4KU Skyhawk II (AF-1) McDonnell-Douglas TA-4KU Skyhawk II (AF-1A) |
San Pedro da Aldea |
| 1st Reconnaissance and Assault Helicopter Squadron | Westland Super Lynx Mk.21A (AH-11A) | San Pedro da Aldea |
| 1st Anti-Submarine Helicopter Squadron | Agusta-Sikorsky ASH-3H Sea King (SH-3A) Sikorsky SH-3H Sea King (SH-3B) |
San Pedro da Aldea |
| 1st General Purpose Helicopter Squadron | |
San Pedro da Aldea |
| 2nd General Purpose Helicopter Squadron | Aerospatiale AS.332F1 Super Puma (UH-14) Eurocopter AS.532 MK1 Cougar (UH-14) |
San Pedro da Aldea |
| 3rd General Purpose Helicopter Squadron | Helibras HB 350 Esquilo (UH-12) | Manaus |
| 4th General Purpose Helicopter Squadron | Bell 206B Jet Ranger III (IH-6B) | Ladariu |
| 5th General Purpose Helicopter Squadron | Helibras HB 350 Esquilo (UH-12) Helibras HB-355 Esquilo (UH-13) |
Rio Grande |
| 1st Helicopter Training Squadron | Bell 206 Jet Ranger III (IH-6B) | San Pedro da Aldea |
Marines
Navy Special Forces
Equipment and weapons
Navy
Naval aviation
| Type | original name | Brazilian designation | Production | Purpose | Quantity | Notes | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aircraft | |||||||||||
| A-4 Skyhawk | McDonnell Douglas A-4KU | AF-1 Skyhawk AF-1A Skyhawk | USA 22x20px USA
USA 22x20px USA |
carrier-based attack aircraft combat training |
20 | Sikorsky SH-3A | SH-3A Sea King SH-3B Sea King | USA 22x20px USA
USA 22x20px USA |
anti-submarine helicopter | 7 | |
| Super Links Mk 21A | Westland Lynx HAS Mk 21A | Westland AH-11A Super Lynx | Great Britain 22x20px Great Britain | anti-submarine helicopter | 13 | ||||||
Marines
| Type | Production | Purpose | Quantity | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| armored vehicles | |||||
| SK-105 Curassier | Austria 22x20px Austria | light tank | no data | ||
| AAV-7A1 | USA 22x20px USA | armored personnel carrier | no data | ||
| ATVs | |||||
| Artillery | |||||
Prefix of ships and vessels
Flags of ships and vessels
Flags of officials
Insignia
Admirals and officers
| Categories | Admirals | senior officers | junior officers | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 30px | 30px | 30px | 30px | 30px | 30px | 30px | 30px | 30px | 30px | 30px | |
| Brazilian rank | Almirante | Almirante-de-esquadra | Vice almirante | Contra-almirante | Capitão-de-mar-e-guerra | Capitão-de-fragata | Capitão-de-corveta | Capitao tenente | primeiro tenente | Segundo tenente | Guarda marinha |
| Russian conformity |
Fleet Admiral | Admiral | Vice Admiral | rear admiral | Captain 1st rank | Captain 2nd rank | Captain 3rd rank | Lieutenant Commander | Senior Lieutenant | Lieutenant | Midshipman |
Sergeants and sailors
| Categories | Subofficers | Sergeants and foremen | Sailors | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 30px | 30px | 30px | 30px | 30px | 30px | No | |
| Brazilian rank | subficial | primeiro-sargento | Segundo-sargento | Terceiro-sargento | Cabo | Marinheiro | Grumete |
| Russian conformity |
Chief ship sergeant major | chief sergeant major | Petty officer 1st article | Petty officer 2 articles | Petty officer 3 articles | Senior sailor | Sailor |
Badges on hats
An excerpt characterizing the Naval Forces of Brazil
“Because there was no one to win back, Isidora,” Severus quietly whispered, “there were very few Templars who left. The rest died defending the "new" Qatar. Remember, I told you - each castle and town was defended by about a hundred Knights. Against tens of thousands of the Pope's Crusaders. It was too much even for the strongest...The new "Perfect" did not defend themselves, giving themselves and others to extermination. Although, if they had helped, the Empire of Light would probably still flourish, and you could still meet the living Cathars... After all, the Perfect Ones were burning in hundreds (only in Beziers 400 of them burned down!) - together they would have defeated any army! .. But they didn't want to. And the Templars died for them. Which, even realizing that they would lose, could not calmly watch how old people, women and children perish ... How the best burn ... Burn because of the stupidest lies.
- Tell me, Sever, did you ever get into northern country Golden Mary? - again wanting to change the direction of the conversation, I asked.
Sever for a long time carefully peered into my face, as if wanting to penetrate into my very soul. Then he smiled sadly and said softly:
– You are very quick-witted, Isidora... But I cannot tell you this. I can only answer yes. She visited the sacred Land of her ancestors... the Land of Radomir. She succeeded with the help of the Stranger. But more I have no right to speak even to you... Forgive me.
It was unexpected and strange. Telling me about events that, in my understanding, were much more serious and important, the North suddenly categorically refused to tell us such a “trifle”! .. Of course, this interested me even more, making me hope that somehow, before I'll die, I'll still have time to find out. Somehow I can do it....
Suddenly, the door to the room flung open sharply - Caraffa appeared on the threshold. He looked surprisingly fresh and contented.
– So-so-so... Madonna Isidora has guests!.. Very funny. From Meteora itself, if I'm not mistaken? The Great North in person!.. Would you introduce me, Isidora? I think it will be very useful for all of us!
And laughing contentedly, Caraffa calmly sat down in a chair ... A12 Sao Paulo, on board of which up to 22 aircraft and up to 17 helicopters can be based. Brazilian naval aviation is almost exclusively carrier-based and does not have shore-based aircraft. The tasks of maritime patrol aviation are not assigned to the Naval Aviation, but to the Brazilian Air Force. Until 1997, the fleet was legally prohibited from using fixed wing aircraft. All aircraft belonged to the Brazilian Air Force, and naval aviation had only helicopters. In 1997, this ban was finally lifted, and the Navy secured a deal to acquire the American carrier-based A-4 Skyhawk attack aircraft, formerly in service with the Kuwait Air Force.
Coastal-based naval aviation is used for search and rescue and training purposes.
History
Aeronautics Directorate of the Naval Forces (port. Diretoria de Aeronautica da Marinha ), headquartered in Rio de Janeiro, was formed by Decree No. 15847 of November 18, 1922 as Coding air defense coast(port. Comando da Defesa Aérea do Litoral ), and received its current name by Decree No. 16237 of December 5, 1923.
It was reorganized by Law No. 1658 of August 4, 1952 and its activities are regulated by Decree No. 36327 of October 15, 1954.
Modern provisions were adopted by a resolution of the Main Material Directorate of the Navy (port. Director-Geral do Material da Marinha ) No. 29 of 1 April 2003 .
Organization
Naval Aviation Command(port. Comando da Força Aeronaval)
Locations
combat composition
| Formation or unit designation | Armament and equipment | Location |
|---|---|---|
| 1st Fighter Assault Aviation Squadron | McDonnell-Douglas A-4KU Skyhawk II (AF-1) McDonnell-Douglas TA-4KU Skyhawk II (AF-1A) |
San Pedro da Aldea |
| 1st Reconnaissance and Assault Helicopter Squadron | Westland Super Lynx Mk.21A (AH-11A) | San Pedro da Aldea |
| 1st Anti-Submarine Helicopter Squadron | Agusta-Sikorsky ASH-3H Sea King (SH-3A) Sikorsky SH-3H Sea King (SH-3B) |
San Pedro da Aldea |
| 1st General Purpose Helicopter Squadron | Helibras HB 350 Esquilo (UH-12) |
San Pedro da Aldea |
| 2nd General Purpose Helicopter Squadron | Aerospatiale AS.332F1 Super Puma (UH-14) Eurocopter AS.532 MK1 Cougar (UH-14) |
San Pedro da Aldea |
| 3rd General Purpose Helicopter Squadron | Helibras HB 350 Esquilo (UH-12) | Manaus |
| 4th General Purpose Helicopter Squadron | Bell 206B Jet Ranger III (IH-6B) | Ladariu |
| 5th General Purpose Helicopter Squadron | Helibras HB 350 Esquilo (UH-12) Helibras HB-355 Esquilo (UH-13) |
Rio Grande |
| 1st Helicopter Training Squadron | Bell 206 Jet Ranger III (IH-6B) | San Pedro da Aldea |
Equipment and weapons
| Type | original name | Brazilian designation | Production | Purpose | Quantity | Notes | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aircraft | |||||||||||
| A-4 Skyhawk | McDonnell Douglas A-4KU | AF-1 Skyhawk AF-1A Skyhawk | USA USA
USA USA |
carrier-based attack aircraft combat training |
20 | Sikorsky SH-3A | SH-3A Sea King SH-3B Sea King | USA USA
USA USA |
anti-submarine helicopter | 7 | |
| Super Links Mk 21A | Westland Lynx HAS Mk 21A | Westland AH-11A Super Lynx | UK UK | anti-submarine helicopter | 13 | ||||||
Brazilian Navy Aviation Insignia
brazilian navy aviation roundel.svg
identification mark
Brazil Naval aviation fin flash.svg
Keel mark
Gallery
Aérospatiale AS 332 Super Puma Força Aeronaval, Esquadrão UH-14.jpg
Eurocopter AS332F
Bell 206 JetRanger Força Aeronaval, Esquadrão HI-1.jpg
Bell Helicopter Textron 206B
Helicopter of the Brazilian Navy.jpg
Westland Lynx HAS Mk 21A
SH-3 Sea King Força Aeronaval, Esquadrão HS-1.jpg
see also
Write a review on the article "Brazilian Navy Aviation"
Notes
Links
- (port.)
- (port.)
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An excerpt characterizing the Aviation of the Brazilian Navy
Vous vous enrolez pour la guerre, mon prince? [Are you going to war, prince?] said Anna Pavlovna.- Le general Koutouzoff, - said Bolkonsky, striking on the last syllable zoff, like a Frenchman, - a bien voulu de moi pour aide de camp ... [General Kutuzov wants me to be his adjutant.]
– Et Lise, votre femme? [And Lisa, your wife?]
She will go to the village.
“How is it not a sin for you to deprive us of your lovely wife?”
- Andre, [Andrei,] - said his wife, addressing her husband in the same coquettish tone that she addressed to outsiders, - what a story the viscount told us about m lle Georges and Bonaparte!
Prince Andrei closed his eyes and turned away. Pierre, who had not taken his joyful, friendly eyes from the moment Prince Andrei entered the living room, went up to him and took his hand. Prince Andrei, without looking back, wrinkled his face into a grimace, expressing annoyance at the one who touched his hand, but, seeing Pierre's smiling face, he smiled an unexpectedly kind and pleasant smile.
- That's how! ... And you are in the big world! he said to Pierre.
“I knew you would,” Pierre answered. “I will come to you for supper,” he added quietly, so as not to disturb the viscount, who continued his story. - Can?
“No, you can’t,” said Prince Andrei, laughing, shaking hands letting Pierre know that there was no need to ask.
He wanted to say something else, but at that time Prince Vasily and his daughter got up, and two young men got up to give them way.
“Excuse me, my dear viscount,” said Prince Vasily to the Frenchman, gently pulling him by the sleeve down to the chair so that he would not get up. “This unfortunate feast at the Messenger’s is depriving me of my pleasure and interrupting you. I am very sad to leave your delightful evening,” he said to Anna Pavlovna.
His daughter, Princess Helen, lightly holding the folds of her dress, went between the chairs, and the smile shone even brighter on her beautiful face. Pierre looked with almost frightened, enthusiastic eyes at this beauty when she passed him.
“Very good,” said Prince Andrei.
“Very,” said Pierre.
Passing by, Prince Vasily grabbed Pierre by the hand and turned to Anna Pavlovna.
“Educate me this bear,” he said. - Here he lives with me for a month, and for the first time I see him in the light. Nothing is so necessary for a young man as a society of smart women.
Anna Pavlovna smiled and promised to take care of Pierre, who, she knew, was related to Prince Vasily on her father's side. The elderly lady, who had previously been sitting with ma tante, hastily got up and overtook Prince Vasily in the hall. All the old pretense of interest was gone from her face. Her kind, weepy face expressed only anxiety and fear.
- What will you tell me, prince, about my Boris? she said, catching up with him in the front. (She pronounced the name Boris with a special emphasis on o). – I cannot stay longer in Petersburg. Tell me, what news can I bring to my poor boy?
Despite the fact that Prince Vasily listened reluctantly and almost impolitely to the elderly lady and even showed impatience, she smiled affectionately and touchingly at him and, so that he would not leave, took his hand.
“That you should say a word to the sovereign, and he will be directly transferred to the guards,” she asked.
“Believe me that I will do everything I can, princess,” answered Prince Vasily, “but it’s hard for me to ask the sovereign; I would advise you to turn to Rumyantsev, through Prince Golitsyn: that would be smarter.
The elderly lady bore the name of Princess Drubetskaya, one of the best families in Russia, but she was poor, long gone from the world and lost her former connections. She has come now to secure a position in the guards for her only son. Only then, in order to see Prince Vasily, did she name herself and come to Anna Pavlovna's for the evening, only then did she listen to the history of the viscount. She was frightened by the words of Prince Vasily; once her beautiful face expressed anger, but this lasted only a minute. She smiled again and gripped Prince Vasili more firmly by the arm.
“Listen, prince,” she said, “I never asked you, I will never ask, I never reminded you of my father’s friendship for you. But now, I conjure you by God, do this for my son, and I will consider you a benefactor,” she added hastily. - No, you are not angry, but you promise me. I asked Golitsyn, he refused. Soyez le bon enfant que vous avez ete, [Be a good fellow, as you were,] she said, trying to smile, while there were tears in her eyes.
“Papa, we will be late,” said Princess Helene, turning her beautiful head on antique shoulders, who was waiting at the door.
But influence in the world is a capital that must be protected so that it does not disappear. Prince Vasily knew this, and once he realized that if he began to ask for everyone who asks him, then soon he would not be able to ask for himself, he rarely used his influence. In the case of Princess Drubetskaya, however, after her new call, he felt something like a reproach of conscience. She reminded him of the truth: he owed his first steps in the service to her father. In addition, he saw from her methods that she was one of those women, especially mothers, who, once taking something into their heads, will not lag behind until they fulfill their desires, otherwise they are ready for daily, every minute pestering and even on the stage. This last consideration shook him.
“Chere Anna Mikhailovna,” he said with his usual familiarity and boredom in his voice, “it is almost impossible for me to do what you want; but in order to prove to you how much I love you and honor the memory of your late father, I will do the impossible: your son will be transferred to the guards, here is my hand to you. Are you satisfied?
- My dear, you are a benefactor! I did not expect anything else from you; I knew how kind you are.
He wanted to leave.
- Wait, two words. Une fois passe aux gardes ... [Once he goes to the guards ...] - She hesitated: - You are good with Mikhail Ilarionovich Kutuzov, recommend Boris to him as adjutant. Then I would be calm, and then I would...
Prince Vasily smiled.
- I don't promise that. You do not know how Kutuzov has been besieged since he was appointed commander in chief. He himself told me that all the Moscow ladies conspired to give him all their children as adjutants.
“No, promise me, I won’t let you in, dear, my benefactor…
- Dad! - the beauty repeated again in the same tone, - we will be late.
- Well, au revoir, [goodbye,] goodbye. See?
- So tomorrow you will report to the sovereign?
- Certainly, but I do not promise Kutuzov.
“No, promise, promise, Basile, [Vasily],” Anna Mikhailovna said after him, with a smile of a young coquette, which once must have been characteristic of her, but now did not suit her emaciated face.
She apparently forgot her years and used, out of habit, all the old women's means. But as soon as he left, her face again assumed the same cold, feigned expression that had been on it before. She returned to the circle, in which the viscount continued to talk, and again pretended to be listening, waiting for the time to leave, since her business was done.
“But how do you find all this latest comedy du sacre de Milan?” [Milanese anointing?] – said Anna Pavlovna. Et la nouvelle comedie des peuples de Genes et de Lucques, qui viennent presenter leurs voeux a M. Buonaparte assis sur un trone, et exaucant les voeux des nations! Adorable! Non, mais c "est a en devenir folle! On dirait, que le monde entier a perdu la tete. [And here is a new comedy: the peoples of Genoa and Lucca express their desires to Mr. Bonaparte. And Mr. Bonaparte sits on the throne and fulfills the wishes of the peoples. 0! It's amazing! No, it's crazy. You'll think the whole world has lost its head.]
Prince Andrei grinned, looking directly into the face of Anna Pavlovna.
- “Dieu me la donne, gare a qui la touche,” he said (the words of Bonaparte, spoken at the laying of the crown). - On dit qu "il a ete tres beau en prononcant ces paroles, [God gave me the crown. Trouble for the one who touches it. - They say he was very good pronouncing these words,] - he added and repeated these words again in Italian: "Dio mi la dona, guai a chi la tocca".
- J "espere enfin," continued Anna Pavlovna, "que ca a ete la goutte d" eau qui fera deborder le verre. Les souverains ne peuvent plus supporter cet homme, qui menace tout. [I hope that it was finally the drop that would overflow the glass. Sovereigns can no longer tolerate this man who threatens everything.]
– Les souverains? Je ne parle pas de la Russie,” said the viscount politely and hopelessly: “Les souverains, madame!” Qu "ont ils fait pour Louis XVII, pour la reine, pour madame Elisabeth? Rien," he continued animatedly. - Et croyez moi, ils subissent la punition pour leur trahison de la cause des Bourbons. Les souverains? Ils envoient des ambassadeurs complimenter l "usurpateur. [Sovereigns! I'm not talking about Russia. Sovereigns! But what did they do for Louis XVII, for the Queen, for Elisabeth? Nothing. And believe me, they are punished for their betrayal of the Bourbon cause. Sovereigns! They send envoys to greet the stealer of the throne.]
Modern and powerful submarine forces will allow Brazil to claim the role of a global player. Brazil is far from the traditional theaters of war in world history, at least in our European understanding of it. And its history as an independent state cannot be compared with the countries of the Old World.
The country gained independence only in 1822, and before that it was under the rule of the Portuguese crown. However, all this did not prevent Brazil from becoming one of the leading naval powers in Latin America, whose fleet in the Western Hemisphere is second only to the US Navy in terms of combat potential. In addition, today Brazil is the only Latin American country that is implementing a large-scale program to create a modern submarine force, and in the future, a nuclear submarine.
And including special forces
The naval forces are currently one of the three branches of the Brazilian Armed Forces and organizationally include the navy, aviation, marines, as well as units and subunits of special forces, logistics, etc.
The head of the Brazilian Navy is the Minister of the Navy, who exercises overall leadership of the national Navy through the main headquarters of the Navy, the command of maritime operations and the main command of the marines. The main headquarters of the Navy is located in the city of Brasilia. The main headquarters includes the Admiralty, the Department of Hydrography and Navigation, the Department scientific research and development, personnel management, logistics management and the general secretariat.
The Naval Operations Command includes the command of the surface fleet, submarine forces, naval aviation, as well as control over maritime navigation and naval areas.
The national shipbuilding industry of Brazil has competencies in the construction of submarines.
It should be noted that the subdivision of forces is subordinate to the head of the command of the submarine forces. special operations- a separate elite squad of combat swimmers GRUMEC (Grupamento de Mergulhadores de Combate, official creation date - December 12, 1997). This is the Brazilian naval special forces, whose personnel are trained by American and French military instructors. The training of the personnel of this detachment is carried out on special 6-month training courses at the Underwater Systems Center of the Brazilian Navy, located at Niteroi. The main part of the teachers and instructors of the center today are the French military.
The training program for Brazilian combat swimmers includes training for conducting any type of reconnaissance and sabotage operations (actions). The detachment has a special special group "capture and rescue" (GERR / MEC) of about 50 people, designed to rescue hostages held on sea, river vessels or in the jungle, as well as to free oil platforms, ships, etc. P.
Based on German genius
Submarine forces are among the most numerous, modern and combat-ready in Latin America. The main base of Brazilian submariners is the Admiral Castro e Silva naval base near Rio de Janeiro. There are five non-nuclear submarines in service, including four diesel-electric submarines of the Tupi type (Tupi) and one diesel-electric submarine of the Tikuna type (Tikuna, an improved version of the Tupi-type submarine), which are a modification of the famous German project "Type 209" (respectively Type 209/1400 and Type 209/1400Mod).
The lead submarine of the Tupi type (S30) was built at the German HDW shipyard in Kiel in 1989, and the other three ships, Tamoyo (S31), Timbera (S32) and Tapayo (S33) were built in 1994– 1999 already at the Brazilian shipyard in Rio de Janeiro (Arsenal of the Navy) from materials and kits received from Germany. It should be noted that under the initial contract from 1984 to the end of the 1990s, it was planned to build four Tupi-type submarines in Brazil, and then two more according to an improved project. As a result, only three submarines of the Tupi type and one submarine of an improved design, the Tikuna type (project SNAC-1), were built. The latter was laid down at the shipyard in 1997, launched in April 2000 and subsequently handed over to the fleet.
The improved Tikuna (S34) differs from the basic project in an increased displacement (surface - 600 tons more, underwater - almost 1 thousand tons more), increased dimensions (length - 6 m more, width - 2 m), increased up to 300 m immersion depth, as well as an expanded armament - new Bofors-2000 torpedoes, Exoset or Sub-Garpoon anti-ship missiles, a total ammunition load of 16 missiles and torpedoes (or up to 32 mines of the MCF-01 / 100 type instead of part torpedoes), and a new ship-based fire control system of the ISUS 83-13 type.
The second submarine of this type, "Tapuya" (S 35), was never built (it was originally planned to enter it into the fleet in 2005). Preference was given to the purchase of a batch of submarines of the "Scorpion" type.
As part of the MODSUB program, the Tupi-class submarine was modernized: a contract worth $35 million, issued on January 29, 2008, is being executed by Lockheed Martin. As part of the modernization, it is planned to install a new automated combat control system (ASBU) of the AN / BYG-501 Mod type. 1D (Lockheed Martin), as well as the improvement of auxiliary mechanisms, sonar and electronic weapons, weapons control systems, self-defense and navigation.
OSI Geospatial Inc. supplies the ECPINS navigation system for submarines, which will be integrated with the CICS / ASBU and will replace the similar Calypso III system from Thomson-CSF, while the Ferranti KAFS-A10 automated data processing system is being replaced by the SUBTICS ASBU developed by UDS International - a division of DCNS. In addition, the submarines will receive new lateral GAS antennas, and the Mk. 24 "Tigerfish" (Tigerfish) from Marconi Underwater Systems Ltd are being replaced by American Mk48 Mod6AT from Raytheon. Work on the first submarine "Tapayo" (S 33) was completed in 2011. The contract provides for the corresponding modernization of the coastal training center underwater forces.
French help
On January 29, 2008, Brazil signed a major agreement with France on military-technical cooperation, under which on December 23, 2008, a preliminary, and on September 3, 2009, a final, more detailed contract was signed on the issue of France's assistance in modernizing the submarine forces of the Brazilian Navy (the value of the contracts is about 6.7 billion euros).
In particular, the Brazilian government has concluded a contract with French shipbuilders for the supply of four Scorpene-class nuclear submarines (Scorpene, in the Scorpene S-BR modification), specially modified to meet the requirements of the Brazilian Navy. The new submarines are assigned to the Riachuelo type, it is planned to include the Exocet SM39 Block 2 Mod 2 anti-ship missiles in their armament. Also, the submarines will receive the SUBTICS ASBU, the S-CUBE sonar system from Thales Underwater Systems (TUS) and lifting mast Sagem devices.
The contractor is BSC (Baia de Sepetiba Consortium), a joint venture between the French DCNS and the Brazilian Odebrecht Defesa e Technologia (Odebrecht Defense and Technology), and the actual construction of submarines is carried out at the ICN (Itaguai Construcoes Navais) shipyard, founded by DCNS and Brazilian Odebrecht Defesa e Technologia and NUCLEP (Nuclebras Equipamentos Pesados S/A). The latter specializes in nuclear technology. It is assumed that these submarines will enter the combat structure of the Brazilian Navy submarine forces in the period starting from 2016-2017, with an interval of two years and will receive names in honor of the Brazilian geographical objects: Riachuelo (S40, 2016–2017), Humaita (Humaita, S41, 2018), Tonelero (Tonelero, S42, 2020) and Angostura (Angostura, S43, 2022).
All forces - to the nuclear-powered ship
The military-political leadership of Brazil pays special attention to the extremely ambitious submarine shipbuilding program - the development and construction on its own, though not without the help of foreign specialists, of a nuclear multi-purpose submarine with a displacement of about 6 thousand tons (received the designation SN-BR), for which the budget it is planned to allocate about 1.4 billion dollars. Moreover, the project to create its own nuclear submarine, the first steps on which in Brazil were taken back in 1979, today is part of a more comprehensive PROSUB program, which provides for the construction of a large batch of submarines of various classes and types for the Brazilian Navy.
On the Brazilian side, the nuclear ship program is managed by COGESN, headquartered in Rio de Janeiro and with an annual budget of $250 million.
Under the terms of the agreements and contracts mentioned, signed in 2008-2009, the French side undertook to assist Brazil in the construction of a new naval base - the base for future Brazilian nuclear submarines - and a modern shipyard in the city of Sepetiba Bay, in the Rio region. - de Janeiro. Here it is planned to build the lead multi-purpose nuclear submarine, as well as four modified Skorpen-type nuclear submarines. Metal for the first submarine began to be cut in June 2011, and its laying took place in 2013. The lead submarine "Riachuelo" was originally laid down in 2010 at the shipyard in Cherbourg and will be completed in Brazil.
The new shipyard was inaugurated by Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff in March 2013. In addition, French specialists provide significant assistance in the design of a nuclear submarine, which, as indicated, will implement many of the solutions implemented in the design of the Barracuda-type multi-purpose nuclear submarine, as well as some critical systems including nuclear power plant.
In addition to the above, within the framework of the mentioned agreement, the French side undertook to fulfill a number of other conditions: to carry out the transfer of technology; equip training facilities and train the necessary personnel; supply 30 F21 "heavy" torpedoes developed by DCNS, Thales Underwater Systems and ATLAS Elektronik GmbH, 50 CANTO underwater target simulators (Terma and DCNS); assistance in the construction of a complex as part of a submarine force base and a shipbuilding complex (EBN); construction in Brazil of a specialized production complex for the production of metal structures (Manufacturing Unit for Metal Structures - UFEM), etc.
Let us add that the 2008 military-technical cooperation agreement also provides for the supply of 50 helicopters to the Brazilian Navy in the amount of $1.9 billion.
The commissioning of the first national nuclear-powered icebreaker is planned for 2023-2025 (originally it was planned to do this in 2010). However, the Brazilian specialists, before embarking on the active phase of the implementation of the program to create a nuclear-powered ship, decided, as they say, to test their strength on less difficult variant- to develop and build a non-nuclear submarine on their own.
It was assumed that in the event of the successful implementation of this project, two tasks would be solved: firstly, the replacement of obsolete Tupi-type submarines in the fleet would increase the combat potential of the Brazilian Navy's submarine forces, and secondly, this would enable Brazilian shipbuilders to obtain invaluable experience in the design and construction of modern submarine warships.
In the form of such a trial application of efforts, the SNAC-1 project (Non-submarine of the Tikuna type), developed by the engineering department of the Brazilian Navy as a transition to the creation of the first national nuclear submarine (SNAC-2 project), became. Subsequently, however, the Brazilian admirals decided to change partners in the national submarine shipbuilding program: instead of Germany, as we see, today the emphasis is on cooperation with France.
We will know the results of this only in a few years. In the meantime, specialized media have published information that the national nuclear submarine shipbuilding program has made a significant step forward due to very serious progress in creating a prototype of a national nuclear reactor. As you know, a nuclear reactor of the PWR type (pressure-cooled nuclear reactor), developed within the framework of the IPEN / MB-1 project at the Aramar Technology Center, which went into operation in the São Paulo region in 1988.
In accordance with the approved plans, the 50 MW nuclear reactor intended for the prospective Brazilian nuclear-powered submarine will provide the submarine with an underwater speed of up to 25 knots and was to be prepared for installation on a nuclear-powered ship in 2004, however, for a number of reasons, the plans were postponed for a longer period .
In conclusion, we note that, according to plans made public in 2012, in the period up to 2031, the Brazilian fleet should receive a significant number of warships and auxiliary vessels, including nuclear and non-nuclear submarines, URO frigates and corvettes, ocean-class patrol (patrol) ships, landing ships, etc. As a result, by 2034, Brazilian admirals expect to have a submarine fleet of at least 15 non-nuclear and six nuclear multi-purpose submarines.
