What are human values. The main life values ​​of people: what is most important in life and how to understand it? The role of life values

How many of them are there? List of all life values huge, but anything too big can be divided into parts. In the synton approach, the basic life values ​​of a healthy person can be grouped into three main circles of values:

• Personal life and relationships
• Business, business, work,
• Own development

If these parts are divided into smaller ones, we get the following list.

Love, excitement, entertainment and relaxation.

These are the values ​​of joy - have fun, enjoy, live to the fullest. Journey to a distant warm country, where the azure sea and white sand. Playing in a casino when betting takes your breath away. The romance of meetings in a cafe, where there is a cozy twilight and a wonderful person opposite.

Family, understanding, children.

This is a long-term relationship in a couple, parents and children, friends and relatives. It is the value of relationships with other people. Here, too, there is love - like joyful care, affectionate attention, warm respect. Here is a man after a working day joyfully goes home - there is his family, his wife and children. Here a young guy drops everything and goes to help his parents with the garden - because the parents are already hard, but he loves them. Here is a woman ruffling her child's hair and sitting next to her to read a fairy tale.

Home, comfort, money.

This is the value of an orderly life. It lies at the junction of two spheres - after all, “home, comfort, money” are very necessary for the family and will not interfere with rest. On the other hand, money is already a way into the sphere of “Business, work, business”. A young couple travels to IKEA for the day to buy furniture for their new apartment. They carefully choose every chair and every shelf - you want to buy a lot, but less money than you want.

My business, my projects.

What do you do for a living? What do you do with your time when you go to work? What plans do you make when you fall asleep at night? All this is the value of the business. Everything related to your work, your ideas and plans for creation and development is collected here. Guy with adolescence dabbled in photography and videography. Everywhere I tried to grab something unusual. Ten years have passed - he shoots expensive, high-quality clips and wants to aim at cinema.

​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​Career, power, status.

It's a value social development- obtaining a higher social status, new opportunities to influence and do. A man changes the car over and over again, buying more and more prestigious brands. A woman goes only to expensive boutiques. Each of them shows their status and each worked hard to reach such a height.

Education, professional development.

It is difficult to do your job well without education and experience. Therefore, the value of mastery development is in the area of ​​“Business, work, business”. On the other hand, any education and professional development necessarily leads to personal development. Therefore, the value of developing mastery simultaneously belongs to the sphere of "I and my own development." Here is a girl carefully looking at what a Hollywood star looks like at the Oscars. The girl is a stylist, she watches the ceremony to catch the most fashionable trends. The girl is at work.

Personal growth, social and psychological skills.

This is the value of personal development. Personal growth can be briefly called the word "wisdom". This is maturity, balanced conclusions, attention to other people. Social skills are behavior in society, for example, the ability to speak one language with a worker, and another with an intellectual. Psychological skills are overcoming your fears, mastering your emotions, purity and clarity of thinking. The girl was caustic and quick-tempered, next to her it was hard. She took care of herself and became softer in communication, more accurate in expressing feelings. People immediately appeared nearby.

Beauty, health, harmonious development.

Appearance, a slender figure, well-developed muscles, the ability to dance and move beautifully - this is all the value of the body. This value lies at the junction of two spheres - when a person takes care of his health, he necessarily develops, therefore the value rightly enters the sphere of "I and my own development." On the other hand, beauty and health has a strong influence on relationships and therefore belongs to the area of ​​“Personal life and relationships”. It is easier for a sporty, fit guy to interest a girl. A flexible and graceful girl is easier to attract the attention of a guy.

Spiritual growth, knowledge of life, realization of destiny.

If you live not only for yourself, if it is important for you to leave a good mark in life - you have the highest motives, you can be called a person with spiritual aspirations. If you are a lover of literature on spiritual practices, which sells a standard set of astrology, yoga, esotericism and healing along with psychotherapy and oriental teachings, then you are just a buyer of literature in this genre.

The question of life values ​​is common to all people, but everyone will have their own answers to it. For a mature person, this is a family, patients see the main meaning in health, young people consider career and love to be the main values.

What are life values

In psychology, it is believed that the concept of "life values" contains those guidelines of being that are supported in difficult situations. The value system includes beliefs, principles, ideals, personality traits, reasoning about the truth, that is, everything that a person usually follows. Their loss or forced adjustment, imposed from the outside, often causes the loss of the meaning of life, this is a real test for everyone.

The role of life values ​​for a person

Psychologists call the values ​​in a person’s life an “internal compass”, according to which he compares his daily actions. When there are certain internal attitudes, it is much easier for an individual to make the right decisions, to determine his life productively. In turn, they in a certain way influence the formation of personality. How this happens, we can conclude according to the basic traditional schemes:

• Love for children and family - responsibility, the ability to take care of others are formed.
• The desire for a successful career develops purposefulness, discipline.
• The need for spiritual development forms morality and intellect.
• The desire to improve health contributes to an active lifestyle.
• The rejection of deceit, betrayal, meanness is interpreted as the highest manifestations of decency and sincerity.

Important! Personality begins to form in childhood, so it is advisable to get acquainted with basic values ​​as early as possible. Do not think that small children do not understand anything, the example of adults should be before their eyes, then it will become the norm of life.

How life values ​​are created

Psychologists say that reasoning about basic life values ​​is accessible even to a small child, since they are similar to the rules that organize a person's life. Therefore, the sooner acquaintance with the norms accepted in society begins, the easier it is for the child to learn and accept values.

The main thing to remember! Changing attitudes and beliefs in adulthood is almost impossible. For example, if a person has lived a difficult life, and at the end he realized that it was wrong, then it will be too late to change anything.

There are several stages in the formation of a value system:

• At the first stage, the parents are the main authority for the child. It is under their influence that the first significant principles and a model of behavior are laid. If the child is brought up correctly, then the values ​​​​are ordered, then it is clear how to prioritize correctly. Unfortunately, mistakes in education lead to the formation of false values.
• As they grow older, an important role in setting value priorities is played by Kindergarten and school. Education is considered a key stage, as the children begin to form beliefs and judgments, for example, about the norms and rules of behavior at school, to make an adequate assessment of events and actions, the abilities of their own and others. The position of the student begins to be determined by subjects that give knowledge about the basic laws of life: literature, biology, natural science.
• In the future, on the formation life priorities influenced by the social environment, which not only dictates certain rules, but also condemns a person who shows a different life position.
• In adulthood, values ​​\u200b\u200bcan be revised, since the sufferings suffered, life's hardships make it possible to understand deeper views and beliefs. At the moment of realizing that they do not coincide with generally accepted stereotypes, they are rethought.

Basic values ​​of human life

The question that worries young people with little life experience is which values ​​are the main ones in life, and which are secondary. Psychologists call these reflections a problem in prioritizing life. They propose to identify peculiar beacons on the way of the young from a huge list of universal human values, which consist of basic guidelines:

• Spiritual development;
• Family;
• Health;
• Financial position;
• Career;
• Relaxation;
• Self-development;
• Environment.

It does not hurt to listen to the advice of experts, but it should be borne in mind that for each person, life values ​​\u200b\u200bare personal, individual, their arrangement may differ from the generally accepted one. Much comes from childhood, as the ideals of life come to the individual through the transformation (corrections) of parental values.

Important! If you properly educate a child on the example of universal human virtues, then it is not difficult to form the correct guidelines for him. Then he will respect friendship and love, maintain spiritual and physical health, learn to sympathize with people and animals, he will not be alien to altruism and decency, that is, all the qualities that fill life with meaning.

True and False Life Values

There are values ​​that most people consider basic, psychologists call them true. V modern society it is accepted that an accomplished person must build a career, start a family, acquire material wealth in order to ensure a comfortable existence for himself and his loved ones. Of course, all this is important, but on the condition that a person acquires all the benefits through his work, diligence, and abilities. But every value has some back side. In psychology, this phenomenon is defined as false values. They arise because of the irrepressible desire to possess what seems to be the main thing for a person.

For example, now it is customary to consider an individual to be accomplished if he has an expensive car, an iPhone of the latest brand, the opportunity to relax abroad. If it is not possible to obtain such benefits, a person with false guidelines experiences disappointment in universal human values.

Factors affecting the rethinking of life values

As a rule, situations arise in human life that entail a rethinking of life values. All of them are associated with positive or negative emotional upheavals. The list of them is endless, but psychologists identify the most important factors that make you think about reassessing priorities:

• Death of a loved one;
• Marriage and childbirth;
• Dangerous disease;
• financial difficulties;
• Unrequited love;
• The onset of old age;
• The collapse of a career.

A striking example of rethinking priorities is the situation when a person accustomed to living alone has a family. He starts new life, the main thing is not a career, but harmonious family relationships, love for a spouse, children.

Another example is financial difficulties that make a person look at the world with different eyes, look for ways out of a critical situation. Psychologists give many examples when an individual completely reconsiders his views on money, material wealth, and his environment.

The disease, especially if it is considered dangerous, also makes you reconsider your views on the values ​​of life. The main thing for the patient is health, the ability to enjoy every day lived, everything else is unimportant.

Many examples can be cited when those values ​​that were once considered secondary are brought to the fore, and, conversely, the main ones turn out to be not so significant.

Important! Some events, even negative ones, must be taken very carefully, as they can give impetus to a rethinking of life ideals. Even the sensations that arise from any events can carry a desire to review them and set new priorities.

Dissatisfaction with life

There are times when a person feels dissatisfaction with his activities. It has been noticed that when work becomes a burden, discontent begins to spread to other areas of life, such as the family. All this dissatisfaction gives rise to doubts about the correctness of any action. Surrounding people can convince a person to ignore discontent, to consider it temporary. If you seek psychological help during this period, any specialist will say that it is best to reconsider beliefs and principles.

Busting with self-criticism

At the moment of reassessment of life priorities, which happens to almost everyone at one time or another in life, psychologists warn of excessive self-criticism. Criticism is even useful in some cases, but it should not go beyond, as busting can undermine self-esteem and faith in success. Excessive self-criticism is a sign of internal contradictions that should be identified and dealt with.

Pessimistic attitude towards everything that happens

Often, self-doubt or lack of prospects makes it difficult to properly prioritize. In insecure people, psychologists distinguish the main difference from others - indecision. As a result, a person performs actions that contradict his inner convictions, but "everyone does it." Pessimism leads to someone who at one moment makes a conclusion: the priorities set under the influence of society do not at all coincide with the true ones, the main ones for him. Such insight can lead to a pessimistic attitude, or it can become an impetus to change their views on the world.

All-encompassing boredom

Sometimes, strange as it may seem, a boring existence leads to a revision of life values. A person does not take the initiative in relation to his life and begins to go with the flow. According to psychologists, most often this condition appears when priorities are set incorrectly, and false values ​​come to the fore. For example, a person has been striving all his life for material well-being and, indeed, has achieved great success in this field: an apartment, a summer house, a car, a position (he achieved everything he wanted). But comes the realization that he missed the most important thing. Any specialist will say that it is necessary to realize the priority values ​​and decide on the goal, then there will be an interest in life.

Examples of Human Life Values

To understand the important role of life values, it is useful to turn more often to situations that people do not always notice, consider them ordinary. Here is an example from life: volunteers in orphanages or nursing homes believe that they experience deep moral satisfaction by providing invaluable help to others. Psychologists explain this by the fact that with good deeds, hormones of joy (dopamine, serotonin) are released into the blood. Not everyone can become a volunteer, the values ​​​​of life must be so high that one can see one's goal in helping others and feel satisfaction from this.

There are many examples of setting life priorities: for some, the goal may be the desire to conquer mountain peaks, cross the oceans, invent new technologies, for others, the desire for a quiet family life, raising children, mastering your favorite profession is enough. Still others believe that it is career, business, success that is the true goal of life.

Psychology gives important yet simple advice to those who are rushing about in search of priorities in their lives. Deciding on your values ​​is not as easy as it seems at first glance. Therefore, you can start by simply compiling a list of values, then choose from it the most significant for yourself, which you need to strive for right now.

Video

Life values ​​are an integral part of the human worldview, confirmed by his consciousness, upbringing, life experience, personal experiences. They are revealed by limiting the most significant and important from the secondary. The accumulated baggage of certain values ​​modifies the consciousness of a person, regulates and motivates his activity, and ensures the formation of a strong personality.

Each person sets priorities in his own way, individually, he determines the importance and significance of certain phenomena. In the list of generally accepted values, traditional material values. These include jewelry, fashionable branded clothing, paintings, modern technology, cars, real estate and much more. In addition to material, it should be noted spiritual, religious, moral and aesthetic values ​​(holiness, kindness, compassion, decency, cleanliness, etc.). Values ​​are a separate category. social, such as position in society, social security, power, career, family, freedom and others.

Let us dwell in more detail on some universal human values.

family and friendship

Family well-being, children, parents, friends - for most people this is the greatest value. It is our sacred duty and privilege to love our family, our parents and children, to take care of them. Always with respect, sincerity and love to treat your friends and just people around us, always be responsive and tolerant - this is a huge job that needs to be paid for value. human relations. What do these relationships give us? They are a source of mutual support and empathy, common goals and interests, understanding and emotional attachments.

Wealth and career

There is no person in the world who would not want to stand firmly and confidently on his feet, not need anything, to ensure the well-being of his family. However, not everyone puts material wealth in first place in the conditional rating of life values. Often a person faces a dilemma: to work in a friendly team with loyal bosses, getting moral satisfaction from work, or to make a choice in favor of large fees, putting their personal life and health at stake. The ideal option is when the work allows you to embody the most incredible ideas, gives a lot of useful acquaintances, brings both money and pleasure. But most often, something still has to be sacrificed, and the main thing here is not to make a mistake in choosing.

Health

Health for many people, especially in adulthood, is on the first steps of the pedestal of values. At the same time, for some people in the first place - the house, money, cars and vacations in expensive resorts. And these some sometimes do not understand very well that nothing matters to a sick person except health, he is ready to give all material goods in exchange for recovery, but this is far from always possible. You need to take better care of your physical condition. don't kill yourself bad habits and excessive industriousness, give unloading to your body and allocate sufficient time for rest and sleep. It is extremely important to realize that health is the most valuable thing in the life of any person, because it is health that is necessary for everyone without exception.

Self-development

Personal development is very valuable. A person matures, becomes wiser, acquires useful life experience, makes correct, conscious and balanced conclusions and, accordingly, makes the right decisions in any life and professional issues. He owns his emotions, is cultured in communication, develops his horizons, becomes the right guide for the younger generation. A comprehensively developed person pays attention to his health, physical training and appearance, neat in everything, clean both in thoughts and in relationships. The person who makes the best effort personal growth and self-improvement, seeks to change his attitude to life, to realize his role in the world, to improve relations with people around him.

Creation

The value of creativity lies in unique opportunity implementation of your ideas. Creativity gives complete freedom of self-expression to the author, allows, by creating the final product, to bring to life his most daring thoughts, emotions, images. Creative people are people with a fine mental organization, these are artists, musicians, sculptors, designers, fashion designers and many other people of art. They try to realize themselves in creativity, combining their vocation, their talent with daily activities and household duties. Muse is the most important value in their development. The process of creating another masterpiece becomes the meaning of life, and inspiration makes this process incredibly easy and enjoyable.

Spirituality

Spiritually oriented people live according to their canons. Their life values ​​are closely intertwined with the main religious commandments: do not kill, do not steal, honor your parents, do not commit adultery, etc. They try to follow exactly the correct, already pre-written truths, and not acquire them on the basis of personal bitter experience. A spiritually developed person lives happily, and not only for himself, loves life in all its manifestations, appreciates every minute spent with loved ones and relatives, rejoices in the beauty of the earth (natural and created by people), enjoys music and thanks the higher powers for every day lived. Such a person respects himself and others, does not envy, does not sort things out, has inner harmony.

Sometimes there are cases when, when experiencing a certain stress or getting into a serious extreme situation a person is undergoing a restructuring of consciousness, and he overestimates his life values. What used to be the main meaning of life for him becomes just a boon. So, for example, only in illness does a person begin to appreciate health, only in war does a true awareness of the value of such concepts as courage, loyalty, mutual assistance, compassion occur.

It is very important to understand what exactly plays the leading role at this stage of life, what is now the most valuable. Only by correctly setting priorities, you can confidently build your future.

Values ​​in the most general sense are called things and phenomena that are essential for a person and society. Values ​​have the ability to satisfy certain needs of a person, meet his interests or correspond to the traditions of society and those social groups in which a person is included.

Obviously, the value is not in the subject itself. Objects become valuable only in the process of evaluating the world by a person. For example, a banknote by its nature is just paper with printing ink applied to it. Its value is given by the appropriate attitude of the individual and society. Banknotes that are out of use lose their purchasing value, although they do not physically change.

However, value is not contained only in the human mind. Ideas about the banknote and the banknote itself are not the same thing. Money in the mind and money in the pocket are different things, and accordingly their value is different: choosing between them, we will choose real money (even if there will be much less of it than "money in the mind"). In the subject, in his consciousness, one can find not the value itself, but only the act of evaluation. So, there are no values ​​either in the object or in the subject. Therefore, they exist in the sphere of their interaction (just as there is no electricity in either the positive or negative pole of the battery, it appears when they are connected). Value arises only at the meeting point of man and the world. Man is surrounded by silent things. To evaluate means to single out something significant from this mass, to feel the ability of some thing to respond, to respond to human needs.

Values ​​are so diverse that a complete and exhaustive description of them is impossible. There are an infinite number of values:

o primary - food, water, shelter, clothing, security, protection;

o secondary - belonging, respect, love, recognition, self-expression;

o material - food, water, shelter, clothing, Natural resources, tools, expensive things;

o spiritual - truth, goodness, beauty, creativity, knowledge, justice, holiness;

o universal - life, freedom, goodness, beauty; about personal - all possible.

Values ​​are not isolated and not separated from each other, but are in constant motion and close interaction, making up a complex system of mutual intersections, coincidences and influences.

Life is the highest human value. A person lives life consciously, sets himself certain goals and strives for them. In other words, he ascribes a special meaning to life. The meaning of life common to all can be derived from the natural laws of life itself (naturalistic approach) or from absolute values ​​that lie outside of life (authoritarian approach).

According to naturalistic approach, the meaning of life is the pursuit of pleasure, pleasure, profit. At first glance, this approach seems correct, but a detailed analysis reveals a number of shortcomings in it. Sometimes, in the pursuit of pleasure and profit, a person becomes not a free spokesman of his desires, but their slave. Fixation on pleasure often leads to the destruction of the psyche and the body (for example, in the case of drug addiction). The consistent development of all naturalistic goals shows that such negative qualities as selfishness, gluttony, stinginess can become their consequences, and the ability to limit oneself on the path to pleasure and benefit is truly useful for a person.

V authoritarian approach, the meaning of life consists in striving for a great idea (for example, the common good). However, considering a person as a means to achieve higher goals devalues ​​human life: for the sake of absolute ideas, which often turn out to be illusions, people have died and continue to die. As a rule, the logical development of authoritarianism leads to blind adherence to an idea - religious or political fanaticism.

There is also subjective the point of view according to which there is no common meaning of life for all, and each person freely chooses the meaning of his life in his every act. The Austrian psychologist Viktor Frankl (1905-1997) pointed out three main directions for finding this meaning. A person must accept the values ​​​​of creativity (creation and self-realization), experience (the ability to admire beauty, goodness, truth) and attitude (optimistic perception of the world).

A person is free to choose his own path and is not immune from mistakes and failures. Science can only show him the approximate direction of his search. The meaning of life cannot be obtained ready-made - it must be experienced and suffered in order to feel like a person. Meaningfulness of life gives only freedom of choice.

The concept of freedom is diverse - it can be negative (freedom from something) and positive (freedom for something), internal (freedom of will and choice) and external (freedom of action). The points of view on whether a person has freedom also differ significantly. Some thinkers believe that human actions and decisions are arbitrary (this position is called voluntarism), others believe that all actions are predetermined from the very beginning (the position of fatalism).

In the most general sense, freedom is the absence of restrictions and restraints. But in reality, a situation is impossible in which all restrictions are absent. Human actions are limited by nature and society. natural limits represented physical laws and the objective possibilities of a person: one cannot go back in time, one cannot run above a certain speed, one cannot live longer than is determined by the biological characteristics of the organism. social restrictions associated with the fact that the freedom of one person is limited by the freedom of another. An English proverb says this: "The freedom of my fist ends where the freedom of your nose begins."

To become truly free, you need to be aware of these external limitations: to know the objective laws of nature and social life and understand the limits of your capabilities. Only by knowing the nature and essence of the limitations, one can overcome them, thereby expanding the range of one's actions. How better man understands his capabilities, the more freedom he has. For example, the laws of nature and the data of science say that a person cannot fly like a bird. Understanding the essence of objective limitations (laws of gravity, aerodynamic features) made it possible to develop such technical means which helped a person to rise into the air without violating natural laws. You can get around the limitations only by realizing them: modern aircraft simultaneously take into account physical limitations and expand human capabilities. Freedom, according to the Dutch philosopher Benedict Spinoza (1632-1677), is a conscious (cognized) necessity. Hence follows the philosophical definition of freedom. This - the possibility of manifestation by the subject of his will on the basis of awareness of the laws of development of nature and society. It is the knowledge of laws that liberates, ignorance only limits freedom.

As a recognized necessity, freedom is closely related to responsibility.

A responsibility - it is an awareness of the duty, the requirements imposed by society on a person. In fact, responsibility is the flip side of freedom: the freer a person, the more responsible he is. If a person's behavior was not free, predetermined by someone else's will or objective circumstances (the lives of his loved ones were threatened or the person is mentally insane), he, as a rule, does not bear criminal or moral responsibility. But for all his actions, committed freely, for each of his personal choices, a person is obliged to answer to society and himself.

In this regard, freedom has moral and legal constraints. External Limiters(on the part of society) are expressed in norms, traditions, customs, laws, religious precepts, etc. Internal restraints(on the part of a person) are expressed in convictions, personal principles, in the voice of conscience. If the internal limiters are formed correctly, then there is no need for external ones. A person becomes a person when he does not act on the basis of external coercion, not out of fear of punishment and not out of a desire to be rewarded. A real person acts morally, based on his inner convictions, formed in the process of free self-determination.

Freedom is refracted in a special way in different areas public life. For example, in the economic sphere, freedom of the market, freedom of trade stand out. In the sphere of relations between the individual and the state, freedom of speech (the ability to express one's beliefs), freedom of conscience (the ability to choose religious or atheistic views), freedom of assembly (the ability to gather to discuss various issues), freedom of association (to unite with other people) and etc.

The civic values ​​of an individual are formed on the basis of political freedoms. The concept of "citizen" indicates that a person has a stable relationship with a particular state. This connection is expressed primarily in the granting by the state to the citizen of certain rights and freedoms. Since there is no citizen without freedoms, it is the duty of every citizen to protect his freedoms from any encroachment. In this way, active citizenship to protect their rights and freedoms, even if the rights of a citizen are violated by the state itself, is the paramount value of the individual in its correlation with the state.

For every citizen, the continuation of freedoms are obligations to the state. In exchange for their freedoms, a citizen undertakes to abide by the laws, defend the country, pay taxes, and so on. Such duties are a fair payment for the rights and freedoms granted to the individual, therefore her evasion of duties is considered not only illegal, but also morally reprehensible. From this point of view, the values ​​of a citizen are patriotism, a sense of duty, responsibility for the fate of the country, etc.

There are a number of civic qualities that are associated not with the relationship between the individual and the state, but with the relationship between the citizens themselves. Since the freedom of one person in the state is limited by the freedom of another, respect for the interests of others and laws that ensure these interests fall into the category of values. From this point of view, the main civic values ​​are:

O tolerance-tolerance towards the beliefs of others; O humanism - recognition of the intrinsic value of any person;

O sense of justice- recognition of the supremacy of laws over private interests or beliefs.

WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW

• 1. values in the most general sense, they call things and phenomena that are essential for a person and society. Truth, goodness and beauty are recognized as the main spiritual values.
• 2. Life is considered to be the highest universal value. Meaning of life it is impossible to get ready - it must be experienced and suffered. Each person puts meaning into his life.
• 3. Liberty there is a possibility of manifestation by the subject of his will on the basis of awareness of the laws of development of nature and society. The other side of freedom is a responsibility- awareness of duty to other people and society as a whole.
• 4. K civil qualities personalities include an active civic position, patriotism and responsibility for the fate of the country, as well as tolerance, humanism and a developed sense of justice.

QUESTIONS

• 1. How does a person's interests influence his value preferences? Are there differences between values ​​in different cultural traditions?
• 2. Name the main approaches to determining the meaning of life. How does the degree of individual freedom affect the solution of meaningful life issues?
• 3. How do you understand the phrase "Freedom is a recognized necessity"? Why is freedom called reverse side responsibility?
• 4. What do you understand by civic values? Why in modern life the civic qualities of a person have acquired special significance?

• See more: Frankl V. Man in search of meaning. M., 1990.