Superphysical vision operates exactly according to the same laws that govern physical vision. Cancer develops according to the same laws as plague and cholera, the history of which I have studied well.
Cancer is obviously just as viral as dozens of others. This becomes clear immediately after a first glance at the incidence map - different forms cancers are concentrated in the same places. Consequently, under the same conditions they are spread by the same agent (virus?), but the agent affects different, most weakened organs in a particular person. There are many forms of cancer because there are many organs in the human body ... And there is a lot of room for “discoveries” and dissertations ...
My “dissertation” was written in bold “cancer” dots and human tragedies. From Ivan Babushkin Street, house 3 (only half a kilometer from the Akademicheskaya metro station), the father of a 37-year-old man called, sent to help collective farmers near Serpukhov and who had contracted a rare disease myositis there - inflammation of the skeletal muscles, which I learned about only from a medical encyclopedia .. .
Half a kilometer from their house at 5 Krzhizhanovsky Street, a female lawyer is trying to fight thyroid cancer. In 1987, not knowing anything and not knowing about the nature of the house (and where do you find out? Doctors hide oncological diagnoses), she settled right above her place of work: her law office is on the 1st floor, and her apartment is on the 3rd. Bottom line: since January 1988, a cancer diagnosis ... How will the struggle end? Neither she nor I know where the poor woman, who has been plucked like chickens, knows where to go, because neither publicity nor the right to information arising from the law on the press in any way extend to doctors who stand behind the wall for the protection of medical secrets. , covered with latinized abracadabra in the form of myositis, myomas, mitoses ...
Hello, Valery Evgenievich, Eduard Ivanovich Nazarov is talking to you. I decided to turn to you about ischemia of the heart. I hope you do it too?
Hello Eduard Ivanovich. If you knew how nice it is to talk to a smart intelligent person.
Why do you think so?
According to the first remarks. First, you introduced yourself, which a lot of people don't. Secondly, ask, not demand, unlike those who call here like an ambulance service or some department of the Ministry of Health, to which they pay taxes and from whom they have the right to demand something. But for some reason they do not demand anything from them, but they demand from me - a private person. Thirdly, mostly cancer patients call here, because the note is called "Don't be afraid of cancer or AIDS." And not a word about ischemia, although I have argued and continue to assert that the laws of the spread of diseases are the same for everyone in principle - for plague, cholera, cancer and suicide. And consequently, one approach to treatment. Nearly a third of the world's chronically ill patients now suffer from ischemia, but you are the first and so far the only one who called. Eduard Ivanovich, where do you live? Since what time? When were you first diagnosed?
I was diagnosed with ischemia for the first time in 1973, and I began to feel bad from the 72nd. Remember, that summer there were fires around Moscow, forests burned, peat bogs. And we just got an apartment here, in Teply Stan, house 123, now it seems to be 136th. On the 4th floor. From the 77th we moved here, also Profsoyuznaya street, only house 152, building 3, 1st floor.
Well, did you feel worse?
I don't know... It seems so. Why do you think so?
And I look at the plan of Moscow and see that you have moved closer to one of the "Khrapov poles", located just in the center of the Teply Stan. And why, I wonder, was it called Warm?.. This pole, obviously, works on cardiovascular diseases. A woman with bronchial asthma also called from Tyoply Stan Street. Don't you have such a plan?
I think I bought it, now my wife will look ... Yes, there is.
Listen, Eduard Ivanovich. I'm interested in a number of points near your house. More precisely, their profiles: how the road goes - up, down ... Do you understand? These points are in the center of the Teply Stan, next to the street of Academician Kapitsa, Academician Bakulev ... Yes, more. A cancer patient called from Ostrovityanova Street, Building 18, Building 2. She and I were unable to find her house on the plan. And she doesn't call. It might be hard for her to call. Help me please. BUT?
Good good. I will complete all your tasks.
And one more thing, Eduard Ivanovich, where and by whom do you work?
Head of a department at a research computer firm. And what?
Are there computers? Are radiation harmful?
There are enough computers... But radiation... I don't know.
Ho at work, do you feel better or worse?
Differently. There was also a seizure. They even wanted to send me into early retirement with a second disability group. Ho, I'm holding on. So I went on a business trip...
Look, you don't brag too much. Don't kid yourself. Jokes are bad with the heart. When you go to the points I have named, be extremely careful, monitor your well-being. If you feel worse, leave immediately. And it's better not to go alone, but with someone, for insurance. Remember that any business does not even begin with theory, but with safety precautions. Yes, and to make a lot of things clear to you, read my essay in the journal "People's Education". Do not pay attention to what diseases in question- the laws of nature, I repeat, turned out to be similar for all diseases. And for your ischemia too. This essay was written a year ago. Some of it is outdated - now, thanks to your calls and new information, I know much more. But the essence is the same. In it, in April 1990, I predicted the return of the plague to the USSR. And she returned in July, August and November. Maybe they read in Izvestia about cases in the Aral Sea, in the Guryev region, in Moscow, and in January of this year in Donetsk. To be honest, I didn't expect my predictions to come true so soon. Plague is not ischemia. Two or three days - and it's all over ... Take away the finished one ..
This essay, as you can probably guess, had a difficult fate. It was rejected by half a dozen Soviet medical journals and international ones too. From the World Health Forum magazine in Geneva, editor Lisberg wrote: "Dear Dr. Khrapov, very interesting, but we will not print." And that's all. Thanks " public education". Ho and they drowned the essay with an incomprehensible title - "Riddles and riddles." Or rather...
HISTORY WITH PLAGUE AND PRINCIPALLY NEW MEDICINE
"There is nothing more practical than a good theory." I recalled this aphorism while studying the tremendous influence of plague epidemics on the course of history. And a lot of things would have been clarified, but the trouble is: medicine did not have a sound theory of epidemic processes even by the end of the 20th century.
Is the new a new name for the old?
At present, the picture of epidemics, in particular the plague, is drawn quite simply.
According to the currently prevailing theory of natural foci, plague microbes (as well as pathogens of other epidemic diseases) constantly (endemic) exist in certain places among rodents (over 200 species), called "plague reservoirs".
With the help of fleas, ticks and other "peddlers", the plague is transmitted from one animal to another, and at certain moments to humans. “Diseases of people with plague usually appear after epizootics ... with a gap of 10-14 days,” states the Great Medical Encyclopedia.
In "natural" and "port" (rat) foci, people, either through contact with fleas and rodents, or through the use of some of the rodents for food, become ill with bubonic plague (inflammation of the lymphatic glands), which "can develop into secondary pulmonary and secondary septic" (common blood poisoning - V. X.)
Primary pulmonary plague is the most deadly, its lethality (the ratio of the number of deaths to the number of cases) reaches 100%, it occurs as a result of infection from a patient with bubonic plague and, unlike the latter, is transmitted through the air ... Climate also affects the course of epidemics .. .
This theory explains many manifestations of the mysterious disease, Many, but not all, For example, why do natural foci exist in these places, and not in any others? Why do these foci appear, then disappear, then reappear? And why, having arisen, they begin to expand, narrow, shift? Or why, for example, in Shanghai in 1908, 49 plague rats were found, in 1909 already 187, but not a single person fell ill with plague in two years. In 1911 there were 138 plague rats, and again there were zero sick people.
But in 1924 and 1925, when zero meant the number of plague rats, diseases among people were 05, p. 99) ...
Or here is such a riddle: at the first and final stages of epidemics, doctors different countries and peoples, both in the 15th century and in the 20th century, they constantly confused and confuse the plague with typhus, then with cholera, then with tuberculosis.
So in 1921 in Vladivostok, two patients (Russians) with an indefinite diagnosis on May 8 and 10 were transferred to the plague department of the hospital, where they had a 100% chance of becoming completely infected, but for some reason they did not get sick with the plague and were discharged a week later.
A similar pattern was repeated on May 20-25 with three Chinese (41, pp. 14-18 and Appendix 1). But on June 5-6, the picture was repeated exactly the opposite: the condition of patients who were already being prepared for discharge suddenly deteriorated sharply, and they died on June 9 and 10, and the plague bacilli were either visible through the eyepieces of microscopes, or disappeared somewhere, despite multiple trials. (Sm. illus.).
In January 1922, but already at the other end of the Earth, in Dakar (Senegal), a similar thing happened with the sick Kamara (6, 1927, vol. 6, p. 118), who was consistently ill with "bronchopneumonia", "tuberculosis" and plague. And strange things happened to microbes: sometimes they are almost absent, sometimes they are in huge numbers.
Plague microbes disappeared and appeared in November-December 1911 in experimental mice and rats of the Astrakhan anti-plague detachment. (7. 1912, No. 3).
Each discovery has its pros and cons.
And the discovery of plague sticks in 1894 was no exception.
Rushing to the eyepieces of microscopes and studying the disease of laboratory animals, the researchers sharply narrowed their field of vision. But for humanity, it is important to know not the properties of this or that microorganism, but how to save oneself from illness.
This thought is not mine. Back in 1897, it was expressed by the rector of Tomsk University A. I. Sudakov. (31, p. 72).
In order for these thoughts to be heard, they apparently need to be repeated more than once every hundred years... But it is difficult, difficult to condemn people for studying what is simpler, easier and more convenient to study. So it was and will be. Just don't play with words.
From the invention of new terms, meaning is added little.
The theory of natural foci in essence repeats the contagionistic theory, in other words, the theory of contagion that dominated medicine 100, 200, and 2000 years ago ... Only the contagion was considered (and was) invisible, but now you can look at it. But people still die...
Thanks to the contagionist theory, a wild invention of the 17th century appeared - quarantine, which today cannot be called “scientifically” justified violence to exterminate people.
It was still considered wild by the French doctor Rossi, whose calculations are cited in his capital monograph of 1897 by M. I. Galanin: before the establishment of quarantines in 1526, plague epidemics were observed in France on average every 52.7 years, after the establishment - every 8.7 of the year!
Similar figures are typical for Spain, Italy, Dalmatia... (11, p. 31).
To this, it remains to be added that quarantines still exist.
The international quarantine period for plague is 6 days.
Why 6 when cases of the disease are known and 10 and 21 days after contact with patients? - A. I. Sudakov asked his colleagues, but in vain ... Supporters of natural focality do not want to change the arithmetic mean figure in a hundred years.
Why are there questions from a hundred years ago, when there are still no answers to most of the questions posed by the Italian doctor Salaladino Ferri back in the 15th century.
Here are some of them:
1. Why does the plague spread not continuously, from one place to its neighbor, but in leaps: from the first point to the third, bypassing the second?
2. Why does the plague prefer damp, low-lying and swampy places?
3. Why are the areas in which the plague raged so healthy after it stops?
4. What is the main cause of plague when a good harvest is expected after a war or prolonged adverse climatic conditions?
5. From what the plague increases the productivity of the sexual sphere, childbearing (12, p. 135). These questions are simply "forgotten" today...
Neither in the 18th nor in the 20th century did supporters of the prevention of infection with the help of quarantines explain the fact about which M.I. Galanin wrote: was impossible even by the fear of the death penalty.
Moreover, when at the end of 1720 the epidemic stopped temporarily and many fugitives returned to Marseille, after a while they all fell ill and died. The non-returning "pedlars" remained alive, without infecting anyone (I, p. 24).
In the same 1897, AI Sudakov cited "strange" facts of another time and another geography. During the plague of 1896, almost half of the inhabitants of Bombay fled, mainly to Calcutta. For some reason, no one got sick in Calcutta, although the English doctor Simpson, assistant to the famous doctor Koch, using bacteriological analysis, found people infected with the plague among the fugitives ...
At the end of 1896, a whole regiment of infantry arrived in Calcutta from Hong Kong, several of whose soldiers died of the plague in 1894.
Simpson found plague bacilli in two arrivals (31, p. 44), but the epidemic began in Calcutta only in 1898 ...
Professor Sudakov, but not his colleagues, was surprised by something else: the spread of the plague does not depend on the size of the population. So, in the city of Tana, a suburb of Bombay, with a population of 20 thousand, from December 18, 1806 to February 8, 1897, 630 people died of the plague, while in the city of Pune, only 390 over the same period. And this is with a population of 100 thousand . True, Pune is located more than 100 kilometers further from the sea ...
Many plague oddities are connected with the sea.
In the same 1896, vessels with plague patients from India repeatedly arrived in London, but the first diseases in London were registered only in 1903. For a long time it was believed, and then it was considered again, that the incidence of plague depends on the level of civilization and, in particular, medicine. But the London plague cases of 1903-07 shook this confidence.
For a while...
For me, the more I delved into the history of epidemics, the more often another thought came to me: not plague epidemics depend on the level of civilization, but the level of civilization, in many respects, depends on them ...
However, this conclusion could have been reached a century and a half earlier.
In 1835, about 200,000 bales of cotton were exported from plague-ridden Alexandria, in which plague microbes are known to persist for a very long time. Ships, many of whose crew members were sick with the plague, sailed to Marseille, Trieste, England, Libya ... But then all these cities and countries were not affected by the plague in any way. And this despite the fact that Libya in 1835 in terms of the level of civilization is difficult to compare with England of the same year.
These and other facts unambiguously force us to come to the conclusion that was made by A. I. Sudakov: from replacing the concept of “infection” with “plague bacilli” (or “viruses”, we add - V. X.), little changes in theory of the epidemic process. And although it would be ridiculous to dispute the fact of the spread of plague and other diseases with the help of microbes today, it should be remembered that “every theory of infection is one-sided; it in no way embraces the totality of all phenomena” (31, 68). That is why another one appeared in the middle of the 19th century.
Localist theory
The founder of this theory, the German physician Max von Pettenkoffer wrote:
“Already in 1869, in a work on soil and soil water and in their relation to cholera and typhus, I expressed that I recognize specific microorganisms as the causative agents of these diseases and precisely on the same grounds that yeast fungi are necessary for alcoholic fermentation, but people are intoxicated by alcohol, not yeast. (Very accurate remark! V.X.)
Further, I showed that an epidemic cannot arise from a cholera patient, just as wine or beer cannot be made from yeast, malt and grape juice are needed for this; not comparing human body with malt or grape juice, nevertheless, even for cholera fermentation, it is still necessary to recognize the existence of a mediating member, which I call a place-temporal arrangement ... ”(Cited on 32, p. 27).
So, long before the theory of natural focality, the spread of epidemics was associated not only with place, but also with time. This was seen as the main factor of epidemics. “We must,” Pettenkoffer urged, to break with the tradition that the time of the introduction of cholera coincides with the arrival of the cholera patient or things contaminated by him.
This conclusion must be said, and now it seems to many absurd. For him, Pettenkoffer was subjected to numerous ridicule, was forced to repent, and the localist theory was buried for many years. But facts are stubborn things. And they continued to speak through the mouths of those who are in no hurry to join the common choir, but seek to comprehend reality in all its contradictions and interrelations.
Dr. G. Gleitsman - the chief physician of the German navy during the First World War - it would seem that he should be a fierce supporter of the contagionist theory. After all, at sea, on ships, according to this theory, there are almost ideal conditions for the development of epidemics: the closest contact of people, the lack of proper cleanliness on ships.
“On the other hand,” G. Gleitsman noted, “there is absolutely nothing here that, according to the localist doctrine, is necessary for the initiation and development of epidemics (for example, the influence of the soil).” Ho, having studied the data of the fleets of different countries in the early 1920s, he came to the conclusion that about 80% of all epidemic diseases took place in harbors and only 20% in the open sea ... (6, 1927, vol. 6, issue 2 , pp. 138-139).
G. Gleitsman compared not only the fleets, the location of the ships, but also the conditions for them and answered his opponents: “We foresee one objection in advance: good conditions on military ships they prevent the real development of epidemic infections ... But this is not so.
On transport ships, for example, those that were brought to Kamaran during the period from 1889 to 1912. pilgrims from Mecca, the maximum incidence per 1 steamer (steamboat Deccan, 1890) was 6% ... And at the same time, that of English military ships in the East Indies, the incidence was 27% (cruiser Redbrest, 1891) .. Consequently, just where filth, overcrowding and carelessness are constant and habitual, cholera showed up less ... The localist theory is confirmed on the courts. The incidence varies depending on the course of the ship.
This dependence "on the course", that is, on the place and time of the development of the epidemic, is confirmed by the facts collected by G. Gleitsman, not only for the sea, but also for land.
Not only for cholera, but also for typhoid, smallpox, scarlet fever, plague...
During the First World War, body lice and typhoid patients could be found both in the Western and in Eastern Front, but it came to mass diseases only in the East ... "(Ibid., p. 142)
During the plague epidemics in Bengal, Bombay and Punjab, mortality was massive, but the province of Madras - G. Gleitsman emphasized - was much less affected, and the city itself remained practically untouched.
With smallpox, a similar picture was observed, but “inverted”.
So in the prisons of the province of Madras for 14 years, the average incidence of smallpox was 3.7%, at the same time in the prisons of the province of Bombay only 1.4%, in Benares and Oud - 1.7%, and in the provinces of Agra and Meerut only 0 .25%, i.e., 5.6 times less than in Bombay, and 14.8 (one and a half orders of magnitude) less than in Madras.
Is it one and the same?
Maybe not one thing (although what difference does it make from which infection to die, more precisely, from how this infection is called), but for the theory of the epidemic process, which can explain, as it will be seen later, and the “exception”, there is no fundamental difference.
N. I. Pirogov understood this: “Here (in the Crimea 1854-55 - B.X.) I was convinced that endemic intermittent fever, malaria and endemic catarrh of the intestinal canal, depending on local conditions (mainly water and soil ), constitute, so to speak, an outline of other forms of disease. They are easily made in the alien population by epidemic diseases and in war time serve as the basis for various epidemics ... then malaria, dysentery, typhus, suffering of the chest and abdominal organs take on the most ugly forms. Here hunters to the nomenklatura have a vast field of activity ... ”(Cited on 32, 111 - 112).
Let's leave aside the ridicule of the "hunters for the nomenklatura" for now, let's pay attention to two significant points in this testimony:
1. The development of certain types of diseases into others, so that no "nomenclature" is missing (we have already drawn attention to this in connection with the plague);
2. Different susceptibility to diseases of the local and alien population.
According to M. I. Galanin, relating to the Alexandrian plague epidemic of 1835, out of 100 Negroes and Nubians who contracted the plague, 81 died,
from Malays - 61,
from Arabs -55,
Greeks, Jews, Turks - 11 - 14,
from Europeans -5- 7
(11, p. 33) I. G. Gezer, who described the plague in the middle of the XIV century, noted that, unlike England, there was almost no plague in Ireland. “Those who had pure Irish blood suffered the least,” that is, the purebred descendants of the ancient Celts (12, p. 104). A. I. Sudakov also emphasized that in Hong Kong in 1894, from the first officially registered plague on May 5, 1925 people died by June 19 - exclusively Chinese. Only from June 11, several English soldiers fell ill.
These and other facts make us assume that the quality of the immunity of certain peoples is changing both due to natural selection for centuries ( English population was alien in relation to the Celtic), and from some (some) factors that change over time quite quickly.
Analyzing in 1923 the course of the plague epidemics of the first two decades of the 20th century. in the Ural province, the Soviet doctor A.V. Genke noted that in “1917 and 1919. although there were outbreaks of plague, the most thorough search failed to find plague rodents or any indication of a previous epizootic. If in other cases epizootics occurred, it is difficult to say who infected whom: rodents of people or people of rodents. Emphasizing that the plague in the Ural province never stopped, but existed in a mild form, A.V. Genke suggested that the gaps between major epidemics "are filled with small outbreaks that elude the medical staff." “In addition,” he noted, “Kyrgyz people very often suffer from lymphadenitis, which is attributed to tuberculosis (recall the case of the sick Kamara in Dakar - V. X.) or syphilitic origin.
Meanwhile, it is possible that these are plague buboes, flowing in a mild form.
The existence of a mild form of plague in the centers of the whole world is indicated by a number of authors ... ”(6, 1927, vol. 6, issue I, p. 115).
Let's pay attention: for some reason, a mild plague suddenly becomes "heavy", but at the same time it is also the enemy of this "heavy" plague. Referring to cases of bacillus carriage by healthy people, sometimes becoming sources of an epidemic, A.V. Genke concludes that a mild epidemic that lasts for several years in a row eventually leads to “immunity of the remaining population, which remains guaranteed against plague. The epidemic stops, only to flare up in a few years, but in another place of the focus, where the population has not yet been immunized.
During this truly plague-free interval, the plague virus can persist in rodents, then for them to transmit the disease to humans, the assistance of some unknown factor is necessary, without which, having crossed the border of the region, the rodents cease to be carriers of the plague.) (Ibid., p. 116 It is underlined by me - V.X.».
So, A. V. Genke brings us to the need to search for an unknown dominant factor, but a factor whose action is limited in time and space, but now without any connection with the soil.
Not known fact op has been known for a long time.
An unknown factor became known, but, we emphasize, for some reason not for physicians, in 1930.
This year, a monograph by A. L. Chizhevsky “Epidemic catastrophes and the periodic activity of the Sun” (35) was published in a circulation of 300 copies. The main provisions of this work are set forth in posthumous book Alexander Leonidovich "Earth echo of solar storms" (34, 1973). On the basis of vast statistical material, Chizhevsky showed the synchronism of many natural processes in the hydro-, litho-, bio-, and atmosphere with 11-year cycles of solar activity. Thunderstorms and hurricanes, droughts and geomagnetic storms, migration and multiplication of insects, animals, childbearing (remember one of S. Ferry's questions), mental illness, crimes in the heat of passion, social upheavals, as well as epidemics of plague, typhoid, cholera, diphtheria, scarlet fever , influenza and much more is somehow connected with the activity of the Sun.
Chizhevsky not only showed the dependence of epidemics on CA, but also raised a number of questions, without answers to which it is difficult, or rather impossible, to solve the riddles of plague and other epidemics. “Does not, he asked, in certain epochs, in one way or another connected with solar activity, the vital activity of certain microorganisms? Doesn't the resistance of the organism to the pathogenic principle decrease in the same epochs under the influence of various causes? Do these two things happen at the same time? (34, 1st, 244). Questions, as we see, echo the observations of A.V. Genk.
“All the same, - continues Alexander Leonidovich, we see how typical saprophytes, non-pathogenic at the moment or extremely weakened in their virulence, microbes, under the influence of changes in the conditions of their nutrition and reproduction, become sharply pathogenic ... the dormant state is replaced by an active one, the infection easily takes root into the body, and the epidemic begins.”
But the decisive condition, Chizhevsky believed, is the radiation of the Sun. “These radiations determine most of the manifestations of the vital activity of the biosphere, both in general and in detail.
They activate living organisms and, like a sculptor, give them external forms, and forms of their influence outside.
Chizhevsky's ideas were confirmed in the works of S. T. Velkhover, who proved a direct relationship between color, toxicity of diphtheria corynebacteria, an increase in the incidence of them and the level of CA. Bacteria turned out to be so sensitive to changes in the Sun that based on the change in the color of corynebacteria, S. T. Velkhover and A. L. Chizhevsky created a biodevice that made it possible to predict the next changes in solar activity.
Unfortunately, the repressions of the Stalinist regime interrupted these very important research, made their findings inaccessible for a long time. But the conclusions of A. L. Chizhevsky and
S.T. Velkhover were involuntarily confirmed and are being confirmed by other researchers, in particular, those who described cases of the “disappearance” of bipolar plague rods.
In the figures given in the appendices, we see how, depending on the level of solar activity, i.e., on the intensity and quality of the solar wind and the geomagnetic situation associated with it, the shape of plague microbes changes, passing from rods to cocci and other forms and becoming "invisible". » for researchers.
In 1959, Chizhevsky's conclusions were again involuntarily confirmed by E. E. Punsky, who published graphs of changes in the ratio of microbes of varying degrees of virulence during the plague epizooty of 1954-55. in Central Asia. It is enough to “fit” the curve of CA changes under these curves to make sure how the plague is synchronous with the activity of the Sun.
The value of the solar factor is enormous. It was he, and not the introduction of certain drugs, that determined the course of the disease, in particular, the temperature of the patients. This can be traced in specific cases of the plague epidemic of 1910 in Odessa, and 1921, in Vladivostok, and scarlet fever in 1927 in Moscow (Cm. ill.)
He also speaks about the enormous influence of solar activity on the course of epidemic processes. historical fact that throughout the rich history of the plague in Armenia, starting from the 4th century, epidemics were exclusively on the southern and southwestern slopes of the mountains, but never on the northern or eastern slopes (20). A similar picture is observed in Mongolia (26, 119).
And yet A.L. Chizhevsky was wrong.
More precisely, he was not completely right.
Resonance between hammer and anvil.
Having distanced himself from the localist theory, considering epidemic processes on a global scale and in large time units, A. L. Chizhevsky also left the explanation of the reasons why the plague acts selectively, in places, “jumps”.
And why, for example, until the beginning of the 20th century, plague epidemics ceased in England in 1666, in Spain in 1684, in France, in the south, in 1721, in Sicily in 1743?
After 1841, there were no plague epidemics west of 20° east longitude, and after 1876, 30 e, d...
These and other facts suggest that the factor of solar activity is the main, but not the only one in the development of epidemics.
We are led to the same idea by the fact that all curves of the growth of morbidity and mortality from plague, cholera and other epidemic diseases represent an “inverted parabola”, a kind of resonance curve, but the appearance of the resonance effect requires at least the coincidence of two factors, and such a factor, in addition to the CA level, is the state of the Earth's magnetic field. Both general and local, characteristic of the area. (Sm. illus.).
Unfortunately, A. L. Chizhevsky did not explain why 35% of plague epidemics occur during the minimum CA, or rather, during the years of both the minimum and the moderate level of CA.
Yes, he couldn't do it. Already after his death, astrophysicists established that approximately two years before the minimum, the so-called recurrent state arises on the Sun - a stable sector structure of weak magnetic fields carried out solar wind into interplanetary space and changing the level of the Earth's magnetic field (28, 48).
It is recurrent perturbations that determine the 5-6-year rhythm of many natural phenomena on Earth (half of the 11-year solar cycle), including, apparently, the 5-6-year rhythm of bursts of intensity of plague and cholera epidemics, which is clearly traced according to statistical data. (3; 15; 26).
Other data point to the responsibility of magnetic fields for the development of certain epidemics.
Thus, the curves of lethality from plague for neighboring countries (see ill.) constructed by me show their coincidence (synchronism) in terms of trend (vector), but not in terms of level.
And such a picture is possible only in the case when one of the factors (solar activity) is common, and the other (terrestrial magnetism), although common, is more variable.
This is especially clearly seen in the comparison of the curves for India and Burma, which repeats in general terms the course of the curve for India, but with a delay of 1 year.
Or such facts.
Canadian geologist J. Crane placed living organisms in an artificial magnetic field smaller than that of the Earth.
As a result, the ability of bacteria to reproduce decreased by 15 times!
After being in such a field, motor reflexes in tapeworms and mollusks were disturbed, neuromotor activity in birds decreased, and metabolism was disturbed in mice. Longer stay in such MII led to tissue changes and infertility.(27, p. 36)...
Let us recall again the fifth question of S. Ferry and assume that the pattern discovered by J. Krein also has a reverse course: with an increase in the Earth's MF
Increasing the ability of bacteria to reproduce
Increases neuromotor activity, fertility, etc.
This assumption is also confirmed by the Soviet microbiologist S. A. Pavlovich, who studied various aspects of the life of 21 species of bacteria and 10 types of actinomycetes in a constant, variable and pulsed magnetic field of a wide range from 0.05 mT to 4.5 T.
S. A. Pavlovich notes that “the process of “magnetization” changes many species characteristics of microorganisms: growth rate, cultural, morphological, antigenic properties and even virulence, their sensitivity to antibiotics, phage, temperature and some other environmental factors” (37, p. 130).
It is the state of the MPZ, the level of which changes both in time (remember, apart from 5-6-year-olds, secular and other rhythms of its fluctuations are known), and in space (which will be discussed later), one can explain the salvation of a part of the Marseillais in 1720, the non-infection of the Alexandrian plague of Libyans and Londoners in 1835, Bombay residents of Calcutta in 1896-97, etc.
Or the fact that during the epidemic of 1921 in Vladivostok only residents of the coastal districts suffered from the plague, and the quarters located on the hills were not affected by it, except for Krugovye Streets” (41).
Like the fact that during the epidemics of the XIV-XVII centuries. the plague often spared the inhabitants of the hilly areas, and the inhabitants of the upper floors fell ill less often than the lower ones (12). (Sometimes, however, it happened vice versa. But vice versa!.,) After all, the higher the point above sea level, the lower the level of intensity of the EMF in it.
This is probably why pigeons and cats do not get sick with plague, which are also capable of reducing the virulence of microbes due to sharp vertical movements, waiting at a height for unfavorable sunny days.
The widely known fact that the plague never spread by air and very rarely by rail finds an explanation in the different levels of magnetic field strength. Maritime transport is a carrier of the plague, not only because ships are always closer to the magnetic dipole located in the center of the earth's core, but also because water has a high ability to magnetize.
That is why the proponents of the localist theory were right when they asserted that the drainage of swamps contributes to the disappearance of epidemic diseases.
It is the proximity to the Earth, to its magnetic field explains the fact why gophers, marmots, gerbils, voles, rats living in earthen burrows become the first victims of epidemics.
And therefore, for them, the resonant combination of terrestrial magnetism and solar activity occurs somewhat earlier than for people.
For 10-14 days, if you follow the Great Medical Encyclopedia.
When solar activity continues to grow (or fall), then soon a necessary-resonant state comes to the plague microbes living in a "drowsy state" inside people, and epizootics are replaced by epidemics.
When this resonant state does not occur, then the peaceful coexistence of animals, people and microbes continues,
According to modern data (22; 18; 25), plague microbes have existed and evolved on Earth for at least 5 million years, and it would be ridiculous to assume that all of them can be destroyed with the help of mass extermination of rats, ground squirrels, tarabagans and other animals, or with the help of sanitization of the maximum possible surfaces.
After all, one accidentally surviving microbe, which is often not perceived as plague in a modern microscope, is enough for the plague to spread again throughout the planet.
The biosphere, including the world of bacteria, and mankind have always been and are between
CONTROL PART:
Module III.
B. Russell, emphasizing that man is a part of nature, believed that human "thoughts and movements follow the same laws as the movement of stars and atoms." What was Russell's point of view?
Materialism;
Naturalism;
Idealism;
Realism?
3.2. Montesquieu, who believed that climate determines social laws, customs and consciousness of people, was a representative of what trend in sociology?
Geographic determinism;
demographic determinism;
Technological determinism?
3.3. The political doctrine that justifies the seizure of foreign territories by geographical reasoning is called:
Geopolitics;
Monarchism?
3.4. Idealism considers the basis of being (basis) of society:
culture;
Economy;
Consciousness?
3.5. A social doctrine that explains social phenomena by the biological (racial) characteristics of people:
Geopolitics;
Realism;
Naturalism;
Reformism?
3.6. Which direction in sociology believes that social consciousness determines the existence of people:
Idealism;
Materialism;
Naturalism?
3.7. Materialism under the basis of being (basis) of society understands:
Consciousness;
culture;
Economy;
Religion?
3.8. What direction in sociology considers that the development of society is a real process of people's being, which is based on a certain mode of production?
Realism;
Materialism;
Naturalism;
Idealism?
3.9. The main institution of the political system of the society that manages the society and protects its economic and social life:
Church;
State;
Parliament;
Union?
3.10. The state is primarily
Manadgement Department;
An instrument of oppression;
An organ of secret surveillance of people's behavior?
A tool for solving foreign policy goals?
3.11. The political structure of society, based on the principles of equality and freedom, is called:
Totalitarianism;
Oligarchy;
Democracy;
Monarchy?
3.12. Totalitarianism - as a political regime involves:
Dictatorship of law and democracy;
Legal state structure;
Dictatorship of the nomenklatura and genocide against one's own people;
The dictatorship of crime and the shadow economy?
3.13. Man is a unity of biological and social. How do they compare:
The biological determines the social;
The social takes precedence over the biological;
In different periods, their combination is different, but biological prevails;
In different situations it is different, but the priority is for the social?
3.14. Does scientific and technological progress affect
biological (natural) basis of man?
3.15. Is there a semantic difference between the concepts of "man" and "personality":
These concepts are identical;
There is nothing in common between these concepts;
- "man" characterizes the biosocial side of people, "personality"-social?
3.16. A person is free when he acts:
Of necessity;
As he pleases;
Recognizing the need and acting in accordance with it?
3.17. Under what conditions is the type of behavior described by A.N. Nekrasov: “Whoever I want, I’ll have mercy, whoever I want, I’ll execute!”
totalitarianism;
Democracy;
the rule of law?
3.18. Personality is a person:
Achieved significant results;
Able to learn a lot from public consciousness;
Giving a lot to society;
With certain character traits, abilities and inclinations?
3.19. Individuality is:
Spirituality in man;
An individual who has become a personality;
Unique in man?
3.20. A civil position, the meaning of which is love for the motherland, is called:
Internationalism;
Patriotism;
Nationalism;
Cosmopolitanism?
3.21. What is the role of the masses in the historical process? They are:
Inert, do not act independently;
Act as a decisive force social development;
Can only be a destructive force;
Like a wheel, but not a motor, stories?
3.22. historical outstanding personality is the one that:
Holds a high leadership position;
It personifies the radical progressive transformations of the era;
Enjoys national recognition;
Qualitatively transformed the socio-political and economic situation in the state?
3.23. Heidegger believes that man, being a more or less important atom in the movement of world history, acts as a "toy of circumstances and events." What worldview is consistent with such views?
Fatalism;
Voluntarism?
3.24. What is the relationship between necessity and freedom?
Necessity and freedom have nothing in common;
There is no freedom in the world, everything happens out of necessity;
A free man is not subject to necessity;
Is freedom the knowledge of necessity and action in accordance with it?
3.25. How are civilization and culture related?
Civilization is older than culture;
Culture arose before civilization;
Civilization and culture arose simultaneously;
Civilization and culture have nothing in common?
3.26. The philosophical doctrine of values is called:
Epistemology;
Epistemology;
cultural studies;
Ontology;
Axiology?
3.27. Were there global problems humanity in past centuries
3.28. The gradual movement of society from less perfect to more perfect is called:
degradation;
Regression;
Perestroika;
Crisis;
Transformation;
Superphysical vision operates exactly according to the same laws that govern physical vision. While out of the physical body during sleep, everyone has superphysical vision to some extent. Moreover, our astral and mental selves constantly receive vibrations and decipher them into concepts of our consciousness, and this happens in addition to the activity of the physical body and brain. Fortunately, these subjective experiences do not usually enter the brain, which is not designed to withstand such intense stress. In fact, that at the present stage of our brain development we are not naturally clairvoyant and do not remember our sleep activities and our past lives - this is the mercy of Providence.
In order for the response to these superphysical vibrations to be safely incorporated into our physical waking consciousness, as is the case with clairvoyance, a very specific preparation of the brain and nervous system is required. One of the reasons for the warning against the development of purely psychic abilities as an end in itself, which is given to all neophytes of the spiritual path, and which the author repeats very emphatically, is that the value of the results of superphysical perception will be incomparably less than that strain and the resulting decrease in physical efficiency. organism, to which such development will inevitably lead.
Clairvoyance greatly increases our life burden and makes physical existence infinitely more unbearable. Therefore, when you see how students who could otherwise be very useful pay large sums of money to self-proclaimed yogis, especially in America, who offer to open their chakras, you are filled with despair. Many of these people are pumping thousands of dollars out of the residents of large American cities, often leaving a trail of frustrated nervous systems. Even experienced students are not immune from the lure of an easy possession of occult powers, and are led astray by these impostors who prostitute the sacred science of yoga and dishonor the high rank of yogis, which they have wrongfully arrogantly appropriated to themselves.
Unity with the Highest - the only true yoga - cannot be bought for "thirty pieces of silver". Its price is life itself poured out in service and self-sacrifice. A neophyte with an unflinching will who is willing to pay this price will surely achieve this goal - Unity. If he strives for superphysical vision in order to improve his understanding and service, and such a desire is quite legitimate, he can be calm and confident that in the process of spiritual opening he will naturally and safely expand the limits of his perception, gradually adding to it octave after octave of vibrations. that lie outside our physical light spectrum.
Superphysical vision
Superphysical vision depends on the hit of light energy from the object on the surface of one of the superphysical bodies, and presumably on the synchronization of the vibrations of the vital aspects of the observer and the object. From the surface subtle body this energy is transmitted to the center that constitutes the "I" of this vehicle, that is, to the head of the mental or emotional body. If, as in clairvoyance, the results of this vision are to become known in the physical brain, a means must be found to change the level of their manifestation from the superphysical to the physical. There is a special mechanism for this, which, as we shall see, is in direct contrast to the physical parts of the mechanism of ordinary vision and their functions. In this case, the device must be "step-down", to use the term from electrical engineering. It may not be entirely accurate, but it suggests the right idea. This function is performed by the head chakra, and also by the pituitary and pineal glands, after they have been enlivened by the kundalini.
Pituitary gland and pineal gland
In the process of superphysical vision, the spinal system operates in a sense on the principle of transmitter and receiver. The pituitary and pineal glands are like radio tubes that amplify the signal; and the kundalini - the occult energy present in the body - and the two vital airs, ida and pingala, form a charge coming from the network or from the battery, the role of which in this case is played by the sacral chakra, while the solar chakra in the center of the Earth plays the role of a planetary power plant .
Here we must pay some attention to the consideration of kundalini or "serpent fire" as it is sometimes called. If we turn to The Secret Doctrine, a real treasure trove of spiritual and occult knowledge, we will find that H. P. Blavatsky speaks of three states of manifestation of the life force, which are kundalini, prana and fohat. They are said to be fundamental and not interchangeable in a given period of manifestation.
Kundalini is the ability to give or transmit life, prana is physically known as life force is the ability to organize life, and fohat is the ability to use and manipulate life. These three space forces, manifestations respectively of the third, second and first aspects of the logos, are found on each plane of Nature in varying degrees of manifestation. Speaking of the "descent" of man, the author of The Secret Doctrine reports that the original triangle (monad) disappears into darkness and silence as soon as it is reflected in the heavenly man (I). This triangle, consisting of the mentioned three forces, "is displaced in man from the dust below seven." She is referring here to the dense physical body, which she calls "the man of dust," in which, as we find, these three forces are represented.
Kundalini is essentially creative, and although relatively weakly awakened in the dense physical body, it manifests itself as a sexual need. Coiled like a snake, it resides in a chakra at the base of the spine, which in turn is a transmission station for energy, similarly coiled at the center of the Earth.
Awakened Kundalini
Once awakened, the kundalini flows up the etheric channel in the spine called the sushumna nadi and passes through each of the chakras (or power centers) in the process. As it passes through the spinal centers from which the chakras emanate, part of its force flows down the axis of the funnel of each of them, occultly reviving them and thus awakening the person to self-conscious existence on the inner planes.
When it touches the splenic center, it gives a person the ability to travel out of the body at will. When it touches the heart center and opens it, if the capacity of buddhic consciousness is sufficiently developed in the neophyte, it begins to flow through him on a physical level and "a mystical rose blooms" in his chest. Then, in and through his personal vehicles, the Christ consciousness begins to manifest. The throat center, when enlivened, gives the power of clairaudience, that is, of response to superphysical sound vibrations, as well as to those physical sounds which lie outside the ordinary sound range. The brow center, when opened, gives clairvoyance, and when the crown chakra, located in front of the fontanelle, opens, the interaction between the higher self and the brain becomes wonderfully free, so that the neophyte becomes able to use his higher, spiritual consciousness simultaneously with the consciousness of the physical brain.
The full manifestation of all these forces in the waking consciousness requires a long and difficult training, and requires the full revitalization of the pituitary and pineal glands by the kundalini and its complementary forces. This process renders said glands overactive from an occult point of view and capable of responding to superphysical vibrational frequencies and superphysical consciousness, transmitting them to the brain, which also becomes oversensitive. After that, superphysical vision becomes largely a matter of practice and focusing of consciousness.
As stated earlier, the kundalini rises through the sushumna accompanied by two complementary forces, one positive and the other negative, called ida and pingala respectively. In fact, these two terms are designations for the two spinal channels through which the energies of akasha accompany the flowing serpent fire. These two oppositely polarized akasha forces meet and intersect in each of the chakras in the course of their ascent, and finally pass one into the pituitary gland and the other into the pineal gland.
Here you can recognize the ancient symbol of the caduceus. It consists of a wand, around which two snakes wind in opposite directions, with their tails down, heading towards the winged sphere crowning the symbol. The caduceus is a staff said to be carried by the god Hermes as a sign that he is the messenger of the gods. In this Greek symbol, the kundalini flows through the spinal canal, which is represented by the rod, and the two snakes represent the ida and pingala, while the winged sphere symbolizes the liberated soul of the person who has awakened and learned to use these latent powers. So he truly becomes a messenger of heaven on earth, for he easily penetrates into the worlds of the inner Self and brings people knowledge and wisdom from these exalted realms; he is known as the "skywalker".
Deep occult information about this is not given to us lest we try to awaken the kundalini right away. On the contrary, we are strongly warned against any such attempt, but an academic study of this subject is of value, both to avoid the errors resulting from misconceptions and to acquire valuable knowledge that will already be at our disposal when the time comes to awaken this latent power.
Kundalini and clairvoyance
The story of the sleeping beauty may also indicate the awakening of the kundalini in a person. The princess - a personality - slept for centuries, until the magical prince - the higher Self or Teacher - came and found her in a sleepy palace, symbolizing physical plane and didn't wake her up with a kiss. This prince is a Teacher, or perhaps even a spiritual will, which alone is able to awaken this power earlier than its usual time. The kiss symbolizes the touch of the descending atma, which awakens the soul and calls it internal forces. (Atma is the Sanskrit term for the higher principle of man, the spiritual will). The wedding of the characters at the end of the tale corresponds to the union of the higher and lower self that occurs when this stage of development is reached.
The vast majority of humanity from this point of view is still asleep, and will continue to sleep until the hour of awakening strikes.
Students sometimes find that this power has been awakened in a completely natural way, and tend to worry about the somewhat unusual sensations it produces. This is a burning sensation in the spine, rising or even rushing up and pouring into the head of energy, temporarily causing mental confusion, the feeling of an insect crawling on the forehead or back of the head, whirling in the brain, throat, heart or solar plexus, the appearance of colors in the clouds, or flashes of color. , and sometimes a curious feeling of duality of consciousness, in which one part of the mind can be confused or overwhelmed by strange phenomena, while the other is in full world or even in a state of rapture.
There is nothing to worry about, there is nothing to be afraid of. It is necessary to maintain calmness of the mind, suspend all meditative exercises and observe new experiences without attachment, until the hyperactivity of the mechanism of consciousness subsides along with the first flow of energy.
It is very important that none of the students inner life never concentrated on kundalini, on various centers or special parts of the body or brain, because there is great danger in this practice.
The goal of spiritual efforts is not the development of psychic abilities or magical powers. The goal is unity with the Highest and the ability to perceive the One Life among all the huge variety of forms. And here the Bhagavad Gita is an inexhaustible source of guidance and inspiration.
The true purpose of the Vision is indicated in the following immortal slokas:
“Whoever harmonizes his “I” and throws off sin, that yogi easily experiences boundless bliss from contact with Brahman. Yoga harmonized “I” sees the Higher Self abiding in everything that exists and everything that exists is abiding in the Higher Self; everywhere it sees one He who sees Me everywhere and sees everything in Me, I will never leave him, and he will never leave Me. He who sees the likeness of the Higher Self in everything and through that knows the identity of everything, both pleasant and unpleasant, he is considered a perfect yogi, O Arjuna!
(Bhagavad-gita, VI.28-32, quoted in the translation of A. Kamenskaya)
This enlightenment, this attainment, the soul of the awakened neophyte always longs for. And once having experienced this thirst, he no longer knows rest. Life after life, an irresistible inner motive power moves him forward. The vision of immortal beauty and perfection draws and calls to him, and throughout his great quest "a light never seen on land or sea" shines upon him, and illuminates his path to eternal peace and bliss, which he knows waiting for him at the end of the road.
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HOW ARE THE LAWS OF NATURE? STUNNING HYPOTHESES OF PHYSICISTS
Alexander VolkovHow did the laws of nature originate? In the old days, people thought
that they were created by God. Today, physicists are again asking this question and putting forward amazing hypotheses. What are the laws of nature?
We see that the world lives according to certain rules, called "laws of nature." They are available to our understanding. Scientists discover these laws and formulate them. Their search has long been considered the most important and honorable duty of researchers. Progress in science is closely connected with the discovery of the laws of nature. They help to summarize the facts, to explain what is happening, to predict the future. It seems natural to many that in the chaos of the diverse processes taking place around us, a harmonious order is guessed, and it is palpable at all levels from the Microcosm to the Macrocosm. The whole universe lives according to the laws that hold it together, like a body - a skeleton.
But where did they come from? Are they permanent or do they change over time? Does nature obey them blindly, or can they break them? Why can we formulate many of them - especially the laws of physics - in the language of mathematics? Perhaps God himself is a mathematician, as scientists joke?
For centuries, people have answered these questions without thinking. The laws of nature were created by God. They work forever. Therefore, they arose at the moment of the creation of the universe, - speaking scientific language, in time big bang. And, obviously, even then they were "ideal". But it's hard to believe this. Is it possible to foresee everything in advance? Why, at the moment of the birth of the Universe, do we need a law that would "keep" certain metals at a temperature close to absolute zero on the Kelvin scale, losing their electrical resistance? What ultra-low temperatures were we talking about at that moment? About what absolute zero? In that constantly boiling "original soup" that filled the emerging cosmos, there could be no question of superconductivity!
What if the answer is different? Maybe the laws of nature are "not created" by anyone? What if they gradually formed over many millions of years? We know that nature is undergoing evolution. Living organisms adapt to the world around them and change accordingly. Perhaps a similar evolution occurs in space. Elementary particles(protons, electrons, neutrinos and others like them) somehow "adapt" to each other. There are certain "rules of community" of these particles. Some rules are forgotten, some are assimilated more and more clearly - they become the "laws of nature". So, for example, says biologist Rupert Sheldrake. However, he has long been branded as a representative of pseudoscience, who came up with the theory of "morphogenetic (shaping) fields."
Such ideas really contradict the knowledge accumulated by astrophysics. The light of distant galaxies conveys to us the news about what laws were in effect shortly after the "creation of the world." The spectral lines of light rays indicate that the stars in that era obeyed the same laws as they do now.
From faith in higher intelligence to higher mathematics
For the ancient Greeks, there were no laws of nature. In their view, Nature behaved as chaotically as human society. Separate atoms - they corresponded to the Greek city-states - wandered, collided with each other, connected for a short time, and then their fragile unions broke up again.
As a result, ancient scientists managed to discover, perhaps, only three physical laws that deserve the name "laws of nature": the law of the lever, the law of reflection of light by Euclid, and, finally, the famous law of Archimedes ("A buoyant force acts on any body immersed in a liquid ..."). However, neither Archimedes nor other scientists of that time called these views "laws", but spoke, as in mathematics, about "principles", "axioms" and "theorems". Since the time of Pythagoras, it has been believed that some kind of mathematical harmony lies at the heart of the world order. Every complex entity has its own simple logic. So the image of "principles" ruling the world, began to initially consist of mathematical elements - numbers and operations on them.
In general, only in medieval Europe man thought about the fact that nature has its own inexorable laws. And how could you not think about it? After all, the world was in the power of a strict God, who zealously watched how his commandments-laws were observed. For Augustine the Blessed, they were something like the habit of the Lord to do one thing and not another, a habit that He could change at any moment in order to reveal the desired miracle.
The laws only for a moment (what hundreds or thousands of years before eternity, if not one moment?) limited the almighty will of the Lord, but did not cancel it at all. The laws imposed by the Creator are comprehensible, and miracles, like any exception, only confirm the harsh correctness of the rules.
In the Renaissance, religion and natural science were still closely intertwined with each other. The hostility between scientists and theologians should not be overestimated. Science and faith were united by a deep, inner commonality. Their fruitful relationship is not lost in the future. So, Newton was a devout believer, and Leibniz saw in the laws of nature the immutable will of the Lord. Their very existence testified to the harmony in which the world lives and how beautiful everything that God creates. Believed in a higher mind and Albert Einstein. Without this belief, the idea of a "formula of the universe" that describes all the phenomena of the phenomenon that occur in our world could hardly have been born.
The activities of a large galaxy of artisans and engineers of the Renaissance made the people of the New Age take a different look at the laws given by God. It was possible not only to obey them, but also to use them for your own benefit, inventing devices that operate according to these laws, intruding into the processes that take place according to these laws, and finally, controlling nature itself, subordinating it to yourself, forcing it to serve you. The Lord could intervene in our dialogue with nature, sometimes depriving her of the opportunity to live according to the law given from time immemorial, and forcing her to live according to the law of the Miracle of God. But since this violation of the age-old rules was not observed, new generations of scientists decided that God is inactive because ... He died, He does not exist in nature, He is not of this world. Not allowing all the last centuries of exclusion from the rules of the universe, God was excluded from the universe itself, as an extra entity in it. Dry formula lines replaced it. But the question remains: how do we know that the mathematical language exactly - "one to one" - reflects reality? Even now, the most complex formulas that lie on the verge of reasonable are used to describe it. What's next?
Realists, constructivists and all-all-all
The hypothesis of the existence of certain laws in nature turned out to be so effective that scientists continued to adhere to it, even when the alleged creator of the laws - God - was abolished. The expulsion of God only complicated the question of the origin of laws. Do they exist forever? Or maybe they are "forever" invented? In disputes about the essence of the laws of nature, several parties stand out.
Realists, or Platonists, believe that the laws of nature exist independently of our formulations and definitions. They are real, like chairs, he wrote polemically in his book "The Dream of the Unity of the Universe" Nobel laureate Steven Weinberg: "I advocate the reality of the laws of nature ... If we say that an object is real, then we simply express a kind of respect for it. We believe that this subject should be taken quite seriously, because it is not in our authorities to completely control it, which means that we ourselves can, to some extent, experience its influence."
Of course, the laws of nature deserve much more respect than any objects. After all, the latter still cannot escape from our power. We are free to rearrange a chair, move the clock, crush a block of stone, but we cannot influence the laws of nature. No matter how much we observe the Sun, we are unable to change, for example, the force of its attraction. We depend on the laws of nature, but they do not depend on us. These laws are not invented by us, but are open. And, just as a deserted island, lost in the ocean, existed long before man saw it, so the laws of nature were mathematical even at the time of it, and not only since they were discovered. Some modern scientists are also convinced of this, for example, the American physicist Alexander Vilenkin, who grew up in the USSR: "It must be assumed that the laws of physics existed" even before "the Universe arose." In his opinion, the very fact of the birth and formation of the Universe a priori presupposes the existence of certain laws, according to which its development will proceed. This point of view is close to the tradition of Plato, who believed that outside the world we see, there really is a world of ideas.
The positivists and nominalists are convinced of the opposite. “I disagree with Plato,” says Stephen Hawking. “Physical theories are just mathematical models that we construct. We cannot ask what reality is, because we cannot verify what is real and what is not, not resorting to various types of models. Such an opinion is not new. The physicist and philosopher Ernst Mach, who once became the object of attacks of the first classic of Leninism, called for limiting himself to simple mathematical descriptions of empirical processes. And the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein in his "Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus" polemically stated that "the basis of the entire modern worldview is the erroneous belief that the so-called laws of nature are the explanations of natural phenomena."
Pragmatists, avoiding the extremes inherent in supporters of both scientific camps, consider the laws of nature to be some useful tool that helps to describe natural phenomena quite accurately. “I am interested in a model that will most effectively explain the observed facts,” emphasizes the American physicist and cosmologist Paul Steinhardt. “Whether it corresponds to reality is an empty question. Models always simplify reality. In fact, reality itself is not very important to us. We need, first of all, a model that describes the variety of complex phenomena with the help of the simplest concepts that are understandable to our understanding and allow us to predict what is happening. Speaking to students, Steinhardt often gives the following example. A football match is being broadcast on TV. In this case, when trying to predict what will happen in the next moment, it is best to assume that the color spots on the screen are the likeness of football players, and continue to be guided by knowledge of football rules and the laws of the game as such. Of course, one can resort to a "more realistic" model - recall the features of a cathode ray tube, electromagnetic fields- in general, about everything that generates color signals on the monitor screen. "But knowing these fundamentals of electronics will be useless if we want to understand what will happen in a football game in the next minute. So, the choice of model depends on what tasks we set for ourselves. Reality is not always what you would like, And you would like to understand.
Conventionalists are even more radical about the laws of nature. For them, they are not just a useful tool invented by people, but also a reflection of certain norms and traditions that have taken root in society. In their opinion, nature lives according to the laws imposed on it by people, for example, by a caste of theologians or scientists. To exaggerate what has been said, there is no difference in whether the Earth revolves around the Sun or the Sun around the Earth, it is only important what opinion is formed about this in society, and it is changeable, like the fate of the law that describes the relationship between our planet and the luminary.
Constructivists, or instrumentalists, see laws as a means of describing nature. They believe that it is pointless to talk about truth or falsehood and it is necessary to evaluate the laws of nature according to other criteria - whether they are practical or not, understanding this practicality in the literal sense of the word, namely, whether it is possible to design various devices, mechanisms and measuring devices on their basis. Naturphilosophy in this sense is an applied technique, "a set of the latest technical know-how," says Peter Janich, professor of philosophy at the University of Marburg and author of "The Limits of Natural Science: Knowing is acting." According to him, "the notorious laws of nature are just statements about functioning machines, statements that can be used without any special transformations as instructions for constructing various kinds of machines."
Such polemical opinions naturally evoke a sharp rebuff from those who ask in surprise: “What can be constructed using the theory of relativity or the Schrödinger equation? And do the planets move around the Sun only so that we align our telescopes to them and improve their design? "
Against this background, the considerations of the "realists" look much more practical. After all, from their point of view, it is possible to explain why some scientific theories are true and others are false. Nature is the ruthless, incorruptible judge who decides whether a theory is true or not. There are no several different, but equally true theories describing a certain phenomenon. Surely one of them prevails, and others, despite all their persuasiveness, turn out to be false. We are drawn to the truth, we are looking for it. But what does truth look like in our interpretation?
How to come up with a law?
The simplest laws of nature - such as "the dependence of the force of gravity on the square of distance" - we can still imagine purely geometrically. But what do you want to do with the general theory of relativity or quantum physics? Why is Mother Nature aware of such complex structures that they are inaccessible to the understanding of most people? What if we are mistaken in believing that nature follows some formulas? After all, patterns can be seen in any heap of random facts.
It is possible that many patterns that we take for inexorable laws are only a consequence of our ability to find certain patterns in any observed processes. It has been rooted in us since the Stone Age. To survive in that era, a person had to show remarkable powers of observation. Not a single suspicious detail should have escaped his gaze - not a broken branch, not a crushed grass. Otherwise, it was easy to become a victim of a predator. Fear has big eyes, and our distant ancestors sometimes noticed danger where there was none at all. They looked for the sign of the beast where his foot had not set foot.
So we often see what is not there. Perhaps quantum physics and astrology have more in common than many people think. In either case - looking at a horoscope or looking at an equation - we want to see what these formulas promise us. And we see it.
Perhaps readers are unaware that the Schrödinger equation, the most important equation quantum physics, very loosely interprets reality. Here is what is said about him in E. Wichman's "Berkeley Physics Course": "The theory of the Schrödinger equation ... is based on several strong assumptions, of which we will note the main ones:
1) particles are not born and do not disappear: in any physical process, the number of particles of a given type remains constant;
2) the speed of the particles is sufficiently small; only in this case is a nonrelativistic approximation possible.
We consider these assumptions strong, because, firstly, it is known from experience that the processes of particle creation and annihilation do occur, and secondly, any fundamental theory must take into account the principles of the special theory of relativity.
So, it would be hasty to say that the laws of quantum physics perfectly reflect reality. It can only be noted, again quoting E. Wichmann, "that the application of Schrödinger's theory to atomic and molecular phenomena has been extremely successful. In this area, it should be considered, despite its limitations, good approximation". It quite correctly predicts the behavior of elementary particles.
So, the laws of physics, as well as horoscopes, tend to "predict" - you just need to correctly formulate them, making certain assumptions. In practice, we are forced to neglect many factors that hinder the manifestation of these laws. So, they definitely idealize nature and often follow the peculiarities of our thinking. Sometimes we are ready to invent laws rather than discover them.
Take, for example, the "law of conservation of energy". What will happen if it suddenly ceases to be observed - in the Microworld, in the Macroworld? It won't bother us. We are sure of its inviolability. We immediately, in passing, invent new form energy - some kind of vacuum energy - relieving us of any doubts. And now the energy balance has been restored.
So, for example, when the mass of the visible Universe turned out to be insufficient for the laws known to us to be observed, we had to "discover" dark matter at the tip of a pen, and then dark energy. The logic of reasoning forced us to admit that the universe is 95% composed of matter, which almost does not declare its presence. Discoveries like these have led some to claim that all of physics is a sham.
When time flows from the future to the past
Here is a curious hypothesis explaining the evolution of the laws of nature. Imagine a stone thrown into water. It generates a wave that propagates in time and space - goes to the future and infinity. We see this wave in the next second a meter away from us; it runs forward, further... The equation describing the behavior of such waves has two solutions. The first of the solutions - "retarded" - describes the behavior of the wave as it is seen by the observer. You can resort to this formula: "Some signals emitted by the present affect the future." But there is another solution to the equation - "leading". It describes everything exactly the opposite. From somewhere in the infinite distance and from the future, some subtle ripples are directed towards us. Finally, reaching "here and now", it thickens. A singular event occurs: a stone flies out of the water. You can resort to this formula: "The present catches some signals emitted by the future." For this wave, time flows in the opposite direction.
At first glance, such a description of reality is sheer nonsense. What if it's not? At one time, two leading American physicists, Richard Feynman and John Wheeler, took up this problem. They were interested in whether there could be a Universe in which both types of waves we have described meet: a wave rushing into the future, and a wave that returns from the future and affects the present. The result obtained is as follows: if we assume that all waves act according to the “fifty-fifty” principle, that is, the same wave is half “late”, half “ahead” of the future, then there is nothing impossible that the future affects our present peace. The most amazing thing is that such a world, recreated by the art of mathematics and under the control of its own future, we cannot distinguish from the world that surrounds us and which we see in front of us. We live in this world.
The American physicist John Cramer developed a hypothesis that he called the "time meeting hypothesis". If an atom emits a photon, then it follows that someday this photon will inevitably be absorbed. The first event - the birth of a photon - can take place only if the second event takes place - its absorption. Both events emit waves that propagate in time. One is heading into the future, the other is rushing into the past. In the middle of space and time they meet. So, a photon can exist only if it is confirmed that both the most important events for it are real, that it will be born and die.
(How can one not apply this hypothesis to human destiny? From it it is clear that all events that can bring death to a person, from global catastrophes to microbes not yet born, emit certain waves that randomly pass us by, until, finally, one of us Let's explain this process with the following comparison: Let's imagine that next to the street where we walk every day, a blind, insane submachine gunner hid, firing at random bursts day after day. that everything around us is saturated with the "miasma" of death emitted by the future.)
The laws of nature could arise like particles of light. If we assume that they are addressed to themselves, who are outside our time - in the distant future world, then we have the right to consider the laws of nature from two points of view. The first is the causal relationship of events in the present, which is familiar to us. This is a "deterministic" approach to the universe. Another point of view is "teleological": the future influences the present. The waves penetrate into the future and come from there. In the middle of space and time, they meet and create a certain order: the laws of nature. So two hypotheses converge: the laws of nature are formed gradually, gradually, but on the other hand, they are created by the future.
However, if all these arguments seem too vague to you, then why not agree with the credo of the British historian Thomas Carlyle: "I do not pretend to comprehend the Universe - it is too big for me."
"The laws of nature created our world"
(From an interview with the German physicist Peter Mitelstedt * to the magazine "Bild der Wissenschaft")
You can endlessly talk about what the laws of nature are and whether they exist in reality. You devoted a whole book to them, which is called just that - "Laws of Nature". What do you understand by this term?
Mitelstedt: The laws of nature determine the course of natural processes. Describing nature, we resort to the help of universal laws, as well as specific initial conditions. The latter characterize particular cases and single factors, while laws reveal something in common in ongoing processes.
What are the laws of nature?
Mitelstedt: They are more than just laws of logic or mathematics, and therefore they can be refuted empirically. Of course, the latter also operate in the material world, but they are not the true laws of nature. Much that we take for the laws of nature turns out, upon closer examination, to be logico-mathematical laws. This is especially true for quantum mechanics.
Are there laws of nature only in physics or, for example, in biology too?
Mitelstedt: The laws of physics describe the universal categories of the material world. These are the laws of time and space, these are the fundamental laws that determine the behavior of matter. They operate everywhere, including in biology. The existence of special laws applicable, for example, only in biology - laws that cannot be reduced to the laws of physics - I consider extremely improbable.
For many philosophers, the laws of nature are akin to Platonic ideas - they exist somewhere outside our material, space-time world. For others, it is just a useful tool to help describe the world we observe, or even special categories of our consciousness. And what is your opinion on this matter?
Mitelstedt: The laws of nature are artifacts with which we try to comprehend reality in all its complexity and integrity. In natural phenomena, we distinguish the simple and universal (laws) from the complex and characteristic (initial and boundary conditions).
And can we understand whether our world is a product of the laws of nature, or vice versa?
Mitelstedt: The laws of nature that we seek to discover and formulate must operate independently of place and time in all possible worlds. They acted even before the birth of our world, and will act until its end, and even after that. So it was they who determined the formation of our world - they created our world.
* In 1965-1995, Peter Mitelstedt was a professor at the Department of Theoretical Physics at the University of Cologne. In 2005, in collaboration with the philosopher Paul Weingartner, he published the book "Laws of Nature".
