Due to what process during mitosis are daughter cells formed with a set of chromosomes equal to the parent? By what process?
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1 TOPIC "MITOSIS" 1. The essence of mitosis is the formation of two daughter cells with 1) the same set of chromosomes, equal to the mother cell 2) the set of chromosomes is halved 3) the set of chromosomes is doubled 4) the set of chromosomes differs from each other 2. Thanks to what process in during mitosis are formed daughter cells with a set of chromosomes equal to the maternal 1) chromatid formation 2) chromosome spiralization 3) dissolution of the nuclear membrane 4) cytoplasm division 3. The growth of any multicellular organism is based on the process of 1) meiosis 2) mitosis 3) fertilization 4) synthesis of ATP molecules 4. B interphase before mitosis in a cell 1) chromosomes line up in the plane of the equator 2) chromosomes diverge towards the poles of the cell 3) the number of DNA molecules is halved 4) the number of DNA molecules doubles 5. In mitosis, as in meiosis, cells are formed in animals 1) daughter 2 ) somatic 3) sexual 4) hybrid 6. During cell division, the formation of a division spindle occurs in 1) prophase 2) telophase 3) metaphase 4) anaphase 7. DNA reduplication in the cell occurs in 1) prophase 2) metaphase 3) interphase 4) anaphase 8. In the process of division of the mother cell, two daughter cells are formed with an equal set of chromosomes due to 1) the multifunctionality of protein molecules 2) the ability of DNA molecules to self-replicate
2 3) pairing of chromosomes in the cell 4) the presence of protein in the chromosomes 9. In the process of mitosis, unlike meiosis, 1) female gametes are formed 2) somatic cells 3) male gametes 4) zygotes 10. In the formation of daughter cells with a diploid set of chromosomes , as in the mother cell, an important role is played by 1) meiosis 2) mitosis 3) fertilization 4) ontogenesis 11. The process of reproduction of cells of organisms of different kingdoms of wildlife is called 1) meiosis 2) mitosis 3) fertilization 4) fragmentation 12. Prophase of mitosis can be determine by 1) spiralization of chromosomes, their random arrangement in the cytoplasm 2) the location of chromosomes in the equatorial plane of the cell 3) the divergence of chromatids to opposite poles of the cell 4) the presence of two nuclei and constriction in the cell 13. In what phase of mitosis do pairs of chromatids attach their centromeres to threads spindles of division 1) anaphase 2) telophase 3) prophase 4) metaphase 14. Daughter chromatids become chromosomes after 1) separation of the centromere connecting them 2) lining up chromosomes in the equatorial plane of the cell 3) exchange of segments between homologous chromosomes 4) pairing of homologous chromatids 15. Chromatids are 1) two subunits of the chromosome of a dividing cell 2) segments of a chromosome in a non-dividing cell 3) circular DNA molecules 4) two chains of one DNA molecule 16. During mitosis, the cell center is responsible for 1) the formation of the division spindle
3 2) spiralization of chromosomes 3) biosynthesis of proteins 4) movement of the cytoplasm somatic cells 18. In the prophase of mitosis, 1) dissolution of the nuclear membrane 2) formation of the spindle of division 3) duplication of chromosomes 4) dissolution of nucleoli 19. New somatic cells in a multicellular animal organism are formed as a result of 1) meiosis 2) mitosis 3) fertilization 4) gastrulation 20. As a result of mitosis, 1) 4 haploid cells 2) 4 diploid cells 3) 2 cells with a halved set of chromosomes 4) 2 cells with a set of chromosomes equal to the set of chromosomes of the mother cell are formed from one maternal diploid cell 21. What is the method of cell division characteristic for zygote fragmentation 1) replication 2) meiosis 3) amitosis 4) mitosis naphase 3) metaphase 4) telophase 23. The dissolution of the nuclear membrane and nucleoli during mitosis occurs in 1) prophase 2) interphase 3) telophase 4) metaphase 24. In the process of cell division, the most significant transformations undergo 1) ribosomes 2) chromosomes
4 3) mitochondria 4) lysosomes 25. Due to mitosis, the number of chromosomes in body cells 1) doubles 2) decreases by half 3) turns out to be the same 4) changes with age 26. By what signs can you recognize the anaphase of mitosis? 1) random arrangement of spiralized chromosomes in the cytoplasm 2) alignment of chromosomes in the equatorial plane of the cell 3) separation of daughter chromatids to opposite poles of the cell 4) despiralization of chromosomes and the formation of nuclear membranes around two nuclei 27. What phase of mitosis follows interphase? 1) metaphase 2) telophase 3) prophase 4) anaphase 28. Wounds and scratches on the skin heal due to 1) mitosis 2) meiosis 3) amitosis 4) simple division 2) with the help of spores 3) sexual 4) budding 30. The unit of reproduction of organisms is 1) nucleus 2) cytoplasm 3) cell 4) tissue 31. Genetic information during the division of human somatic cells is transmitted by 1) meiosis 2) parthenogenesis 3) mitosis 4 ) translation 32. In the process of cell division, two new nuclei are formed in 1) prophase 2) interphase
5 3) metaphase 4) telophase 33. Mitotic division is most typical for cells 1) mature human blood erythrocytes 2) amphibian embryos 3) platelets 4) bacteriophages 34. The period between two cell divisions is called 1) prophase 2) metaphase 3) interphase 4) telophase 35. How many cells are formed as a result of mitosis of one cell? 1) 1 2) 2 3) 4 4) Fern gametes are formed as a result of 1) meiotic division of spores 2) mitotic cell division of antheridia 3) meiotic division of antheridia cells 4) meiotic division of archegonium cells equator of the cell 2) formation of centrioles 3) formation of chromatids 4) divergence of chromatids to the poles of the cell along the equator 2) formation of a division spindle 3) division of the cytoplasm 4) divergence of chromatids to the poles of the cell 40. The formation of two chromatids in one chromosome is based on the process of 1) carbohydrate synthesis 2) protein oxidation 3) DNA doubling
6 4) lipid cleavage 41. Mammalian germ cells, unlike somatic cells, have 1) supply of nutrients 2) big number lysosomes 3) nucleus and cytoplasm 4) haploid set of chromosomes 42. The nucleus of a somatic cell of the human body normally contains 46 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are in a fertilized egg? 1) 46 2) 23 3) 98 4) A wheat gamete contains 14 chromosomes. What is the number of chromosomes in a cell of its stem? 1) 7 2) 14 3) 21 4) Cells in which molecules replicate 1) ATP 2) irna 3) protein 4) DNA 45 begin mitotic division. ) sporulation 3) mitosis 4) meiosis 46. The basis for the growth of any multicellular organism is 1) the content of vitamins in cells 2) the relationship of cells 3) the presence of enzymes in cells 4) cell division ) protein 2) irnc 3) DNA 4) ATP 48. How many chromosomes are contained in the nucleus of a skin cell if the nucleus of a fertilized human egg contains 46 chromosomes? 1) 23
7 2) 46 3) 69 4) The nucleus of a somatic cell of a frog contains 26 chromosomes. How many DNA molecules does a frog sperm contain? 1) 13 2) 26 3) 39 4) During mitosis, the chromosomes diverge to the poles of the cell in 1) anaphase 2) metaphase 3) prophase 4) telophase 51. One duplication of DNA and two successive cell divisions are characteristic of the process 1) meiosis 2) mitosis 3) fertilization 4) cleavage 52. Mitosis results in the formation of 1) animal gametes 2) somatic cells 3) bacterial cells 4) plant spores 53. The diploid set of chromosomes in daughter cells is preserved as a result of 1) fertilization 2) sporulation 3 ) meiosis 4) mitosis 54. At what stage of meiosis does conjugation of homologous chromosomes take place? 1) Prophase I 2) Metaphase I 3) Prophase II 4) Metaphase II 55. At what stage of meiosis does the exchange of homologous chromosomes occur? 1) metaphase II 2) metaphase I 3) prophase II 4) prophase I 56. Which of the following processes occurs in the telophase of mitosis? 1) the formation of a fission spindle
8 2) spiralization of chromosomes 3) dissolution of the nuclear membrane 4) formation of the nuclear membrane 57. How many complete gametes are formed in human oogenesis? 1) 1 2) 2 3) 4 4) In daughter cells during mitosis, 1) a decrease in the number of chromosomes by half 2) a divergence of homologous chromosomes 3) a uniform distribution of chromosomes 4) the formation of nuclei with a different number of chromosomes 59. As a result of mitosis, cells are formed containing the number of chromosomes and DNA corresponding to the formula 1) nc 2) 2nc 3) 2n2c 4) 2n4c 60. As a result of meiosis, cells are formed containing the number of chromosomes and DNA corresponding to the formula 1) 2n4c 2) n2c 3) nc 4) 2n2c 61. In anaphase of mitosis occurs 1) alignment of chromosomes along the equator 2) formation of a division spindle 3) division of the cytoplasm 4) divergence of chromatids to the poles of the cell 62. In the interphase of the cell life cycle, 1) crossing over 2) chromatid divergence 3) DNA doubling 4) conjugation of chromosomes 63. Sperm in plants are formed as a result of 1) mitosis 2) fertilization 3) meiosis 4) growth 64. What is the function of chromosomes?
9 1) store hereditary information 2) carry out protein synthesis 3) form the basis of the nucleolus 4) carry out the synthesis of lipids, carbohydrates 65. What phase of cell division is shown in the figure? 1) prophase 2) metaphase 3) anaphase 4) telophase 66. Which of the following processes leads to the formation of genetically identical cells? 1) cell differentiation 2) fusion of gametes 3) duplication of organelles 4) mitotic division
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Tasks for the final certification in biology for the course
secondary (complete) school
Option 1
1 hour (60 minutes) is given to complete the examination paper in biology. The work consists of 3 parts, including 37 tasks.
Part 1 includes 30 tasks (A1-A30). Each question has 4 answers. one of which is correct .
Part 2 contains 5 tasks (B1-B5) with multiple choice of correct answers. When performing these tasks in the answer table, you must write down the numbers indicating the elements of the correct answer.
Read each question carefully and the suggested answers, if any. Answer only after you have understood the question and analyzed all possible answers.
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· Grade "5" is given when performing tasks 1,2,3 without errors.
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Part 1 of option 1
When completing tasks (A1-A30), the answer number is recorded on the answer sheet. The answer can only be 1.
A1. What level of organization of living nature is the totality of all ecosystems of the globe in their interconnection?
2) ecosystem
3) population-species
4) biogeocenotic
A2. The similarity of the structure and vital activity of the cells of organisms of different kingdoms of wildlife is one of the provisions
1) theories of evolution
2) cell theory
3) the doctrine of ontogenesis
4) laws of heredity
A3. The nitrogenous base adenine, ribose and three residues phosphoric acid are part of
A4. Amino acids are the monomers of which organic molecules?
2) carbohydrates
4) lipids
A5. The plant cell shown in the figure can be recognized by the presence of
2) plasma membrane
3) vacuoles
4) endoplasmic reticulum
A6. The cells of organisms of all kingdoms of living nature have
1) fiber sheath
3) Golgi complex
4) plasma membrane
A7. Determine which process in the cell is depicted using the diagram.
1) dark phase of photosynthesis
2) protein biosynthesis
3) glycolysis reactions
4) the oxidation reaction of substances
A8. Due to what process during mitosis are daughter cells formed with a set of chromosomes equal to the parent?
1) the formation of chromatids
2) spiralization of chromosomes
3) dissolution of the nuclear envelope
4) division of the cytoplasm
A9. Why are bacteria classified as prokaryotes?
1) consist of one cell
2) are small
3) do not have a formalized core
4) are heterotrophic
A10. The AIDS virus can function in cells
1) nervous
2) muscle
3) epithelial
A11. The process of formation of a diploid zygote as a result of the fusion of male and female haploid gametes is called
1) conjugation
2) pollination
3) fertilization
4) crossing over
A12. What is the name of the method, the essence of which is the crossing of parental forms that differ in a number of characteristics, the analysis of their manifestation in a number of generations?
1) hybridological
2) cytogenetic
A13. From hybrids of the first generation in the second generation, 1/4 individuals with recessive traits are born, which indicates the manifestation of the law
1) linked inheritance
2) splitting
3) independent inheritance
4) intermediate inheritance
A14. The use of drugs has a harmful effect on offspring, as they cause
1) mental disorder
2) violation of the liver
3) change in kidney function
4) change in the genetic apparatus of the cell
A15. The discovery of the centers of diversity and origin of cultivated plants served as the basis for the creation
1) Main Botanical Garden
Part 2 option 1
When completing tasks B1-3 on the answer sheet, write down the numbers of the correct answer no more than 3 digits.
IN 1. What signs characterize the reflex manifested in schoolchildren in response to a call from the lesson? Write down the corresponding numbers.
1) Each student reacts individually.
2) All students react the same way to it.
3) is inherited.
4) Not inherited.
5) Congenital.
6) Acquired during life.
IN 2. What is the importance of the cycle of substances in the biosphere? Write down the corresponding numbers.
1) Provides an influx of energy from the outside.
2) Promotes the formation of the adaptability of organisms to the environment.
3) Supports biological rhythms.
4) Provides multiple use of substances.
5) It is based on food relations between organisms.
6) It is based on territorial connections between organisms.
AT 3. How is meiosis different from mitosis? Write down the corresponding numbers.
1) Four haploid cells are formed.
2) Two diploid cells are formed.
3) Conjugation and crossing over of chromosomes occurs.
4) Chromosome spiralization occurs.
5) Cell division is preceded by one interphase.
6) There are two divisions.
When completing tasks B4.5, establish a correspondence between the contents of the first and second columns. Write the letters of the selected answers on the answer sheet
Establish a correspondence between the signs of variability and its types.
SIGNS OF VARIABILITY
VARIABILITY
due to the emergence of new combinations of genes
mutational
due to changes in genes and chromosomes
offspring develop new traits
combinative
offspring have parental traits
in individuals, the amount or structure of DNA changes
individuals do not change the amount or structure of DNA
Establish a correspondence between the structure and functions of the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column. Transfer the resulting sequence of letters to the answer sheet.
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
organelles
ORGANOIDS
consists of a group of cavities with bubbles at the ends
endoplasmic reticulum
consists of a system of interconnected tubules
golgi complex
involved in protein biosynthesis
involved in the formation of lysosomes
participates in the formation of the cell membrane
transports organic matter to different parts of the cell
Part 3 option 1
Part 3 contains 2 tasks С1, С2 where necessary Give an answer in one or two sentences.
C 1. Name at least 3 features of terrestrial plants that allowed them to be the first to master the land. Justify the answer.
C 2. To combat insect pests, a person uses chemicals. Indicate at least 3 changes in the life of an oak forest if all herbivorous insects in it are chemically destroyed. Explain why they will happen.
Answers to the questions of option 1
Part 1
job number
Answer
job number
Answer
job number
Answer
Part 2 option 1
job number
Answer
BAABAB
BAABBA
Answer C1
Response elements:
1) the appearance of integumentary tissue - the epidermis with stomata, which contributes to protection from evaporation;
2) the appearance of a poorly developed conducting system that ensures the transport of substances;
3) development of mechanical tissue that performs a supporting function;
4) the formation of rhizoids, with the help of which they are fixed in the soil.
Answer C2
Response elements:
1) the number of insect pollinated plants will decrease sharply, since herbivorous insects are pollinators of plants;
2) the number of insectivorous organisms (consumers of the second order) will sharply decrease or disappear due to disruption of food chains;
3) part chemical substances, which destroyed insects, will fall into the soil, which will lead to disruption of plant life, death of soil flora and fauna, all violations can lead to the death of oak forests.
2017 Federal Service for Supervision in Education and Science
The test work includes 16 tasks. 1 hour 30 minutes (90 minutes) is allotted to complete the work in biology.
Write down the answers to the tasks in the space provided for this in the work. If you write down an incorrect answer, cross it out and write down a new one next to it.
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We wish you success!
OPTION 1
1. Choose from the list of systematic taxa three taxa that are general when describing the depicted organisms.
List of taxa:
1) class Dipartite
2) non-cellular empire
3) the kingdom of Prokaryotes
4) plant kingdom
5) subkingdom Multicellular
6) Floral department
ANSWER
All plants that exist on our planet are combined into one kingdom, which is called Plants.
Plants are divided into two sub-kingdoms - higher and lower.
Algae belong to the lower plants.
And higher plants are divided into Spore and Seed. The spore divisions include Mosses, Horsetails, Club mosses and Ferns. And to the seed - the Gymnosperms department and the Angiosperms (Flowering) department.
Gymnosperms do not have herbaceous forms, and since we see that the plants given to us are definitely not trees or shrubs, they belong to department Flowering(the same conclusion could be drawn from the presence of flowers and fruits).
Garden cabbage is a plant of the Cruciferous (Cabbage) family, peas belong to the legume family, and potatoes belong to the Solanaceae family. The plants of these families belong to class Dicotyledonous.
So the correct answers are 1 , 4 ,6 .
Let's rule out the rest of the answers.
These plants do not belong to the Non-Cellular empire, because they have cellular structure, i.e. are made up of cells. They do not belong to the superkingdom of Prokaryotes, since prokaryotes are organisms that do not have a nucleus in the cell, while plants have a nucleus. They do not belong to the sub-kingdom Multicellular, since in the taxonomy of plants there are sub-kingdoms Higher and Lower, and there are no sub-kingdoms Multicellular at all.
2. Allen's rule states that among related forms of warm-blooded animals, similar lifestyles, those that live in colder climates have relatively smaller protruding body parts :
ears, legs, tails, etc.
1. Write in the table the appropriate sequence of numbers that indicate
photos.
2. Using knowledge of thermoregulation, explain Allen's rule.
ANSWER
Answer to 1 question : 312 Answer to question 2 : The larger the body surface of a warm-blooded animal, the more intense the heat transfer. Large ears contribute to this.
Answering question 1 is not difficult at all. It is worth considering that it is required to arrange the animals, starting from the northernmost one, and according to Allen's rule, protruding parts of the body are smaller in northern animals. This means that we must arrange the animals, starting with the one with the smallest ears.
A decrease in the protruding parts of the body in animals leads to a decrease in the surface of the body, and, consequently, to a decrease in heat transfer. This helps animals living in cold environments conserve heat. This should be the answer to question 2.
1. Sort the organisms according to their position in the food chain.
In each cell write
the name of one of the proposed organisms.
List of organisms: grasshoppers, plants, snakes, frogs, eagle.
food chain
2. The rule says:"no more than 10% of the energy comes from each previous trophic level to the next." Using this rule, calculate the amount of energy (in kJ) that is transferred to the second order consumer level for a net annual primary ecosystem production of 10,000 kJ.
ANSWER
1. plants - grasshoppers - frogs - snakes - eagle
4. Study the drawing. By what process was such a variety of depicted organisms formed?
ANSWER
artificial selection,
OR mutational variability,
OR genetic variation
5. Study the graph showing the dependence of the rate of the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme, on the dog's body temperature (the x-axis shows the dog's body temperature (in °C), and the y-axis shows the rate of the chemical reaction (in arb. units)).
It is known that the body temperature of a healthy dog is in the range of 37.5–38.5 °C. How will the speed change chemical reactions in the body of a dog if its body temperature is higher than normal?
ANSWER
The rate of chemical reactions will decrease (fall)
6. Fill in the empty cells of the table using the list of missing elements below: for each gap marked with a letter, select and write down the number of the desired element in the table.
Missing items:
1) DNA
2) anatomy
3) organismic
4) chloroplast
5) molecular genetic
6) cytology
ANSWER
7. Cholesterol plays an important role in metabolism and the functioning of the nervous system. It enters the body from animal products. It is practically non-existent in plant products. The amount of cholesterol that enters the body with food should not exceed 0.3-0.5 g per day.
1. Using the data in the table, calculate the amount of cholesterol in the breakfast of a person who ate 100 g of low-fat cottage cheese, 25 g of Dutch cheese, 20 g of butter and two sausages.
2. What danger to human health is an excess of cholesterol in the human body?
ANSWER
2. damage to blood vessels,
OR development of atherosclerosis,
OR ischemic heart disease
8. Sergey came to the doctor because he was not feeling well. The doctor gave him a referral for an analysis, the results of which showed that the number of leukocytes is 2.5 × 108, while the norm is 4–9 × 109. What analysis did the doctor suggest and what diagnosis did he make based on the results? Select answers from the following list and write down their numbers in the table.
List of answers:
1) violation of carbohydrate metabolism
2) oxygen deficiency
3) blood test
4) decreased immunity
5) stool analysis
ANSWER 34
Record the number of each of the diseases in the list in the appropriate cell of the table. Table cells can have
several numbers are recorded.
List of human diseases:
1) chicken pox
2) Down syndrome
3) myocardial infarction
4) dysentery
5) malaria
ANSWER
10. Medical genetics is widely used genealogical method. It is based on the compilation of a person's pedigree and the study of the inheritance of a particular trait. In such studies, certain notations are used. Study a fragment of the family tree of one family, some members of which have deaf-mutism.
Fragment of family tree
Using the proposed scheme, determine:
1) this trait is dominant or recessive;
2) this trait is not linked or linked to the sex chromosomes.
ANSWER
recessive trait
2. the trait is not sex-linked
11. Sveta always wanted to have the same “dimples” on her cheeks as her mother (dominant trait (A) is not sex-linked). But Sveta did not have "dimples", like her father. Determine the genotypes of family members based on the presence or absence of "dimples". Record your answers in the table.
ANSWER
Mother - Aa; father - aa; daughter - a
12. The court considered the claim to establish the paternity of the child. A blood test was made of the child and his mother. In the child, it turned out to be II (A), and in the mother - I (0). Analyze
table data and answer the questions.
1. The mother of the child stated in court that the father of her son is a man with IV (AB) blood type. Could he be the father of the child?
2. Based on the rules for blood transfusion, decide if the child can be a blood donor for his mother.
3. Using the data in the table "Blood groups according to the AB0 system" explain your decision.
* Note.
An antigen is any substance that the body perceives as foreign or potentially dangerous and against which it usually begins to produce its own antibodies.
Antibodies are blood plasma proteins formed in response to the introduction of bacteria, viruses, protein toxins and other antigens into the human body.
ANSWER
Answer to 1 question: yes
Answer to question 2: no
Answer to question 3: as a result of the simultaneous presence in the mother’s bloodstream, during transfusion, of the child’s A antigens of the same name and α (mother’s) antibodies, erythrocytes will stick together, which can lead to the death of the mother
13. In a biochemical laboratory, the nucleotide composition of a fragment of a wheat DNA molecule was studied. It was found that the proportion of adenine nucleotides in the sample is 10%.
Using the Chargaff rule, which describes the quantitative relationships between various types nitrogenous bases in DNA (G + T = A + C), calculate the percentage of nucleotides with cytosine in this sample.
ANSWER 40%
1. Consider the image of a two-membrane organoid of a eukaryotic cell. What is it called?
2. Violation of what process will occur in the cell in case of damage (malfunctions) of these organelles?
ANSWER
1. mitochondrion
2. energy metabolism,
OR the breathing process,
OR biological oxidation
15. The genetic code is a way inherent in all living organisms encoding the sequence of amino acid residues in proteins using
nucleotide sequences in a nucleic acid.
Study the table of the genetic code, which demonstrates the correspondence of amino acid residues to the composition of codons. Using the example of the amino acid serine (Ser), explain the following property of the genetic code: the code is triplet.
Table of the genetic code
ANSWER
1) each amino acid corresponds to a combination of three nucleotides
(triplets, codons);
2) coding for the amino acid serine (Ser) can occur with
using one of the following codons (triplets): TCT, TCC,
TCA, TCH, AGT, AGC
16. The figure shows Archeopteryx, an extinct animal that lived 150–147 million years ago.
Using a fragment of a geochronological table, set the era and period in which the given organism lived, as well as its possible ancestor at the level of the class (superorder) of animals.
Era: ________________________________________________________________
Period:___________________________________________________________
Possible ancestor:_________________________________________________
ANSWER
Era: Mesozoic era;
Period: Jurassic;
Possible ancestor: ancient reptiles, OR
reptiles OR reptiles OR dinosaurs
OPTION 2
List of taxa:
1) plant kingdom
2) class Ferns
3) class Bryophytes
4) Department Ferns
5) Department Gymnosperms
6) sub-kingdom Lower plants
Write down the numbers of the selected taxa.
ANSWER
The drawings depict plants (there are plant organs - leaves, stems); class Fern-like department Fern-like - Fern-like have roots and shoots (stems with leaves), reproduce by spores.
The leaves grow at the apex (like shoots), young leaves form curls at the apex - "snails" that protect the apical meristem. Because of these features, which are not characteristic of leaves, they are called fronds. Adventitious roots form on the rhizome. Figure 2 shows a water fern.
Answer: 142.
2. The law of the limiting factor states that the most important factor for the survival of a species is the factor that deviates more from its optimal values. Factors that hinder the development of organisms due to a lack or excess of them compared to needs are called limiting (limiting).
The drawings depict various natural ecosystems. Arrange these ecosystems in the sequence in which the value of the limiting factor (lack of heat) decreases.
Write in the table the corresponding sequence of numbers that denote ecosystems.
2. A clear illustration of the law of the limiting factor is Liebig's barrel. What does the limiting factor represent in the figure?
ANSWER
2.1: 231
2.2: the short board symbolizes the limiting factor; its length determines the level to which the barrel can be filled, and the length of other boards no longer matters
2.1. The figures show natural areas: 1 - steppe; 2 - tundra; 3 - deciduous forest.
According to the assignment value limiting factor (lack of heat) declining, i.e. mean annual temperature rising: tundra → broadleaf forest → steppe
2.2. There are different formulations of this law. But the essence of the law of the minimum (or the law of the limiting factor) can be formulated as follows:
The life of an organism depends on many factors. But, the most significant at any given time is the factor that is most vulnerable.
In other words, if one of the factors in the body deviates significantly from the norm, then this factor is the most significant, the most critical for the survival of the organism at a given moment in time.
It is important to understand that for the same organism at different times, such critically important (or otherwise limiting) factors can be completely different factors.
In this half-broken barrel, the limiting factor is the height of the board. Obviously, the water will overflow over the smallest plank in the barrel. In this case, the height of the remaining boards will no longer be important to us - it will still be impossible to fill the barrel.
The smallest board is the very factor that deviated the most from the normal value.
1. Sort the organisms according to their position in the food chain. In each cell, write down the name of one of the proposed organisms. List of organisms: weasel, leaf litter, mole, earthworm.
food chain
2. "Rule of 10%": when moving from one trophic level to another, 90% of the energy is dissipated. Using the “Rule of 10%”, calculate the mass of earthworms (in kg) necessary for the normal life of one weasel weighing 102 g, in the food chain leaf litter → earthworms → mole → weasel
ANSWER
1. leaf litter → earthworm → mole → weasel
Detrital food chains (decomposition chains) - food chains that begin with detritus - dead plant remains, corpses and animal excrement. Heterotrophic organisms that feed directly on detritus are called detritophages. Followed by consumers (secondary consumers)
The amount of plant matter that serves as the basis of the food chain is about 10 times greater than the mass of herbivorous animals, and each subsequent food level also has a mass 10 times less. This rule is known as the Lindemann rule, or the 10 percent rule.
When calculating mass and energy from the bottom up, we remove one zero at the transition to each level, and if we move from top to bottom, we add one zero.
Actually, the food chain: leaf litter → earthworms → mole → weasel
Moles 102 g * 10 = 1020 g
Worms 1020 g * 10 = 10200 g or 10 kg 200 g
4. Study the drawing. What process resulted in the formation of such a variety of living organisms depicted in the figure?
ANSWER
artificial selection OR mutational variation OR hereditary variation.
The variety of breeds of pigeons is the result of artificial selection - this is a selection made by humans on the basis of mutational (hereditary) variability.
Man led the selection in a certain direction: the size of the goiter, the beak, the tail.
5. Study the graph that shows the survival rate of the species as a function of temperature.
Determine how many (in %) of individuals will survive in the temperature range from 15 to 25 °C.
ANSWER 75-100%.
| biology method | Description of the method | Example |
| Observation | ||
| Possibility to ignore a number | ||
| centrifugation, |
Missing items:
1) abstraction
2) discovery of new species
3) evolutionary processes
4) use of special devices
5) instrumental
6) gathering facts
Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:
ANSWER
1. Fats are an essential part of the human diet.
Sergey is 12 years old (weight 36 kg). In winter, on vacation, he visited the city of Kislovodsk. After a long walk through the Kurortny Park, he dined in a cafe. The order included the following dishes: a complex hot sandwich with pork, vegetable salad, ice cream with chocolate filling, waffle cone and Coca-Cola. Using the data in tables 1 and 2, determine the amount of fat that came with food during lunch, and their relationship to the daily allowance.
Daily nutritional norms and energy needs of children and adolescents
| Age, years | Energy | Proteins, g/kg | Fats, g/kg | Carbohydrates, g |
| 16 and older |
Table of energy and nutritional value of ready meals
| Dishes and drinks | Energy | Protein (g) | Fat (g) | Carbs (g) |
| Complex hot sandwich | ||||
| Complex hot sandwich | ||||
| Complex hot sandwich | ||||
| Omelet with ham | ||||
| Vegetable salad (fresh tomatoes, | ||||
| Caesar salad (chicken, salad, | ||||
| Rustic potatoes | ||||
| Small portion of potatoes | ||||
| Standard serving of potatoes | ||||
| Ice cream with chocolate | ||||
| Waffle cone | ||||
| "Coca Cola" | ||||
| Orange juice | ||||
| Tea without sugar | ||||
| Tea with sugar (two teaspoons) |
2. Fats are an essential part of the human diet.
Why do dietitians for weight loss advise to reduce the amount of fat in the diet, and not completely abandon them?
ANSWER
1. The amount of fat in lunch \u003d 33 + 0 + 11 + 4 + 0 \u003d 48 g; the ratio of dietary fat to the daily norm \u003d 48: 61.2 (daily fat requirement - 36 kg x 1.7) 0.78 (or 78%)
2. It is impossible to completely exclude fats from the diet, since fats are components of cell structures (membranes) and are part of hormones, promote the absorption of certain vitamins.
8. At the appointment with the therapist, the patient complains of increased excitability, rapid pulse, bulging eyes, trembling hands, sweating, weight loss with good appetite, mood swings. What diagnosis will the doctor make? To which specialist will the patient be sent to clarify the diagnosis? Select answers from the following list and write down their numbers in the table.
List of answers:
1) bronze disease
2) Graves' disease
3) violation of protein metabolism
4) neurologist
5) endocrinologist
ANSWER
Graves' disease, also known as Graves' disease (medical name - diffuse toxic goiter) is a disease associated with the deviation of the thyroid gland (its increase in size and excessive production of hormones).
Graves' disease begins for an ordinary person almost imperceptibly. Its first signs may be: excessive sweating, frequent trembling of the upper limbs, insomnia, mood swings. The patient's skin becomes darker over time, in the area of \u200b\u200bhis lower extremities, small permanent edema can be seen.
Endocrinologist - a doctor of this specialization monitors the state of the endocrine system of the body. An endocrinologist deals with the diagnosis and treatment, as well as the prevention of hormonal regulation problems in our body.
9. Determine the origin of the diseases listed. Record the number of each of the diseases in the list in the appropriate cell of the table. Table cells can contain multiple numbers.
List of human diseases:
1) hepatitis
2) tuberculosis
3) angina
4) scoliosis
5) flu
ANSWER
10. Study the fragment of the pedigree.
Set the nature of inheritance of the trait highlighted in black in the diagram.
1) Is this trait dominant or recessive?
2) Is this trait sex-linked or not?
ANSWER
1. The trait is dominant autosomal, since it manifests itself in each generation.
2. It is equally likely to occur in both men and women - it is not linked to the X chromosome.
11. Parents have brown eyes. Their daughter has blue eyes. Determine the genotypes of family members on the basis of "brown / blue eyes". Record your answers in the table.
ANSWER mother - Aa, father - Aa, child - aa.
12. The mother has the fourth (AB) blood type, the father has the first (00). Analyze the data in the table and answer the questions.
1. What type of blood does their daughter have?
2. Based on the rules for blood transfusion, decide if a father can donate blood for his daughter.
3. Using the data in the table "Classification of blood by groups", explain your decision.
* Note.
An antigen is any substance that the body perceives as foreign or potentially dangerous and against which it usually begins to produce its own antibodies.
Antibodies are blood plasma proteins formed in response to the introduction of bacteria, viruses, protein toxins and other antigens into the human body.
ANSWER
Response elements:
12.1. Answer: II (A) or III (B)
Let's use a table. We find the column with the father's blood group I (0), we are looking for the line - IV (AB) the mother's blood group. At the intersection we find the blood group of possible children - II (A), III (B)
12.2. Answer: yes.
Let's use the "blood transfusion" scheme. POSSIBLE, BUT - when transfusing large amounts of blood, only single-group blood should be used.
12.3. Answer: a person with the first blood group (father) is a “universal donor”, → his blood can be transfused into the blood of any group.
13. When studying the nucleotide composition of a crayfish DNA molecule fragment, it was found that the proportion of nucleotides with guanine in the sample is 18%. Using the Chargaff rule, which describes the quantitative ratios between different types of nitrogenous bases in DNA (G + T = A + C), calculate the percentage of nucleotides with thymine in this sample.
ANSWER
According to the rule of complementarity, the amount of guanine is equal to the amount of cytosine; the number of nucleotides with thymine is equal to the number of nucleotides with adenine.
18% cytosine = 18% guanine according to the rule of complementarity,
64% for thymine and adenine, and since they are equal in number, then
32% adenine = 32% thymine.
Percentage of nucleotides with thymine 100% - (18% C + 18% G) = 64%:2=32
1. Consider the image of the organoid. What is it called?
2. View the image of the organoid. What processes does the depicted organoid provide?
ANSWER
1. In the figure, the Golgi apparatus. It is a stack of disk-shaped membrane sacs (cistern), a system of tubules and vesicles at the ends (lysosomes are formed)
2. Accumulation and chemical modification (processing) of substances that are synthesized in the channels of the EPS (endoplasmic reticulum) in an inactive form; transport of modified chemicals; the formation of lysosomes.
15. Genetic code - a method of encoding the sequence of amino acids in the composition of proteins using the sequence of nucleotides in the composition of the nucleic acid in all living organisms. Study the table of the genetic code, which demonstrates the correspondence of amino acid residues to the composition of codons. Using the amino acid methionine (MET) as an example, explain such a property of the genetic code as unambiguity (specificity).
Genetic code
| First | Second base | Third |
||||
| hair dryer | Ser | Tyr | cis | U(A) |
||
| Lei | Pro | gis | Arg | U(A) |
||
| ile | Tre | Asn | Ser | U(A) |
||
| Shaft | Ala | Asp | gli | U(A) |
||
ANSWER
Unambiguity - one triplet cannot code for more than one amino acid.
The amino acid methionine (MET) is encoded by only one triplet. According to mRNA AUG; by DNA TAC
16. The figure shows psilophytes - extinct plants.
Using a fragment of a geochronological table, set the era and period in which these organisms appeared, as well as a possible ancestor at the plant division level.
Geological table
| ERA, age | Period | Vegetable world |
| Mesozoic, 240 | Angiosperms appear and spread; ferns and gymnosperms are reduced |
|
| Triassic | ||
| Paleozoic, 570 | Permian | |
| Carbon | The flourishing of tree ferns, club mosses and horsetails (formed "coal forests"); seed ferns appear; psilophytes disappear |
|
| Devonian | Development and then extinction of psilophytes; the emergence of the main groups of spore plants - lycopods, horsetails, ferns; the appearance of the first primitive gymnosperms; occurrence of fungi |
|
| Silurus | dominance of algae; the emergence of plants on land - the appearance of rhinophytes (psilophytes) |
|
| Ordovician | algal bloom |
|
| Cambrian | Divergent evolution of algae; appearance of multicellular forms |
|
| Proterozoic, 2600 | Blue-green and green unicellular algae and bacteria are widespread; red algae appear |
ANSWER
Let's use the table, in the third column we will find psilophytes; we determine from the second and first columns the era and period when the psilophytes lived
Answer: Era: Paleozoic
Period: Silurus
The ancestors of psilophytes are multicellular green algae.
OPTION 3
1. Choose from the given list of systematic taxa three taxa that are common in the description of the depicted organisms.
List of taxa:
1) Animal kingdom
2) class Ciliary worms
3) class Flukes
4) Flatworm type
5) type annelids
6) Nematode type
Write down the numbers of the selected taxa.
2. Bergman's rule states that among related forms of warm-blooded animals, leading a similar way of life, those that live in areas with prevailing low temperatures, as a rule, have larger body sizes compared to the inhabitants of warmer zones and regions.
Consider photographs of representatives of three closely related species of mammals. Arrange these animals in the order in which their natural ranges are located on the surface of the Earth from north to south.
1. Write down in the table the corresponding sequence of numbers that indicate the photographs.
2. Using knowledge of thermoregulation, explain Bergman's rule.
3.1. Arrange in correct sequence organisms according to their place in the water meadow food chain. In each cell, write down the name of one of the proposed organisms.
List of organisms: earthworm, falcon, snake, shrew, humus.
food chain
_________ → _________ → _________ → _________ → _________
3.2. The rule says: "no more than 10% of the energy comes from each previous trophic level to the next." Using this rule, calculate the amount of energy that goes to the level of consumers of the first order with a net annual primary production of the ecosystem of 200 kJ.
4. Study the drawing. What type of relationship does the picture illustrate?
5. Analyze the graph of the rate of reproduction of lactic acid bacteria and answer the following question: how will the rate of reproduction of bacteria change within the temperature range from 24°C to 34°C?
6. Fill in the blank cells of the table using the list of missing elements below: for each gap marked with a letter, select and write down the number of the desired element in the table.
Missing items:
1) protein biosynthesis;
2) ecology;
3) organismal;
4) food chains;
5) conduction of a nerve impulse;
6) cytology;
7.1. Below is a table showing the content of vitamins in some fruit juices (according to the Popular Medical Encyclopedia). The bottom line shows the average daily requirement for these substances (in mg). Using the table, answer the questions, when calculating, use the maximum data indicator (for example, 2-8 - use 8).
Is it enough to drink 250 ml of a citrus mix consisting of orange (100 ml), lemon (50 ml) and tangerine juice (100 ml) to meet the daily requirement for vitamin A?
7.2. Anya, 14 years old, weight 55 kg, vegetarian. Why Julia needs to be converted Special attention on the content of proteins in ordered dishes?
8. During the examination, Anastasia (19 years old) was diagnosed with a sugar level of 12 mmol/l at a rate of 3.2-5.5 mmol/l. What analysis did Anastasia take? What diagnosis will the doctor presumably make based on the results? Choose an answer from the list and write down the number of the answer in the table.
1) blood test
2) urinalysis
3) violation of carbohydrate metabolism
4) inflammatory process
5) allergic reaction
Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:
9. Determine which organs from those listed in the list got their development from which germ layers. Write down the number of the organ in the list in the corresponding cell of the table. Table cells can contain multiple numbers.
List of human organs:
1) nails
2) biceps
3) lungs
4) femur
5) brain
10.1. According to the pedigree shown in the figure, set the nature of the manifestation of the trait (dominant, recessive), indicated in black. Determine the genotype of parents and children in the first generation.
10.2. Study the scheme of crossing chickens.
Establish the nature of inheritance of black plumage in chickens.
Is this trait inherited according to the principle of complete or incomplete dominance?
11. In humans, glaucoma is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait (a). The wife suffers from glaucoma, and the husband is heterozygous for this trait. Determine the genotypes of the parents and the probability of having a healthy child. Record your answers in the table.
| Probability of birth |
||
12. The forensic medical examination is tasked with finding out: whether the boy in the family of spouses P 1 is native or adopted. A study of the blood of the husband, wife and child showed: the wife - IV blood type, the husband - I, the child - I blood group. Analyze the data and answer the questions.
1. What conclusion should the expert give?
2. What blood type can a child of these parents have?
3. Explain the expert's decision.
13. What is the number of amino acids in a protein if its coding gene consists of 600 nucleotides? Write ONLY the corresponding number in your answer.
14.1. Consider the drawing of a plant part, what structure is shown in the drawing. What is it called?
14.2. What is the function of this structure?
15. Genetic code- a method of encoding the sequence of amino acids in the composition of proteins using the sequence of nucleotides in the composition of the nucleic acid in all living organisms.
Study the table of the genetic code, which demonstrates the correspondence of amino acid residues to the composition of codons.
Using the amino acid glutamine (GLN) as an example, explain which triplets can encode this amino acid on messenger RNA (mRNA), indicate all possible combinations of triplets. Explain such a property of the genetic code as degeneracy or redundancy.
16. The figure shows a belemnite - an extinct animal that lived 440-410 million years ago.
Using a fragment of a geochronological table, set the era and period in which this organism lived, as well as the “close relatives” of this animal in the modern fauna (the answer is at the genus level)
Geological table
ANSWERS:
213; Heat production (heat generation by the cells of the body) is proportional to the volume of the body. Heat transfer (loss of heat, its transfer to environment) is proportional to the surface area of the body. With an increase in volume, the surface area increases relatively slowly, which makes it possible to increase the “heat production / heat loss ratio” and thus compensate for heat loss from the body surface in cold climates.
1. humus → earthworm → shrew → snake → falcon; 2.20
rises
A - 2, B - 4, C - 3, D - 5, D - 6, E - 1.
1. No; 2. Protein is the main construction material for the body, and with vegetarianism, there may not be enough protein in food.
Ectoderm - 15, endoderm - 3, mesoderm - 24.
The trait is recessive, because there is a “jump” through the generation.
Genotypes of parents: mother - aa, father - AA or Aa;
Genotypes of children: son and daughter of heterozygotes - Aa
2. Incomplete dominance
Mother - aa, father - Aa, probability - 50.
1. Let's use the table. We find a column with the father's blood group II (A), we are looking for a line - the 2nd blood group of the mother. At the intersection we find the blood group of possible children - two answers II (A) and I (0).
3. When transfusing large amounts of blood, only one-group blood should be used. With the blood of a donor, a large amount of agglutinins enter the blood of children, which can cause hemolysis of the recipient's own erythrocytes. As a result of gluing of erythrocytes of antigen A (father) and plasma antibodies α (in children), children may die.
1. Shoot, OR stem with leaves and buds;
2. The figure shows chromosomes. Dense elongated or filamentous formations that can only be seen during cell division. They contain DNA - the carrier of hereditary information that is transmitted from generation to generation.
The function of chromosomes is the storage of hereditary information, OR the regulation of all life processes.
1) coding for the amino acid glutamine (GLN) can occur using one of the following triplets: CAA, CAG;
2) degeneracy, or redundancy - one amino acid can be encoded by several triplets.
In the Silurian period (440-410 million years ago), large animals first appeared in the seas, before that their size did not exceed a few centimeters. The largest marine animals of the Silurian were cephalopods with an outer shell the size of a telegraph pole, sometimes reaching 4-5 meters in length.
Belemnites are very similar to modern squids and like them were good swimmers. On their heads were large eyes and ten arms with suction cups - two long and eight shorter. Like some squids, belemnites had a shell inside the body - these shells are often found in Mesozoic deposits and are called "devil's fingers". In shape and size, they really look like pointed fingers. Most scholars believe that the shell was calcareous, like those of other mollusks, but some think that living belemnites had soft, cartilaginous shells that were petrified after death. Ammonites and belemnites completely died out at the end of the Mesozoic era.
ERA: Paleozoic
Period: Silurian
Possible "relative": squid
