The Kursk tragedy: what lessons can we learn? "Igor Belousov" will come to the aid of the Search and Rescue Service of the Navy.
S. BUNTMAN: Good afternoon, everyone, we are starting the Military Council, Anatoly Yermolin, Sergey Buntman presenters, good afternoon. And our guest is Damir Shaikhutdinov, head of the search and rescue operations service of the Navy, captain of the first rank. Damir (inaudible) good afternoon.
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: Hello.
S. BUNTMAN: Yes, hello, good afternoon. Well, August is always a bad month for us. Because in August we remember ... We remember a lot that was connected, and we remember a lot of tragic things. We remember the Kursk, we remember the Nakhimov, we remember... 13 years have passed since the Kursk, right? We have. 13 years, and since the Kursk, what has been done? Because, of course, our very large gaps have been revealed, so to speak.
D. SHAIKHUTDINOV: In my opinion, the most important thing we did after the Kursk was to take a sober look at the state of affairs. Not only in the rescue business, not only in my service, in my department. And a general look at the state of the Navy, the state of planning for combat training events, and the general state of affairs in the Navy. This prompted us to pay more attention to the quality of planning for training events. Special attention devoted to the training of people. After all, you understand, each system - it includes, first of all, the state technical means. And the most important thing, in my opinion, is the readiness of people to use these technical means, properly maintain them, and apply them correctly. Conclusions are made. We annually conduct search and rescue exercises in each fleet, with the task of not only demonstrating the readiness of the rescue forces, but at the same time showing the submariners that there are still forces capable of rescuing them. We draw attention to the need for such events. And they are carried out successfully, and the main task of the command is to teach, and maybe even force them to carry out such events. We received an impetus in the development, first of all, of means of rendering assistance. A lot of attention is now being paid to all sorts of robotic means. First of all, uninhabited, remote-controlled underwater vehicles. There, where you can lower a mechanical man, a mechanical eye and look, instead of a man. We're putting a robot down there.
S. BUNTMAN: Well, this is to see, this is in order to ... For inspection, for reconnaissance, and so on. But the work itself still needs to be done with people.
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: Yes, and thanks to industry, our industry has already mastered diving equipment, with which we carry out work in the air. These are diving descents up to 60 meters. We have significant difficulties with the development of great depths. To date, the Navy has two rescue vessels capable of conducting deep-sea, diving descents. These are descents to depths of more than 60 meters, which are no longer performed in air, but on breathing gas mixtures.
S. BUNTMAN: In the air, that means that air is supplied from the surface, yes.
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: Ordinary air is supplied to the diver through filters from the surface, through an air reservoir. But man is adapted to live on earth and walk on the surface. And with an increase in pressure when immersed under water, nitrogen begins to adversely affect a person. Breathing ordinary air, we do not even betray this value.
S. BUNTMAN: How much nitrogen is in this air, right?
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: How much nitrogen, yes. We know that his most of there. And nitrogen at great depths has a narcotic effect. A person loses his temper, roughly speaking, becomes drunk. At depths, it has been experimentally established that the depth is more than 60 meters.
S. BUNTMAN: Why 60? Is this a critical milestone?
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: 60 meters is… You know, each person is different. Someone feels the influence of this anesthesia at a depth of 80 meters. When we mastered the depths, we carried out experiments and descended in the air both at 80 and at 100 meters. But you know, divers sometimes go down to great depths. This is the physiological fitness of a person. And now, empirically, thanks to the development of our special physiology of the diving department, such a depth was made. 60 meters is the average.
A. YERMOLIN: You are talking about the nitrogen that we have in our blood, right? That is, if...
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: We breathe air containing nitrogen. Naturally, this air dissolves in the blood. And when a person goes under water, pressure acts on him. Pressure increases the ability of a gas to dissolve into a liquid. Nitrogen dissolves in the blood, and begins its narcotic effect. In the same way, oxygen begins its detrimental effect on a person. At great depths, oxygen poisoning already occurs. Therefore, in the diver's exhalation gases, we reduce the (inaudible) oxygen pressure, and replace the nitrogen with an inert gas, helium. And on this gas breathing mixture, the diver goes to great depths. To date, the Alades and Ipron rescue vessels have deep-sea diving systems with VG-200 diving equipment, and we are able to perform diving operations at depths of up to 200 meters. Divers regularly undergo training, train, and today we are able to perform work up to 200 meters.
A. YERMOLIN: Do you need any hoses for this to supply the mixture or air? Or is it all in a satchel behind the diver's back?
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: In the backpack behind the diver's back for a deep diver - there is an emergency supply of air. All gas breathing mixtures, including hot water. It's cold down there, and one sweater isn't enough under a wetsuit. To heat the diver, everything is supplied through hoses from the vessel. The deep-sea diving complex is a whole system, it is half of the ship. We can say that the diving vessel is built around the diving complex.
A. YERMOLIN: Why am I asking? Because at one time I came across divers who took part in rescue work, but ... Well, not in rescue work, already ... As it is correctly called, they simply evacuated the bodies on the Nakhimov. And it is known that 2 divers died, and as our colleagues explained to us, that they worked on the DA-79 devices. And "DA-79" - up to 15 meters it allows you not to breathe oxygen, then the automation switches just to a special mixture. And this mixture is enough for only 15 minutes. And so far... Correct me if I'm wrong. And when they went down, it was already time… Slowly, you need to go down and up. They had 3-4 minutes to work inside the ship. When there 2 divers got entangled in the paths, that is, they no longer had a chance to practically survive, they switched just to the oxygen mixture, and on oxygen a person dies at such a depth.
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: Yes, you are absolutely right. There is equipment, called a rebreather, used by divers. But these descents are excursion in nature. Went down, looked up, got up. The diver descends according to his well-being, and ascends according to the regime. So that the gases dissolved in the blood come out naturally, and not as bubbles. So that we do not associate blood with champagne.
A. YERMOLIN: To (inaudible).
S. BUNTMAN: Well, yes.
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: Yes, you are correct. There is such equipment, and it is for short-term. Maybe used for special units. And rescuers are painstaking, hard work, and for this you need to have a certain margin of safety.
A. YERMOLIN: And what about three-bolt gunners?
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: This is my favorite equipment.
A. YERMOLIN: I'm talking about him.
S. BUNTMAN: Dear friends, you are translating… You are translating simultaneously for all listeners.
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: Ventilated equipment, with a total weight of about 80 kilograms. With chocolate on the chest ...
A. YERMOLIN: A round astronaut.
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: Yes, a copper helmet. Attaches to the collar with three bolts.
S. BUNTMAN: Yes.
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: A small loophole into which the diver looks, and…
A. YERMOLIN: Porthole.
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: Porthole, yes. And this diver is continuously supplied with air. He is in such a huge diving shirt, in usually shiny boots, diving boots, stomping on the deck. But art is such masters of the operation of this equipment that they are able to swim in a sweeping manner. Air is supplied there continuously, and the diver regulates the presence of this air by regularly jerking his head, pressing the back of his head on the valve, (inaudible) excess. He can make himself lighter, heavier, very comfortable equipment.
S. BUNTMAN: But is it being modernized somehow, or are these the classic divers that we have been seeing everywhere for years, decades?
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: These divers have been very fond of this equipment for years, decades, and it takes a certain amount of work to switch them to new equipment. This equipment is already being replaced by the SU-5 equipment. We have been supplying the Navy and other departments that operate diving equipment for several years now. This is our production, diving equipment "SU-5". Here it is in the configuration there is a light diving one, and a heavy diving one. And this is the equipment to replace our magnificent three-bolt.
S. BUNTMAN: Here we are already being asked questions, apparently by people who are involved in this. +7-985-970-45-45, I remind you the number for SMS. “Why does NPO Respirator still use the developments of the 60s”? I read what is written.
A. YERMOLIN: And where does the "Respirator"?
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: "Respirator" is one of the enterprises of the Soviet industry that produced diving equipment. Well, this question is no longer for me, but for them.
A. YERMOLIN: It is necessary in Arsenal ...
S. BUNTMAN: Yes, this is our question for Monday.
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: You know, I'm just on guard for the Navy to receive modern, high-quality diving equipment. And we choose the equipment in which we can work reliably. Of course, we can say that three-bolt equipment is more reliable than you can imagine. We need modern equipment, some new technologies to make it easier.
A. YERMOLIN: Well, here's what you said and what we have already discussed, because the specifics of diving equipment is that it is very technically whimsical. And even if you just fall down in a closed-type apparatus, you can still get (inaudible) an injury, or some kind of sharp drop in depths will be chosen incorrectly, and so on. From the point of view of reliability, how do you yourself evaluate what new devices are coming?
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: You know, in order to…
A. YERMOLIN: There was a question, by the way, for clarification about rebreathers. What is it?
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: Is this a rebreather? Scuba gear, in which, among other things, there are cylinders with gas breathing mixtures. And the switch is either the computer switches, depending on the depth, or the switch is manual. They… You can work in these devices for up to 4-6 hours, with depths of about 120 meters. You know, the more complex the technique, the more reliable it is, of course... We can speak from the point of view of the theory of reliability... The higher the probability of failure. But we supply bulk diving equipment to the Navy. Precisely considering that we are not yet a fully contracted army. Although, we are making every effort so that the divers are, first of all, contract servicemen.
S. BUNTMAN: Are there divers on call?
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: You know, one of the areas is light divers, for example, warships. There the task is not rescue, but to ensure the conduct of the struggle for survivability. And on ships, this is usually the personnel of warhead five, an electromechanical warhead. Motorists, electricians - they are trained in training units, including military service. Therefore, we must...
S. BUNTMAN: It is impossible from scratch somehow, even in the short time that is now available for conscription service.
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: It is possible to train a light diver.
S. BUNTMAN: Is it possible, yes?
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: Yes. Therefore, the devices must be simple and reliable. Easy to learn, but learning to train is a must. And start learning should be at the desk, but not like that, take it and do as I said. This should not be.
S. BUNTMAN: No, between the desk and take it and do as I said, there is quite a long distance, and there are many different stages. What is the training of divers, rescuers now? What stages is it divided into, and how does it happen?
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: We train divers at the naval school, junior specialists in Sevastopol, the course takes 5 months. There, theoretical, practical, they are practiced at a diving range in a historical place under the walls of the Vladimir Cathedral, where Prince Vladimir was baptized. It all happens in the same bay. The sailors descend right down the ladder and train, mastering all the actions step by step. After that, they are tested at depths of up to 20 meters, up to 45 meters, up to 60 meters. After that, deep-sea divers in Sevastopol take a course on the Ipron rescue ship, and everything starts again: tests ... And tests, you know - you don’t know, you know how - you don’t know how. No triples are allowed, this is a person's life. After that, they work out emergency tasks. That is, working out the actions of divers in the event of various emergencies. At the pier, they descend to a depth of 10 meters, then go out to sea, and again 20, 40, 60 meters, and already a deep-sea diving descent.
S. BUNTMAN: How long does it take? Is that training?
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: Training? Divers - this is 5 months, this is the minimum.
S. BUNTMAN: Well, this is with the most serious selection both for health and for the quality of work.
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: Of course. First, input control in the pressure chamber. Not everyone is destined to be a diver. Baroproba, and after that each diver is monitored, and that's when the diver goes down to the ground, works on the ground, the chief controls the descent, the commander of the diving descent, the diving specialist. It governs what to do, how to do it, what work to do, how to do it. At the same time, we naturally use uninhabited remote-controlled vehicles, all kinds of television means. And when we are talking about the rise by divers, the main thing is already a doctor - a specific physiologist. He tells you how deep to stop, how long to wait, when to ventilate the diver.
S. BUNTMAN: He controls the performance, right?
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: Yes, definitely.
S. BUNTMAN: How does he control?
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: In terms of time and well-being. The diver's descent to the depth goes according to his state of health. Someone can quickly descend, blowing on the go. And someone stops, blows through ... You know ...
S. BUNTMAN: But this is still within the norm. This is... I mean, it depends on the body, but it's not unsuitable, right? If it stops, it blows...
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: No, no, not unsuitability.
A. YERMOLIN: If (inaudible), then you will no longer be a diver.
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: Yes, of course. Before diving, a medical examination is mandatory. If you have a runny nose, you are simply not destined to go down today. And it happens that some people have a predisposition to (inaudible). These people are removed from this list. All our divers are deep-sea divers.
A. YERMOLIN: How does the weather at sea affect the conditions, the rescue operations? In what conditions do you feel comfortable working, when you can still work, but it’s hard, and when you can’t work at all.
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: It all depends on the carrier ship. If the ship-carrier... Requirements, rules of the diving service - the ship from which diving operations are carried out must be securely fixed above the object. When diving work was carried out on the "Brave", and it sank at a depth of 108 meters, and it was decided to lay charges there and blow it up. For the work of the rescue ship "Karpaty" heavy offshore equipment was supplied, which ensured the reliability of the ship's anchorage. And the work was carried out until the sea was 5 points.
A. YERMOLIN: A heavy raid - is it not to demolish?
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: Yes, so that the ship stands firmly and does not move. And so...
A. YERMOLIN: Is it connected with the air supply hoses?
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: This is due to… For the ship to stand directly above the object of diving operations.
S. BUNTMAN: Didn't move...
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: Didn't move, didn't twitch, didn't break. The main thing is to observe the regime, because the diver at depth is quite defenseless. When work was carried out on the Kursk from regalia, they stopped their work at 8 points, from May they worked up to 5 points. Everything is determined by the carrier vessel.
S. BUNTMAN: You know, this is the question they ask here. That's all the same, it's not the catastrophe itself, but the rescue work. Why, what prevented the Kursk crew from being saved? Viktor asks. This is a question that we have been asking ourselves for 13 years to one degree or another.
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: Well, the question is very complicated.
S. BUNTMAN: That's why we ask ourselves, yes.
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: Was there anyone to rescue.
S. BUNTMAN: Here.
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: Here. Well, let's hypothetically approach, for example. Well, the conclusions of the commission of inquiry were that the state of the submarine's comets platform, where the underwater vehicle could stick, did not allow the underwater vehicle to stick. The rubber got in the way a bit...
S. BUNTMAN: That is, with any technique. No technique would help the existing one.
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: The conclusions are, yes, unfortunately. Therefore, we have drawn conclusions, and the Seafarers Safety Supervision Department is sure to check the emergency rescue devices of submarines. We have a guiding document that defines the organization of access to the sea. And now the naval commission, checking ships and submarines, checks the condition of life-saving devices, their reliability and the ability of people to use these life-saving devices. And in order to exclude these possibilities that were on the Kursk, we are conducting exercises. We, among other things, are working on dry setting ... Here in the press there were these shots when a rescue vehicle is placed on the surface of a submarine. On the Black Sea, they put a rescue bell on a submarine, on a commens site. And by making a vacuum inside the boat, we make sure the tightness, according to the rescue device, and the rescuer and rescue device of the submarine.
S. BUNTMAN: (Unintelligible) they spoke about the need.
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: We are conducting real exercises in the wet, on this issue. The boat is put on the ground, and the rescue submersible, or the rescue bell... By the way, we have the same exercises... We take every 3 years in the NATO rescue exercises.
S. BUNTMAN: Let's start with this, and the next part of our program will start with cooperation and joint exercises, which we can learn from each other.
NEWS.
S. BUNTMAN: And we continue our program, and our guest is Damir Shaikhutdinov, head of the search and rescue operations of the Navy. Damir (inaudible), we settled on international cooperation, you are also taking part in exercises. What do you show each other, what can be adopted, where did thought and technology go during this time?
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: You know the direction international cooperation, and international cooperation in the search and rescue of emergency submarines is an important direction in which, in general, the whole world is moving. That in Europe, that in the Asian Pacific region. In 2005, Russian Defense Minister Sergei Ivanov signed a framework agreement between Russia and NATO on underwater search and assistance (inaudible). As part of this agreement, we are working on signing bilateral agreements with different countries. We also participate in exercises. NATO conducts exercises every 3 years, now they will be called (spoke in English). They had... In 2005 it was (speaks English), then (speaks English) in 8-11. And in the 14th year, an exercise will be held in Poland (he speaks English). During this exercise, practical steps are taken to rescue submariners from submarines cruising on the ground. So I personally did the teaching in the 11th year in Spain in Cartagena. Well, Russia that year arrived in Cartagena with a large detachment of forces, the Ipro rescue ship, the Shakhtar rescue tug, and the Avros submarine. And for the first time in practice, we were convinced that the rescue devices of the VFM of Russia are capable of saving the submariners of NATO submarines. NATO, American, they ... Their rescue devices are made according to a single standard.
S. BUNTMAN: That is, I just wanted to ask about compatibility.
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: Yes, we have seen this in full, because from a submarine lying on the ground in a submerged position with the help of a rescue bell, we delivered curious people there foreign citizens, and from there the submariners were taken out. At the same time, our submariners were taken out of the Avros submarine using the Makin bell, or NATO and American rescue systems. This is what is being done in practice as part of this teaching. We also participate in the development of rescue parachute groups. Our groups also participated in these exercises. Our 328th emergency expeditionary detachment took part in the divers' exercises to inspect submarines. In addition to participating in the exercise, we annually participate in working groups, these meetings are held regularly in Amsterdam, where there is a mutual exchange of the latest achievements, the creation of rescue technologies, diving medicine, and the creation of life-saving devices. And our safety equipment standards are harmonized, they correspond to each other.
A. YERMOLIN: What does that mean? This means that the same Kamenz site, it is a template, right? Standard.
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: Yes, we have a little bit wider. But a rescue underwater vehicle of the US, British, Italian, and Singaporean navies can land on our comets site. The standards are harmonized.
S. BUNTMAN: What happened to the Kursk then? Was she damaged by the explosion? Or…
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: I can't tell you for sure. Unfortunately, this was not written in the published materials.
S. BUNTMAN: But it was not possible.
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: It didn't work out.
A. YERMOLIN: How does this happen physically, how does the same bell differ? Or does he sit there?
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: He sits down there. The difference lies in how the bell descends. The bell descends to the submarine by means of a cable. Here is this cable - it is either carried out by an emergency rescue buoy, or fixed on a submarine by divers, or by an uninhabited worker, a remote-controlled Panther, for example, or Scorpio, if we are talking about the UK. Or a normoboric spacesuit, which is in service with both the Russian Navy and Western countries.
A. YERMOLIN: We say the bell, Michelangelo immediately comes to mind, his bell. And how does it work? That is, it is also there (inaudible) below?
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: The rescue bell, like the rescue apparatus, has an antechamber in the lower part. When this rescue device goes to the submarine, there is water. And the pressure in this pre-chamber is equal to the outboard pressure. The underwater vehicle lands tightly on the comets platform, by means of its propulsion units. He is centered, making sure that he is sitting on the commens platform, and from this pre-chamber the water is transferred to the replacement tank. Thus, it turns out that in this pre-chamber the pressure is equal to atmospheric. Vacuum, and sucked. And with huge force, can you imagine? At a depth of 100-200 meters there, the pressure is 20 kilograms per centimeter. Here is this force, all the strength presses down. After that, water is pumped out of this pre-chamber, or this water descends into the submarine. Or it is pumped into a replacement tank. The hatches are opening and people are crossing. The rescue vehicle can...
A. YERMOLIN: It's good when everything is level with the horizon, but when it's on its side?
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: This is not a problem. Here are the existing old vehicles sucked (inaudible) up to 15 degrees, the rescue bell up to 30 degrees, but the newly built rescue apparatus "Bestor-1", which is currently located in Nizhny Novgorod, where it is being simulated deep diving in the docking chamber, he has a special device that allows you to stick to a submarine with a roll or pitch up to 45 degrees.
S. BUNTMAN: Well, yes ... Up to 45 - yes.
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: A serious device, yes. The same systems are also in the newly built apparatus of the US Navy, Great Britain.
A. YERMOLIN: You talked about the training of swimmers and rescuers. But they did not touch on the part that concerns management. So, since I talked with the guys, with the participants, well, in principle, with the rescuers, one of the purely managerial problems is that the guys are graduating, let's say, the Academy of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, some staff positions come there, and having no experience of participating in real rescue operations , in general, set tasks and make decisions in situations in which real rescuers operate. Here's how you do it? Can a person, let's say a staff officer, take this position without going through all the stages, without touching all this specificity on the ground, without knowing it for himself.
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: Anatoly, you gave the answer in your question. Is that possible?
S. BUNTMAN: Not possible.
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: Is it possible to drive a car without obtaining a license in a normal way? Certainly. I am not originally trained as a lifeguard. And in 1997 I came to the Ipron rescue ship, and I had to learn seriously.
A. YERMOLIN: Including diving?
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: No. I.. Well, how? At one time he was trained as a diving officer.
A. YERMOLIN: Well, that means they passed.
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: Of course, I did. But it's good to try everything. The basics of management - they are given, of course, both at the academy and during the service. From the point of view of preparing management bodies for solving problems, appropriate trainings are regularly held. We set learning objectives and practice. Direct forces - they work out both during the exercise and staff training. Everything needs to be prepared and studied. You have to be qualified, you have to be able to do your job.
A. YERMOLIN: And how do the divers themselves… Do they feel like a special caste in the Navy?
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: Of course, they have a certain brotherhood. There are such castes, it seems to me everywhere. Marines, pilots, doctors, and divers of course.
S. BUNTMAN: And tell me, please, new rescue vessels... We talked about this at Arsenal, we said that we should launch new vessels in 1913.
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: You know, last year, during the formation of the state defense order, we opened an order for the construction of new ships. At the moment, we have almost completely blocked the line of small vessels, we are building a plant ... Nizhny Novgorod Teplokhod is building 4 diving boats for the Black Sea Fleet, and the officers of the Black Sea Fleet have already come to the plant and were satisfied. In October-November, we are planning state tests of these vessels in the Novorossiysk region. The day before yesterday happened significant event. Kampa has opened a new line of business for itself, they launched a new integrated supply vessel the day before yesterday. This is really a new direction in shipbuilding, this is a modular boat. Platform boat. It is intended for carrying out not so much diving descents, it is not intended for transporting divers, this is not its task. Its task is to carry out diving operations, carrying out rescue operations. When it is necessary not only to lower the diver and ensure the safety of his work under water, but also so that this diver can carry out welding work, sharpen something, and raise it. You know, usually this is not enough.
S. BUNTMAN: And how does this platform work?
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: This is a platform boat with fixed equipment. It can move, but on this platform you can place everything you need in a container. The boat has a standard set. The pressure chamber, pumps, welding equipment, but everything else that may be needed, for example, a hydraulic tool, was placed on the deck and changed. Some kind of fire module.
S. BUNTMAN: That is, depending on the situation, on the task, it can be recruited to standard equipment, it can be added.
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: Absolutely, yes.
S. BUNTMAN: W, that's a good thing.
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: Yes. In the near future, the Baltic Fleet will finally receive a new tugboat. The Pella plant will start supplying rescue tugboats for the White Sea and the Baltic Fleet next year. And in the near future we are planning (inaudible) orders for the construction of ocean-class ships. Well, we continue the construction of the rescue ship Igor Belousov, by the Admiralty shipyards. The organizational process was very difficult. Now all decisions have been made, the supply of equipment continues. Today, the percentage of readiness is about 65%.
S. BUNTMAN: When should we wait?
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: Mooring trials will begin in December, by April we plan to move on to sea trials, factory sea trials. And by the end of the 14th year, on April 25, the contract expires, we will receive this ship.
S. BUNTMAN: That is, by the spring already... It will be in the spring.
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: In the spring, we will begin factory, sea trials, and we will directly begin testing the diving complex, about which there is so much talk. But you understand, the fleet has no problems, the fleet has tasks. And my task is to make it all happen. Exactly to the extent that is necessary for the Navy.
A. YERMOLIN: Do you act as a task manager? Not problems, but tasks for designers? Here are some technical solutions ...
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: Here is one of my main tasks - the formation of tactical and technical tasks. It is up to us to tell the industry what we want.
A. YERMOLIN: You were just talking about boats, but I remembered that they showed a new tug on Discovery. This is a boat that can move in any direction. Left side, right side, front and back.
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: Well, now our Navy has already received such tugs. The same shipyard(inaudible) builds such tugs.
A. YERMOLIN: What do you lack? From the point of view of engineering and technical solutions, what tasks do you set?
S. BUNTMAN: Here is the next question. Suppose you get all of this, what we will now list. You get all this, master it already works. Here is the next step, what will you need?
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: We will look around to see how the world lives. And you know, with the development of the Navy, other tasks also arise. And we develop together. You can’t do it like this ... One of the questions, by the way, was how to get our management to allocate you more and more money. We must develop comprehensively, systematically. We are a single system, and it is impossible to develop only rescuers. And I would like to say, from the point of view of submarines, this is a system. We are in the submarine business and we are in the submarine rescue business. In submarines, we demand that life-saving devices be reliable, comfortable, and workable. And the most important thing is that people know how to use these systems. This is a training system for submariners. It is usually carried out in training centers, and we are working on the development of a training network for submariners. Another component of this system is the rescuers. We talked about shipbuilding, the creation of new technical means, and the next question is the training of personnel. People should be able to work with these means. We must learn from the experience of mistakes, and not make mistakes. After all, this is a very complicated matter - the creation of diving complexes.
A. YERMOLIN: I came up with a tactical and technical task. Can one submarine approach another submarine and take personnel from one side to the other?
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: We had such an experience. In the Soviet Union there were submarines of the 940th project "Link". There were two. And the experience of salvation was in this way.
A. YERMOLIN: And now?
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: And now we have moved away from this direction of development. You know, to create rescuers for the sake of rescuers - well, there should be some reasonable line. Perhaps it makes sense to direct these funds to other areas, such as the creation of safe submarines that do not break down, the creation of an educational network for the training of submariners. Here are our submariners almost 100% all contractors.
S. BUNTMAN: Well, you correctly said that from both sides. But tell me, please, here is such a curious thing, here in the end. So you were in Sweden. To be honest, the last time I heard about the Swedish Navy was in late XVIII century, when under Mother Catherine, when there was a conflict, the last conflict was. What does it represent? That is, it's not NATO, it's a neutral side. What is the Swedish Navy and what do they do, and in your area too.
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: Some time ago, the Swedish Navy reconsidered the direction of its development, and they took the path of creating such a mobile fleet. But they include, among other things, flotillas of submarine forces. The submarine force flotilla also includes the rescue ship Bellas. And they are full participants in exercises like (speaking English), now.
S. BUNTMAN: Yes, now he has become different.
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: Yes. And they fully live in NATO standards for the creation of submarines, for the creation of a rescue system. Yes, they do not have deep-sea divers, but they do have submersibles, they have a rescue vessel, and we discussed with them questions about creating an intergovernmental agreement on the search and rescue of submarines.
S. BUNTMAN: Which will be limited to our waters, right? Ours and Swedish?
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: No, why not?
S. BUNTMAN: Or in general?
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: In general. Well, just the same, most of the questions were what we would do and how we would behave if an accident happened, either in the exclusive economic zone, or in territorial waters. Well, we have found common ground, and by the way, I would like to answer that in the work on agreements between Sweden and Russia, we have advanced the most with them. We have also advanced quite far with Italy, with the group of countries Great Britain, Norway, France, they have a single rescue system within the country. Work is underway.
S. BUNTMAN: Right, good. Here are some clarifications we need to make.
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: We are planning... In the submarine rescue system, the Igor Belousov rescue ship, which is being built at the Admiralty shipyards, will play a significant role.
S. BUNTMAN: Yes, I wanted to return to Igor Belousov, yes, too.
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: We are planning to start mooring trials this year, at the end of this year, to proceed to factory sea trials in April 14, and the deadline for completing the contract and handing over the vessel to the Navy is November 25, 14. This is the end of the contract. If, of course, the industry is ready to hand over the ship to us earlier, we will be ready to accept it.
S. BUNTMAN: Only quality... Only natural.
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: You know, even if the deadline comes, but there is no quality, we will stand our ground. We need the ship we need. And not the one that will be built for us.
S. BUNTMAN: Well, it's good to match, it's almost a toast.
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: You know, the construction of the ship is going on very interestingly. There is a lot of press, and, in my opinion, society should know where the budget money, the taxpayers' money, goes. And the construction of this particular ship is under close attention of the press, including the prosecutor's office. Meetings are held regularly, in the presence of the chief military prosecutor's office, where all issues are raised.
A. YERMOLIN: We have already discussed the topic of rescuers for rescuers, but there are special types of ships that, in terms of their tactical and technical characteristics, are very much superior to yours. I mean our military aquanauts. Which work at a depth of 4000 meters there, and deeper. What if something happens to them? What lifeguards are there for them?
S. BUNTMAN: Or is he his own lifeguard?
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: These people know what they are getting into. But they have a system for training and working out apparatchiks... People descending in vehicles to such depths provide for issues of redundancy and high reliability of these vehicles. I would answer like this here.
A. YERMOLIN: Do you study with them?
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: We interact with them, we work together. You know, my service is called search and rescue operations. Here we talked about emergency rescue operations. But in matters of search, the forces of absolutely the entire Navy are involved. And today our colleagues provide us with great support in these matters. We have a position of interaction, we interact, and we regularly conduct joint exercises. Such exercises were held in July in the Baltic Fleet, the same exercises were recently held in the Black Sea Fleet, so we are fully cooperating.
S. BUNTMAN: Do you cooperate with aviation?
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: Absolutely. You know, our Western aviation colleagues pay a lot of attention. Their governing documents are somewhat different, and in the event of an emergency, the crew quickly leaves the emergency submarine, and a rescue parachute group is waiting for them at the top. And for our part, learning from this experience, we are planning development... We have such rescue parachute landing groups, and we are planning to purchase communication equipment and parachute systems for them. This is the direction of development...
A. YERMOLIN: Very interesting.
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: Interesting, very interesting.
A. YERMOLIN: They spread inflatable platforms.
D. SHAYKHUTDINOV: Yes, the whole city is floating.
S. BUNTMAN: Amazing. We could talk for a very, very long time. Thank you very much, we are finishing our transmission, success to you and prosperity to everyone. Get everything on time, good quality, and save. Thank you very much, thank you.
I had the opportunity to lead the search and rescue service of the fleet in the period from 1990 to 1996. It was a time of well-known "great changes". The country was moving to new economic forms development, the leading role of the Communist Party was destroyed, Soviet Union disintegrated into separate states and, as a result, the economy, politics, science, defense system and the very principles of human survival were rebuilt.
As the common ancient Chinese thought says, "the era of change" is the most uncomfortable time for those who live in it. We were lucky". We found ourselves in the epicenter of this very era and tasted all its "charms".
Prior to assuming the position of head of the search and rescue service, for five years I commanded the 37th brigade of emergency rescue vessels of the Black Sea Fleet. At that time, the search and rescue service was part of the Logistics of the Fleet and included: 37 brigade of rescue ships, 3 brigade of search and rescue ships and 2225 rescue equipment depot. In a special respect, two separate divisions and four groups of rescue ships were subordinated to it in Poti, Novorossiysk, Kerch, Feodosia, Ochakov, Odessa. The total number of subordinate rescue ships exceeded 80 units. These were well-equipped vessels, formations and units, prepared to solve the tasks of search and rescue support in full, with a total number of military personnel, workers and employees of about 2500 people. Since 1990, we have already begun to experience serious difficulties in providing ships with fuel and lubricants, spare parts, various supplies, and especially financing the maintenance and repair of rescue ships. For these reasons, the command of the search and rescue service of the Navy decided to write off part of the rescue vessels: 532 of the SS-50 project, SS Kazbek, 527 of the SS-21 project, several raid diving boats and underwater vehicles "AS-1" and AS-10.
However, despite the difficulties, the ships and vessels of the search and rescue service continued to carry military service in the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, the search and rescue forces worked hard to ensure the operations of the fleet forces in the Black Sea. Intensive combat training did not stop either, the standards for training divers, including deep-sea divers to extreme depths, were maintained. During the year, up to 32 joint exercises were conducted with surface ships, submarines, aircraft and helicopters. Rescue parachute groups of the 37th brigade showed excellent results at the demonstration exercises of the Navy and the Ministry of Emergency Situations. In 1990, an exercise was successfully conducted to assist the crew of a sunken submarine, together with the Navy of the People's Republic of Bulgaria. Command of the PSS formations - D.S. Gagin, A.A. Ishinov, A.A. Golodov, I.A. Kulakov, V.K. Kochul, V.A. Bekin, V.K. Shirokov, Yu.S. Karelin, G.E. Chernokhlebov and G.V. Areshkin during 1990-1993 successfully solved the tasks of maintaining high combat readiness of subordinate ships and vessels. The 2225 rescue equipment depot worked smoothly for the uninterrupted supply of ships and parts of the fleet with rescue equipment under the leadership of B.N. Slesarchuk. At the test exercises, the headquarters of formations and divisions confidently controlled forces in various situations, including during the transition from peaceful to war time. The commanders and captains of ships, ships and boats were trained to sail all over the world's oceans, each of them had experience in independently performing rescue operations. New ways and methods of providing assistance at sea and rescuing people were worked out and improved. Much attention was paid to solving these problems in remote areas with the active use of fleet aviation and in cooperation with the rescue services of other ministries and departments, especially with the Committee, and later, the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation. Even before the death of the submarine "Komsomolets" in the Northern Fleet, the Black Sea Fleet worked out methods for delivering rescuers with means of rescuing people to the area of the accident in the shortest possible time by fleet aviation and parachuting them into the water (parachutemethod) and from a helicopter (impossible parachute landing). The instigators, enthusiasts and executors of this method of conducting rescue operations were the former head of the PSS Black Sea Fleet V.F. Yurganov, officers G.V. Novokreshchenov, I.A. Kulakov, B.A. Borisov, midshipman V.V. Rusanov and other officers and midshipmen of the PSS Black Sea Fleet, the Air Force of the Black Sea Fleet and the 167th rescue party of the 37th rescue ship brigade. All of the listed officers made regular parachute jumps on the water, on the high seas, with a sea state of up to 3 points. They invented and successfully tested the means of parachute dropping into the water and deployment on the water of inflatable motor boats "Strizh-M" and other devices for the quick and effective rescue of people on the water in the open sea.
In 1991, after the well-known August events in the country, the Black Sea Fleet was headed by Admiral I.V. Kasatonov. An experienced sailor and demanding boss, he constantly paid great attention to the search and rescue service of the fleet. On his personal instructions, the main governing documents were revised, the organization of the Search and Rescue Post was changed. All this significantly improved the quality of the PSO of the fleet forces and the effectiveness of its control from the command post of the fleet.
It should be noted that, in addition to all the existing economic and financial difficulties, starting from the end of 1991, a "parade of sovereignties" of the republics that were part of the USSR began in the country. A large, powerful, world-respected country broke up into small states, the leadership of which had nothing but personal ambitions and a thirst for power. This greatly affected the activities of the Black Sea Fleet and the PSS Black Sea Fleet, in particular, the lives and destinies of many Black Sea sailors and their families. Having declared its independence, Ukraine unilaterally declared that all military formations, associations, formations and units of the Armed Forces of the USSR stationed on its territory are the property of the newly appeared state. All this applied to the Black Sea Fleet in full measure. This caused a mixed reaction among the military and Sevastopol. The overwhelming majority of Black Sea sailors were categorically against such a formulation of the question of the fate of the fleet.
Another, smaller, part of the officers and midshipmen decided to join the Armed Forces of Ukraine, hoping for higher positions and ranks. Not all of them acted decently. Some secretly took the military oath of Ukraine, some persuaded their subordinates to transfer, some stole secret documents. However, it should be noted that there were also such servicemen who, having decided to link their lives with the Armed Forces of Ukraine, honestly wrote reports and submitted them on command. All these works were satisfied by the command. There were many different things, and historians will figure it out.
We have all been bitter and regretful of the passivity of the leadership Russian Federation in relation to the fate of the Black Sea Fleet and the main base of the hero city of Sevastopol. Only the firm position of the Commander of the Black Sea Fleet, Admiral I.V. Kasatonov and the Military Council of the Fleet made it possible to keep it united and combat-ready, subordinate to the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy of the Russian Federation, which was the successor of the USSR.
It must be admitted that the command of the PSS Black Sea Fleet, subordinate formations and units did not have a choice. All were faithful to the given Military Oath and to the Commander of the Fleet. Yes, we had to significantly intensify educational work with all categories of personnel, pay more attention to the protection and defense of coastal facilities, ships and vessels. On an emergency basis, search and rescue forces and equipment based in other ports and on the territory of Ukraine and Georgia were sent to Sevastopol. This was necessary in connection with the unprecedented pressure on the command and the Black Sea from the nationalist forces. There were moments when the confrontation could reach a critical point. In protest against what is happening, I ordered the rescue ships of the 37th brigade of rescue ships based in Sevastopol on April 8, 1992 to raise the Russian St. Andrew's flag. By this we have proved our loyalty to Russia and once given the Military Oath. After my report to the Commander of the Fleet on the raising of the Andreevsky flag, Admiral I.V. Kasatonov highly appreciated the courage and loyalty of the rescuers and thanked them for their loyalty to the Motherland.
Of particular note is the clear and balanced position of the leadership of the 3rd brigade of search and rescue ships under the command of Captain 1st Rank G.E. Chernokhlebov. This brigade was based in Lake Donuzlav and was separated from the main forces of the search and rescue service of the fleet. Its highly efficient educational work gave a result, and all the forces and means of the search and rescue service of the Black Sea Fleet were completely preserved: not a single ship, vessel, boat changed its subordination.
Meanwhile, despite the political passions, the activities of the fleet continued. Combat training was carried out, firing practice was carried out, intensive transportation of equipment and people by sea was carried out, especially in the region of the Caucasian coast. All this required search and rescue support, which was carried out on high level, which was repeatedly noted by the command of the fleet and the PSS of the Russian Navy.
In connection with severe accidents and the death of a large number of people, such as the nuclear submarine "Komsomolets", the passenger liner "Admiral Nakhimov", the Government of the Russian Federation has increased its attention to the problems of search and rescue at sea. In 1993, in pursuance of the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation: "On Improving the Activities of Departmental Emergency Rescue Services", by order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation on April 19, 1993 No. 215, the search and rescue service of the Navy was transformed into the Directorate of Search and Rescue Operations Navy(UPASR Navy) with subordination to the Chief of the Main Staff of the Navy.
Accordingly, in March 1994, the Department of Search and Rescue Operations of the Black Sea Fleet (UPASR Black Sea Fleet) was formed in the fleet with the subordination of the head of the department and forces subordinate to him to the chief of staff of the fleet. The withdrawal of rescuers from the rear and subordination to the chief of staff of the Black Sea Fleet significantly strengthened the position of the rescue service in the fleet and expanded its capabilities as one of the main types of combat support. The organization of management and interaction with other departments and services, formations and parts of the fleet has improved.
The Department of Search and Rescue Operations, in comparison with the pre-existing Search and Rescue Service, differed quantitatively and qualitatively in better side. Organizationally, the UPASR fleet was significantly modernized and its components became: command post, which entered the general system of command and control of the forces of the fleet; organizational and planning department; department of search and organization of search and rescue flight support spacecraft; department of organization of search and rescue support and combat training; department of organization and supply. I was appointed head of the UPSR Black Sea Fleet. To staff the Department, along with experienced rescue officers, such as Captain 1st Rank V.N. Savin, Colonel of the Medical Service L.F. Shevchuk, captains 2nd rank V.V. Velichko, A.P. Kirpichev, lieutenant colonel G.V. Novokreshchenov, a number of well-trained officers who served in formations and parts of the fleet were appointed. These were captains of the 1st rank A.A. Silin, R.M. Laipanov, Colonel V.A. Filin, Lieutenant Colonel V.M. Krivonos, captains 2nd rank V.K. Kochul, A.A. Zubkov, captains 3rd rank A.L. Chabanenko, S.V. Tsygankov, A.Yu. Alekseev, O.E. Zakharov, A.B. Afineevsky, captain-lieutenant R.V. Khlopkov and others. Together with veterans of EPRON-ASS-PSS employees E.Kh. Leibovich, V.P. Krasovsky, N.V. Gordeev, A.V. Sokolova, N.S. Kharitonova and others formed a close-knit team of like-minded people who were able to overcome any difficulties (including those after perestroika).
Despite the difficult political situation that has developed around the fleet, and its very painful division between Russia and Ukraine, the Black Sea Fleet’s UPASR with subordinate formations and units continued to successfully solve the tasks of search and rescue support for the forces of the fleet and rescue operations in the Black Sea. However, the difficult economic situation in Russia could not but affect the state of the Black Sea Fleet, which found itself in a certain isolation on the territory of Ukraine. An irreversible process of reducing formations and parts of the fleet began. Thus, the 3 brigade of search and rescue ships was reduced, the divisions and groups of rescue ships in Kerch, Feodosia, Donuzlav, Odessa ceased to exist, the warehouses of emergency rescue equipment in the village of Mezhgorye, Kerch and the warehouse department in Odessa were reduced and ceased to exist. Due to the lack of funding, the repair of the Elbrus ocean rescue vessel was stopped (completed by 92%), which we, trying to save it from appropriation by Ukraine, transferred under tows to Sevastopol and began to complete the repair on our own. However, by decision of the central authorities of the Russian Navy, it was decommissioned and sold for cutting into metal to a commercial company. A similar decision was made on the Donbass search and rescue ship, which has completed repairs at the Ilyichevsk shipyard and is ready to be commissioned into the fleet's permanent readiness forces. Also, by decision of the central bodies of the Navy, other boats, underwater vehicles, diving systems and other emergency equipment were written off. A tangible blow to the readiness of the connection of rescue ships to search for sunken objects was the reduction and disbandment of the 1329 group special purpose, headed by captain 3rd rank A.A. Andriyashin, a great enthusiast of his work. It was a unique biotechnical division of dolphins capable of solving special search tasks with high efficiency.
All these actions significantly reduced the ability of the rescue service to perform search and rescue operations. The shortage of fuel and lubricants for rescue ships was more and more acute, the supply of gases for the preparation of gas mixtures to ensure descents into the water and maintain the standards of working out of deep-sea divers stopped. During this period, the capabilities of the divers of the 37th brigade were limited to a depth of only 60 meters. In 1995, after the incredible efforts made by the command of the Directorate of Search and Rescue Operations, supported by the Commander of the Fleet, Admiral E.D. Baltin, managed to go to the training ground and work out deep-sea divers from the board of the Epron rescue ship to a depth of 120 meters. At that time, this was a great achievement not only for the fleet, but also on the scale of the Russian Navy. Unfortunately, this was a one-time practice, and it was not possible to support deep-sea divers in the regime in the future. The rest of the helium was reserved for possible actual rescue work to assist distressed submarines.
The Marlin-350 remotely operated uninhabited underwater vehicle (ROV), developed and built by the domestic company Tethys Pro as part of the import substitution program, has passed the final stage of deep-sea state tests in the Black Sea in full. The underwater vehicle complies with the tactical and technical requirements formulated in the terms of reference for the Main Commands of the Navy and, based on the test results, was recommended by the state commission for adoption by the Russian Navy. This was announced today by the head of the search and rescue operations of the Navy, Captain 1st Rank Damir Shaikhutdinov.
Specialists of the search and rescue service of the Navy, who took part in the tests, confirmed that the underwater vehicle fully complies with the declared characteristics and is able to operate effectively at the maximum possible depth - 350 m.
Also, within the framework of state tests, the maximum scanning range of the side-scan sonar of the device was checked. So, having started the task of determining the coordinates of an object from a distance of 0.5 meters, the sonar reached an indicator of 65 meters under conditions of poor visibility.
According to Damir Shaikhutdinov, this device has great prospects for use on ships of the search and rescue operations service of the Russian Navy.
The remote-controlled uninhabited underwater vehicle (ROV) "Marlin-350" can be used for search operations, survey of sunken ships, under-ice rescue operations, research of potentially dangerous objects without the participation of diving specialists (for example, such as unexploded ordnance or anti-ship mines of the Great Patriotic War). wars).
With the help of the device, it is possible to visually control the underwater technical work performed by diving specialists, or deliver to the place of such lung work equipment or tools.
“The main features of this underwater vehicle are its ease of operation, as well as its small size and weight, which allows as soon as possible carry out its transfer to a surface ship of any type. In the future, it is planned to equip promising multifunctional modular boats of project 23370 of the search and rescue forces of the Russian Navy with Marlin remote-controlled uninhabited underwater vehicles,” Damir Shaikhutdinov explained.
Also, at the present time, the Kanonersky shipyard in St. Petersburg is undergoing modernization of the AS-34 manned deep-sea submersible of the Priz type, which is in service with the Search and Rescue Operations Department Northern Fleet and designed to assist the crews of emergency submarines lying on the ground at depths of up to 1000 meters. It is planned that in November of this year its repair will be completed. In accordance with the program for the modernization of search and rescue facilities of the Russian Navy in 2017, repairs and modernization of the same type of submersible AS-36 for the Northern Fleet will be carried out. At the same time, by 2020, it is planned to carry out repairs and modernization of all underwater rescue vehicles of the Priz type, which are in service with the departments and services of search and rescue operations of the fleets.
In the process of modernization under the project of the central design bureau "Lazurit", they will be equipped with modern computer equipment, the latest domestic systems search and underwater positioning. In fact, only a high-strength titanium case remains from the former AC-type apparatus, the entire filling changes.
APPROVE
Minister of Defense
Russian Federation
army General
"___" _________ 2013
Concept
development of the search and rescue support system
Navy for the period up to 2025
I. General provisions
The concept for the development of the search and rescue support system of the Navy 1 for the period up to 2025 (hereinafter referred to as the Concept) defines the goal, objectives and main directions for the development of the search and rescue support system of the Navy (hereinafter referred to as the Navy SAR) in modern and predictable military -political, military-strategic and military-economic conditions.
The concept was developed in accordance with the requirements of the Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation, the Naval Doctrine of the Russian Federation for the period until 2020, Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated May 7, 2012 No. 603 “On the implementation of plans (programs) for the construction and development of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops , military formations and bodies and modernization of the military-industrial complex”, Fundamentals of the state policy of the Russian Federation in the field of naval activities for the period up to 2020, the Strategy for the development of maritime activities of the Russian Federation until 2030, the Concept for the construction and development of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation for the period until 2020.
The PSO system of the Navy is an integral part of the functional subsystem for the prevention and elimination of emergencies of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, which is part of the Unified State System for the Prevention and Elimination of Emergencies of the Russian Federation (RSChS).
Search and rescue support is a set of measures and actions carried out by the forces and means of the Navy PSO, aimed at reducing casualties and maintaining the combat capability of submarines, surface ships, ships, aircraft and spacecraft and other fleet forces when they receive combat and emergency damage. .
The structural elements of the Navy PSO system are subsystems: control, executive and support.
The control subsystem includes: the central control bodies of the PSO, the control bodies of the PSO of the fleets and formations of the Navy.
By order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation, the management of the construction, development and operation of the PSO system of the forces and troops of the Navy in peacetime and wartime is entrusted to the High Command of the Navy.
The headquarters of the fleets (Department of Search and Rescue Operations (UPASR) of the fleets, SPASR of the Caspian Flotilla) directly organize search and rescue support for the actions of the fleet forces in the area of responsibility, organize interaction with regional and local rescue organizations and formations.
The executive subsystem includes:
units of search and rescue aviation complexes of naval aviation (hereinafter - MA);
full-time and non-standard aviation search and rescue units (rescue paratrooper groups, ground search and rescue teams) of aviation units of naval aviation fleets.
In addition, specially equipped submarines, ships, support vessels, aircraft with trained crews are involved in solving the tasks of the Navy PSO.
The supporting subsystem includes the subsystems of logistics and medical support, naval vocational education, military-scientific support for the development and functioning of the PSO system of the Navy.
The objectives of the PSO of the Navy are: in peacetime and in the period of an immediate threat of aggression - to maintain the combat capability of the forces of the Navy, and in wartime - to reduce the effectiveness of the enemy's combat impact on the forces and objects of the Navy.
The main tasks of the Navy PSO:
rescue of people on the surface of the water, crews of emergency submarines, surface ships (vessels), splashed down aircraft;
rescue of crews of emergency submarines lying on the ground;
performance of ship-lifting, underwater technical and other underwater works;
performance of special works to eliminate the consequences of emergencies with the forces and objects of the fleet at base points;
search, recovery or destruction of secret documents and equipment on sunken submarines, surface ships, ships and aircraft;
equipping search and rescue vessels, boats, underwater vehicles, aircraft with marine rescue equipment and property;
training in a special respect of the crews of ships, sea and aircraft involved in search and rescue;
organization of the duty of the allocated forces and means, collection and generalization of data on emergency facilities of the Navy;
training of crews of submarines, surface ships, ships and aircraft for the use of rescue equipment;
training of specialists in basic and additional specialties according to the nomenclature of the Navy PSO, rescue, diving and light diving training of the Navy personnel;
improvement of the regulatory and legal framework in the field of Navy PSO;
organization of the implementation of research work in the field of PSO of the Navy;
introduction of advanced computer technology and automation equipment to the Navy PSO organization;
formation of tactical and technical requirements for advanced search and rescue equipment;
preparation of tactical and technical specifications for conducting research and development work by organizations of the military-industrial complex to create advanced search and rescue equipment;
military-scientific support of experimental design work;
V last years work on the technical re-equipment of the search and rescue service (PSS) of the Navy has been significantly intensified. The basis of the PSS are ocean specialized rescue vessels of an unlimited navigation area. In 2012, after an almost half-century break in the construction of rescue ships, the project 21300 vessel Igor Belousov was launched.
The purpose of the new vessel is to rescue and assist the crews of emergency submarines at the maximum depths of their navigation, using rescue underwater vehicles in conjunction with a decompression complex based on the vessel, as well as performing diving operations at a depth of up to 450 meters.
"Igor Belousov" is equipped with a complex of search and rescue technical means, which includes towed search equipment based on the latest side-scan sonar, a complex of working deep-sea uninhabited underwater vehicle-robot with a special multifunctional manipulator device for performing a wide range of underwater technical operations, a manned rescue apparatus and deep-sea diving complex.
The launching of such an ultra-modern lifeguard, no doubt, significant event not only for the search and rescue service of the Navy, but also for the domestic shipbuilding industry.
Why are such ships built?
In 2011-2020, in accordance with State program armament for 2011-2020, a large-scale set of measures is planned, the implementation of which is aimed at ensuring the re-equipment of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation as part of the formation of their new look.
In accordance with the Military Doctrine of Russia, the basis sea power our country still has a submarine fleet, it will retain this role in the future. This is the opinion not only of experts, but also of high-ranking representatives of the military department.
The active construction of submarines implies the development of a system of search and rescue support (PSR) of the Navy, including the rescue of submariners from sunken submarines. In this regard, the commissioning of new rescue vessels equipped with submarine search and rescue systems is of particular importance today.
According to the classical scheme, when organizing rescue operations, it is necessary to solve three consecutive tasks: find and examine an emergency submarine, remove the crew from it with rescue underwater vehicles and perform underwater technical work using uninhabited underwater vehicles, normobaric suits to prepare for a ship recovery operation or disposal or conservation sunken submarine.
It is these tasks, among others, that the Igor Belousov project 21300 rescue vessel will solve.
Background
The need to create an ocean rescue ship, including a submarine rescue ship, became obvious to the leadership of the Navy in the first post-war years. The efforts of the Navy and the shipbuilding industry have led to the appearance in the fleet of rescue vessels carrying deep-sea diving systems (GVK) on board. These were Project 527 vessels (one Epron vessel remained in service as part of the Black Sea Fleet), which made it possible to organize the work of divers to a depth of 200 meters, and Project 537 vessels (one Alagez vessel remained in service, consisting of Pacific Fleet), providing descents of divers to a depth of 250 meters.
The stagnation that began in the 1970s led to a growing backlog of the technical base of the search and rescue service from similar leading foreign structures. You can find many reasons for this - both objective and subjective, but the fact remains, which was confirmed by the disaster of the Kursk APRK. The hundred-meter depth where the boat was located, which in the 70s was not a problem for our divers at all, in 2000 turned out to be insurmountable for us. Having mastered the technique of diving to a depth of up to 500 meters in laboratory conditions back in the 80s, the Navy specialists could not put it into practice for objective reasons: in Russia there simply were no ships capable of descending a person to a depth of half a kilometer in real sea conditions . The shipbuilding industry of the 1970s and 1990s did not create a deep-sea diving complex at the modern level for those years.
Let us repeat once again that the Kursk disaster in 2000 clearly showed Russia's inability to carry out any serious diving operations outside the air depth range, that is, deeper than 60 meters, where divers are no longer able to breathe air. Today, it is simply necessary for Russia to be able and able to conduct diving operations at depths of hundreds of meters, that is, at those that can withstand the hulls of submarines. Where, in case of impossibility of surfacing the submarine for one reason or another, the hull still retains strength and tightness, there may be living members of the crew.
Therefore, the construction of a specialized fleet of rescue vessels, the training of deep-sea divers, the development regulatory framework for diving operations at depths of 450 meters or more are the most important tasks today.
Deep-sea diving complex
GVK "Igor Belousov" is located on five decks in the middle of the vessel and occupies more than 20 percent of the hull volume. With a little stretch, we can say that the ship itself is built around a deep-sea diving complex.
It is based on five pressure chambers (divided into eight compartments), each with a diameter of 2.3 meters and a length of 4.5 to 5.5 meters (depending on its purpose) and having a working pressure of 45 atmospheres. In the pressure chambers, various internal equipment is installed and, in accordance with this, they are divided into residential, sanitary and reception rooms.
Residential pressure chambers are equipped with beds, tables, chairs, lockers for storing divers' personal belongings, bedside lamps, headphones for listening to music and other items necessary for organizing the normal life of the crew. In the sanitary compartments there are toilets and showers - after all, divers must spend two to three weeks in the chamber. In the receiving-output compartment, divers put on equipment before diving and undress after diving, through this compartment they enter the diving bell to dive on the object.
The living environment in the pressure chambers is created and maintained by special life support systems: they measure the composition and parameters of the gaseous environment in the compartments, replenish it with oxygen, remove carbon dioxide, odors and other harmful gaseous impurities, regulate the temperature and humidity of the respiratory mixture, etc. The life support system includes special devices for cleaning the gas environment in the compartments, gas analyzers, temperature and humidity sensors, pumps, compressors, refrigerators and a host of other mechanisms and devices .
The pressure in the chambers is raised to working pressure by supplying compressed gases from cylinders located right there on board the ship, and when the pressure is reduced, a special system separates expensive helium from other gases in the atmosphere of the compartment and pumps it back into cylinders for reuse.
Divers are delivered to their place of work in a diving bell - a small pressure chamber capable of accommodating two working divers in full gear and a diver - the bell operator. The bell is hermetically joined to the receiving-output compartment and provides divers with the transition to the bell and back to the compartment without pressure change thanks to special hatches in the bell and in the receiving-output compartment.
The descent of the bell under water and its rise to the surface is carried out by a hoisting device (SPU). SPU is complex technical system, which not only lowers and raises the diving bell, but also neutralizes the effect of the ship's pitching on it, ensures the safety of the diver in emergency situations.
The work of the GVK is managed around the clock in three shifts. These are console operators, compressor workers, refrigeration specialists, and special physiologists. The descent of divers under water is led by a special team led by a diving specialist. All information about the physical and psychological state of divers, about the conditions of people's stay in pressure chambers and under water, the composition and parameters of the respiratory mixture, the state and operation of the mechanisms and systems of the complex is collected and processed by a powerful electronic computer as part of the integrated GVK control panel.
In total, 21 people are expected to be involved in servicing the GVK.
The described technology for conducting diving descents is called the "Method of long stay under pressure" and is used at depths of more than one hundred meters, although there are exceptions - it all depends on the amount of work to be done. In reality, today divers can be under pressure continuously for two to three weeks, followed by the so-called decompression, that is, a slow decrease in pressure to atmospheric pressure over many days, after which the divers leave the pressure chambers “to freedom”.
It is this principle that is the basis of the GVK of the rescue vessel Igor Belousov.
Problems of survival
Two main types of problems needed to be solved in order to ensure that a person could stay under pressure of dozens of atmospheres for many days - medical-physiological and technical.
Medical and physiological problems consist in choosing the order of raising the pressure to the required level and the schedule for its decrease, that is, the rate of rise and decrease in pressure, changes in the composition of the artificial gas mixture for breathing (at this depth, the air is no longer suitable), modes of work and rest, nutrition, parameters of the microclimate (temperature and humidity) of the living environment and the solution of several dozen other issues that normal conditions do not even arise, since they were realized in the course of centuries of evolution, which adapted the human body to exist at the bottom of the air ocean of planet Earth.
Technical problems are to provide in real conditions with the necessary accuracy all the vital parameters of the gaseous medium in which the diver is located from the moment the hatch of the pressure chamber is closed to the moment it is opened.
A separate and at least no less difficult task is to ensure the work of a diver directly in the water, at the facility. And here again there are several problems. The main one is the preservation of the life and health of a person who is at a depth of 450 meters under a pressure of 45 atmospheres in cold water in complete darkness.
It should be emphasized that everything described above must be carried out with absolute technical reliability. A person under pressure of tens of atmospheres cannot simply get out of the water or from the pressure chamber - for every 10 meters of depth, in the most general case, he needs one hour of decompression - a long stop to equalize pressure. The body of a person under the pressure of a gaseous medium is like a bottle of champagne. A sharp decrease in pressure - and for champagne this is the opening of a cork - leads to foaming of the gases of the respiratory mixture dissolved in the tissues of the body and in the blood and, as a result, to a serious illness and even death. Diving practice, as well as high-altitude and human space flights, knows many such cases. The process of decompression - pressure reduction - in itself is slow and inevitable: from a depth of 450 meters, the diver must be “lifted” to the surface for more than four days, and no matter what happens around, these four days cannot be reduced, otherwise the person will die. We can safely say that it is possible to deliver an astronaut from orbit to Earth many times faster than to lift it to earth's surface deep diver.
The question is often asked: why put a person's health and even life at risk by placing him in inhuman conditions of a deep-sea diving descent, when modern underwater robots can solve all the problems at the facility? Unfortunately, this is not so. A robot, no matter how perfect it is, like any machine, even equipped with artificial intelligence, has limited opportunities, while any operation under water, especially rescue, can always present unexpected problems and require actions that go beyond the capabilities of the machine, requiring quick non-standard solutions. Yes, of course, the main part of the work at the facility should be carried out by underwater robots, but divers must also be on board the rescue ship, since such a situation may arise that it is their experience, professionalism and hands that may determine the lives of dozens of crew members who have fallen into a trap. submarine.
But the tasks of the complex are not limited to the function of providing deep-sea diving operations. The vessel provides for the presence of a manned rescue vehicle for lifting submariners. For this, the pressure chambers of the complex have two docking points: one for the already mentioned diving bell, and the second for docking with a rescue apparatus located in a special boathouse on board the ship. This apparatus has a special compartment, the exit hatch of which is firmly and hermetically joined both with the special hatch of the submarine shelter compartment and with the pressure chamber on board the vessel. When using the rescue vehicle, the crew of the submarine, after docking, goes into the compartment of the vehicle and closes the hatch behind them. After undocking, it floats to the surface and approaches the board of the Igor Belousov, where the vehicle picks up the descent device, lifts it out of the water, enters the boathouse and lowers the pressure chamber docking station onto the coaming platform. After docking in the compartments of the apparatus and the pressure chamber, the pressure is equalized, the hatches open and the rescued members of the crew of the boat pass into the ship's pressure chamber into the hands of doctors.
In one flight, the rescue apparatus is capable of delivering 20 people to the surface, and the compartments of the pressure chambers of the GVK can receive and provide everything necessary for up to 60 rescued people at the same time.
The role of Tethys Pro OJSC
On May 29, 2012, the construction plant of the Igor Belousov rescue vessel, Admiralty Shipyards OJSC, concluded a contract with Tetis Pro OJSC for the supply of GVK-450.
Divex (Great Britain) was chosen as the manufacturer of the main elements of the complex on the basis of the analysis of global GWC manufacturers.
To date, in order to organize the construction of the ship at the Admiralty shipyards, Tetis Pro OJSC has already supplied the main equipment to ensure the life of divers. In June, factory tests were completed and the acceptance of pressure chambers and other pressure vessels, a hoisting device and other main GVK equipment to be accepted by the customer began. Supervisory bodies of the customer are involved in factory testing and acceptance of equipment: military acceptance and Gostekhnadzor of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.
For the operational management of the contract, JSC Tethys Pro created its own engineering and design group in St. Petersburg, working together with specialists from the ship designer - JSC TsMKB Almaz and the ship builder - JSC Admiralteyskie Verfi and providing prompt resolution of issues arising in the process of work. The executor of the contract for the supply of GVK - JSC "Tethys Pro" coordinates the activities of equipment manufacturers, its representatives, not limited to information letters, regularly visit manufacturing plants and personally monitor the implementation of agreements. Thanks to the clear organization of work, the contract for the supply of GWC is being carried out according to the schedule agreed with the customer.
In addition to the actual supply of equipment, according to the contract, JSC Tethys Pro performs installation supervision of the complex and handover to the customer of the finally assembled and operating GVK-450 aboard the Igor Belousov.
Obligations of JSC "Tethys Pro" are not limited only to the supply of a deep-sea diving complex to the vessel "Igor Belousov". The scope of equipment supplied by our company includes a towed search complex with a working depth of 2000 meters, including a side-scan sonar and a magnetometer, a working uninhabited underwater vehicle with a diving depth of up to 1000 meters, deep-sea diving equipment, special technological equipment and deep-sea tools for divers to work on object.
The search complex consists of an underwater towed unit (carrying a side-scan sonar, a magnetometer and other search equipment), ship-based specialized equipment for processing and displaying the collected information, as well as a connecting-towing cable with a special winch. The towed complex searches - "looks" the bottom surface while the carrier vessel is moving and can detect an emergency submarine in a search band of more than 1000 meters.
A detected submarine or other object at the bottom is examined by the Panther Plus uninhabited submersible or HS-1200 normobaric space suits. The uninhabited underwater vehicle and normobaric suits are equipped with highly sensitive hydroacoustic and television equipment, working manipulators, which allow not only to identify the found object and assess its condition, but also to carry out the necessary preparation of the object for further operation of the manned rescue vehicle or divers. And at the very final stage rescue operation divers are involved.
Thus, the set of equipment supplied by JSC "Tethys Pro" turns the ship "Igor Belousov" into a rescue vessel that fully meets the current level of development of underwater technologies.
Company Opportunities
It should be noted that the supply of search equipment and underwater robots for the Navy is not a new task for JSC Tethys Pro: more than a dozen complexes of such equipment have already been delivered by our enterprise to the fleet, a number of ministries and commercial organizations Russia, and from year to year the level of demand for the supplied equipment is steadily growing.
Also, for many years, JSC Tethys Pro has been manufacturing and supplying the state search and rescue services of Russia and commercial companies performing underwater work with mobile and stationary ship diving systems with a working depth of up to 100 meters or more, diving working and special equipment, underwater equipment and tools. .
GVK "Igor Belousov" with a working depth of 450 meters, of course, is an immeasurably more complex project, but nevertheless, the engineering and technical potential and experience of the team of JSC "Tethys Pro" will undoubtedly allow solving the task at a high technical level and on schedule.
Now we can say with confidence that the Igor Belousov will be successfully handed over to the customer and its commissioning will be a turning point in bringing the Navy's PSS to a level that meets the realities of today. The creation of a modern GVK and its introduction into the practice of the search and rescue service will make it possible to take the first step forward not only in rescuing the crews of emergency submarines, but also in solving the problems of deep-sea diving that arise in the practice of the Navy.
Help "VPK"
Alexey Kaifadzhyan in 1988 graduated from the Higher naval school Order of the Red Star them. A. S. Popov, served as an officer in the formation of large nuclear submarines of the Northern Fleet. Since 1994, he served in the 40th State Research Institute of Emergency Rescue and Deep-Sea Operations of the RF Ministry of Defense. As the head of the laboratory of this research institute, he worked on the creation of search and survey and emergency equipment. Repeatedly participated in the exercises and actual work of the search and rescue forces of various fleets, the expedition to survey and prepare for the recovery of the sunken APRK "Kursk", as well as in the work of the state commission to investigate the causes of its disaster. Currently - General manager JSC "Tetis Pro"
