Command post of the aerospace defense forces of the Russian Federation. Aerospace Defense Troops

16.03.2020

Russia. This time we will talk about aerospace forces

And we'll start with the most pleasant. When is Air Force Day celebrated?

Aerospace Forces Day

At aerospace forces Russian Federation very little experience. They arose on August 01, 2015 with the unification of the air force (Air Force) and the Aerospace Defense Forces (VKO)

The Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation presents the Battle Banner of the Aerospace Forces

Taking into account the merits of the personnel in the defense of the country, by decree of the President of our country, back in 2006, a professional holiday of the Air Force was adopted. August 12 is considered their day..

And since the Air Force is now part of the Aerospace Forces, the same day is considered a holiday!

The combination of forces led to the necessary combination of the air and space spheres as adjacent areas, for more convenient control over them. The creation of these forces is due to the situation on the world stage, changes in the rearmament of other states, and the increasing importance of the space sector for military, economic and social progress.

Commander-in-Chief of the Aerospace Forces

The Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Aerospace Forces is Colonel General Sergei Vladimirovich Surovikin, in office since November 22, 2017. He commanded at the last stage the grouping of Russian troops during the Syrian military mission.

Composition of the Aerospace Forces

Structure of the videoconferencing consists of 3 types:

Air Force,
space troops,
Air and Missile Defense Troops.

The Air Force is represented by several branches:

long-range aviation;
front-line aviation;
military transport aviation;
Anti-aircraft missile forces;
radio engineering troops;

At long-range aviation their mission is expressed by the elimination of air and sea targets, command posts and communication links of the opposing side.

The DA units are armed with strategic bombers and missile carriers Tu-160 and Tu-95MS, long-range aircraft Tu-22M3. The aircraft are armed with Kh-55 and Kh-22 cruise missiles for maximum, medium range, in addition, they are armed with aerial bombs (including nuclear ones).

White Swan TU-160 strategic bomber-missile carrier of the aerospace forces of the Russian Federation

Front-line aviation- is obliged to provide cover for the Ground Forces. It contains:

Front-line bomber and attack aviation - its arsenal has Su-24M, Su-25, Su-30, Su-35 aircraft. On board, they are equipped with a set of aerial bombs, guided and unguided missiles, air-to-ground rockets, and air guns.

Su-30 multirole fighter 4+ generation

reconnaissance aviation- conducts combined arms reconnaissance during flight. The Su-24MRs in their arsenal are equipped with reconnaissance systems.

The purpose of Fighter Aviation is to counter air attacks and opposing objects in the air. They are armed with Su-27, Su-33, MiG-25, MiG-29, MiG-31 fighter aircraft equipped with air-to-air missiles and air guns.

"Fox Hound" MiG-31 supersonic high-altitude all-weather fighter-interceptor

Army Aviation- they specifically provide cover for the Ground Forces, supply the rear and the front. Equipped with aircraft and helicopters: Mi-8, Mi-24, Ka-50, Ka-52, Su-24M, Su-25, Su-30, Su-35, performing fire cover. Having equipment in the form of guided missiles "Air-to-ground", unguided rockets, aircraft cannons, aerial bombs, on board. In addition, the AA is supplemented by Mi-8 transport helicopters and An-26 aircraft.

"Alligator" Attack helicopter Ka-52

Military transport aviation- parachutes manpower and equipment, is engaged in transportation in the rear and technical support in situations of war on water and land. They are armed with strategic aircraft An-124 "Ruslan", An-22 "Antey", long-range aircraft Il-76, An-12, and medium-range aircraft An-26.

Anti-aircraft missile troops- cover military forces and points from air threats of the opposing side. They are armed with anti-aircraft missile systems for short, medium and long distances - Osa, Buk, S-75, S-125, S-300, S-400.

Radio engineering troops- are engaged in identifying air threats from opposing forces. Identification, notification of management, prosecution of identified objects, control and management support for flights.

space troops

They are engaged in maintaining the security of our state in the space sector.

As a separate branch of the military, it existed in the RF Armed Forces from 2001 to 2011. From December 01, 2011, they are being transformed into the aerospace defense. And 08/01/2015 are considered a branch of the military, part of the VKS.

KV are armed with: satellites of specific reconnaissance, electronic control, communications and a global system of satellite military navigation.

Air and Missile Defense Troops

Formed in 1914. In their current form, they are air defense-missile defense brigades and have the following primary purposes:

countering ballistic and aerodynamic threats.

Purpose of the Aerospace Forces

Military Space Force have their own tasks, namely:

countering attacks from the air and protective measures against attacks on the points of the military leadership of the state of the upper level, points of administrative and political appointment, industrial and economic territories, valuable infrastructural and economic objects of the state and military formations;
destruction of military points of the opposing side with the help of conventional and nuclear means of destruction;
air support during armed conflict all its parts;
study of the space sphere, determination of possible dangers in that area, if they arise - neutralization;
carrying out the launch of spacecraft, maintaining civil and military satellites, obtaining the necessary information of a military nature;
maintaining a system of satellites in a certain number and ready-to-use state.

Russian Aerospace Forces in Syria

First combat experience

The first combat experience was the Syrian military mission, highly appreciated by the country's leadership. The personnel of the Aerospace Forces were involved in the Syrian conflict in large numbers and many were awarded high government awards. Even world analysts highly appreciated the quality of the actions of the Russian Aerospace Forces.

During the control observation of the Syrian territory, a constellation of satellites was used to carry out visual and electronic reconnaissance, in addition, to provide radio communications.

There have been reports of the use of Orlan and Granat drones.

Achievements of the VKS

At some cultural events and during demonstration flights in any air show, the Russian Aerospace Forces are usually represented by the Russian Knights and Swifts aerobatic teams.

Their skill delights visitors of those show programs. It is often the impression of the flights seen that encourages young guys to choose this military service. This is evidenced by surveys of cadets of flight schools who saw virtuoso pilot skills.

A similar and most famous event has been taking place at the MAKS air show for more than two decades, which anyone can visit.

Representatives Videoconferencing of Russia showcase their professional skills.

December 1 of this year saw the birth of a new branch of the Aerospace Defense Forces of Russia. Also, this day will be remembered by the complete curtailment of such troops as the space troops.

The new branch of the military has already begun to control the orbit and airspace, the first duty shift of three thousand people solemnly took up combat duty.

creation of aerospace defense
The first attempts to create a system for monitoring air and airless space were made back in 2001. But due to lack of funds and other political priorities, the implementation of the program to create the aerospace defense was constantly delayed. And only the threat of Western missile defense systems approaching Russian borders forced Russian leadership remember about adequate counteraction to emerging threats.

East Kazakhstan region management
The former commander of the space forces, Lieutenant-General O. Ostapenko, has been appointed head of the aerospace defense.
General V. Ivanov was appointed first deputy.
The space direction is commanded by Major General O. Maidanovich.
The air direction is commanded by Major General S. Popov.

Tasks of aerospace defense
The main purpose of the new type of troops is to warn of a missile attack and repel a missile and air attack from the aerospace environment on the territory of the Russian Federation. After the discovery of the attack and the report to the top leadership, apply all measures to destroy the threat, suppress the attack control centers and cover important objects on Russian territory.
- instant informing the military-political leadership of the country about the detection of a missile launch from the territory controlled by the troops of the aerospace defense;
-destruction of detected missiles and warheads fired on the territory of the Russian Federation;
- ensuring the protection of the main points of control of the country and the Armed Forces, the protection of strategic facilities of the fatherland;
-constant monitoring of all spacecraft, prevention of threats from outer space, creation of parity of forces;
- launching new space objects into orbits, constant control of satellites and orbital and space vehicles, control of civilian satellites to collect the necessary information.

Composition of the EKR
The structure of the divisions of the space direction includes:
- a missile attack warning system, consisting of an orbital constellation of three satellites, one US-KMO and 2 US-KS;
- the main center for testing and control of the orbital constellation;
- Plesetsk cosmodrome;
- space control system, consisting of:
Command post of PKO and KKP;
Complex "Krona", located in the North Caucasus;
Complex "Window", located in Tajikistan;
Complex "Moment", located in the Moscow region;
Complex "Krona-N", located in the Far East;
Overflight warning system of special CO;
All radars "Dnepr";
All radar "Daryal";
Station "Volga", located in Baranovichi;
Dunay-ZU stations, Don-2N missile defense stations located in the Moscow region;
Station "Azov", located in Kamchatka;
Stations "Sazhen-T and -S";
Stations "Voronezh-M and -DM";
The control system can use the NSOS network in the CIS, and the system also takes data from COSPAR, OOH and NASA.
The anti-missile and anti-aircraft units include:
- anti-missile defense division located in the Moscow region;
- 3 S-400 anti-aircraft missile brigades located in the Moscow region;
- several S-500 anti-aircraft missile brigades are expected until 2020;
In addition to these areas, radio engineering troops will support the aerospace defense.

Subordination
The aerospace defense troops will be directly connected to the General Staff, the structure will also be managed General base.

So far, the VKO control system has not been fully calibrated. Yes, and what is possible, because the new branch of the army is not even a month old. Almost all stations consist of old equipment, many open uncontrolled areas and obsolete weapons. But let's hope that everything will settle down and the aerospace defense will be overgrown with the latest complexes, stations and weapons. In the meantime, technology is working on two fronts: in the East Kazakhstan region and its own districts.

Additional Information
Judging by the reaction Western countries to the creation of the aerospace defense, they reliably know the capabilities of these troops, they learn any information on domestic defense capabilities faster than some commanders of our military units. And they can begin to worry no sooner than they get into service with the S-500.
It is a pity for the wasted time on the creation of the aerospace defense, for ten years enormous opportunities have been lost, to take at least change military base in Cuba.

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By the end of the 20th century, Russia had the A-135 zonal strategic missile defense system and anti-aircraft missile systems of various modifications with certain capabilities for the implementation of object-based anti-missile defense. The decision taken in 1993 and formalized by a presidential decree to create a unified aerospace defense system (VKO) in Russia turned out to be unfulfilled. Moreover, in 1997, the country's Air Defense Forces, which were the prototype of the Aerospace Defense Forces, were disbanded, which significantly complicated the creation of the country's aerospace defense system in the future. This situation was not corrected by the transfer of rocket and space defense troops from the Strategic Missile Forces to the created Space Forces that followed in 2001.

Only after the United States withdrew from the ABM Treaty in June 2002 did Russia's military-political leadership realize the need to return to the issue of creating an aerospace defense system in the country. On April 5, 2006, Russian President Vladimir Putin approved the "Concept of Aerospace Defense of the Russian Federation until 2016 and Beyond". This document determined the purpose, directions and priorities of creating the country's aerospace defense system. However, as is often the case in Russia, the period from making a conceptual decision to taking concrete steps to implement it took a long time. By and large, until the spring of 2010, the issues of creating a country's aerospace defense system did not find a real embodiment in the plans for military development.

DRAGGING THE BLANKETS…

The Ministry of Defense began to fulfill the task of creating the country's aerospace defense system only after the "Concept for the construction and development of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020" was approved by the President of Russia on April 19, 2010. In it, as part of the formation of a new image of the Russian Armed Forces, the creation of the country's aerospace defense system was determined as one of the main measures of military organizational development. However, apparently, the practical implementation of this decision was delayed. This can explain the intervention of the President, who, speaking in the Kremlin at the end of November 2010 with the next Address to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, set the Ministry of Defense the task of combining the existing systems of air and missile defense, missile attack warning and control of outer space under the auspices of the strategic command being created. IN TO. But even after these presidential instructions, the Defense Ministry did not stop discussing the shape of the future aerospace defense system. The Air Force Command and the command of the Space Forces "pulled the blanket" each on themselves. The Academy of Military Sciences and the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation did not stand aside.

On March 26, 2011, a general reporting and election meeting of the Academy of Military Sciences was held with the participation of the heads of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and other central military authorities. At this meeting, along with summing up the results of the work of the Academy for 2005-2010, topical issues of military development at the present stage were considered. Speaking with a report, the President of the Academy, General of the Army Makhmut Gareev, spoke about the need to create an aerospace defense of the country as follows: “With the modern nature of the armed struggle, the center of gravity and main efforts are transferred to aerospace. The leading states of the world are placing their main bets on gaining dominance in the air and space by carrying out massive air and space operations at the very beginning of the war with strikes against strategic and vital targets throughout the depths of the country. This requires the solution of aerospace defense tasks by the combined efforts of all branches of the Armed Forces and the centralization of control on the scale of the Armed Forces under the leadership of the Supreme High Command and the General Staff of the Armed Forces, and not the re-creation of a separate branch of the Armed Forces.

In turn, the Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces, General of the Army Nikolai Makarov, in his speech to the participants of this meeting, outlined the conceptual approaches of the Russian General Staff to the creation of the country's aerospace defense system. He said: “We have a concept for creating aerospace defense until 2020. It tells you what, when and how to do it. In this important issue for the country and the state, we have no right to be mistaken. Therefore, some positions of the concept are now being revised. The governing body of the aerospace defense is formed under the General Staff, and the General Staff will also manage it. It must be understood that the Space Forces are only one element in the aerospace defense system, which must be multi-layered in terms of heights and ranges, and integrate existing forces and means. Now there are very few of them. We are counting on the production of products by the military-industrial complex, which will start literally from next year.”

Thus, it can be stated that at that time the developments of the Academy of Military Sciences and the General Staff in relation to the basic principles of building the country's aerospace defense completely coincided. It seemed that the only thing left to do was to formalize these developments by an appropriate presidential decree, and after that it would be possible to start creating the country's aerospace defense system. However, the situation began to develop in a completely different scenario. Unexpectedly for the Russian expert community and for reasons unknown to it, the General Staff suddenly abandoned those approaches to the formation of the governing body of the country's aerospace defense, which were announced in March 2011 by General of the Army Makarov. And, as a result of this, at the April 2011 meeting of the board of the Ministry of Defense, a decision was made to create the Aerospace Defense Troops on the basis of the Space Forces.

NEW BRANCH OF THE TROOPS…

The decision taken by the collegium of the Ministry of Defense, which was in many respects crucial for the cause of military development, was quickly implemented by the corresponding presidential decree issued by Dmitry Medvedev in May 2011. This was done contrary to the generally accepted logic of military development in Russia - first, the issue of creating the country's aerospace defense system was to be considered at a meeting of the Security Council of the Russian Federation with the adoption of an appropriate decision, and only then this decision is formalized by a presidential decree. After all, the creation of the aerospace defense system is not a purely departmental matter of the Ministry of Defense, but a nationwide task. And accordingly, the approach to solving this problem should be adequate to its significance and complexity. But, unfortunately, this did not happen.

On November 8, 2011, Dmitry Medvedev, who was in the presidency, issued a decree on the appointment of the leadership of the Aerospace Defense Forces. As expected, Lieutenant General Oleg Ostapenko was appointed commander of the Aerospace Defense Forces, with his release from the post of commander of the abolished Space Forces.

The structure of the new type of troops of the Armed Forces, formed on December 1, 2011 - the Aerospace Defense Troops, includes the actual command of the Aerospace Defense Forces, as well as the space command and the air defense and missile defense command.

According to available information, the aerospace defense troops included:
– 1st State Test Cosmodrome “Plesetsk” (ZATO Mirny, Arkhangelsk region) with the 45th separate research and testing station (polygon “Kura” in Kamchatka);
– Main Test Space Center named after G.S. Titov (ZATO Krasnoznamensk, Moscow region);
- The main missile attack warning center (Solnechnogorsk, Moscow region);
– The main center for reconnaissance of the space situation (Noginsk-9, Moscow region);
- 9th anti-missile defense division (Sofrino-1, Moscow region);
- three air defense brigades (transferred from the disbanded Operational-Strategic Command of the Aerospace Defense Forces, which was part of the Air Force);
- parts of support, protection, special troops and rear;
– Military Space Academy named after A.F. Mozhaisky (St. Petersburg) with branches;
- Military Space Cadet Corps (St. Petersburg).

According to modern views of the Russian military science, aerospace defense as a complex of nationwide and military measures, operations and combat actions of troops (forces and means) is organized and carried out in order to warn of an aerospace enemy attack, repel it and defend the country's facilities, groupings of the Armed Forces and the population from strikes from air and from space. At the same time, under the means of aerospace attack (AAS) it is customary to understand the totality of aerodynamic, aeroballistic, ballistic and space aircraft operating from the ground (sea), from airspace, from space and through space.

To fulfill the tasks arising from the above goals of aerospace defense, the created Aerospace Defense Forces now have a missile attack warning system (SPRN), a space control system (SKKP), an A-135 strategic zonal missile defense system and anti-aircraft missile systems in service air defense brigades.

What are these forces and means and what tasks are they capable of solving?

ROCKET WARNING SYSTEM…

The Russian early warning system, like the similar American system of early warning systems, consists of two interconnected echelons: space and ground. The main purpose of the space echelon is to detect the fact of the launch of ballistic missiles, and the ground echelon, upon receipt of information from the space echelon (or independently), to provide continuous tracking of launched ballistic missiles and warheads separated from them, determining not only the parameters of their trajectory, but also the area of impact accurate to tens of kilometers.

The space echelon includes an orbital grouping of specialized spacecraft, on the platform of which sensors are mounted that can detect the launch of ballistic missiles, and equipment that registers the information coming from the sensors and relays it to ground control points via space communication channels. These spacecraft are placed in highly elliptical and geostationary orbits in such a way that they can constantly monitor all missile hazardous areas (ROPs) on the Earth's surface - both on land and in the oceans. However, the space echelon of the Russian early warning system does not have such capabilities today. Its current orbital constellation (three spacecraft, of which one is in a highly elliptical orbit and two in a geostationary orbit) exercises only limited monitoring of the ROP with significant temporary interruptions.

In order to increase the capabilities of the space echelon of early warning systems and improve the reliability and efficiency of the system combat control Russia's strategic nuclear forces decided to create the Unified Space Detection and Combat Control System (EKS). It will include new generation spacecraft and modernized command posts. According to Russian experts, after the adoption of the CEN into service, the Russian early warning system will be able to detect launches not only of ICBMs and SLBMs, but also of any other ballistic missiles, no matter where they are launched from. Data on the timing of the creation of the EKS are not published. It is possible that this system will be able to fulfill its tasks no later than 2020, since by that time, as General of the Army Makarov said, the creation in Russia of a full-fledged system of the country's aerospace defense will be completed.

The ground echelon of the Russian early warning system currently includes seven separate radio engineering units (ortu) with over-the-horizon radar stations (RLS) of the Dnepr, Daryal, Volga and Voronezh types. The range of detection of ballistic targets by these radars is from 4 to 6 thousand km.

On the territory of the Russian Federation there are four ortu: in Olenegorsk, Murmansk region, in Pechora of the Komi Republic, in the villages of Mishelevka Irkutsk region and Lekhtusi, Leningrad Region. The first and third of them are equipped with the rather outdated Dnepr-M radar, the second with the more modern Daryal radar, and the fourth with the new Voronezh-M radar. Three more ortu are located in Kazakhstan ( locality Gulshad), Azerbaijan (Gabala settlement) and Belarus (Gantsevichi settlement). The first of them is equipped with the Dnepr-M radar, the second with the Daryal radar, and the third with a fairly modern Volga radar. These ports are serviced by Russian military specialists, but only the ports in Belarus are Russian property, while the other two Russian Defense Ministry leases from Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan, paying monetary compensation for this in the amount established by intergovernmental agreements. It is known that the term of the agreement on renting ortu in Gabala ends in 2012, but the issue of prolonging this agreement has not been resolved. The Azerbaijani side puts forward unacceptable lease conditions for Russia. Therefore, most likely the Russian side at the end of 2012 will refuse to rent ortu in Gabala.

Until recently, the contour of the ground echelon of the Russian early warning missile system also included two ortu with the Dnepr radar in Ukraine (in the cities of Mukachevo and Sevastopol). These ortu were served by Ukrainian civilian personnel, and the Russian Ministry of Defense, in accordance with an intergovernmental agreement, paid for the information they supplied. Due to the high wear and tear of the equipment of Ukrainian ortu (no funds were invested in their modernization) and, as a result, a decrease in the quality of the information they provide, Russia in February 2008 terminated the agreement with Ukraine. At the same time, a decision was made to build a new Voronezh-DM radar station near the city of Armavir in the Krasnodar Territory in order to close the “gap” in the radar field of the Russian early warning system due to the exclusion of Ukrainian radar stations from it. Today, the construction of this radar is almost completed, it is in trial operation, the expected date of putting it on combat duty is the second half of 2012. By the way, in terms of its capabilities, this radar station is capable of compensating for the exclusion of the radar station in Gabala from the contour of the ground echelon of the Russian early warning system.

At present, this echelon provides control of the ROP with a break in the continuous radar field in the northeast direction. The expansion of its capabilities is envisaged through the construction of new radar stations of the Voronezh type along the perimeter of the borders of the Russian Federation with the prospect of refusing to rent foreign airborne radars. Work is already underway on the construction of the Voronezh-M radar station in the Irkutsk region.

At the end of November 2011, in the Kaliningrad region, the Voronezh-DM radar was put into trial operation (put on experimental combat duty). It will take about another year to put this radar on combat duty. As for the radar station being built in the Irkutsk region, in May 2012 its first stage was put into trial operation. As expected, this radar station will begin to operate in full force in 2013, and then the existing “gap” in the radar field in the northeast direction will be eliminated.

SPACE CONTROL SYSTEM…

The Russian SKKP currently has two information-measuring ortu. One of them, equipped with the Krona radio-optical complex, is located in the Zelenchukskaya village of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, and the other, equipped with the Okno optical-electronic complex, is located in Tajikistan, near the city of Nurek. Moreover, according to the agreement concluded between Russia and Tajikistan, the ortu with the Okno complex is the property of the Russian Ministry of Defense.

In addition, for the detection and tracking of space objects, the radio-technical complex for monitoring spacecraft "Moment" in the Moscow region and astronomical observatories are used. Russian Academy Sciences.

The means of the Russian SKKP provide control of space objects in the following zones:

- for low- and high-orbital objects - in heights from 120 to 3500 km, in inclinations of their orbits - from 30 to 150 degrees relative to the earth's axis;

- for objects in geostationary orbits - in altitudes from 35 to 40 thousand km, with standing points in longitude from 35 to 105 degrees east longitude.

It should be recognized that the technical capabilities of the current Russian SKKP to control space objects are limited. It does not observe outer space in the altitude range of more than 3,500 km and less than 35,000 km. In order to eliminate this and other “gaps” in the Russian SKKP, as Colonel Alexei Zolotukhin, official representative of the press service and information department of the Russian Ministry of Defense for the Aerospace Defense Forces, said, “work has begun on the creation in the next few years of new optical, radio engineering and radar specialized means of space control”. It is possible that the completion of these and other works and the adoption of new means of controlling outer space will not go beyond 2020.

MOSCOW ABOUT MISSILE DEFENSE…

Here it is appropriate to note that Russian early warning systems and SKKP, just like similar American systems, are interconnected and form a single reconnaissance and information field for controlling aerospace. In addition, the radar equipment of the A-135 missile defense system, in which the detection range of ballistic targets is 6 thousand km, also participates in the formation of this field. Thus, a synergistic effect is achieved, which provides a more efficient solution of the tasks assigned to each of the above systems separately.

The Russian A-135 missile defense system is deployed around Moscow in a zone limited by a radius of 150 km. It includes the following structural elements:
- command and measurement point PRO, equipped with a command and computer complex based on high-speed computers;
- two sector radars "Danube-3U" and "Danube-3M" (the latter is presumably under restoration), which provide detection of attacking ballistic targets and issue preliminary target designations to the missile defense command and measurement point;
- multifunctional radar "Don-2N", which, using preliminary target designation, ensures the capture, tracking of ballistic targets and guidance of anti-missiles on them;
- silo launching positions for short-range interception missiles 53Т6 ("Gazelle") and long-range interception 51Т6 ("Gorgon").

All these structural elements are united into a single whole by a data transmission and communication system.

The combat operation of the A-135 missile defense system, after it is activated by the combat crew, is carried out in a fully automated mode, without any intervention from the maintenance personnel. This is due to the exceptionally high transience of the processes occurring during the reflection of a missile attack.

At present, the capabilities of the A-135 missile defense system to repel a missile attack are very modest. The 51T6 anti-missiles have been decommissioned, and the service life of the 53T6 anti-missiles is beyond the warranty resource (these missiles are placed in silo launchers without special warheads, which are stored). By peer review, after bringing to full readiness the A-135 missile defense system is capable of destroying, at best, several dozen warheads attacking the defended area.

After the United States withdrew from the ABM Treaty, the military-political leadership of Russia decided on a deep modernization of all structural elements missile defense system A-135, but this decision is being implemented extremely slowly: the delay from the planned dates is five or more years. However, it should be noted that even after in full of all modernization work, the A-135 missile defense system will not take on the appearance of a strategic missile defense system of the country's territory, it will remain a zonal anti-missile system, albeit with expanded combat capabilities.

Air Defense of the Central Industrial District…

In the three air defense brigades transferred from the Air Force, covering the Central Industrial Region, there are a total of 12 anti-aircraft missile regiments (32 divisions), overwhelmingly armed with the S-300 mobile anti-aircraft missile system (SAM) of three modifications. Only two anti-aircraft missile regiments of a two-divisional composition are armed with a new-generation S-400 mobile air defense system.

The S-300PS, S-300PM, S-300PMU (“Favorit”) air defense systems and S-400 (“Triumph”) air defense systems are designed to protect the most important political, administrative, economic and military facilities from air strikes, cruise and aeroballistic missiles of the “ Tomahok", ALKM, SREM, ASALM and ballistic missiles of short, shorter and medium range. These air defense systems provide an autonomous solution to the problem of warning about a raid by means of air attack and defeat aerodynamic targets at ranges up to 200-250 km and altitudes from 10 m to 27 km, and ballistic targets - at ranges up to 40-60 km and altitudes from 2 to 27 km .

The outdated S-300PS air defense system, put into service in 1982 and the supply of which to the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation was stopped in 1994, is to be replaced, and the S-300PM air defense system, put into service in 1993, must be upgraded under the Favorit program to S-300PMU level.

In the State Armament Program of the Russian Federation for 2007-2015 (GPV-2015), it was planned to purchase 18 divisional sets of S-400 air defense systems. However, in 2007-2010, the Almaz-Antey Air Defense Concern supplied the Russian Air Force with only four divisional sets of S-400 air defense systems, and this despite the fact that there were no deliveries of this anti-aircraft missile system abroad. It is obvious that the state program for the purchase of S-400 air defense systems adopted in 2007 was a failure. Such a negative trend has not changed even after the approval of the new State program armaments of the Russian Federation for 2011-2020 (GPV-2020). According to the plan, in 2011 the Russian Air Force was to receive two regimental sets of S-400 air defense systems, but this did not happen. According to the First Deputy Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation Alexander Sukhorukov, "the timing of the delivery of these weapons is shifted to 2012 due to the late conclusion of contracts."

SAP-2020 in terms of the supply of S-400 air defense systems to the troops, the development of advanced anti-aircraft missile systems and their adoption into service, is much more intense than SAP-2015. So, by 2015, it is planned to supply nine regimental sets of S-400 air defense systems to the troops, bringing the 40N6 long-range anti-aircraft guided missile (SAM) to standard. In 2013, it is necessary to complete the development work begun in 2007 on the Vityaz air defense system by conducting state tests (in order to put this anti-aircraft missile system into service no later than 2014). In 2015, the development of the new generation S-500 anti-aircraft missile system, which began in 2011, should be completed.

To implement such a large-scale program, it will be necessary not only to establish proper order with the conclusion of contracts for the development and supply of weapons and ensure rhythmic and full funding for them, but also to solve the extremely difficult task of modernizing and increasing the production capacities of enterprises in the military-industrial complex. In particular, as Alexander Sukhorukov said, “two new plants for the production of S-400 systems are to be built, which will be in demand in the future, including for the manufacture of S-500 systems.” However, the confusion that arose in 2011 in Russia with the state defense order (SDO) and doomed it to non-fulfillment of the main range of weapons, as well as the serious problems that arose with the 2012 SDO, raise great doubts about the implementation of the planned plans for SAP-2020.

The government of the Russian Federation will need to make huge efforts with the adoption of extraordinary measures to rectify the emerging negative situation with the development and production of high-tech and science-intensive weapons. Otherwise, it may turn out that the Aerospace Defense Troops will be created, and the tasks assigned to them, due to the lack of the necessary weapons systems, will not be able to be completed.

Along with the problem associated with equipping the Aerospace Defense Forces with modern weapons, it will be necessary to resolve another equally important and complex problem, due to the need to create a unified combat information and control system of the Aerospace Defense and to integrate all available heterogeneous means into a single reconnaissance and information field for controlling aerospace space. surveillance and targeting.

At present, the information and control system, which was inherited by the Aerospace Defense Forces from the abolished Space Forces, is not associated with a similar Air Force system, which includes nine aerospace defense brigades and fighter aircraft designed to perform air defense tasks. There is no clarity in relation to the military air defense / missile defense, which is subordinate to the command of the military districts. Its information management system is now completely autonomous. In order to combine the capabilities of these systems to solve a single task - the defense of the country, groupings of the Armed Forces and the population from air strikes and from space - it will be necessary to solve a very complex technical problem.

The same order of complexity will need to be overcome when solving the problem of interfacing the reconnaissance and information means of the space command and the air and missile defense command of the created Troops of the Aerospace Defense Forces, since now these means do not form a single field of control of aerospace space. This situation excludes the possibility of using strike means to intercept ballistic targets using external sources of target designation, as is the case in the American global missile defense system, which significantly narrows the combat capabilities of the aerospace defense system created in Russia.

BEFORE THE NEW LOOK OF THE EKR IS A HUGE DISTANCE…

In order for the country's aerospace defense system to acquire the shape conceived by the Russian Ministry of Defense, it will be necessary to invest huge financial and human resources. But will these investments be justified?

As Aleksey Arbatov, head of the Center for International Security at IMEMO RAS, rightly noted, “massive non-nuclear aviation and missile strikes against Russia are an extremely unlikely scenario. In his favor, apart from the mechanical transfer to Russia of the experience of recent local wars in the Balkans, Iraq and Afghanistan, there are no arguments. And no aerospace defense will protect Russia from American nuclear strikes (just as no missile defense system can protect America from Russian nuclear missile weapons). But then Russia will have neither the money nor the technical capabilities to repel real threats and challenges in the foreseeable decades.”

Common sense suggests that priority tasks in the field of aerospace defense should be identified, on the solution of which the main efforts of the state should be concentrated. Russia has and will continue to have a fully creditworthy nuclear deterrence, which serves as an "insurance policy" against direct military threats of a large scale. Hence the task of the first stage is to provide anti-aircraft and anti-missile cover for the strategic nuclear forces of Russia.

The task of the second stage is to improve and build up the anti-aircraft and anti-missile defense of the Armed Forces groupings, which are intended for operations in possible theaters of operations. That is, it is necessary to develop military air defense / missile defense, since Russia's participation in local military conflicts, such as the "five-day war in the Caucasus" in 2008, cannot be ruled out.

And thirdly, if the remaining resources are available, efforts should be directed to air and missile defense of other important objects of the state, such as administrative and political centers, large industrial enterprises and vital infrastructure.

It is irrational to strive for the creation of a complete anti-aircraft and anti-missile defense of the entire territory of Russia, and it is unlikely that such an aerospace defense can ever be created. The proposed ranking in solving problems will make it possible, at an acceptable cost of resources, to create in Russia in the foreseeable future a system of aerospace defense, which, together with the potential for nuclear deterrence, will be able to fulfill its main purpose - to prevent large-scale aggression against the Russian Federation and its allies and provide reliable cover for the groupings of the Armed Forces on TVD.

Viktor Ivanovich Esin

Colonel General, retired, Candidate of Military Sciences, Professor of the Academy of Military Sciences of the Russian Federation.

http://nvo.ng.ru/

http://topwar.ru/

In accordance with the decision of the President of the Russian Federation, from December 1, 2011, the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation created new genus troops - Aerospace Defense Troops (VVKO).

The Aerospace Defense troops are formed on the basis of formations and military units of the Space Forces, as well as the troops of the operational strategic command of the aerospace defense of the Air Force.

The creation of the Aerospace Defense Forces was dictated by the objective need to unite the forces and means responsible for ensuring the security of Russia in and from space with the military formations responsible for the country's air defense (Air Defense) in order to create a unified aerospace defense system.

The first parts and institutions for launching and controlling spacecraft (SC) began to be created in our country in 1955 with the decision to build a test site in Kazakhstan for testing intercontinental ballistic missiles (now the Baikonur cosmodrome).

In preparation for the launch of the first artificial satellite Earth in 1957, the Command and Measurement Complex for Spacecraft Control was created. In the same year, in the Arkhangelsk region, construction began on a test site intended for launching R-7 intercontinental ballistic missiles (now the Plesetsk cosmodrome).
On October 4, 1957, the launch and control units of the spacecraft carried out the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite PS-1, and on April 12, 1961, the launch and flight control of the world's first manned spacecraft Vostok with cosmonaut Yu.A. Gagarin. In the future, all domestic and international space programs were carried out with the participation of associations, formations and parts of the launch and control of the spacecraft.

To organize the management of space activities in 1960, the 3rd Directorate of the Main Directorate of Missile Weapons was formed in the USSR Ministry of Defense, which in 1964 was transformed into the Central Directorate of Space Facilities (TSUKOS) of the Ministry of Defense, and in 1970 - into the Main Department of Space Facilities (GUKOS) of the USSR Ministry of Defense. In 1982, GUKOS and its subordinate units were withdrawn from the Strategic Missile Forces and subordinated directly to the Minister of Defense of the USSR - the Directorate of the Head of Space Facilities of the Ministry of Defense was created.

In August 1992, the Military Space Forces of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation were created, which included the Baikonur, Plesetsk cosmodromes and, since 1994, the Svobodny cosmodrome, as well as the Main Test Center for Testing and Control of Space Assets (GICIU KS), the Military Engineering Space academy and 50 Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.

Since 1957, units and institutions of spacecraft launch and control have ensured the launch and flight control of more than 3,000 spacecraft, carry out tasks to ensure national security in the space sphere, and take part in the implementation of all joint international manned projects and projects fundamental research deep space. In close cooperation with a wide cooperation of scientific and industrial organizations, flight tests of more than 250 types of spacecraft for military, socio-economic and scientific purposes were carried out.

Manned flights, exploration of the Moon, Mars, Venus, the most complex experiments in open space, launch unmanned ship reusable orbital complex "Buran", the creation of the international space station is not a complete list of achievements national cosmonautics, a significant contribution to which was made by military formations for space purposes.

At the same time, the combat path of "space in uniform" was not limited to launches and control of spacecraft. With the beginning of the era of space exploration, it became necessary to monitor the launches of missiles of a potential enemy, space objects, control their movement, assess the state, and warn of possible emergencies in space. There was a threat of the enemy using weapons from outer space. Therefore, in the early 1960s. the first samples of missile attack warning systems (PRN), space control (SCC), and anti-missile defense (ABM) systems began to be created.

The most productive period in the history of domestic military space activities was the period of the 1970s–1980s, when scientific, technical, and production reserves were laid in rocket and space technology for decades to come, which are still being implemented at the present time. Space systems for PRN, reconnaissance, communications, and navigation were created and put into service. The orbital grouping became permanent and began to be actively used in the interests of solving problems and ensuring the daily activities of the Armed Forces. The PRN and ABM systems were put on combat duty.

All these and many other domestic and international space programs have been carried out for more than 50 years with the direct participation of military units for launching and controlling spacecraft and military formations of rocket and space defense (RKO), on the basis of which the Space Forces were created in 2001. At the same time, it was taken into account that the space forces and means, the forces and means of the RKO have a single sphere for solving problems - space, as well as close cooperation between industrial enterprises, which ensures the creation and development of weapons.

Over the 10-year period of active activity, the Space Forces have carried out and ensured more than 230 launches of launch vehicles, which put more than 300 military, dual, socio-economic and scientific spacecraft into orbit. Among them are communications, navigation, cartography, Earth remote sensing, telecommunications, scientific devices, etc.

Over 900 dangerous encounters between space objects and the International Space Station have been warned by means of outer space control.

The duty forces of the Main Test Center for Testing and Control of Space Facilities named after G.S. Titov conducted about 2.5 million sessions of spacecraft control.

Significantly increase the effectiveness of the use of both information and strike means capable of combating an aerospace enemy, made it possible to include in the Air Defense Forces the forces and means of air defense, dating back to the period of the First World War, when, to cover the most important centers of the country, air defense of the capital of Russia - Petrograd and its environs. Even then, it included anti-aircraft artillery batteries, air crews, and a network of air surveillance posts.
The organizational design of the air defense troops (since 1928 - air defense) developed with the development of military aviation. Since 1924, the formation of anti-aircraft artillery regiments began for air defense.

On May 10, 1932, the Air Defense Directorate of the Red Army was created. Separate brigades, divisions, air defense corps were formed. On November 9, 1941, the Air Defense Forces of the country's territory acquired the status of an independent branch of the military. In January 1942, air defense aviation took shape organizationally within them. The branches of the air defense forces, in addition to fighter aircraft, were anti-aircraft artillery and air surveillance, warning and communications troops.

During the years of the Great Patriotic War The Air Force and Air Defense Forces had operational-strategic formations: air armies, fronts and air defense armies. During the years of the war, the Air Defense Forces in dogfights, anti-aircraft fire and at airfields destroyed more than 64 thousand enemy aircraft.

At present, formations and military units of air defense are units of constant combat readiness. They include anti-aircraft missile and radio engineering units. They are designed to protect command posts of the highest levels of state and military administration, groupings of troops (forces), the most important industrial and economic centers and other objects from enemy aerospace attacks within the affected zones.

Radio engineering means and complexes of means of automation of radar complexes and stations of medium, high and low altitudes are intended for conducting radar reconnaissance of an air enemy and issuing radar information about the air situation within the radar field to higher command and control bodies and other types of the Armed Forces and combat arms, to combat control points means of aviation, anti-aircraft missile troops and electronic warfare in solving peacetime and wartime tasks.

Currently, the Air Defense Forces are armed with anti-aircraft missile systems and systems that make up the main fire force in the air defense (aerospace) defense system. Modern Russian anti-aircraft missile systems S-300, S-400, anti-aircraft missile and gun system "Pantsir-S1" are capable of destroying various air targets, including hitting ballistic missile warheads.

The personnel of the air defense brigades are on combat duty around the clock to protect the airspace over the capital region and the Central Industrial Region of the country. About 140 objects government controlled, industry and energy, transport communications, nuclear power plants are under the protection of the forces and means of anti-aircraft missile and radio engineering units of the air defense forces.

The creation of the Aerospace Defense Forces was caused by the objective need to integrate under a single leadership all forces and means capable of fighting in the aerospace sphere, based on current world trends towards expanding the role of aerospace in ensuring the protection of vital state interests in the economic, military and social spheres.

On December 1, 2011, formations and military units of the Space Forces, together with military formations of the operational strategic command of the Aerospace Defense Region, became part of a new type of troops - the Aerospace Defense Forces of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Today, the Aerospace Defense Forces is a modern, dynamically developing, high-tech branch of the armed forces that ensures the tasks of defense and security of the state in aerospace.

The facilities of the Aerospace Defense Forces are located throughout Russia - from Kaliningrad to Kamchatka, as well as beyond its borders. In the countries of the near abroad - Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Tajikistan, objects of missile attack warning systems and space control are deployed.

On December 1, 2011, the Aerospace Defense Forces, in cooperation with the forces and means of air defense of the military districts, took up combat duty with the task of protecting the country's territory from air and space attacks.

Aerospace Defense Troops

The Aerospace Defense Troops (VKO) are a fundamentally new branch of the military, which is designed to ensure Russia's security in the aerospace sphere.

Medium emblem of the Aerospace Defense Troops

Aerospace Defense Troops solve a wide range of tasks, the main of which are:

Providing the highest levels of management with reliable information about the detection of ballistic missile launches and warning of a missile attack;

Defeat warheads of ballistic missiles of a potential enemy attacking important government facilities;

Protection of command posts (CP) of the highest levels of state and military administration, groupings of troops (forces), the most important industrial and economic centers and other objects from attacks by enemy aerospace attack weapons (AAS) within the affected zones;

Observation of space objects and identification of threats to Russia in space and from space, and, if necessary, parrying such threats;

Implementation of launches of spacecraft into orbits, control of satellite systems for military and dual (military and civilian) purposes in flight and the use of some of them in the interests of providing the troops (forces) of the Russian Federation with the necessary information;

Maintenance in the established composition and readiness for the use of military and dual-use satellite systems, means of their launch and control, and a number of other tasks.

HISTORY OF CREATION

Aerospace Defense Troops

In accordance with the decision of the President of the Russian Federation, on December 1, 2011, a new branch of service was created in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation - the Aerospace Defense Troops (VVKO).

In connection with the preparations for the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite in 1957, the Command and Measurement Complex for Spacecraft Control was created. In the same year, in the Arkhangelsk region, construction began on a test site intended for launching R-7 intercontinental ballistic missiles (now the Plesetsk cosmodrome).

On October 4, 1957, the launch and control units of the spacecraft carried out the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite PS-1, and on April 12, 1961, the launch and flight control of the world's first manned spacecraft Vostok with cosmonaut Yu.A. Gagarin. In the future, all domestic and international space programs were carried out with the participation of associations, formations and parts of the launch and control of the spacecraft.

Since 1957, units and institutions of spacecraft launch and control have ensured the launch and flight control of more than 3,000 spacecraft, carry out tasks to ensure national security in the space sphere, and take part in the implementation of all joint international manned projects and deep space fundamental research projects. In close cooperation with a wide cooperation of scientific and industrial organizations, flight tests of more than 250 types of spacecraft for military, socio-economic and scientific purposes were carried out.

Manned flights, exploration of the Moon, Mars, Venus, the most complex experiments in outer space, the launch of the unmanned spacecraft of the Buran reusable orbital complex, the creation of an international space station - this is not a complete list of the achievements of domestic cosmonautics, to which military space formations have made a significant contribution.

Launch vehicle "Soyuz-2" on the launch pad

Optoelectronic complex for monitoring outer space OEK "Okno"

Radar station of high factory readiness "Voronezh-DM"

Over 900 dangerous encounters between space objects and the International Space Station have been warned by means of outer space control.

The duty forces of the Main Test Center for Testing and Control of Space Facilities named after G.S. Titov conducted about 2.5 million sessions of spacecraft control.

The organizational design of the air defense troops (since 1928 - air defense) developed with the development of military aviation. Since 1924, the formation of anti-aircraft artillery regiments began for air defense.

During the Great Patriotic War, the Air Force and the Air Defense Forces had operational-strategic formations: air armies, fronts and air defense armies. During the war years, the Air Defense Forces destroyed more than 64 thousand enemy aircraft in air battles, anti-aircraft fire and at airfields.

Aerospace Defense Troops perform tasks to protect the aerospace of Russia

The personnel of the air defense brigades are on combat duty around the clock to protect the airspace over the capital region and the Central Industrial Region of the country. About 140 objects of state administration, industry and energy, transport communications, nuclear power plants are under the protection of the forces and means of anti-aircraft missile and radio engineering units of the air defense forces.

Today, the Aerospace Defense Forces is a modern, dynamically developing, high-tech branch of the armed forces that ensures the tasks of defense and security of the state in aerospace.

The structure of the Aerospace Defense Forces:

Command of the Aerospace Defense Forces

Space Command (CC)

Main Test Space Center G.S. Titov

Main missile attack warning center

The main center for reconnaissance of the space situation

Air and Missile Defense Command (K Air Defense and Missile Defense)

- Air defense brigades

– Missile Defense Compound

Plesetsk State Test Cosmodrome (GIK Plesetsk)

Separate scientific research station (test site "Kura")

Arsenal

Milestones

Military Space Defense Troops:

1955

The first space military units were formed in connection with preparations for the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite (NIIP No. 5 - now the Baikonur State Test Cosmodrome, established on June 2, 1955, the annual holiday is June 2).

1957

A center of command and measurement complexes (now the Main Test Center for Testing and Control of Space Facilities named after G.S. Titov, GITsIU KS, the annual holiday is October 4) was established to provide testing of launched and control of the first experimental spacecraft and flights of cosmonauts.

On October 4, 1957, the world's first artificial Earth satellite (PS-1) was launched.

On July 15, the first ICBM connection "Angara object" was created (now - the Plesetsk State Test Cosmodrome, the annual holiday of the cosmodrome).

1960

To create favorable conditions for the implementation of a long-term military space program, the formation of the first administrative body - the third department of the GURVO within the framework of the Strategic Missile Forces. Kerimov Kerim Alievich was appointed the first head of the department.

Kerimov Kerim Alievich (born in 1919). In 1944, after graduating from the Artillery Academy. F.E. Dzerzhinsky served in the system of the Main Directorate of Armament of the Guards Mortar Units. After the war, he participated as part of a group of Soviet specialists in the collection and study of German rocket technology. After returning, he worked in the 4th department of the GAU: as a senior officer, head of department, deputy head of department. During this period, he made a great contribution to the organization of orders for the first serial rocket technology.

In March 1965, he was appointed head of the Main Directorate for Space Issues of the USSR Ministry of General Engineering. Subsequently, he was appointed chairman of the State Commission for flight tests of manned spacecraft and launches of cosmonauts. He was awarded the military rank of lieutenant general. For active work in the development of cosmonautics, he was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of the Lenin and State Prizes, was awarded a number of orders and medals of the USSR.

For reference: by the end of the 1950s and the beginning of the 1960s, the organizational structure of the space units included a test department, separate engineering and test units and a range measurement complex at the Baikonur test site, the Command and Measurement Complex Center and 12 separate scientific and measurement points.

1961

On March 4, 1961, the V-1000 anti-missile with a high-explosive fragmentation warhead developed in an experimental design bureau under the guidance of Academician P.D. Grushin, for the first time in the world, the warhead of the domestic R-12 ballistic missile launched from the Kapustin Yar test site was destroyed in flight.

1964

To centralize the work on the creation of new means, as well as to promptly resolve the issues of using space means, the Central Directorate of Space Facilities (TSUKOS) of the Ministry of Defense (deployed in Moscow) was created. Major General K.A. Kerimov became its head.

1965

The Central Directorate of Space Facilities (TSUKOS) of the Ministry of Defense was headed by Major General A. G. Karas.

Karas Andrey Grigorievich (1918-1979). Colonel General, laureate of the State Prize of the USSR (1970), head of GUKOS (1970-1979).

V Armed Forces since 1938. Graduated from the Odessa Artillery School. Member of the Great Patriotic War. After the war he graduated from the Academy. F.E. Dzerzhinsky. In missile units since May 1951: head of the department of headquarters, deputy chief, chief of staff of the Kapustin Yar test site, chief of staff of the Baikonur test site, scientific consultant of the 4th Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense, head of the command and measurement complex (1959). Since 1965 - head of TsUKOS (GUKOS).

1966

On March 17, the NIIP MO (now the Plesetsk State Test Cosmodrome) carried out the first launch of the Vostok-2 space rocket (RKN) from the Cosmos-112 spacecraft.

1967

In 1967, in accordance with the directives of the General Staff of the USSR Armed Forces of January 31 and March 30, the Directorate of the Commander of the Anti-Missile (ABM) and Anti-Space Defense (PKO) troops was formed.

1968

In 1968, flight design tests of the PKO "IS" complex began, and on November 1, 1968, for the first time in the world, the task of intercepting and destroying the I-2M target spacecraft with a two-turn interception method was successfully completed.

1970

For the development of space facilities in the interests of all branches of the Armed Forces of the USSR, National economy and scientific research TsUKOS was reorganized into the Main Directorate of Space Facilities (GUKOS) of the Ministry of Defense.

1979

GUKOS was headed by Major General A.A. Maksimov.

Maksimov Alexander Alexandrovich (1923-1990). Colonel General, Hero of Socialist Labor (1984), laureate of the Lenin (1979) and State Prize (1968) of the USSR, head of space facilities (1986-1990).

Member of the Great Patriotic War. After the war, in 1952 he graduated from the F.E. Dzerzhinsky Artillery Academy. He served in the military representation at the design bureau of S.P. Korolev, then in the 4th department of the GAU. As work on space facilities expanded, A.A. Maksimov received new appointments: deputy chief, first deputy, chief of GUKOS (1979). In 1986 he was appointed head of the space facilities of the USSR Ministry of Defense.

1982

GUKOS and its subordinate units were withdrawn from the Strategic Missile Forces and subordinated directly to the Minister of Defense of the USSR, since the volume of tasks to be solved increased significantly.

Branch 4 of the Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation was transformed into the 50th Central Research Institute of the KS and is directly subordinate to the head of the GUKOS.

On October 1, the Directorate of the Missile and Space Defense Forces was reorganized into the command of the Rocket and Space Defense Forces (RKO).

August 1992

A logical step was the creation of the Military Space Forces (VKS) of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, which included the Baikonur Cosmodrome, parts of the launch of the spacecraft from the Plesetsk test site, GITsIU KS. Colonel-General VL Ivanov was appointed the first Commander of the Aerospace Forces (the Office of the Commander of the Aerospace Forces was stationed in Moscow).

Ivanov Vladimir Leontyevich (born in 1936). Colonel General, Commander of the Military Space Forces (1992-1997), Doctor of Military Sciences (1992).

In 1958 he graduated from the Caspian Higher Naval School named after S.M. Kirov and was appointed to the missile unit (Plesetsk) as the head of the calculation. After successfully graduating from the command faculty of the F.E. Dzerzhinsky Military Engineering Academy in 1971, he was appointed commander of a missile regiment, then deputy commander and commander missile division, Deputy Head and Head of the Plesetsk Cosmodrome.

On March 1, 1996, the Svobodny State Testing Cosmodrome was established as part of the Aerospace Forces, the annual holiday of the cosmodrome.

1997

March 4 - the first launch of a space rocket (RKN "Start-1.2" from the spacecraft "Zeya") from the State Test Cosmodrome "Svobodny".

Aerospace Forces and RKO troops entered composition of the Strategic Missile Forces to improve the efficiency of military space activities. However, the goals of integration were not achieved. In addition, a number of serious problems have arisen due to the attempt, in a purely mechanical way, to unite in one branch of the Armed Forces the strike force of ground-based strategic nuclear forces and military space formations, which provide the highest levels of government of the country and the Armed Forces with space information.

year 2001.

In connection with the negative results of integration and the growing role of space assets in the system of military and national security of Russia, the country's top political leadership decided to create, on the basis of formations and units allocated from the Strategic Missile Forces, formations and units for launching and controlling spacecraft, as well as RKO troops of a new type of troops - Space troops (Office of the Commander of the Space Forces is stationed in Moscow)

By decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated March 28, Colonel-General Anatoly Nikolayevich Perminov was appointed Commander of the Space Forces.

On June 1, the Space Forces of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation were formed and began to carry out tasks for their intended purpose.

2002

On March 26, the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation presented a personal standard to the Commander of the Space Forces.

On October 3, Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 1115 introduced the Day of the Space Forces, celebrated annually on October 4.

2003

On April 5, President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin visited the headquarters of the Space Forces.

On April 12, President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin got acquainted with the activities Military Space Academy named after A.F. Mozhaisky (St. Petersburg), where he conducted a communication session with the crew of the International Space Station in one of the laboratories of the main military educational institution of the Space Forces.

2004

On the basis of the branch of the Military Space Academy named after A.F. Mozhaisky, the Pushkin Military Institute of Radio Electronics of the Space Forces named after Air Marshal E.Ya. Savitsky (Pushkin, Leningrad Region) was created.

On February 17, during the strategic command and staff training of the Russian Armed Forces, Russian President Vladimir Putin arrived at the Plesetsk cosmodrome, where on February 18 he was present at the launch of the Molniya-M launch vehicle with a military spacecraft.

By Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 337 dated March 10, Lieutenant General Popovkin Vladimir Alexandrovich was appointed Commander of the Space Forces.

On March 15, the Okno optoelectronic complex, which is part of the outer space control system, was put on combat duty.

On April 3, the meeting of the Presidents of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin and the French Republic J. Chirac took place at the Main Test Center for Testing and Control of Space Facilities (GICIU KS) named after G.S. Titov (Krasnoznamensk, Moscow Region). During his visit to the command post of the GICIU KS, the commander of the Space Forces, Lieutenant-General V.V. international cooperation in the field of space in relation to France.

On April 30, by order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation No. 125, the Flag of the Space Forces was approved.

On May 9, the consolidated battalion of the Moscow Military Institute of Radio Electronics of the Space Forces for the first time represented the Space Forces as part of the parade crew on Red Square.

Flag of the Aerospace Defense Forces

The flag of the Aerospace Defense Forces is a rectangular double-sided blue panel. In the center of the panel is a small emblem of the Aerospace Defense Forces (a stylized contour image of a silver launching space rocket against the background of a stylized globe. The rocket is depicted as a vertical acute-angled triangle. The image of the globe is divided by four horizontal stripes: the first on top is dark blue, the second is white, the third is blue, the fourth is red. At the top of the ellipse are two symmetrical triangular segments. At the bottom of the image of the rocket is a red rectangle with an inner bottom corner).

The ratio of the flag's width to its length is 2:3. The ratio of the width of the emblem to the length of the flag is 1:2.

Large emblem of the Aerospace Defense Forces

The elements of the emblem symbolize:

a stylized, outline image of a silver launching space rocket against the background of a stylized image of the globe - the achievements of the Russian Federation in the field of exploration and control of outer space in order to strengthen the country's defense capability and ensure the activities of the branches and branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation in the interests of maintaining peace and maintaining universal security;

the colors of the small emblem are the areas of activity of the Aerospace Defense Forces: dark blue - the universe, white - space, blue - air, red - Earth;

two symmetrical triangular segments - a spacecraft control antenna and a space control antenna;

the red rectangle in the lower part of the image of the rocket is the flame of the launching rocket;

two "Perun" arrows, clamped in the right paw of an eagle, directed downwards - the implementation of anti-missile defense by the Aerospace Defense Forces;

a silver wand crowned with a stylized image of a rocket and an element of a spacecraft control antenna - launches of spacecraft and control of an orbital constellation;

the emblem of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation - belonging of the Aerospace Defense Forces to the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation;

the pattern in the form of a wreath is the courage and valor of the servicemen of the Aerospace Defense Forces.