Research work "Degradation of the Tufted River". Water registry data

12.04.2020

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Characteristic
Toporok
Length
Swimming pool

Source
- Location
- Height
- Coordinates
mouth
- Location	490 km on the right bank
- Coordinates

The country	Russia, Russia
Region

K: Rivers in alphabetical order K: Water bodies in alphabetical order K: Rivers up to 500 km in length K: Wikipedia: Articles without images (type: not specified)

Geography and hydrology

The average annual water flow in the area of the city of Alzamai (156 km from the mouth) is 8.06 m³/s. Average monthly water consumption (observation data from 1941 to 1990):

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Color:barra width:30 align:left bar:Jan from:0 till: 1.82 bar:Fév from:0 till: 1.69 bar:Mar from:0 till: 1.79 bar:Avr from:0 till: 10.51 bar:Mai from: 0 till: 36.48 bar:Jun from:0 till: 12.04 bar:Jul from:0 till: 8.11 bar:Aoû from:0 till: 7.21 bar:Sep from:0 till: 6.65 bar:Oct from:0 till: 5.33 bar :Nov from:0 till: 2.95 bar:Déc from:0 till: 2.14

Bar:Jan at: 1.82 fontsize:S text: 1.82 shift:(-10.5) bar:Fév at: 1.69 fontsize:S text: 1.69 shift:(-10.5) bar:Mar at: 1.79 fontsize:S text: 1.79 shift:(-10.5) bar:Avr at: 10.51 fontsize:S text: 10.51 shift:(-10.5) bar:Mai at: 36.48 fontsize:S text: 36 ,48 shift:(-10.5) bar:Jun at: 12.04 fontsize:S text: 12.04 shift:(-10.5) bar:Jul at: 8.11 fontsize:S text: 8.11 shift:(- 10.5) bar:Aoû at: 7.21 fontsize:S text: 7.21 shift:(-10.5) bar:Sep at: 6.65 fontsize:S text: 6.65 shift:(-10.5) bar: Oct at: 5.33 fontsize:S text: 5.33 shift:(-10.5) bar:Nov at: 2.95 fontsize:S text: 2.95 shift:(-10.5) bar:Déc at: 2.14 fontsize: S text: 2.14 shift:(-10.5)

Water registry data

According to the geoinformation system for water management zoning of the territory of the Russian Federation, prepared by:

Water body code in the state water register - 16010200212116200033771
Code for hydrological knowledge (GI) - 116203377
Pool code - 16.01.02.002
GI volume number - 16
Issue on GI - 2

Major tributaries (km from mouth)

174 km: the river Oblique Brod (lv)
186 km: Alon river (pr)
194 km: Zamzor river (lv)

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Notes

Links

The article uses information provided by the Federal Agency for Water Resources from the list of water bodies registered in the Poruchik never looked into the eyes of the person with whom he spoke; His eyes were constantly moving from one object to another.
- I saw you drove today ...
“Nothing, good horse,” answered Rostov, despite the fact that this horse, bought by him for 700 rubles, was not worth even half of this price. “I began to crouch on the left front ...” he added. - Cracked hoof! It's nothing. I will teach you, show you which rivet to put.
“Yes, please show me,” said Rostov.
- I'll show you, I'll show you, it's not a secret. And thank you for the horse.
“So I order the horse to be brought,” said Rostov, wanting to get rid of Telyanin, and went out to order the horse to be brought.
In the passage, Denisov, with a pipe, crouched on the threshold, sat in front of the sergeant-major, who was reporting something. Seeing Rostov, Denisov frowned and, pointing over his shoulder with his thumb into the room in which Telyanin was sitting, grimaced and shook with disgust.
“Oh, I don’t like the good fellow,” he said, not embarrassed by the presence of the sergeant-major.
Rostov shrugged his shoulders, as if to say: "So do I, but what can I do!" and, having ordered, returned to Telyanin.
Telyanin sat still in the same lazy pose in which Rostov had left him, rubbing his small white hands.
"There are such nasty faces," thought Rostov, entering the room.
“Well, did you order the horse to be brought?” - said Telyanin, getting up and casually looking around.
- Velel.
- Come on, let's go. After all, I only came to ask Denisov about yesterday's order. Got it, Denisov?
- Not yet. Where are you?
“I want to teach a young man how to shoe a horse,” said Telyanin.
They went out onto the porch and into the stables. The lieutenant showed how to make a rivet and went to his room.
When Rostov returned, there was a bottle of vodka and sausage on the table. Denisov sat in front of the table and cracked pen on paper. He looked gloomily into Rostov's face.
“I am writing to her,” he said.
He leaned on the table with a pen in his hand, and, obviously delighted with the opportunity to quickly say in a word everything that he wanted to write, expressed his letter to Rostov.
- You see, dg "ug," he said. "We sleep until we love. We are the children of pg`axa ... but you fell in love - and you are God, you are pure, as on the peg" day of creation ... Who else is this? Send him to the chog "tu. No time!" he shouted at Lavrushka, who, not at all shy, approached him.
- But who should be? They themselves ordered. The sergeant-major came for the money.
Denisov frowned, wanted to shout something and fell silent.
“Squeeg,” but that’s the point, he said to himself. “How much money is left in the wallet?” he asked Rostov.
“Seven new ones and three old ones.
“Ah, skweg,” but! Well, what are you standing, scarecrows, send a wahmistg “a,” Denisov shouted at Lavrushka.
“Please, Denisov, take my money, because I have it,” said Rostov, blushing.
“I don’t like to borrow from my own, I don’t like it,” grumbled Denisov.
“And if you don’t take money from me comradely, you will offend me. Really, I have, - repeated Rostov.
- No.
And Denisov went to the bed to get a wallet from under the pillow.
- Where did you put it, Rostov?
- Under the bottom cushion.
- Yes, no.
Denisov threw both pillows on the floor. There was no wallet.
- That's a miracle!
“Wait, didn’t you drop it?” said Rostov, picking up the pillows one at a time and shaking them out.

Rusnakov Sergey

Research is devoted to the problem of the disappearance of small rivers in the Angara and Yenisei basins. Carried out practical work and observations proving the degradation of the river through the fault of man.

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Russian national junior water competition

Research

Degradation of the Toporok River

9th grade student of the MKU secondary school No. 3 in Alzamaya

Head: Iskrastinskaya Galina Petrovna,

Geography teacher since 1985

G. Alzamai, Nizhneudinsky district Irkutsk region

year 2014

Introduction

Purpose, hypothesis, relevance, methodology and research methods

1. Physico - geographical position rivers

1.1. Geographical position of the city of Alzamaya on the river. Toporok

1.2. Relief

1.3.Source

1.4. Feeding the river.

2. Characteristics of the Toporok River

2.1. The nature of the river flow

2.2 Fall of the river

2.3.Slope of the river

2.4. The speed of the river

3. River mode.

3.1 River regime

3.2. Water temperature.

3.3.Flood

3.4. High water.

3.5 Freezing

4..Observation of the Toporok river.

5. Degradation of the Toporok River.

6. Measures for the protection of the river and use in the public interest

7. Research results.

8. Review of the head of the study Iskrastinskaya Galina Petrovna

Introduction

Water is a wonderful gift of nature

She is in the rain, in the snowdrifts,

She is in swamps and springs,

In lakes, rivers, glaciers!

Water is alive and not in fairy tales!

She is the link of all living things,

Not just a liquid mineral,

Water is the beginning of all beginnings!

G. Iskrastnskaya.

The river system of Russia is huge. The arteries of large and small water streams cover our country with a blue network. There are more than 700 thousand rivers in Russia, but the vast majority are small, 100-200 km long. These rivers include Toporok, on the banks of which Alzamai is located. This small river is the central axis of our town: all the main buildings - water towers, RMZ, railway station, weather station, schools, hospitals, shops are located near Toporka. The river is the main water artery of Alzamai, the main area of his life. In the 30s-50s, Toporok provided water to 18,000 people. The water intake station was guarded by a platoon of military personnel, for whom a special barracks was built. The water pumping station, which pumped water from the river with two stationary locomotives, was considered the No. 1 object in importance. In the 90s, this object was in an unsanitary condition, without protection. The barracks and the fence fell apart, the locomobiles were scrapped, and a dump was made in the building of the locomobile station. Water was pumped from 2 artesian wells drilled on the territory of the station. Toporka's water has ceased to be potable, it has become technical. Why did the river degrade? What will happen to Topork in 30 years, when I will be about 50? And I decided to study the Toporok River, one of the most important objects of nature in my region.

Objective :

To establish the reasons for the degradation of the Toporok River and the possibilities of its termination

Tasks: study the procedure for conducting research, collect and O to summarize the material, draw up a physical and geographical description of the Toporok River, analyze changes in the river based on the observations of schoolchildren and old-timers of Alzamay, determine the causes of river degradation and ways to eliminate them, suggest ways to solve the problem, meet with representatives of various services involved in water resources, formalize the work, present the results of the study at the conference, awaken the desire of the inhabitants of Alzamay to change the situation for the better through joint efforts.

Hypothesis: The river is changing for the worse. Will I be able to identify the reasons for negative changes? I suppose that the deterioration of the river is the result of the degradation of people's morality.

Relevance: Last year, while studying the geography of my country, I learned about water pollution, that the issue of supplying people with clean drinking water is very acute in the Urals. But the Urals is an industrial region. We have no large industrial facilities in Alzamay and we are not threatened ecological catastrophy. And now, when I saw that in our stores people buy clean drinking water and water filters, began to take a closer look at what is happening with the waters of our territory. And I realized that the problem has reached us. So I decided to do some research.

Methodology and research methods: To study this problem, I will use the methods of observation, measurement, surveys, descriptions, comparisons, and generalizations. There is practically no information about the Toporok River, so I can collect the information I am interested in mainly using the methodology of interviewing people who are competent in these matters.

. Physical - geographical position of the river.

1.1. Geographical position of the city of Alzamaya on the river. Hatchet.

The city of Alzamai is located in the Nizhneudinsk district, Irkutsk region, southeast of the city of Taishet, northwest of Nizhneudinsk at 55°30"N and 98°45"E. D., northeast of the Gutarsky Range on the Toporok River, 155 km from its mouth and at an altitude of 299.6 m from the level of the Baltic Sea (according to the Baltic system).

1.2. Relief

The area adjacent to the river valley is slightly hilly, indented by stream valleys. The river valley is trapezoidal, up to 10 km wide with gentle slopes; overgrown with mixed forest and shrubs. The bottom of the valley is a floodplain, up to 6 km wide, flooded at a level of 350 cm, swampy and crossed by hollows and lakes. The bed of the Toporok River is winding. The bottom is sandy - silty, deformable, littered with snags, overgrown near the coast one vegetation. The banks of the river are 1.5-3 meters high: the right bank is steep, the left one is gentle. In high water, the banks are subject to destruction. Over the past 10 years, Toporok has greatly decreased as a result of the unimpeded removal of alluvium from the deforested slopes of the river valley.

1.3.Source

Direction. Tributaries. Mouth. The Toporok River originates v foothills of Mount Badan 500 m above sea level near the village of Uk (55 ° 07 "N and 98 ° 54" E). The length of the river is about 230 km. flows into v the right bank of the Biryusa River, Biryusa merging with the Chuna, flows into the Taseeva River, Taseeva into the Angara, Angara - v Yenisei, and the Yenisei carries its waters to the Arctic Ocean. From the foothills of Badan and approximately to the village of Novoknevsk, the river is narrow, but further on the river is fast and Toporok expands noticeably. The tributaries of the Toporok River are small streams. For example: Aloy, Tenth, Maryina, Gribanovka Harloshi, Romanovka - the right tributaries of Kosoy Brod, Wet, Algash, Dry Algash, Mokhovaya, Alzamaichik, Rybny, Dry Gary - left tributaries. Hydrological scheme of the Toporok River.). Once every 10 - 15 years, all tributaries of the Toporka are measured, since the entire fresh water is on the account. The swampiness of the river is at least 5%, the forest cover is 95%, and the plowed land is more than 5%.

1.4. Feeding the river.

A necessary condition for the formation of rivers are, as a rule, permanent and sufficiently abundant sources of food. Rivers may be fed underground or by a single source of supply. Therefore, the lowest water level in the river is observed in winter.

2. Characteristics of the Toporok River.

The characteristic of any river includes a description of the nature of the flow and the regime of the river.

2.1. The nature of the river flow.

The nature of the river flow is a set of features related mainly to the relief of the territory through which the river flows (fall, slope, annual runoff, water flow, erosion activity).

2.2. The fall of the river.

The fall of a river is the difference in the heights of the surface of its water between two points in the channel, or between the source and the mouth. The source of the Toporok River is at an altitude of 500m, the mouth is at an altitude of about 200m, therefore, the fall is 300m.

2.3.Slope of the river.

The slope of the river is the magnitude of the fall per 1 km of the channel. Toporka's slope is equal to " 7 300m: 230km = 1cm/km. The average slope is 16.5cm/min. Such a slight slope testifies to the low speed of the river flow and to the leveled relief of the territory.

2.4. The speed of the river.

The terrain also affects the speed of the river. Rivers flowing from high and steep mountain slopes have high speeds, while flat rivers flow calmly, making intricate turns and meanders. The Toporok River has a calm course. The speed of the Toporok River was determined by the authors of the work on September 20, 2013 as follows: two slats were placed on the bank at a distance of 20 meters from each other. At each rail there was an observer with a stopwatch. The float was dropped three times upstream. The time of passage of the float through the indicated marks of the alignment of the river was recorded by observers.

A) The first float was thrown from the left edge of the bridge, the speed was: 20m in 3 seconds, this is 0.55m / s.

B). The second float was thrown from the middle of the river, the speed was: 20 m in 29 seconds, this is 0.69 m / s.

V). The third float was thrown from the right edge of the bridge, the speed was: 20 m in 34 seconds, this is 0.58 m / s.

Adding up all the indicators, we find the arithmetic average speed of the current of the Toporok River. On average, it is 0.60 cm/s. The speed is low, this is due to a fairly leveled terrain. The change in the speed of the river is v depending on the time of year, but the averages remain within the normal range. Washing out the bend at the concave bank, the river usually forms reach - deep section of the stream. On flat rivers, stretches alternate with rifts - shallow sections of the channel, which are located where the river flows straight - connecting two adjacent bends - meanders. The river flow incessantly does a great job, washing away the banks and the bottom of the channel, laying and shifting the washed-away particles on the bottom in the form of transverse ridges. So: river valleys are formed and changed. The shape of the river valley can be used to judge the age and stage of development of the river. In their development, three main stages are distinguished - young, mature, ancient. At the first stages, the water actively erodes the bottom and banks, deepens the riverbed. Then it carries with it a lot of debris that scratches, cuts, erases the rocks that make up the bed of the river and the banks. At this stage of destruction, erosion prevails over the accumulation of alluvium in the channel. The valley is being worked out v - figurative form. Such valleys are not wide, with steep slopes, rapids channels, typical for mountain and young rivers on the plains. In the mountains, cutting through the rock mass, the river forms narrow gorges and canyons with steep slopes. The bottom almost entirely occupies the riverbed. Wider valleys and - shaped (box-shaped, trough-shaped) form are characteristic of the rivers of the mature stage, when their work is aimed at expanding the valley and depositing sediments. The course of the river flow is calmer, the first bends appear, branches form in the lower reaches, and alluvium accumulates. At the same time, deepening of the channel can continue in the upper reaches - an early stage of development. In this respect, the river resembles a tree, the upper branches (sources, upper reaches) are young, and the lower branches and trunk (the main channel in the middle and lower reaches) are old and mature. And only in old age the river is unhurried, like Toporok, winding, forming bends (meanders), its slopes are gentle. At the ancient stage of development near the river, lateral erosion prevails, water transports and deposits loose fine material. These processes are observed in the activities of the Toporok River. However, unlike living beings, the river is able to re-enter the stage of youth. For example, when it becomes more abundant with climate change or when the basis of its erosion decreases. Then the river begins to cut into the rocks again, to deepen its course. In this case, as we already know, the floodplain turns into a terrace, and a new floodplain is being formed. Consequently, by the number of terraces, one can judge how many times the river has “rejuvenated”. The Toporok River is going through an ancient stage of development, evidence of which is a large number of meanders and oxbow lakes.

2.5. Annual runoff and water consumption.

Annual runoff is the flow of water in a river in a year. The annual flow depends on the climate and topography, it varies throughout the year with the seasons. In addition, it also changes from year to year, in dry years it can be 3-4 times less than in years with heavy rainfall. Thus, the annual flow of Toporka is 220 million m3. m ( the smallest - 111 million m, the largest - 410 min. m). Water flow is the volume of water flowing through the cross section of the flow per unit 7 time. The average water consumption of Toporka is 6.99 mm/ cm; largest - 130 m / cm, smallest - 3.52 m 3 / cm. The smallest for the observed period was 04 07. 43, it was 2 21 m / sec., and the highest water consumption was 08 05. 65, it was 136 m / sec. The smallest winter water flow is 0.66 km / s. was recorded on January 16-17, 1969. The catchment area of the river is 1990 km, Height is 430 m.

2.6. Erosion activity and stages of development of the river valley.

Water does not move in a continuous stream in the riverbed. In the river there are currents that cross it diagonally - from coast to coast. At the same time, the impacts of more powerful surface jets erode one of the banks, and, retreating, it gradually becomes concave. Weaker bottom streams of the stream deviate to the opposite bank, where they deposit particles washed away by the river. Therefore, the other side grows and eventually becomes convex. This is how river bends are formed - meanders - winding parts of the riverbed, which over time, under the influence of spring surface water break away from the main channel and become independent reservoirs. There are about 10 such detached meanders in the vicinity of Alzamay. They are represented by oxbow lakes (Babi Lake, Lyagushatnik, Third Beach) and sickle-shaped swamps, which are in varying degrees of overgrowth.

3. River mode.

3.1 River regime.

The change in water flow and the fluctuations in level associated with it are two components of the water regime of the river. The regime of the river can be called a successive change of the various states of the river associated with the climate: freezing, high water, floods and low water, that is, a change in the state of rivers over time. The regime of the river is manifested in the change in the speed of the current, the temperature of the water, as well as its level for the day, for the seasons of the year and for many years.

3.2. Water temperature.

The temperature of the water varies according to the seasons of the year, during the month and day. It depends on the climatic conditions. The average water temperature of the river. Toporok in July +15.8 in January 0.0.

that the highest temperature was 09.08.74 - (+23.2°), and the lowest 27.07-04.08. 57 g. +16,7 .

3.3.Flood.

Flood - an unexpected short-term rise in water level associated with heavy rains in autumn and summer, and hot weather leading to snowmelt in the mountains. (from 24.10 to 03.11). The largest flow layer for the entire flood was in 1980 (19 mm), the smallest in 1979 (3 mm). The largest volume of runoff in 1980 (38.4 million / m), the smallest in 1979 (5.90 million / m 3 ). The earliest rain flood was recorded on 24 . 05.74 years, and late - 28.10.79 years. The longest flood duration - 28 days was in 1946, the largest urgent water flow - 66 m 3 /sec. in 1980.

3.4. High water.

High water is an annual spring flood of the river caused by snowmelt. Table 4 contains data on the beginning and end of the flood on the Toporok River. The average time of the beginning of the flood is 19.04, and the end - 2.06. Longest duration high water was noted in 1958 - 69 days. During the period of high water, the river can use up more than 50% of the annual flow.

3.5 Freezing.

Every year in our temperate latitudes there comes such a time in the life of nature when puddles turn glassy in the morning, lakes are covered with a smooth mirror parquet, rivers are shackled from coast to coast with an ice shell. Winter has come. And now it is not water that surrounds us, but ice in various forms. The Toporok River is under ice from November 15 to March 26 (on average). The thickness of the ice is approximately 40 cm. According to our observations, the following freezing dates for the Toporok River have been established: in 1997 - October 18, in 1998 - October 31, in 1999

November 10, in 2000 - November 5, and the latest - v 2001 - November 27th.

The greatest thickness of ice was recorded in February 1979 - 114 cm, and the smallest

10 cm in 1964 and 1963 on February 5, 2002, according to Mikhail Khvashevsky, it turned out to be 32 cm. The scale of the width of the river; v 1 centimeter 1 meter -1 .one hundred. At the left bank, the water froze to the bottom, because here the current is shallow and weak, in the middle of the river, where the speed and depth of the water are highest, the ice is thinner, and towards the right bank its thickness increases again. In general, the thickness of the ice on the river. Hatchet depends on how strong the winter frosts are. December 2001 was quite cold (monthly average 1° - 19.3°), and January 2002 was the warmest in all the observed years (monthly average 1° - 7.9°), as a result of which the ice growth stopped. In 2014, the ice thickness was 45 cm, and there was a water layer between two twenty-centimeter layers of ice.

The regime of any river depends on the climate. Changing weather conditions affect the state of the river. The consequence of warm winters is thin ice, early spring causes early floods, and a large amount of precipitation in sheds on the volume of annual runoff, etc. Floods can be accompanied by large floods that cause property damage, so observations of the river are necessary in order to predict catastrophic floods.

4. Observation of the Toporok River.

On September 29, 1945, a Hydrological post was opened in the city of Alzamai, which is located in 154 km. from the fall of the Toporok River to the Biryusa River, post code 08347. Head of the department Kravchenko Larisa Stepanovna, observer of the meteorological post Ignatovich Lidia Alexandrovna, who has been monitoring snow cover, ice thickness, water flow and annual flow of the Toporok River for more than 20 years. Observational data is transmitted through the Nizhneudinsk meteorological station to Irkutsk, where they are processed, used to make forecasts and remain in the archive. You can get the results of long-term observations for Alzamai only at the Irkutsk weather station. The author of the work learned about this when visiting a hydrological post. Observations are carried out to take into account the accumulation of moisture in soil, to predict the extent of floods. Spring floods turn into floods when the periods of intensive snowmelt in the plains coincide with the snowmelt in the Sayan Mountains, approximately 1 time in 10 years. Strong flood - characteristic for the Toporok River. It rises to 5-6 meters, spreads on the plains, fields, floods residential buildings near the coast, but does not last long for 5-6 days. The hydrometeorological service warns the administration of the city and the district about the size of the upcoming flood in order to avoid possible life-threatening situations. Hydrological observations of the river have been carried out for about 70 years, since 1945, but they have not been analyzed. Observation data were sent daily to Nizhneudinsk. Weather stations did not monitor water quality, they are interested in quantitative characteristics.

5. Degradation of the Toporok River

The Toporok River belongs to the Angara River basin. First, it flows into the right bank of the Biryusa (Ona), which merges with the Chuna (Uda), forming Taseeva, which carries its waters into the Angara, flowing into the Yenisei. From the Yenisei, the water flow rushes into the Kara Sea of the Arctic Ocean. What water does our river give to the oceans? In the 1940s and 1950s, Toporok was a great worker: in winter, on horseback, and then on tractors, they brought wood and dumped it on the ice, and with the onset of spring, mole rafting of the timber began. The timber was transported to the timber processing points in the cheapest way. Not bound in bundles, she created congestion on the river, but this was monitored. The rafters pushed the logs apart with hooks, sorted out the rubble, and the movement of the forest continued. Some trunks with soaked, heavy butts remained in place, growing into the sandy bottom. Gradually, the river became clogged, there were more traffic jams, but they were no longer cleared, as the timber began to be transported along railway. Over the next 50 years, Toporok was almost able to clear the blockages, they did not disappear completely, but the number decreased significantly. In 1971-1983, a silicate plant and a residential microdistrict were built in Alzamay, consisting of 5 five-story 100-apartment comfortable houses. Wastewater treatment plants were created to treat industrial and domestic wastewater. In aerotanks - reinforced concrete tanks, household and industrial waste, oxygen were pumped in and microorganisms that feed on organic matter were placed. From the aerotank, water went to settling tanks, disinfected and sent to Toporok. At present, water purification has not been carried out for more than 5 years, the staff of treatment facilities has been reduced, with the exception of the watchman, and analysis of the water entering Toporok is not being done. Vacuum machines pour waste collected from the wells of kindergartens, schools, hospitals and other enterprises and private comfortable houses onto silt pits. During the spring flood, the river washes away all the fetid slurry and carries it along the Angara-Yenisei system to the ocean.

On February 6, 2014, the author of the study made an attempt to establish why such a critical situation arose. By contacting the territorial department of the Office of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare in the Irkutsk region in the Nizhneudinsk district, located at the address: Nizhneudinsk, Engels str., 8, the following information was received. Currently, there is not a single ecologist in the municipality. Previously, there was Natalya Petrovna Rukosueva, but now she is retired. Only 5 people are involved in supervisory activities, including only 1 doctor with a sanitary and epidemiological education. Previously, there were 4 doctors and 15 assistants. Moreover, the service dealt only with sanitary and epidemiological issues. Reduction of staff - optimization has led to the fact that these 5 specialists protect the rights of consumers in general, buyers of low-quality goods and consumers of low-quality water turn to them. Water quality checks should be carried out no more than once every 3 years, and inspectors can be subject to disciplinary and even criminal liability if they carry out water checks without warning or more often than prescribed by law. Water consumers themselves must file complaints about water pollution with the prosecutor's office. Studies of the state of waters are carried out by the Ministry natural resources. There are no representatives of the Ministry of Natural Resources in the Nizhneudinsky district, but such a specialist works in Taishet. Water samples are taken at points approved in the city of Irkutsk. Water quality control is carried out by economic facilities, which were previously called housing and communal services. Based on Law 131, Article 14 on local self-government, local economic facilities must ensure the improvement of the water supply area, provide the population with high-quality water, and enter into programs for the improvement and reconstruction of treatment facilities. legal entity responsible for water treatment in Alzamay is the head of Vector LLC, whose office is located at: Alzamay, st. Nekrasova, 3-10. LLC "Vector", which is headed by V. Kovalev, receives information on water supply (Law 416) and has the results of water analysis. Analyzes show that the water in the Toporok River does not meet sanitary and hygienic standards in terms of turbidity, the number of bacteria in 100 ml of water, and the content of iron and chlorides. In order to ensure the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population of the Alzamai municipality and to prevent the occurrence of infectious and mass non-communicable diseases, measures must be taken before December 25, 2013. The warning is signed by a communication hygienist acting. head of maintenance Galina Mikhailovna Pozdnyak (phone 7-03-64). Information on the measures taken by the territorial department of Rospotrebnadzor has not yet been received.

Pollution is not the only reason for the degradation of the Toporok River. Deforestation in the river valley led not only to a decrease in its level, but also to the unimpeded removal of alluvial rocks into the valley and channel. The river is covered with sand of its own sediments, lost in the sediments of spring and rain water flows. Previously, this was not the case, no one had the right to cut down forests of water conservation importance. Now authorized logging is a common thing. There are no documents showing that the floodplain forest is being cut down in the Alzamai forestry. We see this, but it can be documented only by images of the river floodplain from space.

What to do? How to save our Hatchet? What can every Alzamai citizen really do for the river, which used to feed fish, give clean water to drink, was a resting place, transported forest, refreshed the sultry heat, saturating the coastal air with pleasant coolness, softened the autumn cold, adorned our Alzamay? I think that every inhabitant of five-story buildings can buy at least 5 packs of biobacteria that decompose organic matter for their toilet bowl. They are now on sale in our stores. To raise money to perform a water analysis in the river in order to contact the prosecutor's office to resolve the issue of wastewater treatment. Join the program for the reconstruction of wastewater treatment plants. Shall we destroy our river by making excuses low level life and their poverty? How to stop the death of the source of living water? The river is slowly dying, it does not scream to people: “Help!!!” And if she screamed, would we stop doing our iniquities? Probably not, because the degradation of the river begins with the degradation of human morality. People have stopped thinking about the consequences of their activities, there are no prohibitions in front of them, they do not comply with laws even in the field of natural resource protection. Resources are not a bottomless barrel, sooner or later they degrade, are exhausted. It is not in the power of the author of the work to change people, but you yourself can do as your conscience tells you. I believe that many people will learn about the problem of Toporka through my research, who will be able to at least slightly change the situation.

6. Measures for the protection of the river and use in the public interest.

“Water is not just a mineral raw material, water is really a conductor of culture, it is that living blood that creates life where it did not exist.” A. P. Karpinsky.

Indeed, it is difficult to overestimate the role of water in human history and culture. In ancient times, it was considered the primary element, the beginning of all beginnings. A person not only uses water, but also influences it, mostly negatively. For more than 12 years, students of our school have been watching the Toporok River. During this time, the width of the river decreased by about 2 meters, and the depth by 10-15 cm in low water. Not only does Toporok become shallower every year due to the clearing of the floodplain forest.

Currently full pollution and destruction of the Toporok River. Destroying the river, we destroy ourselves, because water is life. After many years, the once full-flowing river can turn into a small stream. Hatchet will simply disappear from the face of the Earth. It should be noted that no specific measures are taken to protect the river. The old-timer of the city of Alzamay Dronova Lyubov Mikhailovna told the author of the work about the significance of Toporka in the years civil war . 1919 - restoration Soviet power v Eastern Siberia. Echelons of whites were moving along the railway through Alzamay. Among them are Czechs, Poles, Yugoslavs, Russians. The Whites moved east, destroying everything in their path. In Alzamai, a partisan detachment was created under the command of Arkhip Mikhailovich Blinov, a resident of Alzamai. In the life of the partisans, Toporok had great importance. Along Melnichnaya Street, they crossed the river, reached the Mill Hill, on which there was a dugout of the messenger and telegraph operator Vasily Timofeevich Burmakin, and were inaccessible to the enemy. In April 1919, when the whites surrounded Burmakin's house on the corner, opposite the 22nd store (now the Lakomka store), Vasily fled from them. They did not catch up with him because the Toporok River stretched in front of them, at that time very wide and deep. Now Toporok can be forded, it is no longer an insurmountable obstacle. So Toporok saved people v years of the civil war .. In Alzamay there is a beautiful a place in the forest on the road to the Mokhovaya river. It's called "At the Fountain". Here, on the left bank of the Toporka, there was an outlet of artesian pressure waters, which formed a natural fountain. During the civil war, there was a bridge across the river in this place, through which food and medicine were delivered to the partisans. Andrey Prokopyevich, an old-timer Yanopolets, recalled the gushing out of groundwater, because. he, as a child, crossed the river in this place to inform the partisans about the movement of the whites. Now only one name remains from the fountain. Measures for the restoration and conservation of the Toporok River are not carried out, although the river is used by man.

In 1901, a water tower was built next to the station (now this building is 112 years old), 22 meters high with a tank with a capacity of 210 m 3 water. Water was pumped into the tower tank by two locomobiles directly from the Toporok River. Now these locomobiles - stationary steam locomotives are "mothballed" in the locomotive depot. In 1960, 2 self-flowing artesian wells 110 and 120 meters deep were drilled, from which water flows from the water tower to the RMZ, a bakery, a hospital, a pharmacy, schools, a bathhouse, etc. Currently in time The hatchet is not used for the city's water supply. This is the favorite and only place for summer recreation of the population, especially children. Pike, perch and crucian carp are found in the old channels (oxbow lakes), grayling, dace, burbot, etc. are found in the river itself. Many fish for the winter. Taimen used to come here, it was mined in deep pits, illuminating the bottom of the river with a powerful battery. Now the river has become shallow, the fish have hatched. At the end of summer, a lot of currants and cranberries ripen along the banks of the river, the population picks berries. In winter, snow is cleared on the river and skating rinks are made. Toporok slowly dies, but continues to serve people. It is necessary to carry out water protection measures to save the disappearing Toporok River: restoration of floodplain forests, reconstruction of water treatment facilities, cleaning the banks of the river from household waste, equipping recreation areas for residents of the city on the beaches of the river. But the main thing is to carry out environmental work among the younger generation, so that the new generation treats the river as a unique object of nature that needs constant protection.

7. Research results.I began studying the problem of degradation of the Toporok River by studying its physical and geographical characteristics, which we gave major rivers Russia, studying in the 5th grade. I established that our river has approached the retirement age in its development: it has stopped bottom erosion, having reached the basis of erosion - the level of the Biryusa River. Her job now is to destroy the shores. Lateral erosion is developed near rivers in the "old" age. The abundance of meanders confirms this assumption. At first, I noticed that the river is degrading, decreasing in size, i.e. there is a deterioration in physical indicators, and then I realized that the degradation of the quality of river water is happening at an even faster pace. River water becomes a conductor of household waste! Information on the pollution of Toporka turned out to be closed and is hushed up in every possible way. People do not want to hear about the problem of the river, considering it divorced from their own problems. I decided to publicize the problem, to speak with theses on the topic in front of school students, at a meeting of Alzamay residents, at a research conference. I would like to create a group of volunteers, like-minded people to change the situation. Whether it is possible to stop the killing of the river, its flora and fauna - time will tell. In the course of my research, I learned to collect, process and comprehend the information received, got acquainted with the structure of research work, and gained experience in conducting research.

Review of the head of the work Iskrastnskaya G.P.

For more than 12 years, students of school No. 3 in the city of Alzamaya have been observing the Toporok River. The author of the work collected the accumulated material and analyzed the dynamics of the river over a long period. Toporok was obtained at the Nizhneudinsk meteorological station, topographic maps - in the Alzamay forestry, theoretical data - from various literary sources. The guys met with the former observer of the gauging station in Alzamai Ignatovich L.A., with an old-timer of the city Dronova L.M. Conducted their own observations and research according to a predetermined plan. Work on the topic allowed not only to deepen knowledge on physical geography, but also to collect local history and environmental material on the Toporok River.
Sergey learned to draw conclusions based on the collected information, work with theoretical material, master the methodology of writing a research paper, and design a study. He talked with hydrologists, with representatives of Rospotrebnadzor. In the process of work, the attitude towards the river changed, it became clear how important it is to preserve nature in its original form. I would like to supplement the work with documentary appendices, a large list of books read this issue literature, but for a short period of work on the research topic (only 4 months), the author failed to complete the full amount work. In general, the problem of river degradation has been established, the picture turned out to be terrifying even for an optimist. Suggest some innovative methods Sergey is unlikely to be able to restore the river. He recommends that every resident of a comfortable dwelling place bags of organic-recycling bacteria down the sewer system, calls on people to be responsible for the landscape that feeds us and gives us vitality and energy, but the degradation of nature begins with the degradation of the human soul. This process is difficult to stop in the era of consumer attitude to everything that surrounds. The author himself, having conducted such a study, will certainly not be indifferent to the problem of the Toporok River and clean waters in general. And the voice of one crying in the desert will be heard by someone in our Alzamay!

- Height - Coordinates mouth - Location

490 km on the right bank

- Height - Coordinates

/ / 56.242209; 98.302331(Toporok, mouth)Coordinates :

river slope